Automatic Weather Station MAWS101 & MAWS201 USER'S GUIDE M210243en-A January 2002
PUBLISHED BY Vaisala Oyj P.O. Box 26 FIN-00421 Helsinki Finland Phone (int.): +358 9 8949 1 Fax: +358 9 8949 2227 Visit our Internet pages at http://www.vaisala.com/ © Vaisala 2002 No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical (including photocopying), nor may its contents be communicated to a third party without prior written permission of the copyright holder. The contents are subject to change without prior notice.
_________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ..........................................................................11 About This Manual..................................................................11 Safety .......................................................................................12 General Safety Considerations............................................12 Product Related Safety Precautions .........
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ QMN101......................................................................... 35 Soil Temperature Sensors .................................................. 35 QMT103 ......................................................................... 35 QMT107 ......................................................................... 36 Soil Moisture Sensor...........................................................
_________________________________________________________________________________ Connecting Cables ..............................................................71 Installing Pressure Sensor...................................................72 Installing Wind Sensor.........................................................73 Aligning Wind Vane ........................................................73 Using winddircal0 Command ....................................73 Using Compass and Reference Point .......
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Defining MAWS Terminal Settings ................................... 108 Preferences Window.................................................... 108 Address Book Window................................................. 110 Opening MAWS Service Connection................................ 110 Giving Commands ............................................................ 112 Closing MAWS Service Connection .........................
_________________________________________________________________________________ Cable Maintenance............................................................148 Spare Parts............................................................................149 Available Spare Parts ........................................................149 Ordering Spare Parts.........................................................149 CHAPTER 6 TROUBLESHOOTING....................................................................
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Soil Temperature Sensors ........................................... 182 Soil Moisture Sensor.................................................... 183 Water Level Sensors ................................................... 184 Leaf Wetness Sensor .................................................. 185 Fuel Moisture Sensor................................................... 185 Communication Devices ...........................
_________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48 Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 52 Figure 53 Figure 54 Figure 55 Figure 56 Figure 57 Figure 58 Figure 59 Figure 60 Figure 61 Figure 62 Figure 63 Figure 64 Figure 65 Figure 66 Figure 67 Figure 68 Figure 69 Figure 70 Figure 71 Figure 72 Figure 73 Figure 74 Figure 75 Figure 76 Figure 77 Figure 78 Figure 79 Figure 80 Figure 81 Figure 82 Figure 83
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Figure 94 Figure 95 Figure 96 Figure 97 Figure 98 Figure 99 Figure 100 Figure 101 Figure 102 Figure 103 Figure 104 Figure 105 Figure 106 Figure 107 Figure 108 Figure 109 Figure 110 Figure 111 Figure 112 Figure 113 Figure 114 Figure 115 Figure 116 Figure 117 Figure 118 Figure 119 Figure 120 Figure 121 Figure 122 Figure 123 Figure 124 Figure 125 Figure 126 Figure 127 Figure 128 Figure 129 Figure 130 Figure 131 Figure 132 Pr
_________________________________________________________________________________ List of Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Table 18 Table 19 Table 20 Table 21 Table 22 Table 23 Table 24 Table 25 Table 26 Table 27 Table 28 Table 29 Table 30 Table 31 Table 32 Table 33 Table 34 Table 35 Table 36 Table 37 Table 38 Table 39 Table 40 Table 41 Table 42 Table 43 Table 44 Table 45 Table 46 Table 47
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Table 48 Table 49 Table 50 Table 51 Table 52 Table 53 Table 54 Table 55 Table 56 Table 57 Table 58 Table 59 Table 60 Table 61 Table 62 QMH101 Air Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor Specifications ....................................................................... 179 PMT16A Pressure Sensor Specifications............................ 179 QMR101 Rain Gauge Specifications ...................................
Chapter 1 _________________________________________________________ General Information CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION About This Manual This manual provides information for installing, operating and maintaining MAWS101 and MAWS201 Automatic Weather Stations equipped with meteorological sensors. This manual consists of the following chapters: - Chapter 1, General Information, provides important safety, revision history, contact, and warranty information for the product.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Safety General Safety Considerations Throughout the manual, important safety considerations are highlighted as follows: WARNING Warning alerts you to a serious hazard. If you do not read and follow instructions very carefully at this point, there is a risk of injury or even death. CAUTION Caution warns you of a potential hazard.
Chapter 1 _________________________________________________________ General Information WARNING Do not service alone. Under no circumstances should any person reach into parts and assemblies that are mains powered and alive, for the purpose of servicing, except in the presence of someone who is capable of rendering aid. WARNING Personnel working with or near high voltages should be familiar with modern methods of resuscitation. WARNING Do not service a live system outdoors.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ CAUTION Do not make changes to the wiring. Incorrect wiring can damage the device and prevent it from operating correctly. CAUTION Be careful when moving the mast. To prevent damage to the sensors, remove them (and the sensor arms) before moving the station. NOTE When disposing of old batteries, be sure to do so in accordance with all regulations applicable in your area.
Chapter 1 _________________________________________________________ General Information Version Information Table 1 Manual Code U328en-1.1 U328en-1.2 U328en-1.3 U328en-1.4 U328en-1.5 U328en-1.6 M210243en-A Manual Revisions Description Applicable to software version 0.80.07 Applicable to software versions from 0.807 to 0.903 Applicable to software versions from 0.904 to 1.0 Case specific manual Applicable to software versions prior to 3.00. Applicable to software versions prior to 3.00. This manual.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Warranty Vaisala hereby represents and warrants all Products manufactured by Vaisala and sold hereunder to be free from defects in workmanship or material during a period of twelve (12) months from the date of delivery save for products for which a special warranty is given.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview CHAPTER 2 PRODUCT OVERVIEW This chapter introduces the MAWS Automatic Weather Station features, accessories, sensors, and the product nomenclature. Introduction to MAWS MAWS is a compact weather station that can be used either with a portable tripod (MAWS201) or with pole masts of different heights in fixed installations (MAWS101 and MAWS301).
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0201-003 Figure 1 Components of MAWS101 Weather Station The following numbers refer to Figure 1 above.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview 1 4 2 6 5 3 7 9809-001 Figure 2 Components of MAWS201 Weather Station The following numbers refer to Figure 2 above.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ attached to the logger housing. The tripod can be easily collapsed to fit in a carrying bag. NOTE The appearance of the solar panel in your MAWS may differ from the one in the figures. Product Nomenclature The following five tables provide the equipment nomenclature information on the MAWS101 and MAWS201.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview Table 5 MAWS Nomenclature (Communication Options) Code DMX501 DSI485A DSI486 DSU232 Table 6 Common Name Modem module (fixed line) RS-485 module (isolated) RS-485/RS-232/SDI-12 module (dual-isolated) RS-232 module (dual) SATELLINE 3AS Radio Modem Installation Accessories Code DKP102 DKP12 QMA101 Table 7 Common Name 2-meter pole mast for MAWS101 10-meter pole mast for MAWS110 Sensor support arm MAWS Nomenclature (O
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Lizard Setup Software Lizard Setup Software is used to modify the software parameters and operation of the MAWS weather station. With the Lizard software you can create or modify a setup file that informs MAWS how to operate. Creating a setup with Lizard Setup Software consists of three stages. First, you define an assembly for the MAWS weather station.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview QML102 AWS Logger QML102 is a complete AWS logger designed on one printed board only. This board contains a 32 bit Motorola CPU for data processing and 10 differential (20 single ended) analog sensor inputs, that can also be used as digital inputs. Moreover, there are two frequency sensor interfaces, a 16 bit A/D converter, 1.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0201-004 Figure 4 QML102 Logger without the Cover The following numbers refer to Figure 4 above. 1 2 3 = = = Internal battery Reset button Status LED Memory Expansion Board (Optional) The QML102 logger can be equipped with QMC102 Memory Expansion Board. This module uses the standard Compact Flash memory cards for logging a large amount of data.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview 0105-003 Figure 5 QMC102 Memory Expansion Board The data is logged into the daily files making it easy to locate and download any particular data set for further analysis. Currently there are cards available from 32 MB up to 280 MB. These cards can be read directly in the PC.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ The power consumption of the complete MAWS system depends on the connected sensors, communication devices, and other options included in the delivery. For example, MAWS with basic set of 5 sensors, each having 10-minute measuring interval has an average power consumption of 10 mA. Internal Battery Normally, the internal battery QMB101 (1.2 Ah) is used as the primary power supply.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview SOLAR6-75 with MAWS101 MAWS101 can be powered by SOLAR6-75, a 6 W solar panel. SOLAR6-75 is especially designed for installation on a pole mast of 60-100 mm diameter. In addition to SOLAR6, the solar power package includes mast mounting accessories and a 6-meter cable with the connector. The angle of the panel is adjustable.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0201-006 Figure 8 QMP213 Mains Power Supply QMP201C QMP201C is a power supply for installations where more power and back-up capacity are needed. Additionally, QMPC201C can provide 12 V supply voltage required for example for optional radio modem set. QMP201C includes the following internal modules: the 12 W solar panel, battery regulator, mains power supply and 7 Ah back-up battery.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview QBR101 Battery Regulator QBR101 Battery Regulator is a charging and supervising equipment for 12/24 Volts lead acid and nickel-cadmium batteries. QBR101 allows simultaneous input from both a solar panel and AC power. 0105-007 Figure 10 QBR101 Battery Regulator The maximum charging current can be set by the internal jumper settings between 0.5 to 2.5 A being applicable for battery capacity of 4 to 72 Ah.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Sensors Wind Sensor 0201-008 Figure 11 QMW101 Wind Sensor QMW101 and QMW110 are compact sized wind sensors with the wind speed and direction sensors integrated into one unit. A single compact sensor is ideal for low-power applications. The rotating cup anemometer at the top of the unit provides isotropic and linear response to wind speed.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview Air Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor 0105-015 Figure 12 QMH101 Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor The QMH101 Relative Humidity and Temperature Sensor is based on Vaisala's field-proven HMP45D probe and comes with a special cable and connector. For humidity measurements, the HUMICAP sensor is highly accurate and offers excellent long-term stability in a wide range of environments.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Pressure Sensor 9901-020 Figure 13 PMT16A Pressure Sensor The silicon capacitive pressure sensor PMT16A has excellent accuracy, repeatability and long-term stability over a wide range of operating temperatures. Therefore, it maintains its accuracy and calibration for long periods of time, thus reducing the need for field calibrations.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview even frostproof. QMR101 has a self-emptying tipping spoon of 0.2 millimeters capacity. Due its small size, lightweight and rugged design, it is especially suitable for portable applications and temporary installations. QMR101 is installed on the sensor cross arm, and has ready-made cable with the connector.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Solar Radiation Sensors QMS101 0105-020 Figure 16 QMS101 Pyranometer The QMS101 pyranometer is used for measuring global solar radiation. QMS101 uses a photodiode detector for creating a voltage output proportional to the incoming radiation.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview to the sensor. The sensor is a high-quality blackened thermopile with a flat spectral response. Heating of the sensor by incoming solar radiation produces a signal in the microvolt range. QMN101 0105-024 Figure 18 QMN101 Net Radiation Sensor QMN101 Net Radiation Sensor is designed for routine measurements of net radiation. Net radiation is the balance between incoming and outgoing radiation in outdoor conditions.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ QMT103 Temperature Probe is particularly intended for precision measurement of ground and soil temperatures. All the materials have been carefully selected to withstand various environmental stress and wide temperature range. The measurement accuracy and stability of the temperature probe are based on a Pt-100 type sensor element specified to 1/4 DIN 43760B preciseness level.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview Soil Moisture Sensor 0105-026 Figure 21 ML2x Soil Moisture Sensor ML2x Soil Moisture Sensor features a new technique with the accuracy of ± 2 % soil moisture. Traditional low cost sensors made of gypsum block dissolve even in a short period of time when exposed to high moisture. The ML2x sensors are very durable.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ QMV101 Water Level Sensor determines water level by measuring the water pressure above the submerged sensor in reservoirs, lakes, and rivers. The pressure measurement is based on high performance micro-machined silicon technology, packaged in a fully welded 316 stainless steel assembly.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview Leaf Wetness Sensor 0105-027 Figure 24 QLW101 Leaf Wetness Sensor QLW101 Leaf Wetness Sensor enables MAWS to detect the presence of surface moisture on foliage and calculate the duration of wetness. When moisture is present, the sensor detects an electrical resistance change between the gold-plated elements of the grid.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0201-010 Figure 25 QFM101 Fuel Moisture Sensor Communication Devices Optionally, MAWS can be equipped with different types of communication equipment. Communication Modules MAWS has one RS-232 port as standard. Two optional plug-in modules can be used for enhancing the number of the serial I/O channels up to five.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview The power consumption is less than 10 mA when communicating, less than 1 mA at standby. DSI485A DSI485A is an isolated communication module for providing the 2- or 4-wired RS-485-communication link between MAWS and another piece of equipment with a similar interface. The DSI485A module is used e.g. for connecting displays and terminals to MAWS when the distance is longer than 15 meters.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Modem DMX501 The DMX501 communication module is used for providing long distance fixed line connection between MAWS and another Vaisala equipment with a similar interface, max. distance up to 10 km.. Through this I/O port, MAWS can send reports and data or the host can poll them. The DMX501 modem module supports the following communication standards: - V.21, 300 bps FSK - V.23, 1200 / 75 bps FSK - V.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview SATELLINE 3AS radio requires 12 VDC voltage for powering, therefore a mains power supply or QMP201C must be used with the radio modem. In addition, a wiring change must be made in the logger. For details, see the installation instructions. The SATELLINE 3AS radio modem must be configured before using it so that it works as desired. The provided setup software is used for this purpose.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ DKP12 DKP12 is a 10-meter pole mast used for equipment installation. The mast is made of anodized aluminum resisting well even the most harsh weather condition. The mast is equipped with a lightning rod and a set of guy wires. The mast base and the guy wires require a solid concrete base. The recommended grounding resistance is less than 10 ohms.
Chapter 2 ___________________________________________________________Product Overview 0201-013 Figure 30 QMM110 Carry Case Set QMM120 The QMM120 Extended Set consists of two hard cases, one for the sensors and accessories, and another one for the tripod, solar panel, wind mast, as well as hammer and ground pegs. The smaller case weighs only 3.6 kg and the larger 9.2 kg.
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Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation CHAPTER 3 INSTALLATION This chapter describes how to mechanically put together a MAWS weather station that is mounted to a portable mast or to a pole mast. For the installation instructions of the MAWS Terminal software and the setup software MAWS Lizard, see the User's Guides listed in Table 2 on page 15.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Tools needed: - Compass (not supplied), or other methods to establish the right orientation of the station - Screwdrivers: 3 mm (in the Tools Bag) - Hex wrenches: 4 mm (in the Tools Bag) - Hammer for hitting the ground pegs into ground (in the Tools Bag of the MAWS201 delivery) - Pegs for securing the tripod (in the Tools Bag of the MAWS201 delivery).
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation Wind Allow sufficient clearance for the wind sensors, that is, the station should not be located next to a building or any other object that might affect the airflow. 0201-015 Figure 32 Siting the Station In general, any object of height h will not remarkably disturb the wind measurement at a minimum distance of 10×h. For example, locate the weather station at least 30 meters away from a 3-meter high tree.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ rooftops, steep slopes, heat sources, swamps, high vegetation and places that might hold water after rains. Precipitation Rain gauge QMR101 is installed on the same sensor arm with the temperature and humidity probe. Rain gauge QMR102 is installed on the ground, on a base plate, or on a separate stand near the logger.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation The QMT107 probes are pressed into pre-formed holes, but they can also be placed into excavated holes that are then filled. On hard or rocky ground, a pilot hole is pre-formed with an auger rod.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0201-016 Figure 33 QMV101/QMV102 Sensor in Water The following numbers refer to Figure 33 above: 1 2 3 4 5 = = = = = Cable to MAWS Water level Sensor level Local reference Common level The sensor should always be protected against the flow and impurities in the river using, for example, the stilling well or protective plastic piping.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation Installing MAWS Basic Components The installation of the basic components is done only when taking the MAWS weather station in use for the first time. Some of the steps are applicable also in the normal use of the portable MAWS201 station. NOTE The figures in the procedure are taken from installing the MAWS201.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 3. When you have the PMT16A pressure sensor (1) installed on the logger, attach the tube that comes from the blue inlet (3) into the outlet (2) of the logger housing. The tube should cover at least 5 mm of the outlet. Make sure that the tube is not blocked or bent during the transportation. 0201-019 Figure 36 4.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation 0201-020 Figure 37 5. Battery Connectors Rotate the tube to find the correct aligning pin (1) position. Slide the tube up. Tighten it with two hand screws (2). To keep the tube watertight, the tube should cover the two O-rings (1 & 2) on the bottom of the upper base.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 6. Attach the wind sensor adapter to the top of the upper tube. Tighten with the small hex screw (1). For vane alignment instructions, see section Aligning Wind Vane on page 73. Guide the wind sensor cable through the upper tube and connect it to the sensor. Affix the sensor into its place by tightening the plastic collar (2). 0201-023 Figure 40 7. Wind Sensor Attachment Attach the upper tube to the base.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation 0201-024 Figure 42 9. Sensor Arm Support Attachment Attach the sensor arm(s). Fit the cables into the opening (1) before tightening the attachment screws (2 & 3). For installing the sensors, see section Installing Sensors on page 71. 0201-025 Figure 43 Sensor Arm Assembly Installing MAWS101 to a Mast MAWS101 can be installed in several ways: - Using the 2 meter high mast DKP102.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Protect the tops of the bolts with two nuts tightened together. Place the combinations into the holes, anchors down, and hammer them down. Tighten the bolts a few times to ensure that the anchors attach to the walls of the holes. Fix the pedestals with the washers and nuts. Alternatively, the stud bolts can be encased in concrete.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation The MAWS101 delivery includes an installation arm and four clamps for fixing the arm to a pole mast. There are two sets of clamps included: one for 60 mm diameter pole and one for 100 mm diameter pole. The smaller clamps are intended for use with the 2-meter high DKP102 mast. Use the QMW101 wind sensor with the DKP102 mast.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 9908-003 Figure 46 Wind Sensor QMW110 with DKP12 Mast The 10-m cable is used for connecting the wind sensor to the connector "Wind" on the upper base of the MAWS. A protective cover screw, included in the shipment, holds the protective cover in place above the upper base (see Figure 47 below).
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation On Any Wooden Pole or Wall The installation arm includes two holes for fixing the arm to any wooden pole or wall. For details, see Figure 48 below and Figure 49 below.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Installing MAWS201 to the Tripod MAWS201 always has a tripod for supporting the logger tube. One or more sensor arms are connected to the tube. The legs of the tripod are adjustable. The pegs should be used to prevent the collapse of the station. For the wind sensor installation there is a separate tube attached to the upper base of the logger tube.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation Assembling the Tripod Normally the tripod is installed at the factory, and you can begin erecting the station as instructed in the step 2 below. 1. Attach the leg fasteners (1) to the upper base. Lock the leg (2) to the leg fastener with a bolt (3). 0201-027 Figure 51 Tripod's Leg Attachment 2. Place the tripod in an upright position. Loosen the locking ring, spread the legs and lock by tightening the screw.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Installing Power Supply Installing Solar Panel Usually the solar panel is installed at the factory, and you should only adjust the tilt angle and check that the connector is attached. 1. Locate the leg where the solar panel is to be installed. Note the alignment of sensor arms vs. solar panel. See Figure 97 on page 102. Open the bolt (3) of the leg fastener (1) to release the leg (2). 0201-027 Figure 53 2.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation 0201-028 Figure 54 3. Solar Panel Fixture To set the correct tilting angle, slightly loosen the fixing bolts (1) and the adjustment bolts (2). Tilt the panel to the suitable angle, see Table 9 on page 68. Finally, tighten the bolts. Note the cable (3) when adjusting the angle. 0201-029 Figure 55 4. Solar Panel Angle Adjustment Thread the cable through the connector parts in the indicated order 1-2-3-4.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 9806-015 Figure 56 Metallic Connector for Solar Panel 0201-030 Figure 57 5. Plastic Connector for Solar Panel Insert the wires numbered 1 and 2 into the terminal 1 and the wires numbered 3 and 4 into the terminal 3. Tighten the screws that hold the wires.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation 6. Tighten part 3 to connect it with part 4. Insert the sealing part (2) into part 1. Tighten part 1 to part 3. 4 3 1 2 9806-016 Figure 59 7. Solar Panel Connector Assembly Attach the plug to the Solar connector (1) by tightening the lowest nut (2).
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Table 9 Recommended Tilt Angle for Solar Panel Latitude of site 0 ...10° 10 ... 50° > 50° Tilt angle (α α) 20° Add 10° to local latitude 60° 0011-042 Figure 61 Map of Latitudes WARNING Photovoltaic modules generate direct current (DC) when exposed to sunlight or other sources of light. Although single modules produce low voltage and current, shocks and burns can still result from contact with module output wiring.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation CAUTION Handle with care: impact on the front or rear surface can damage the module. Do not bend the module. NOTE Do not concentrate light on the module in an attempt to increase its power output. Installing a QMP Power Supply MAWS can be powered from a QMP power supply. For the alternatives, see section Power Supplies on page 25.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ To install the unit, follow the procedure below: 1. Attach the unit through the holes in the upper end (1) with the provided accessories (2) to the mast. The cable inlets should face down. 2. Lead the mains power cable through the opening (4) and connect the wires under the screws into locations marked with L and N. Tighten the inlet nut properly. 3.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation To install the unit, follow the procedure below: 1. See section Installing Solar Panel on page 64 for mechanical installation instructions. 2. Attach the cable (5 in Figure 63 on page 70) to the power connector of MAWS, see section Connecting Cables below. 3. Adjust the angle of the solar panel as described in section Installing Solar Panel on page 64.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Connect cables to the connectors on the upper base and tighten the screw nuts. For connector description, see Table 11 below. Table 11 Connector (A) T+RH (B) Wind (C) Solar (D) (E) (F) 3. Default Upper Base Connectors Sensor/Device QMH101 QMW101 Power supply (solar panel or mains power) QMR101 or QMR102 QMS101 or QMS102 QMN101 Finally, lower the protection cover on the upper base to shield the connectors.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation 0201-033 Figure 64 PMT16A Location on the Logger Installing Wind Sensor Before installing the sensor itself, you have to mount the wind sensor mast to the upper base of the tube. After you have installed the mast, you can mount the wind sensor on top of it. For more information, see Figure 40 on page 56. Aligning Wind Vane Using winddircal0 Command 1. Turn the nose (1) of the vane to a known point of compass (e.g.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0201-034 Figure 65 Aligning the Wind Vane Using Compass and Reference Point With the MAWS running, monitor the instant wind speed in the reports sent through serial line. 1. The wind sensor cable must be connected both to the sensor and to the Wind connector. 2. The mounting piece (2) must be placed on top of the upper tube and the sensor must be attached to the mounting piece with the plastic collar (3). 3.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation Installing Air Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor Figure 66 QMH101 Probe and the Radiation Shield Install the QMH101 Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor in the following way: 1. Install the radiation shield with the support on the mounting arm using the two screws. 2. Slide the temperature and humidity probe into the shield. 3. Tighten the fastening ring. 4.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 2 1 9806-062 Figure 67 2. Mounting Plates Attachment Attach the rain gauge (1) to the arm with the screws (2) provided with the rain gauge. 2 1 9901-010 Figure 68 Rain Gauge Attachment QMR102 Due to the low weight of the rain gauge, it must be mounted securely.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation 0201-035 Figure 69 2. Rain Gauge Installed On a Stand Mount the gauge (1) to the upper plate of the stand using the provided hardware. For an example, see Figure 70 below. 0002-010 Figure 70 Rain Gauge Attachment 3. Connect the grounding cable (2). 4. Connect the signal cable (4) to MAWS. For the cabling, see Table 11 on page 72. 5. Continue from section Finalizing the Installation on page 79.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ NOTE The base plate may be mounted to hard surfaces like concrete by replacing the pegs with screws and rawl plugs. For temporary mounting on hard surfaces use heavy weights on the four corners of the base plate. The height of the weights should be kept as low as possible to cause the minimum interference with the aerodynamics of the rain gauge. Installing on a Pedestal 1. Drill out three holes in the base to the 6.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation 9901-011 Figure 72 Assembling QMR102 on the Ground with Pedestal Plate 4. Connect the signal cable (4) to MAWS. For the cabling, see Table 11 on page 72. 5. Continue from section Finalizing the Installation below Finalizing the Installation Finalize the installation as described in the following steps: 1.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0201-037 Figure 74 QMR102 Adjustment and the Foam Location 3. It is important to ensure that the rim of the rain gauge is leveled precisely. Failure to do this will result in a systematic error. Use a spirit level (1) and adjust with the fixing screws (3). See Figure 74 above. 4. The cable length can be shortened or lengthened as required.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation Installing Solar Radiation Sensors NOTE Preferred orientation for the solar radiation sensors is such that no shadow is cast on the solar radiation sensors during any time of the day. In the northern hemisphere, this implies that the solar radiation sensors should be south of the mast. QMS101/QMS102 The pyranometer (QMS101 or QMS102) can be installed on a sensor arm as follows: 1.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 1. Slide the mounting piece (1) to the sensor arm (2). Tighten with the screws. For the numbers, see Figure 77 below. 2. Attach the radiometer (3) to the extension arm (4). Attach the sensor's extension arm (4) to the mounting piece (1). Tighten with the screws. 3. Lead the cable (5) through the sensor arm (1). Guide the sensor cable through the sensor arm opening (6). 4.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation 1. Choose a desired location for the probe. Assure that probe holes are located within cable length of the logging unit. 2. Drill a hole into the ground with the auger held as straight as possible. After you have drilled about 20 cm, extract the auger from the hole. 0106-039 Figure 78 CAUTION Do not use a hammer to pound the auger into ground. 3.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until you have reached the desired depth. The maximum drilling depth is approximately 115 cm. Insert the probe into the hole according to the following procedure: 1. Remove the auger from the hole. 2. Insert the probe into the hole and press it down as deep as possible by hand. Insert the probe deep enough into the soil so that the soil/air boundary is at the ground level line.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation CAUTION DO NOT drive or press probes directly into soil of unknown composition. DO NOT bend or flex probes during insertion or extraction. DO NOT attach unapproved electrical devices or test equipment to the probe. DO make a pilot hole prior to each probe insertion, unless the soil consists of homogenous, loose sand. DO inspect and clean the probe connector prior to each use.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0105-088 Figure 82 Buried ML2x Sensors 2. Pull the sensor cable close to the equipment enclosure. Cut the cable to a proper length. Thread the cable through the connector parts in the indicated order 1-2-3-4. See Figure 56 on page 66. 3. Strip the sensor cable wires and connect them to connector terminals according to Table 12 below. Make sure that the spring of lead-in connector is in good contact with the shield.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation Installing Leaf Wetness Sensor QLW101 Leaf Wetness Sensor is delivered with an installation hardware kit and a 5-meter long sensor cable. You may test the sensor before you install it. The instructions below provide a description of the suggested quick test procedure. 1. Connect the signal cable to the connector at the lower base of the tube. For more information, see section Connecting Cables on page 71. 2.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0105-071 Figure 84 Mounting QLW101 to a Pole To the Sensor Arm For installation to the sensor arm, use the provided hexagon bolts and lock washers. Tighten the hex nuts with a 6 mm Allen key. See Figure 85 below. 0105-072 Figure 85 QLW101 Installed on Sensor Arm Finalizing the Installation 1. Install the sensor as shown in Figure 83 on page 87, in Figure 84 above, or in Figure 85 above. 2.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation Table 13 Cable Pins of QLW101 Leaf Wetness Sensor Pin Number 1 2 3 Wire Color Red White Black (two wires) Signal Supply, + Signal HI Supply, - 4. Loosen and remove two hand screws beneath the tube. Slide the tube down to expose the logger (see Figure 34 on page 53). 5. Remove a connector from the input channel. Exact channel depends on your configuration.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ The mounting bracket (1 in Figure 87 below) is not included in the sensor delivery. A rubber-lined ring clamp (3) and the screw (4) are included with the sensor in the package. To install the sensor, follow the procedure below: 1. Slide the ring clamp (3) onto the sensor body (2) and connect the cable to the sensor. 2. Turn the sensor so that the two wire loops imbedded in the wooden dowel will be horizontal.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation 0201-040 Figure 88 7. Modify the wiring according to the Table 14 below. Table 14 8. Adapter Installed to Connector Modified Wiring with QFM101 Wire Color Red Standard Connection Pin at the Logger Not connected. Brown E White H Black L Blue C Modified Connection Pin at the Logger Connect the wire to the terminal C of the selected temperature measurement channel (CH4 ... CH7). Leave as is.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Table 15 Default Configuration for Communication Modules Module DSU232 DSI485A / DSI486 DMX501 CAUTION Connector Block MOD1 MOD2 MOD2 Port COM1 COM2 COM2 When inserting, be careful not to bend the connector pins. MOD1 MOD2 0105-055 Figure 89 Module Placement For the principal wiring diagrams of the modules, see section Wiring Diagrams on page 163.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation addition, you have to change the wiring to be able to use the COM1 port and the provided cable for powering the radio modem from the External DC (+ExtDC) of the logger. 1. Remove the logger's cover and install the DSU232 communication module to the MOD1 location. See Figure 89 on page 92. 2. Reassemble the logger's cover. 3. Install an additional sensor arm with radio modem fixtures to MAWS.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0201-043 Figure 91 6. NOTE Wire Modifications with Radio Modem Connect the ready-made radio modem's cable to the port COM1 in the lower base of the tube. It is recommended to label these modifications so that no other equipment is connected to COM1 by mistake. The 12 VDC voltage may damage some equipment. 7. Configure the radio modem with MAWS Lizard.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation 0105-077 Figure 92 Communication Modules Removed 3. Align the pins on the memory board with the slots on the logger and push the board back into its place. 4. Secure the board with a lock bar (number 2 in Figure 93 below) using the screw 1 and a long screw at the rear side of the logger. Attach also the screws 3 and 4.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Installing Software Installing Embedded Software The embedded software on the logger is normally installed at the factory. For the instructions on installing a new, updated version, see the Software Loading Technical Notice listed in Table 2 on page 15. Installing MAWS Terminal For the instructions on installing the MAWS Terminal software to a PC, see the MAWS Lizard User's Guide listed in Table 2 on page 15.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation Disassembly of MAWS201 for Transportation 1. WARNING Disconnect the power as follows: a. For short storage periods, set the MAWS into low power consumption mode by giving the command SLEEP. b. For long periods (over one month), disconnect the battery. First, open the hand screws that hold the tube in its place. Open logger housing. Detach red wire from the + terminal.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ NOTE Small, gentle strokes are essential for extracting the probe. 0106-040 Figure 94 CAUTION Probe Extraction If too much force is applied, damage to the electronics of the probe may result.
Chapter 3 ________________________________________________________________ Installation Packing Instructions For easy packing of the MAWS201 weather station, carry case sets are available as options, see section Product Nomenclature on page 20. For an example, see Figure 95 below and Figure 96 below. Pack the sensors in the smaller carry case. Pack the tripod, upper tube, sensor arms, and accessories in the bag or bigger carry case.
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Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation CHAPTER 4 OPERATION This chapter provides the instructions for taking MAWS Automatic Weather Station into use when all the equipment has been assembled and installed. Operation Principle MAWS works based on a so-called setup. Setup is a program that tells MAWS what to measure, log, calculate, and report.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Taking MAWS into Use Aligning the MAWS201 Station Figure 97 below gives a suggestion of positioning the weather station on the Northern Hemisphere. The solar panel should face south, and the temperature and humidity sensors be on the northern side of the MAWS.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation Quick Start Instructions The quick start instructions in Table 16 below are based on the following assumptions: - You will use a default setup already loaded in MAWS. - You have already assembled the MAWS station. Table 16 Quick Start Instructions Step 1. Action Connect power to MAWS. 2. Establish terminal connection with MAWS. Start the MAWS Terminal software. Make station-dependent settings for MAWS.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Establishing Terminal Connection To connect your computer to a MAWS serial port, proceed as follows: 1. Connect the provided terminal cable (QMZ101) to the COM0 connector in the bottom plate of the tube and to an available COM port on your PC. See Figure 98 below. 0201-044 Figure 98 NOTE Connecting the Terminal Cable 2.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation 0201-045 Figure 99 COM0 Pins for the Terminal Connector Using MAWS Terminal Software Selecting the Language When you start MAWS Terminal for the first time, you will be asked to select the language you would like to use. The Select Language window, presented in Figure 100 below, will appear. Select the desired language and click OK.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ MAWS Terminal Main Window After selecting the language, or when you later start the MAWS Terminal software by clicking the MAWS Terminal icon on your desktop, the following window appears. 0105-040 Figure 101 MAWS Terminal Main Window When the service connection is closed, the messages and reports appear on the main window as shown in Figure 102 on page 107.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation 0105-041 Figure 102 MAWS Terminal Showing Report On the top of the main window, there is the MAWS Terminal toolbar. The toolbar is the quickest way to select functions. Table 17 Icon Description of the Toolbar Function Dial Hangup Description Establish a connection to the MAWS station you have selected or to the modem you use for connecting to MAWS. Close the connection to MAWS.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Defining MAWS Terminal Settings When you start the software for the first time, you need to define the settings you want to use during download. You can do this with Settings menu options. Preferences Window When you choose the Preferences option from the Settings menu, the Preferences window appears with the Directories tab.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation Table 18 Description of Preference Window Tabs Tab Directories Download Communications Dialer CSV formatting MAWS Station settings Show Dialogs Language Description On the Directories tab, you can define the directories you want to use for downloading and storing files. If you do not define a directory, the program stores all file types in C:\MAWS_LOG.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Address Book Window When you choose the Address Book option from the Settings menu, the following window appears. 0105-045 Figure 104 Address Book Window In the MAWS Terminal Address Book window, you can define MAWS communication details. You can also define parameters for both directly connected stations and for stations that establish the connection via modem. You can add new entries and delete old ones.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation 0105-042 Figure 105 Address Book Window when Connecting to MAWS In the address book window, select the port to which MAWS is connected and click Connect. NOTE Before connecting, the Password Entry window opens, if you have set the user level in your MAWS. For more information on setting the user levels, see section Managing User Levels on page 115.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Giving Commands When you have established the connection, you can use the commands (described in Table 25 on page 129) to communicate with MAWS. Commands are actually text sent from the PC or terminal to MAWS. To open the connection, give the open command To close the terminal connection, give the command close. Logging is not affected unless it is stopped using the logstop command.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation NOTE Commands have to be typed in the same case as indicated in the help texts, usually in the lower case. The command name and the following parameters are always separated by a space. Pressing ENTER (return) will execute the command so that MAWS reads the typed command. You can use BACKSPACE to delete the last typed character. Use CTRL+P (hold down the CTRL key and press P) to repeat the previously typed command.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0105-053 Figure 106 NOTE MAWS Station Settings Window In the MAWS static parameters list, the entered values are treated as numbers by the system. When you want to enter a series of numbers as a string, write them between quotation marks ("). Table 20 below lists the items, which are changeable.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation Managing User Levels You can use the userlevel command to protect the system from unauthorized use. The system provides three password protected access levels to the shell commands as well as to the visibility of system data. By default, the user levels are not in use. You can manage user levels by the userlevel command when the service connection is open.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ access to all commands needed for normal administration and commissioning. Level 5 provides access to all commands. For the command reference, see Table 25 on page 129.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation more information, refer to the MAWS Lizard setup software User's Guide listed in Table 2 on page 15. CAUTION If you create a configuration of your own by modifying the readymade files, store the new file under a different name. This way, you can go back to the original configuration in case the new one is not working.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 0201-046 Figure 107 Selecting an Upload Configuration File When the file has been transferred, MAWS starts logging data according to the settings in the configuration file. After a system update (for instance, adding new sensors to your MAWS), the configuration file needs to be updated to match the changes. Normally, you need to modify the configuration file yourself with the MAWS Lizard setup software.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation - Log group name usually consists of a letter followed by a number. Everything that MAWS can measure and calculate, it can also log in its Flash memory.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Log Data Format A log entry is generated at the time described in the setup file. When entries are retrieved with the logshow command, the produced output includes two parts: the header and the log entry information.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation Examples: / > logstop L1 / > logstatus L1 Logging OFF. Variables: Stat15:PA1_AVG Stat17:DP1_AVG Stat18:RH1_AVG Stat19:TA1_AVG WMS302_1:WS1 Wind1:W1sAve1m WMS302_1:WD1 Wind2:W2dAve10m ← L1 is the log group id ← ← Item number 1 Item number 2 ... ... ... ... ... Item number 8 ← / > loggo L1 / > logstatus L1 Logging ON. Variables...
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Before you start downloading files, you need to open the service connection by choosing the Dial option from the Connection menu. For more information on opening the connection, see section Opening MAWS Service Connection on page 110. Selecting Files for Downloading When you have opened the service connection to the MAWS you are working with, you need to select the data log files you want to download.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation If you decide not to download a file after all, you can remove it from the Log files to Download list by selecting it and clicking Remove. To remove all files, click Remove All. NOTE The program closes the service connection automatically after 5 minutes. If you fail to start the download within 5 minutes of selecting the Download log files, you need to reopen the MAWS Terminal program and start the download again.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ If you have selected that the data log files be deleted from the MAWS memory after download, the program asks you to confirm this. 0105-048 Figure 110 CAUTION Confirming File Deletion after Download If you select OK, all files up to the mentioned date will be deleted, regardless of whether they have been downloaded or not.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation 0105-049 Figure 111 Offline Query Window for Browsing Data Log Files 0105-050 Figure 112 Select Data Items Window VAISALA _______________________________________________________________________ 125
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ In the Select Data Items window, you can select the data items you want to browse. All data items are selected by default. You can remove any data item, or remove them all. Once the data items you want are gathered in the right frame, click Close. Click Perform Query. The data items you selected appear on your screen in table format.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation Converting Data Log Files to CSV Format If you have selected the Convert file to CSV format option in the Preferences window, Download tab, the program converts the data log files into CSV format as you download them. However, if you prefer to download the files without converting them, you can do this by choosing the Convert files to CSV option from the Tools menu.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ data from the internal log directory to the memory card daily at midnight, the default time is 00:00:30. The data is being written, when the LED on the logger cover to the left of the external memory card is constantly on. CAUTION The memory card must not be removed from MAWS while data is being written or the data may be lost.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation Command Reference for Terminal Connection Table 25 Command altitude battery cd chmod close copy del dir errors EXTFS help LASTVAL logdel LOGFS loggo logshow logshownext logshowprev logstatus logstop md move Command Set Description altitude [meters]. To see the current station altitude, type altitude. To change the altitude, type altitude and the new station altitude in meters from sea level.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ open pslevel rd rep reset serial SLEEP sname spclear spset SYSINFO time timezone userlevel verify warnings winddircal0 zr zs removes the source file. Opens the terminal connection. pslevel [meters]. To see the current pressure sensor level, type pslevel. To change the pressure sensor level, type pslevel and the new pressure sensor level in meters from the station altitude.
Chapter 4 _________________________________________________________________ Operation NOTE Winddircal0, ADCAL6, and ADCAL1 commands are available only when MAWS has a setup file loaded and running. NOTE The following commands allow the use of wild cards: chmod, dir, del, copy, move, verify, zs. Example: dir L1*.* copy /log/L2*.* /Ext/log_L2 chmod *.* rw NOTE File commands (dir, del, copy, move, and verify) can be aborted by typing CTRL+C.
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Chapter 5 _______________________________________________________________Maintenance CHAPTER 5 MAINTENANCE This chapter provides information that is needed in the basic maintenance of MAWS. The purpose of periodic maintenance is to keep sensors operational and safe, measurements reliable, and to define if any calibration actions are needed. Under normal conditions, the MAWS weather station needs only a minimum amount of maintenance.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ When using high quality sensors and system, most of the routine maintenance tasks can be performed at the installation site. Some instruments and advanced calibrations and refurbishments, require the sensor be returned to the laboratory for proper calibration. When system components need to be brought in from the field, the best procedure is to maintain an inventory of spare components.
Chapter 5 _______________________________________________________________Maintenance Overall Checking - Check signal and main cables, connectors, and connections. - Check gaskets of the enclosures. - Check all grounding cables, lugs, etc. - Check mechanical assemblies, bolts, nuts, etc. - Check for corrosion. Repair if needed. NOTE Use the correct tools of good quality. Sensors and Accessories Solar Panel Inspect the module twice a year for overall integrity.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Anemometer bearings: 1. Loosen the hubnut (14) with fingers or a 10-mm tool and remove the cup wheel (13). 2. Remove the ball bearing assembly (12) by unscrewing it counterclockwise (with a 10-mm tool). 3. Insert a new bearing assembly (12) and tighten gently. 4. Fasten the cup wheel to the sensor and tighten gently. Vane bearings: 1. Proceed as described in steps 1 and 2 above. 2.
Chapter 5 _______________________________________________________________Maintenance 0009-022 Figure 115 QMW101/QMV110 Sensor Assembly 5. Insert the potentiometer assembly into the upper part tubing. 6. Screw the body parts (1) and (6) together. Tighten carefully. 7. Ensure that the mast adapter sleeve (7) is on the base part (6). 8. Place the bearing housing (8) to the casing and secure it with a Seeger-ring (9). 9. Place the vane assembly (10) onto the body.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Air Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor Calibration and maintenance of the air temperature and relative humidity probe should be performed at regular intervals, depending on the conditions of use and desired accuracy. The validity of the readings should be checked annually. The QMH101 probes are easy to maintain and calibrate. The probe consists of a probe head and a handle with cable.
Chapter 5 _______________________________________________________________Maintenance Leave the calibrator and the probe head in the same space for at least four hours so that their temperatures have time to equalize. Unscrew the plastic grid of the probe. The calibration is done first for the dry end (<50 %RH) and then for the wet end (>50 %RH) by adjusting the trimmer potentiometers marked with D and W. The potentiometers are located under a protective plug, see Figure 116 on page 138.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Calibration The MAWS software provides means for one-point field calibration of PMT16A. Required equipment: - Laptop PC with a terminal software - A standard barometer (for example Vaisala PTB220TS) - Terminal cable QMZ101 (delivered with MAWS). Table 27 Step 1. 2. 3. 4.
Chapter 5 _______________________________________________________________Maintenance 2. Check that the gauge is still level. It is surprisingly easy for an apparently immovable gauge to become tilted as a result of small ground movements, vandalism, or just an inquisitive finger. 3. Clean the spoon from dust and dirt once or twice a year to ensure a precise measuring.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ supplies an adjustable constant head of water and allows for accurate calibration of the rain gauge. Manufacturer also provides a re-calibration and overhaul service to customers; however, this section describes a good alternative for recalibrating the rain gauge if the user wishes to do so. Static Calibration 1.
Chapter 5 _______________________________________________________________Maintenance consuming. In any case, it is virtually impossible to get the adjustments absolutely correct, and it is generally preferable to adjust the settings as closely as is reasonably practical, and then derive a calibration factor for each rain gauge individually after dynamic calibration. Dynamic Calibration 1.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ UPTURNED BOTTLE CONSTANT HEAD FLOW ADJUSTMENT LEVEL GAUGE BY USING ADJUSTING SCREWS SINK 9901-033 Figure 119 Dynamic Calibration (Constant Head) Calculating the Calibration Factor Using the figures from the dynamic calibration, the calibration factor can now be read from Table 28 on page 145, or you may wish to calculate the calibration factor using the following formula. The nominal amount of tips for a 0.
Chapter 5 _______________________________________________________________Maintenance Table 28 Calibration Factors Number of tips 96.7 to 96.9 97.0 to 97.4 97.5 to 97.9 98.0 to 98.4 98.5 to 98.9 99.0 to 99.4 99.5 to 99.9 100 to 100.4 C.F. 0.204 mm/tip 0.203 mm/tip 0.202 mm/tip 0.201 mm/tip 0.200 mm/tip 0.199 mm/tip 0.198 mm/tip 0.197 mm/tip Solar Radiation Sensors QMS101 The pyranometer is an all weather instrument. Once installed the pyranometer needs little maintenance.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ QMS102 The pyranometer is an all weather instrument. Once installed the pyranometer needs little maintenance. It is recommended that you clean the detector as part of a regular routine, using water or alcohol. Re-calibration is suggested every two years. This can be done in two ways. The first is to compare with the measurement of a similar sensor at the same site. Daily totals of at least two days should be compared.
Chapter 5 _______________________________________________________________Maintenance QMT107 When the probe is extracted, clean the dirt accumulation on the probe's surface with a soft cloth or sponge using water and mild detergent. Field repairs are accomplished by replacing the complete probe. Soil Moisture Sensor The ML2x probe is sealed after the factory calibration. It does not require any routine maintenance and it is constructed of materials selected for robust field operation.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ CAUTION The drying detergent is very important to ensure reliable performance of the water level sensor. Otherwise humidity enters the sensor casing through the ventilation pipe inside the cable and causes severe damage to the sensor. Leaf Wetness Sensor The QLW101 Leaf Wetness Sensor does not need any regular maintenance. Field repairs are accomplished by replacing the complete probe.
Chapter 5 _______________________________________________________________Maintenance Spare Parts Available Spare Parts Table 29 Available Spare Parts Spare part name Cup wheel assembly Anemometer bearing assembly Vane assembly Vane bearings assembly Humidity sensor Temperature sensor Pt 100 IEC 751 1/3 Class B (HMP45D) Membrane filter (standard) HMP45D probe head For...
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Chapter 6 ____________________________________________________________ Troubleshooting CHAPTER 6 TROUBLESHOOTING This section consists of some common MAWS problems, their probable causes, and remedies. Data Validation For most of the sensor inputs, there are data validation parameters to check the following measurement's quality parameters: - Maximum value: the maximum climatological value for the sensor measurement. - Minimum value: the minimum climatological value for the sensor measurement.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ The LASTVAL Command If the value in the report changes to ////, you can check the measurement's value with the LASTVAL command. Give the command in the terminal connection. When you use the raw parameter, the measured value before any validation and the status produced during validation are shown. When you use the corresponding signal name, the validated value is shown.
Chapter 6 ____________________________________________________________ Troubleshooting The command with the signal name parameter (in the following case TA) produces the following response: / > LASTVAL TAMeasQMH101_1 TA Status:1 Value:20.490570 where Status:1 Value:20.490570 = = The value is valid. The validated value for the temperature measurement is 20.49xxxx Software Operation After MAWS has been without power (for example when you start it for the first time), check the time and date.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Example: / W> warnings Warning: Break occurred 9 times first in uart.cpp[84] during thread: 00019F60 [AbsTimerT] object pointer: 106C [component: COM0] Warning: Frame occurred 14 times first in uart.cpp[83] during thread: 00019F60 [AbsTimerT] object pointer: 106C [component: COM0] The Break and Frame warnings mean that most likely you have turned your PC off and on again.
Chapter 6 ____________________________________________________________ Troubleshooting Table 30 Some Common Problems and Their Remedies Problem Probable Cause MAWS will not open for The terminal connection commands. is not open. MAWS is not receiving power. MAWS is not sending anything (nothing is seen on the screen). After reset, MAWS displays "!Erroneous setup file". The Setup file does not exist in Cfg directory. Setup file is not executable.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Example: / > SYSINFO Serial # Hardware Software System RAM Free memory Internal temp. Active errors Active warnings Piggyback - 0 Piggyback - 1 Extension board System uptime 16:35:39 2002 : : : : : : : : : : : : 59289091 Rev F 3.02 Checksum : 61577576 1024kB 583kB 3.
Chapter 6 ____________________________________________________________ Troubleshooting Table 31 Problem You receive the following message: You receive the following message: You do not receive any messages. Some Common Connecting Problems and Their Remedies Probable Cause You are trying to connect to a wrong port. Cables are not connected. Remedy Select the Address book option from the Settings menu to check the port numbers. You are trying to connect to a port that does not exist in your computer.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Battery Status You can view battery status information by giving the command battery without parameters. Example: / > battery Remaining=100 State=FLOAT_CHARGE U=6.850195 I=2.685547 Type=PB_BATTERY Capacity=1.200000 Ext.DC=8.132420 Internal temperature=23.511668 Battery voltage (U) and voltage at the +ExtDC terminal are given as volts, charging current (I) as milliamperes and capacity as amperehours.
Chapter 6 ____________________________________________________________ Troubleshooting Table 33 Determining Operation Mode by LED Flashing LED flashing interval All the time Once per 5 seconds Once per 10 seconds Quickly 2 times Quickly 3 times Not at all Operation mode MAWS has been reset but setup has not been examined yet. Setup running. Blank boot or configuration cannot be run. Setup is running but there are warnings. Setup is running but there are errors. None. Note Interval determined by setup.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Return Instructions In case MAWS needs repair, please follow the instructions below to speed up the process and avoid extra costs. 1. Read the warranty information. 2. With the returned component(s), write a Problem Report with name, e-mail, telephone number, and fax number of a technically competent person, who can give additional information about the problem. 3.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data CHAPTER 7 TECHNICAL DATA This chapter provides the technical data of MAWS and its sensors. Connector Block Descriptions The MAWS logger includes: 1. Ten measurement channels and one internal channel for pressure measurement. 2. One connector block for power supplies. 3. One connector block for communication channel. 4. Two blocks for optional communication modules.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 9902-003 Figure 120 Connector Blocks Single-ended (H-C or L-C) or differential (H-L) measurements can be performed in the 10 measurement channels.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Table 35 Description of Analog Measurement Channels Channels CH0, CH1, CH2, CH3 16-bit ADC Pin name E H L C NOTE CH4, CH5, CH6, CH7 16-bit ADC E H L C CHA, CHB Suitable for fastchanging input signals 12-bit ADC F E H L C Description 12 V / 25 mA voltage excitation ON/OFF, voltage can be measured. OR: 100µA/1mA current excitation.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ 9806-064 Figure 121 Basic Wiring Diagram DSU232 The DSU232 is an unisolated RS-232 module that will provide either a double serial channel without handshaking or a single RS-232 with handshaking. It can also feed 12 V (45 mA) for a serial sensor, when used in sensor mode.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Figure 122 DSU232 Wiring Diagram Figure 123 Suggested T-connection in Dual Port Mode DSI485A The DSI485A communication module can be configured for either 2wire line or for 4-wire line when receive and transmit lines are separated. If the module is configured for a 2-wire line, the transmitter is enabled only during the transmission.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Figure 124 NOTE DSI485A Wiring Diagram In 2-wire mode, only T+ and T- pins are used. DSI486 Channel A is always used in RS-485 -mode. In 2-wire RS-485, both transmitted and received data is sent via this channel. In 4-wire RS485 this channel can either transmit or receive depending on the configuration. Jumper X4 defines the line terminating resistor for the data channel A.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Figure 125 on page 166 provides a schematic wiring diagram for the dual RS-485 connection, the dual 2-wire connection utilizing both channels. The correct jumper settings for the channel B are listed in Table 37 below. The jumpers are located on the module as illustrated in Figure 126 below.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Figure 127 on page 167 provides a schematic wiring diagram for the combination of the RS-485 and RS-232 connection. The correct jumper settings for the channel B are listed in Table 38 below. Table 38 Jumper X3 X6 X5 The Jumper Settings for Channel B in the RS-232 Mode Connected Pins 2-3 1-4 2-5 None Function Sets the RS-232 mode active for the channel B. The line terminating resistor is not in use at all.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Connectors QMT107 Pin numbers in Table 39 below refer to Figure 129 below. Table 39 Signal GND Low out VCC High out Cable wire connections Connection Pin in Standard Cable Color Pin No Blue 3 Black 4 Brown 1 White 2 Connector L (CH2) default in MAWS C LE H+ 0106-035 Figure 129 Connector of QMT107 (Viewed from Connecting Side) VCC is a power supply from 6 to 30 VDC, which draws a maximum of 1.5 mA.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ with 5 % accuracy. The charger is protected against reverse input voltage and temperature. In addition, it has internal reverse current blocking to facilitate using solar cells without a blocking diode. The MAWS charger is capable of handling 6 V lead batteries from 1.2 Ah up to 24 Ah. Due to its limited current capability, it cannot quick charge larger than 6 Ah batteries.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Solar Cell When the solar cell is used as an external power supply, a few things should be kept in mind: - Always use solar cell in combination with lead battery. - To achieve the highest possible efficiency, a 6 to 8 V solar cell is recommended. NOTE You can use a 12 V solar cell, however, half of the delivered energy is lost as heat in the linear charger regulator.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Primary Cells Primary (non-rechargeable) cells from 6 to 9 V are most suitable for use with QML102. The standard battery alternative for MAWS is a dual cell lithium battery that has nominal voltage of 7.2 V, 35 Ah capacity and a very wide temperature range. Common alkaline cells (4 to 6 cells in series) in a suitable battery holder can be used as well.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data If the battery is accepting certain amount of charging current and there is enough energy available at +ExtDC input, the charging task enters Quick Charge mode. In the opposite case, when the charging current drops below 0.0075 CA even if more energy would be available, the charging task enters Float Charge mode.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Float Charging When the charger task enters Float Charge mode, the battery is considered to be full and the remaining capacity is set to 100 %. Charging voltage is set to 6.85 V corrected with temperature coefficient. Current limit is always 100 mA in Float Charge. If the battery starts to discharge, the charger task enters Normal Charge mode.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Specifications QML102 Logger Table 40 QML102 Logger Specifications Property Processor A/D conversion Data logging memory Sensor inputs Typical accuracy across measured temperature range -50 °C ... +80 °C Maximum error across measured temperature range -35 °C ... +50 °C Maximum error at 0 °C Voltage measurement ±2.5V range ±250 mV range ±25 mV range ±6.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Property EFT immunity Surge (lightning pulse) Conducted RF immunity Description/Value IEC 61000-4-4 IEC 61000-4-5 IEC 61000-4-6 Accessories Table 41 SOLAR6 Solar Panel Specifications (MAWS201) Property Peak power (Pp) 2 @ 1 kW/m @ + 25 °C Voltage @ peak power (Vpp) Current @ peak power (Ipp) Short-circuit current (Isc) Dimensions (l x w x d), in mm Weight, incl. mounting accessories Output cable Table 42 8.3 V 0.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Table 44 7 Ah Backup Battery Specifications (inside QMP201C) Property Type Nominal voltage Nominal capacity Self discharge Expected lifetime Dimensions Weight Table 45 Description/Value Sealed. Lead-acid 12 V 7 Ah 3% / month 4 … 5 years 151 (w) × 65 (d) × 97.5 (h) mm 2.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Table 46 BWT15SX Mains Power Supply Unit Specifications (inside QMP201C) Property Output power Operating principle Input voltage range Frequency range Input current on full load: 110 VAC 220 VAC Output voltage Output current Efficiency Noise, ripple, and spikes Input regulation effect 85 … 264 VAC Load regulation effect 0…2A Temperature coefficient Output voltage rise time Hold-up time Over current protection Switching f
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Sensors Wind Sensors Table 47 QMW101/QMV110 Combined Wind Sensor Specifications Property Measurement range Accuracy (anemometer) Accuracy (vane) Threshold Distance constant (anemometer) Delay distance (vane) Operating temperature range Dimensions (h × w) Weight Description/Value 0.5 ... 60 m/s (anemometer) 0 ... 360 ° (vane) ± 0.3 m/s (< 10 m/s) < 2 % (> 10 m/s) <±3° < 1.0 m/s 2m 0.6 m -40 ...
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Precipitation Sensors Table 50 QMR101 Rain Gauge Specifications Property Sensor/transducer type Funnel diameter Orifice (opening area) Sensitivity Capacity Accuracy < 24 mm/h < 120 mm/h Material Cable Weight Table 51 Description/Value Self-emptying tipping spoon/magnet 159.6 mm 2 200 cm 0.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Table 53 QMS102 Global Solar Radiation Sensor Specifications Property Maximum irradiance Spectral range Sensitivity Impedance Response time Non-linearity Temperature dependence of sensitivity Operating temperature Zero-offset due to temperature changes Tilt response Signal output (atmospheric condition) Field of view ISO class Cable length Table 54 Description/Value 2 2000 W/m 305 ... 2800 nm (50% points) 2 10 ...
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Soil Temperature Sensors Table 55 QMT103 Soil/Water Temperature Sensor Specifications Property Sensor Type Performance (accuracy) Sensitivity Measuring range Dimensions Material Environmental Cable Extension Ingress protection Table 56 Description/Value Pt-100 type RTD element Better than +0.08 °C at 0 °C, conforms to 1/4 DIN 43760B 0.385 Ω/°C (DIN 43760) - 50 ... +60 °C 100 (l) × 7.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Soil Moisture Sensor Table 57 ML2x Soil Moisture Sensor Specifications Property Full Range Accuracy Description/Value 3 -3 0 ... 1.0 m .m 3 -3 ± 0.02 m .m after calibration to a specific soil type, or, 3 -3 ± 0.05 m .m using the supplied soil calibration, in all 'normal' soils, over range 3 -3 0.05 to 0.6 m .m and 0 to 40 °C ambient temperature.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Water Level Sensors Table 58 QMV101 Water Level Sensor Specifications Property Measuring range Performance (accuracy) Output signal Overpressure Operating temperature Compensated temperature range Housing Weight Vented cable Cable length Included Description/Value 1.5 to 600 m ± 0.25 % of F.S. (BSL) 1) 4 ... 20 mA 2 ... 6 × F.S. (scale dependent) -20 ... +60 °C -2 ... +30 °C 316 stainless steel 0.
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Leaf Wetness Sensor Table 60 QLW101 Leaf Wetness Sensor Specifications Property Sensor Type Excitation Time Constant 1) Current Output Supply Voltage Sensor Area Attached Cable Length Cable Type Recommended Max Cable Length 1) 24 AWG Cable (3conductor) 22 AWG 2-Twisted Pair Cable 18 AWG Cable (3conductor) Substrate material Grid material Mounting Bracket Dimensions (H x W x T) Weight Description/Value Artificial leaf
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Communication Devices Table 62 SATELLINE 3AS Radio Modem Specifications Property Transceiver: Frequency range Channel spacing Number of channels Frequency stability Type of emission Communication mode Transmitter: Carrier power Carrier power stability Adjacent channel power Spurious radiations Receiver Sensitivity Co-channel rejection Adjacent channel selectivity Intermodulation attenuation Spurious radiations Data modem
Chapter 7 _____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Block Diagrams Figure 132 QMT107 Soil Temperature Probe Block Diagram VAISALA _______________________________________________________________________ 187
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Appendix A _________________________________________________________________ Glossary APPENDIX A GLOSSARY This glossary includes: - Explanations of some general meteorological terms - Explanations of some general technical terms - Descriptions of MAWS components and concepts - Explanations of the terms used in MAWS specifications.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Accuracy The degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to its actual or specified value. Altitude The station altitude in meters from sea level. Atmospheric pressure The pressure at a given point due to the gravitational force on the column of air above it. The official unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa = newton/m2).
Appendix A _________________________________________________________________ Glossary Dew point (temperature) The temperature at which the air, if cooled, would reach saturation, and at which dew would therefore begin to condense out on a solid surface. The TD is calculated using the following formula: c×b − 273.15 a c× + b 2 TD = where a = b c TA RH = = = = ln 100 RH 15.0 × a − 2.1 × TA + 2711.5 TA + 273.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Lull The minimum of wind speed during a certain time interval (as defined in the wind calculation module of MAWS). Modem A device that allows a terminal or computer at one location to communicate with a terminal or computer at a distant location via wire or telephone lines. Precipitation Term that refers to all forms of water particles that fall upon the earth. This includes rain, snow, and hail.
Appendix A _________________________________________________________________ Glossary QFF The sea level pressure as QNH, but the value is corrected by the actual air temperature (or in some cases by virtual temperature, that is, temperature 12 hours ago). QFF is used in synoptical observations. QFF is calculated using the following formula: QFF = QFE ⋅ e HR 7996 + b⋅ HR + 29.33⋅ TA where b = HR = TA = 0.
User's Guide _______________________________________________________________________ Solar radiation The solar energy received from the entire hemisphere. It is measured with a pyranometer. Synchronizing time Ties the operation to the clock for software operations. For instance, if an operation is always to be performed twenty minutes to the hour, the synchronizing time should be set to 00:40:00. WMO The World Meteorological Organization.
