MAWS HydroMet Systems for Meteorological and Hydrological Monitoring TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION DOC211898-C November 2004 Meteorological parameters & Data logging & Telemetry Water level Water flow Water quality
PUBLISHED BY Vaisala Oyj P.O. Box 26 FIN-00421 Helsinki Finland Phone (int.): +358 9 8949 1 Fax: +358 9 8949 2227 Visit our Internet pages at http://www.vaisala.com/ © Vaisala 2004 The contents are subject to change without prior notice.
_________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................3 Technology................................................................................3 Standardization – Economies of Scale and Scope ...............5 Life Cycle Cost..........................................................................6 Reliability and Flexibility.......................................
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Internal Flash Memory........................................................... 43 External Compact Flash Card............................................... 44 TELEMETRY AND COMMUNICATION ...................................................... 47 Serial I/O Lines ....................................................................... 47 Hardwire Telemetry................................................................
Chapter 1 _________________________________________________________ General Information CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION This document give you detailed information on the MAWS HydroMet systems, which offer advanced environmental monitoring features integrated into a compact and economical system package.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ The MAWS HydroMet Systems are integrated in a compact, readyto-install package: • MAWS301 for applications requiring larger back-up batteries and/or multiple telemetry solutions. The MAWS systems are compact, environmentally robust and low power systems to provide reliable and continuous data on a multitude of meteorological and hydrological parameters.
Chapter 1 _________________________________________________________ General Information The new Digital I/O module option expands the use of the MAWS system into supervisory and control systems. This allows users to add controlling features such as burglary/vandalism alarms, flood gate controls and optimization of telemetry device power, to name but a few.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ logger and telecommunication technology the network operator can enjoy the benefits of economies of scale and scope by reducing the cost of network design and maintenance servicing, including spare parts and training. The archived savings in network operation can then be used to further automate the conventional network or otherwise improve hydrometeorological services.
Chapter 1 _________________________________________________________ General Information The Contingency Cost primarily contains possible risks in the planned purchase such as a defective product, late delivery, inability to deliver at all, or inability to support the investment with spare parts and upgrades during the life time of the equipment, frequently calculated as 10- 15 years. Vaisala, as the largest manufacturer of meteorological systems, can guarantee timely delivery.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ The MAWS is the most modern HydroMet system including all necessary functions designed on a single printed board logger. Using the latest Surface Mounted Technology the board is very compact and uses little current. It has a very high Mean-Time-Between-Failure (MTBF) value (over 20,000 hours strictly according to MIL-HNDB217F). The MAWS HydroMet systems are field proven in various installations around the world.
Chapter 1 _________________________________________________________ General Information Quality Assurance Vaisala's quality management system meets the requirements of the ISO 9001 quality system standard. Vaisala's quality management system has been granted the ISO 9001 Quality System Certificate No. 1413-02 (First issue 1993-03-18) by the Finnish Standardization Organization and the IQNet -The International Certification Network. The Finnish Defense Forces have granted Vaisala a Certificate No.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ QMW110 Combined Wind Sensor with 10 m cable and mast mounting accessories GSM antenna DKP12 10 m pole mast QMH102 Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe in DTR502 Radiation Shield FD12P PW & Visibility Sensor Pyranometer DKP12SUP1 MAWS301 Automatic Weather Station with PMT16A Pressure sensor , BWT15SX Mains power sypply, comms modules, incl.. rad.
Chapter 2 __________________________________________________________ Main Components CHAPTER 2 MAIN COMPONENTS MAWS HydroMet systems are integrated into the versatile MAWS301. The basic MAWS HydroMet system comprises the following main components. Back-up batteries of 7, 12, 24 or 48 Ah Telemetry options, incl: PSTN & cellular modems, UHF modems, LAN satellites: readiness for multiple telemetry solutions QML201 Logger with options (Digital I/O, Sensor Mux.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ QML201 Logger The QML201 is a complete data logger with a highly specialized single board computer (CPU) which makes the measurements and calculations, controls all system functions and telemetry devices and logs data. The simplicity of the single board approach reduces the need for excess interconnecting wires and cables. It also greatly enhances reliability and reduces the cost of maintaining a spare part stock.
Chapter 2 __________________________________________________________ Main Components The printed board uses the latest SMT and CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) technologies and is uniformly coated for better protection and reliability in high humidity environments. Each sensor input has a varistor (VDR) protection against induced transients. The maintenance terminal connection (RS-232, COM0) also has transzorb diodes in its inputs.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Compact Flash Memory Card Readers QMI108 Digital I/O Module The new QML201 Logger provides the possibility to extend the digital I/O capacity of MAWS with the optional Digital I/O Module QMI108 equipped with eight digital inputs and eight digital outputs.
Chapter 2 __________________________________________________________ Main Components The main characteristics of the QMI108 module are: • • • • • • The module interfaces to the logger via the SPI connector, therefore it does not use any RS- channels. The module has eight (8) open collector outputs with 30 VDC / 1 A continuous drive capability and LED indicators.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ QMD201 The QMD201 unit is mounted on the door of the enclosure. The units can be accessed without opening the enclosure. This unit is mainly for sites, where the enclosure will be installed indoors, e.g. in a "hut" built for a stilling well. QMD202 The QMD202 unit is mounded on a DIN-rail inside the enclosure. Access is only by opening the enclosure door, which can be firmly locked.
Chapter 2 __________________________________________________________ Main Components QMD170 The QMD170 handheld unit is attached to the RS-232 port connector at the bottom flange of the enclosure. There is no need to open the door of the enclosure. The QMD170 unit is powered by its own rechargeable battery. Due to its light weight and small size, the QMD170 is easily carried to the installation site in the pocket. The length of the cable is 3 meters.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ The modular design allows optional devices to be installed on two levels. These installation modules can easily be removed for maintenance or replacement. The installation frame for equipment is made of stainless steel, which also provides excellent protective grounding. The enclosure material is highly resistant to corrosion, ultra-violet radiation, principal chemicals and atmospheric agents.
Chapter 2 __________________________________________________________ Main Components In hydrological application where the equipment is frequently installed in small huts built e.g. over the stilling well, the radiation shield is not necessary. For future needs, the ENC542PLM enclosure has spare space reserved for optional devices.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ QBR101B Battery Regulator The QBR101B Battery Regulator maintains the charging of the integral 12 V battery. The charge/recharge control includes a temperature compensation function as well as deep discharge protection of the battery. QBR101B also allows simultaneous inputs from both a solar panel and mains (AC) power.
Chapter 2 __________________________________________________________ Main Components Surge Arrestor for the 230 and 115 VAC Mains Power Surge Arrestors for RS - serial lines and PT100 sensor Optional coaxial surge arrestors will be used for UHF / VHF antennas. Options In the MAWS enclosures there is space for various types of optional devices, such as: - Communication equipment (modems, satellite terminals, radio modem). - Mains power supplies, e.g.
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Chapter 3 __________________________________________________________________ Software CHAPTER 3 SOFTWARE General Characteristics The MAWS HydroMet systems utilize Vaisala’s field-proven and accurate sensors, which are in extensive use in over 100 countries all over the world from Antarctica to tropical islands. The offered suite of meteorological sensors measures wind direction and speed, pressure, air and surface temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and global solar radiation.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ for sending an old file to the Vaisala Helpdesk in case troubleshooting or other assistance is needed. Lizard Configuration Software Sensor Library The MAWS HydroMet systems have a large and continuously updated sensor library. The sensor library includes the default setting for the most common meteorological and hydrological sensors, including Vaisala’s optical sensors for cloud height, visibility and present weather.
Chapter 3 __________________________________________________________________ Software Generic Sensor Interfaces In addition to the sensors with default settings, the MAWS Lizard software has options for configuring generic voltage, PT100, counter, frequency, mA and potentiometric inputs as well as numeric string received via serial interface(s). Each sensor can have user specified validation and conversion/ linearization parameters (up to the 3rd degree factor).
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Digital Input/Output Basic QML201 Logger In addition to digital frequency/counter inputs (2 + 1 pcs), analog inputs can be used for monitoring digital state. Furthermore, the state status information can be used for controlling one of the excitation voltages, e.g. as a contact enclosure that can be activated by an event.
Chapter 3 __________________________________________________________________ Software Timers View: Timer Configuration for Digital Outputs The following example shows the Alarms view. In the example, the configuration activates output 3 when the air temperature measured by the QMH101 sensor rises above +15 °C. Alarms View: Controlling Digital Output Using Alarm The inputs of the QMI108 module can be used as any other application variables, that is for reporting, logging and as alarm inputs.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Reports View: Digital Inputs in the Report Data Quality Control The QML201 Logger has a 32-bit CPU, a 16-bit A/D conversion, and advanced software with data quality control features in order to ensure the continuous accuracy of the measured and calculated data. Auto-calibration The MAWS software automatically performs the offset recalibration of the A/D converter and electronics every 15 minutes.
Chapter 3 __________________________________________________________________ Software Data Validation Sensor Status Information The MAWS logger provides status values indicating detailed information about the state of the connected sensors. Depending on the sensor, this indication may vary, for example between ok and out of range, or may provide more accurate diagnostic information.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Possible Values for the Status Variable Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8..19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 99 1) 2) Meaning The sensor is working properly (OK). Not measured yet Interface is not initialized. Communication timeout has occurred. Unknown data is received. Communication is functioning, but sensor reports errors. Use sensor's own service interface to determine cause.
Chapter 3 __________________________________________________________________ Software Calculations Statistical calculations such as minimum, maximum, averages, standard deviation, and cumulative values, are calculated over user set periods at user set intervals independently for each measured and calculated parameter. An Example of the Calculations Setup Window The extreme values can have time stamps accurate to seconds (selectable format hh:mm:ss).
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ The List of Unit Conversions The calculation module also offers the possibility to make various arithmetic operation one or two operands, which can be any measured, calculated or manually entered parameters.
Chapter 3 __________________________________________________________________ Software An Example of Arithmetic Operation The special Wind Task is for calculating statistical values for wind speed and for wind direction in the vector format. The list of calculations also includes the Sigma-Theta calculation for wind turbulence.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Data Messages and Reports The formats and contents of the output message are freely configurable by the user(s). MAWS HydroMet systems can be configured to produce several different kinds of fully automated messages to serve various users of the data. The data messages can include measured and calculated data items, complete reports, user inserted data and/or ASCII text.
Chapter 3 __________________________________________________________________ Software An Example of a Configuration Template for a Tabular Message Alarms The alarms function is also a completely user configurable feature. Any measured or calculated parameter can be used for testing the user set alarm criteria. Example: It is possible to combine several alarm criteria (AND or OR - type functions) e.g. to create an alarm when the wind direction is more than 275 degrees and wind speed exceeds 20 m/s.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ An Example of the Alarms Setup Window Data Acquisition The transmission of the reports can be: • Self-timed: MAWS sends data at user set interval(s). The interval(s) can be changed remotely on command. The interval is freely configurable between 1 second and 24 hours at 1 second intervals. In addition, these intervals can be changed automatically when a user set parameter exceeds its threshold values.
Chapter 3 __________________________________________________________________ Software Data transmission can include any combination of the above mentioned methods.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Data Compression The cost of telecommunications is often the most significant annual cost in operating the network. In order to lower this cost the MAWS system offers two automatic data compression methods which are user configurable. This function is particularly useful when the data is transferred using methods which are costly or otherwise limit the amount of data to be transferred.
Chapter 3 __________________________________________________________________ Software Example: temperature value, string presentation: Original: -18.7 (5bytes) Offset: -18.7+50=31.3 (if -50 is minimum of measured value) Scale: 31.3*10=313 (if 0.1 is resolution of measurement) 313 -> BASE32 -> 9P (2bytes) BCD Compression The BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) method is a Positional Number System, with a radix of 10 and coefficients expressed in 4-bit binary words.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ The MAWS system can have up to 7 serial ports for connecting to telemetry equipment as well as to sensors with serial interface. The communication ports are easily managed using their own setup template: Communication Ports Setup Template Multiple telemetry devices can be connected at the same time thus increasing reliability at critical monitoring site(s).
Chapter 3 __________________________________________________________________ Software • Controlling powering of the telemetry devices according to the user configured schedule whenever the charging of the back-up batteries from the solar panel is OFF. • Reducing the telecommunication rate whenever the system works on back-up batteries. • Reducing the sampling rate whenever the system works on back-up batteries.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ cyclic powered mode (low power mode) when the system is running on back-up batteries. - Communication cost reduction. When the measured conditions are normal, data messages can be transmitted less frequently, but when preset limits are exceeded by user set parameter(s), the faster transmission cycle can automatically be taken into use.
Chapter 4 ______________________________________________________________ Data Logging CHAPTER 4 DATA LOGGING Internal Flash Memory The QML201 Logger has 1.7 Megabytes of secure flash memory available for the logging of measured and calculated data. The flash memory does not need any external or internal back-up batteries, and preserves its contents for many years. There can be several logging schedules where the parameters and logging intervals are user definable.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ External Compact Flash Card The MAWS system can also log data and reports on a Compact Flash memory card, expanding the memory capacity to hundreds of megabytes. The external memory card is used for storing data files which have been copied/moved from the internal log directory. The internal log system, file format and operation is not changed, and is operated parallel to the external card.
Chapter 4 ______________________________________________________________ Data Logging Memory Card Readers The file system is compatible with the PC file system, i.e. by inserting the log module into a PC slot or external reader the files can be copied onto the PC. The files are stored in internal log-format, so the MAWS Terminal program can be used to convert the files to CSV format. The files can then be used in various standard software packages, such as MS-Excel, for further analysis.
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Chapter 5 ________________________________________________ Telemetry and Communication CHAPTER 5 TELEMETRY AND COMMUNICATION Telecommunication costs are frequently the major annual cost of operating an observation network. Therefore, it is essential that there are several alternative telecommunication options available to best optimize this function. In addition, the availability of telecommunications is frequently a restrictive factor.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ all these tasks the MAWS Terminal Software is included with each system. This terminal software automates many of these tasks using easy to use user interfaces.
Chapter 5 ________________________________________________ Telemetry and Communication - DMX501 Fixed line modem for connecting other Vaisala devices with a similar interface, max. distance up to 10 km. Communication Modules The communication interfaces are freely user configurable in regards to baud rate, stop and start bits, handshaking and ASCII protocol with headers, footers, delimiters, message contents etc. Hardwire Telemetry The MAWS system has several options for hardwire telemetry.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ • DXM421 modem for Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN). DMX421 includes both data compression and data correction functions and has a data rate of up to 57.6 Kbits/second. DXM421 PSTN Modem • DXL421 is a compact modem for leased line connections of up to 10 kms.
Chapter 5 ________________________________________________ Telemetry and Communication Wireless Telemetry The MAWS system has a large variety of wireless telemetry options. In addition, several of these options can be installed simultaneously as a back up for each other at sites where data availability is of the utmost importance.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ GOES transmitters • QST102-METEOSAT-M3; Meteosat transmitter • OmniSAT Satellite Communication (AutoTrac); The OmniSat telemetry offers 2-way communication, enabling the sending of polling and other commands to remote MAWS systems.
Chapter 5 ________________________________________________ Telemetry and Communication ORBCOMM Satellite Transmitter • QSI101-M3; Inmarsat-C Satellite Transmitter; TT-3026LM is a mini-C system comprising transceiver, antenna and 12 channel GPS receiver in one single and compact unit, making installation very easy and simple. The INMARSAT-C telemetry offers 2-way communication, enabling the sending of polling and other commands to remote MAWS systems.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Satelline 3AS & Epic Radio modems, with optional display Message Routing is a built-in feature in SATELLINE-3AS modems, which makes it easier to build up a large radio modem network. Message Routing features a versatile radio protocol, which takes care of routing messages across a radio modem network. Only one radio channel is required even in large networks. Any radio modem in the network can act as a repeater.
Chapter 6 _________________________________________________________________ Powering CHAPTER 6 POWERING The MAWS HydroMet systems are low power systems. The basic QML201 Logger consumes less than 5 mA from a 12 V battery with five basic sensors. It can be powered using a small-sized solar panel or optionally using a 110/230 Mains (AC) power supply. The power consumption of the complete MAWS system depends on the connected sensors, telemetry equipment and other options included in the delivery.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ The solar power package also includes mast-mounting accessories for a pole mast and a 6-meter cable with connector. The angle of the panel is adjustable. Using a solar panel significantly reduces the risk of electric shocks caused by lightning and induced via long cables when mains (AC) power is used.
Chapter 6 _________________________________________________________________ Powering SOLAR24 Solar Panel SOLAR24 SOLAR24 solar panels are custom-designed modules incorporating high power efficiency and quality. The 24-Watt panel contains 36 polycrystalline silicon cells in series. The cells are protected from dirt, moisture and mechanical impact using a tempered, low iron glass front.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Backup Batteries There are four alternative back-up battery sets available with capacities: QMBATT7; 7 Ah QMBATT12; 12 Ah QMBATT26; 26 Ah QMBATT52: 52 Ah (2x 26 Ah) The size of the back-up battery depends on the system configuration (options) and the required back-up time. The batteries are charged by solar panel using the QBR101B Battery Regulator.
Chapter 6 _________________________________________________________________ Powering The Mains power supply unit MGP15V is a switching power supply, which operates from the universal mains (AC) input of 85 to 264 VAC and 50/60 Hz. The output voltage is 15 VDC, which is used to power the MAWS system, and as an input to the Battery Regulator QBR101B to charge the back-up battery. MGP15V is installed inside the MAWS enclosure on a standard DINrail enabling easy maintenance of the unit.
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Chapter 7 _______________________________________________________Operating environment CHAPTER 7 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT The MAWS HydroMet systems have been especially designed for unattended operation at remote locations. Only minimum maintenance is required annually. Operating temperature The MAWS systems have a wide operating temperature of -35° to + 55° C (extended range at request).
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ ESD/EMI The ESD/EMI (Electrostatic Discharge/Electromagnetic Impulse) design of the MAWS system is based on Vaisala's over 25 years experience of delivering highly reliable data collection systems for the most demanding environments and industrial conditions, to over 70 countries around the world.
Chapter 8 ____________________________________________________________________ Masts CHAPTER 8 MASTS DKP206W & DKP210W - Pole Masts The Vaisala Tiltable Masts DKP206W (6 m high) and DKP210W (10 m high) are suitable for a wide range of surface weather and climatological applications. The mast tubes are made of anodized aluminum. The remaining parts of the main assembly are made of stainless steel to resist weathering. The mast is painted white.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ The air temperature, humidity, and solar radiation sensors will be installed on a sensor cross arm (DKP12SUP1 or DKP12SUP2) typically at a height of 1.5 to 2.0 meters from the ground.
Chapter 8 ____________________________________________________________________ Masts Property Coating/Painting Pedestal tube Aluminum parts Steel parts Stainless steel parts Temperature Description/Value Corrosion-resistant powder coating Anodized and painted Galvanized Uncoated -50 … +60 °C (-50 ... 140 °F) DKP102 - 2 m Pole Mast DKP102 is a 2-m high pole mast designed for installations where normally no wind sensor is required. The diameter of the mast is 60 mm.
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Chapter 9 __________________________________________________________After Sales Service CHAPTER 9 AFTER SALES SERVICE Commitment to Long Term Service A hydrometeorological network is a long-term investment, which is intended to operate for over a decade. With such a system, special interest should be paid to the manufacturers' capability of providing after sales support to network components.
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Chapter 10 ____________________________________________________________ Technical Data CHAPTER 10 TECHNICAL DATA QML201 Logger QML201 Logger Specifications Property Processor A/D conversion Data logging memory Sensor inputs Typical accuracy across measured temperature range –50 °C ... +80 °C Maximum error across measured temperature range –35 °C ... +50 °C Maximum error at 0 °C Voltage measurement ±2.5V range ±250mV range ±25mV range ±6.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Property Speed Parameters Voltage (external powering) Optional internal battery Power consumption Solar panel options Back-up battery options Mains power Temperature (operating) Temperature (storage) Humidity Emissions ESD immunity RF field immunity EFT immunity Surge (lightning pulse) Conducted RF immunity Description / Value 300 ...
Chapter 10 ____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Mains Power Supply Unit MGP15V (Optional) MGP15V is a switching mains power supply unit, which operates from universal mains (AC) input.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Battery Regulator QBR101B QBR101B Battery Regulator Specifications Property Maximum input voltage (SMPS and Solar Panel inputs) Maximum input current (SMPS) Solar panel input Recommended input voltage from SMPS input Max. load current (backup output) Recommended battery capacity range Battery charge current for 4 Ah battery (selections 0.5 / 1.0 / 2.0 / 2.5 A by jumper) Max.
Chapter 10 ____________________________________________________________ Technical Data Solar Panels SOLAR12 Solar Panel Specifications Property Peak power (Pp) 2 @ 1 kW/m @ +25 °C Guaranteed min. peak power Voltage @ peak power (Vpp), typical Current @ peak power (Ipp), typical Short-circuit current (Isc), typical Temperature coefficient of current Operating temperature Dimensions (in mm) Weight Output cable Description / Value 12 W 10.8 W 16.7 V 0.72 A 0.8 A 0.25 mA/°C -40 °C ... +85 °C 268 × 540 × 15 1.
Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ Backup Batteries QMBATT7 7 Ah Backup Battery Specifications Property Type Nominal voltage Nominal capacity Self discharge Expected lifetime Dimensions Weight Description / Value Sealed. Lead-acid 12 V 7Ah 3% / month 4 … 5 years, temp. dependant 151 (w) × 65 (d) × 97.5 (h) mm 2.
