YAMAHA AUTHORIZED PRODUCT MANUAL P-2200/2201 SYSTEM AMPLIFIER
P-2200/2201 OPERATING MANUAL
ABOUT THIS MANUAL SCOPE The P-2200 is a system oriented amplifier, made to be used in conjunction with mixers, consoles, frequency dividing networks and speakers — those made by Yamaha or by other manufacturers. Like any power amplifier, the P-2200's performance depends on system design and installation, in addition to its own capabilities.
THE P-2200/2201 BRIEF OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS SECTION ONE SECTION TWO SECTION THREE PERFORMANCE GRAPHS & A DISCUSSION OF SPECIFICATIONS THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL AND HI-FI EQUIPMENT IMPEDANCE OPERATING LEVELS DYNAMIC RANGE GAIN OVERLAP AND HEADROOM INPUT SENSITIVITY RATINGS PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT ADVANTAGES INSTALLATION AND DETAILED OPERATION PHYSICAL MOUNTING CABLING AND IMPEDANCE MATCHING ACTIONS OF THE P-2200 PROTECTION CIRCUITS GROUNDING AND SHIELDING AC:
THE P-2200/2201 BRIEF OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS Fig. 1A - P-2200 Front Panel Fig. 1B - P2201 Front Panel A. Input Attenuators Calibrated, stepped input attenuators lower input signal levels ahead of amplification stages. B. Peak Reading Meters (P-2200 only) Meters display instantaneous (peak) power output into an 8-ohm load over a full 50dB range; "0dB" = 100 Watts into 8 ohms. C. Thermal Warning Indicator Warns of overheating before thermal protection circuit turns off the AC power. D.
Fig. 2A - P-2200 Rear Panel* Fig. 2B - P2201 Rear Panel* A. Input Connectors The two XLR input connectors on each channel are unbalanced and are wired in parallel with each other and with the two phone jacks (tip/sleeve type). B. Input Polarity Switch Determines the polarity of the two XLR input connectors (Pin 2 or Pin 3 "hot"); does not affect the two phone jacks. See diagram on the rear panel. NOTES: 1. Input impedance is 25k-ohms minimum; +4dB (1.23V) produces 230 watts output into 8 ohms (44.7V). 2.
INTRODUCTION The P-2200 is not just "another big amplifier;" it is an exciting new approach to high power sound. Yamaha's leadership is clearly demonstrated by the P-2200's professional features, sophisticated design, and uncompromising performance. PEAK READING METERS* Instead of the more common and slow responding VU meters, the P-2200 has PEAK READING METERS that accurately display a full five decades (50dB) of output level.
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS Phase Shift: (Refer to Figure 1 1 . ) 20Hz to 20kHz, ± 1 0 degrees. Offset Voltage: Less than ±10mV DC. Unit Step Function Response: (Refer to Figure 27.) See scope photo (Page FOUR 4) and discussion, Page FOUR 6. Power Output Per Channel: (Refer to Figure 3. Ambient room temperature for tests: 25-degrees Centigrade.) 200 Watts continuous average sine wave power into 8 ohms with less than 0.
Controls: 22-position, log-linear, detented, and dB-calibrated INPUT ATTENUATORS (one per channel) attenuate input signal in 2dB steps from 0dB attenuation to -34dB, then steps of -37dB, -42dB, -50dB, infinity; Power (ON-OFF) switch; INPUT POLARITY switches. MONAURAL MODE SPECIFICATIONS Fuses: AGC (3AG) type, 7-amps x 2 parallel fuses for the AC line input (U.S. and Canadian models). 4-amps x 2 parallel fuses for the AC line input (other territories' models).
PERFORMANCE GRAPHS & A DISCUSSION OF SPECIFICATIONS NOTE: In the discussion beginning on Page FOUR 5, references to specific specifications assume normal stereo operation (not mono operation) unless otherwise indicated. Normal (Stereo) Graphs Fig. 3 - Power Bandwidth vs Load Impedance Fig. 4 - Load Impedance vs Output Power Fig. 5 - Frequency Response vs Load Fig. 6A - T.H.D. vs Output Power at 8 (both channels driven) Load Impedance Fig.
Fig. 9 - Actual Output Impedance vs Frequency Fig. 1 1 - Phase Response vs Frequency Fig. 10 - Crosstalk (Channel Separation) Fig. 1 2 - Power Consumption Fig.
Mono Mode Graphs Fig. 14 - Power Bandwidth vs Frequency (Mono Mode) at 16 Load Impedance Fig. 16 - Frequency Response (Mono Mode) at 16 Impedance Load Fig. 1 8 - T.H.D. vs Frequency (Mono Mode) at 16 Impedance Load Fig. 15 - Load Impedance vs Output Power (Mono Mode) at 0.1% T.H.D., 1kHz Fig. 1 7 - T.H.D. vs Power Output (Mono Mode) at 16 Load Impedance 16 Fig. 19 - Damping Factor vs Frequency (Mono Mode) at Load Impedance Fig.
The following are actual oscilloscope photographs made by an independent testing laboratory. The close vertical alignment of input and output traces in Fig. 21 through 23 depicts very low phase shift, so the amplifier will not alter musical wave shapes. Fig. 24 - 1,000Hz Sine Wave, shown with HighlyMagnified Noise and Distortion Components Even at full 230 watt output (8-ohms), the P-2200's distortion is so low that it is almost burried in the noise, which is at least 110dB below the sine wave output.
POWER OUTPUT Types of Power Ratings Peak power refers to the maximum undistorted power output of an amplifier. Most amplifiers cannot sustain their peak power ratings for long periods of time without external cooling fans. Because there are many different methods of rating an amplifier's peak power, it is hard to objectively compare the peak power ratings of two amplifiers.
Intermodulation Distortion, or I.M. is characterized by the appearance in the output waveform of frequencies that are equal to sums and differences of integral multiples of two or more of the frequencies present in the input signal.
HUM AND NOISE Hum or noise from a power amplifier disrupts a program, and is irritating to a listener. Hum and noise could be considered a form of distortion. The P-2200's hum and noise are so low that they are completely inaudible under any normal listening circumstances. RISE TIME Rise time is a measurement of the amount of time an amplifier requires to respond to a square wave at a specified frequency. The rise time of an amplifier is an indication of its frequency response.
During the "overshoot" movement, the voice coil of the loudspeaker interacts with the loudspeaker's magnetic assembly to produce a voltage called "back E.M.F." (electro-motive force). This action is similar to the operation of a dynamic microphone. If the amplifier's output impedance is low, this "back E.M.F." voltage is shunted through the amplifier's output circuits to ground, and back to the voice coil.
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL AND HI-FI EQUIPMENT In most applications, a variety of auxiliary equipment will be connected to the P-2200, including: mixers, tape machines, compressors, graphic equalizers, echo, time delay, and reverb units, and just about any other audio electronics imaginable. Regardless of the function of auxiliary equipment, it will undoubtedly fall into one of two general categories, professional type or hi-fi type.
Cables from high impedance sources (5000 ohms and up), should not be any longer than 25', even if low capacitance cable is used; shorten the cables if the impedance is higher. For low impedance sources of 600 ohms or less, cable lengths to 100' are relatively effective. For very low impedance sources of 50-ohms or less, cable lengths of up to 1000 feet are possible with minimal loss.
NOTE: The P-2200 actually has a maximum signal to noise ratio of 110dB (which is its dynamic range!. The SYSTEM'S Dynamic Range is limited by acoustic noise at the mic input, for the system shown, and by the maximum signal to noise ratio of the PM-700 Mixer (93dB), a very respectable figure for a high gain device. Fig.
The P-2200 is designed for these wide dynamic range applications. It has exceptionally low noise figures, and high headroom capabilities (high power output). In addition, its operating levels and impedances correspond with professional requirements. GAIN OVERLAP AND HEADROOM Yamaha PM-Mixers have +24dB (12.3 volts) maximum output levels. This high output level is advantageous in many situations. One reason is that it assures adequate headroom for driving the input of any professional device.
INSTALLATION AND DETAILED OPERATION PHYSICAL MOUNTING Shelf Mounting The P-2200 can be used on any surface, so long as there is adequate ventilation. Do not remove the P-2200's feet, since this would prevent air flow below the amplifier. Permanent Installation Rack Mounting Mount the P-2200 in any standard 19" electronic equipment rack as shown to the right. Leave adequate space between the P-2200 and other devices in the rack for ventilation, and for expected cabling.
Regarding Input Impedance and Terminations There is sometimes a misunderstanding regarding the nature of matching or bridging inputs, the use of terminating resistors, and the relationship between actual input impedance and nominal source impedance. Most electronic outputs work well when "terminated" by an input (connected to an input) having the same or a higher actual impedance. Outputs are usually overloaded when terminated by an impedance that is lower than the source impedance.
Transformers Audio transformers (as distinguished from power supply transformers, RF transformers or other transformers) are primarily used for ground isolation, impedance matching and level matching. The following paragraphs detail several applications of audio transformers at low signal levels. Speaker-level transformers are discussed on Page SEVEN 6; the Appendix gives further details on transformer operation.
has a stereo phone jack input, but if the input source is monaural, the transformer lead to the ring of the T.R.S. input jack may be moved to the jack's tip so that a standard T.S. phone plug input will feed both transformers. Alternately, the box may be built with separate T.S. phone jack inputs, or with XLR inputs. Two standard (2-wire) phone jacks outputs are provided for connection to the "left" and "right" inputs of the P-2200. Construct two cables from dual conductor, shielded cable and T.S.
bridging transformer box should be used. While matching or step up transformers like those just described would maintain a balanced feed, several such boxes could overload the source device. By using a transformer which has a high impedance primary and a high impedance secondary, the source can feed several P-2200 inputs without being overloaded.
approximately -50dB (2.45mV) for a microphone, +4dB (1.23 volts) for a line level signal. The exact voltage is not critical, and 1000Hz is a standard reference frequency, but any other appropriate frequency can be used. 2. Set the input channel level control on the mixer at its rated "nominal" setting, and adjust the master level control so that the output level is 20dB below the rated maximum output level for the mixer.
use, a cable with rubberized insulation and braided shield (such as Belden #8413 or #8412) will handle easily and survive road abuse; for permanent wiring, a vinyl insulated cable with a foil shield (such as Belden #8451) is easier to strip for terminations, and it pulls through conduits with less drag. Fig. 47 - "Chaining" of Inputs For unbalanced, signal level cables, use low capacitance shielded cable with a good quality (high percentage density) shield.
The preparation of complete cables, with connectors properly installed, is the key to reliable and trouble-free operation of any sound system. For this reason, the following illustrations are included. Experienced audio technicians may wish to review these illustrations, even if they already know how to wire connectors. A few moments of extra care here can save hours of troubleshooting later on. As a rule, the amount of insulation removed and the length of exposed cable should be minimized.
