User Guide JetStream 24-Port 10/100Mbps + 4-Port Gigabit L2 Managed Switch T2500-28TC (TL-SL5428E) REV2.0.
COPYRIGHT & TRADEMARKS Specifications are subject to change without notice. is a registered trademark of TP-Link Technologies Co., Ltd. Other brands and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. No part of the specifications may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any derivative such as translation, transformation, or adaptation without permission from TP-Link Technologies Co., Ltd. Copyright © 2016 TP-Link Technologies Co., Ltd.
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CONTENTS Package Contents ........................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 About This Guide........................................................................................................... 2 1.1 1.2 1.3 Intended Readers .......................................................................................................... 2 Conventions ........................................................................
4.4.3 SSH Config........................................................................................................ 34 Chapter 5 Switching ..................................................................................................................... 42 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Port............................................................................................................................... 42 5.1.1 Port Config ..................................................................
.2.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 Port Enable........................................................................................................ 78 Protocol VLAN ............................................................................................................. 79 6.3.1 Protocol VLAN .................................................................................................. 80 6.3.2 Protocol Template .........................................................................
8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Link Monitoring .......................................................................................................... 132 RFI .............................................................................................................................. 133 Remote Loopback ..................................................................................................... 134 Statistics .........................................................................................
11.2 11.3 11.1.1 Port Priority ..................................................................................................... 188 11.1.2 DSCP Priority .................................................................................................. 189 11.1.3 802.1P/CoS Mapping ..................................................................................... 191 11.1.4 Schedule Mode ...............................................................................................
13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.1.1 Binding Table .................................................................................................. 219 13.1.2 Manual Binding................................................................................................ 221 13.1.3 ARP Scanning ................................................................................................. 222 DHCP Snooping ...................................................................................
14.1.5 14.2 14.3 SNMP Community .......................................................................................... 268 Notification ................................................................................................................ 270 14.2.1 Notification Config.......................................................................................... 271 14.2.2 Traps Config ...................................................................................................
16.3.4 Cluster Topology ............................................................................................ 312 Chapter 17 Maintenance.............................................................................................................. 315 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 System Monitor ......................................................................................................... 315 17.1.1 CPU Monitor.....................................................................................
Package Contents The following items should be found in your box: One T2500-28TC switch One power cord One console cable Two mounting brackets and other fittings Installation Guide Resource CD for T2500-28TC switch, including: • This User Guide • The CLI Reference Guide • SNMP Mibs • 802.1X Client Software • Other Helpful Information Note: Make sure that the package contains the above items. If any of the listed items are damaged or missing, please contact your distributor.
Chapter 1 About This Guide This User Guide contains information for setup and management of T2500-28TC switch. Please read this guide carefully before operation. 1.1 Intended Readers This Guide is intended for network managers familiar with IT concepts and network terminologies. 1.2 Conventions When using this guide, please notice that features of the switch may vary slightly depending on the model and software version you have, and on your location, language, and Internet service provider.
The Installation Guide (IG) can be found where you find this guide or inside the package of the switch. Specifications can be found on the product page at http://www.tp-link.com. A Technical Support Forum is provided for you to discuss our products at http://forum.tp-link.com. Our Technical Support contact information can be found at the Contact Technical Support page at http://www.tp-link.com/support. 1.
Chapter Introduction Chapter 6 VLAN This module is used to configure VLANs to control broadcast in LANs. Here mainly introduces: Chapter 7 Spanning Tree MAC VLAN: Configure MAC-based VLAN without changing the 802.1Q VLAN configuration. Protocol VLAN: Create VLANs in application layer to make some special data transmitted in the specified VLAN.
Chapter Introduction Chapter 9 DHCP This module is used to configure DHCP function of the switch. The switch can work as DHCP relay, and here mainly introduces DHCP relay function. Chapter 10 Multicast This module is used to configure multicast function of the switch. Here mainly introduces: Chapter 11 QoS IGMP Snooping: Configure global parameters of IGMP Snooping function, port properties, VLAN and multicast VLAN.
Chapter Introduction Chapter 13 Network Security This module is used to configure the multiple protection measures for the network security. Here mainly introduces: Chapter 14 SNMP DHCP Snooping: DHCP Snooping functions to monitor the process of the Host obtaining the IP address from DHCP server, and record the IP address, MAC address, VLAN and the connected Port number of the Host for automatic binding.
Chapter Introduction Chapter 16 Cluster This module is used to configure cluster function to central manage the scattered devices in the network. Here mainly introduces: Chapter 17 Maintenance NDP: Configure NDP function to get the information of the directly connected neighbor devices. NTDP: Configure NTDP function for the commander switch to collect NDP information. Cluster: Configure cluster function to establish and maintain cluster.
Chapter 2 Introduction Thanks for choosing the T2500-28TC 24-Port 10/100Mbps + 4-Port Gigabit JetStream L2 Managed Switch! 2.1 Overview of the Switch Designed for workgroups and departments, T2500-28TC from TP-Link provides wire-speed performance and full set of layer 2 management features. It provides a variety of service features and multiple powerful functions with high security.
Name Status Indication System Flashing The switch is working normally. 10/100M On The switch is working abnormally. Off On The switch is working abnormally. Green Yellow Flashing 1000M Flashing Off A 10Mbps device is connected to the corresponding port, but no activity. Data is being transmitted or received. Off On A 100Mbps device is connected to the corresponding port, but no activity. No device is connected to the corresponding port.
Chapter 3 Login to the Switch 3.1 Login 1. To access the configuration utility, open a web-browser and type in the default address http://192.168.0.1 in the address field of the browser, then press the Enter key. Figure 3-1 Web-browser Tips: To log in to the switch, the IP address of your PC should be set in the same subnet addresses of the switch. The IP address is 192.168.0.x ("x" is any number from 2 to 254), Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0. 2.
Figure 3-3 Main Setup-Menu Note: Clicking Apply can only make the new configurations effective before the switch is rebooted. If you want to keep the configurations effective even the switch is rebooted, please click Save Config. You are suggested to click Save Config before cutting off the power or rebooting the switch to avoid losing the new configurations.
Chapter 4 System The System module is mainly for system configuration of the switch, including four submenus: System Info, User Management, System Tools and Access Security. 4.1 System Info The System Info, mainly for basic properties configuration, can be implemented on System Summary, Device Description, System Time, Daylight Saving Time, System IP and System IPv6 pages. 4.1.1 System Summary On this page you can view the port connection status and the system information.
Indicates the 100Mbps port is at the speed of 10Mbps. Indicates the 1000Mbps port is not connected to a device. Indicates the 1000Mbps port is at the speed of 1000Mbps. Indicates the 1000Mbps port is at the speed of 10Mbps or 100Mbps. Indicates the SFP port is not connected to a device. Indicates the SFP port is at the speed of 1000Mbps. Indicates the SFP port is at the speed of 100Mbps. When the cursor moves on the port, the detailed information of the port will be displayed.
Figure 4-3 Bandwidth Utilization Bandwidth Utilization Rx: Tx: Select Rx to display the bandwidth utilization of receiving packets on this port. Select Tx to display the bandwidth utilization of sending packets on this port. 4.1.2 Device Description On this page you can configure the description of the switch, including device name, device location and system contact. Choose the menu System→System Info→Device Description to load the following page.
4.1.3 System Time System Time is the time displayed while the switch is running. On this page you can configure the system time and the settings here will be used for other time-based functions like ACL. You can manually set the system time, get UTC automatically if it has connected to an NTP server or synchronize with PC’s clock as the system time. Choose the menu System→System Info→System Time to load the following page.
1. 2. Note: The system time will be restored to the default when the switch is restarted and you need to reconfigure the system time of the switch. When Get Time from NTP Server is selected and no time server is configured, the switch will get time from the time server of the Internet if it has connected to the Internet. 4.1.4 Daylight Saving Time Here you can configure the Daylight Saving Time of the switch. Choose the menu System→System Info→Daylight Saving Time to load the following page.
Recurring Mode: Specify the DST configuration in recurring mode. This configuration is recurring in use: Date Mode: 2. Start/End Time: Select starting time and ending time of Daylight Saving Time. Specify the DST configuration configuration is one-off in use: 1. Offset: Specify the time adding in minutes when Daylight Saving Time comes. in Date mode. This Offset: Specify the time adding in minutes when Daylight Saving Time comes.
IP Address Mode: Select the mode to obtain IP Address for the switch. Static IP: When this option is selected, you should enter IP Address, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway manually. DHCP: When this option is selected, the switch will obtain network parameters from the DHCP Server. BOOTP: When this option is selected, the switch will obtain network parameters from the BOOTP Server. Management VLAN: Enter the ID of management VLAN, the only VLAN through which you can get access to the switch.
2. Header format simplification: IPv6 cuts down some IPv4 header fields or move them to IPv6 extension headers to reduce the load of basic IPv6 headers, thus making IPv6 packet handling simple and improving the forwarding efficiency. Although the IPv6 address size is four times that of IPv4 addresses, the size of basic IPv6 headers is 40 bytes and is only twice that of IPv4 headers (excluding the Options field). 3.
Leading zeros in each group can be removed. For example, the above-mentioned address can be represented in shorter format as 2001:d02:0:0:14:0:0:95. Two colons (::) may be used to compress successive hexadecimal fields of zeros at the beginning, middle, or end of an IPv6 address. For example, the above-mentioned address can be represented in the shortest format as 2001:d02::14:0:0:95.
Type Unicast address Format Prefix (binary) IPv6 Prefix ID Unassigned address 00…0 (128 bits) ::/128 Loopback address 00…1 (128 bits) ::1/128 Link-local address 1111111010 FE80::/10 Site-local address 1111111011 FEC0::/10 001 2xxx::/4 or 3xxx::/4 Global unicast address (currently assigned) Reserved type (to be assigned in future) Multicast address Anycast address Other formats 11111111 FF00::/8 Anycast addresses are taken from unicast address space and are not syntactically distingu
An interface ID is used to identify interfaces on a link. The interface ID must be unique to the link. It may also be unique over a broader scope. In many cases, an interface ID will be the same as or based on the link-layer address of an interface. Interface IDs used in global unicast and other IPv6 address types must be 64 bits long and constructed in the modified extended universal identifier (EUI)-64 format.
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery The IPv6 neighbor discovery process uses ICMP messages and solicited-node multicast addresses to determine the link-layer address of a neighbor on the same network (local link), verify the reachability of a neighbor, and track neighboring devices. 1. IPv6 Neighbor Solicitation Message A value of 135 in the Type field of the ICMP packet header identifies a neighbor solicitation (NS) message.
One or more onlink IPv6 prefixes that nodes on the local link can use to automatically configure their IPv6 addresses Lifetime information for each prefix included in the advertisement Sets of flags that indicate the type of autoconfiguration (stateless or stateful) that can be completed Default router information (whether the device sending the advertisement should be used as a default router and, if so, the amount of time, in seconds, the device should be used as a default router) Addit
Choose the menu System →System Info →System IPv6 to load the following page. Figure 4-10 System IPv6 The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config IPv6: Enable/Disable IPv6 function globally on the Switch. Link-local Address Config Config Mode: Select the link-local address configuration mode. Link-local Address: Manual: When this option is selected, you should assign a link-local address manually.
Status: Displays the status of the link-local address. When this option is enabled, the switch automatically configures a global address and other information according to the address prefix and other configuration parameters from the received RA (Router Advertisement) message. When this option is enabled, the system will try to obtain the global address from the DHCPv6 Server.
Preferred Lifetime /Valid Lifetime: Displays the preferred time and valid time of the global address. Status: Displays the status of the global address. Normal: Indicates that the global address is normal. Try: Indicates that the global address may be newly configured. Repeat: Indicates that the corresponding address is duplicate. It is illegal to access the switch using this address.
Choose the menu System→User Management→User Config to load the following page. Figure 4-12 User Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: User Info User Name: Create a name for users’ login. Access Level: Select the access level to login. Admin: Admin can edit, modify and view all the settings of different functions. Guest: Guest only can view the settings without the right to edit and modify. Password: Type a password for users’ login.
4.3 System Tools The System Tools function, allowing you to manage the configuration file of the switch, can be implemented on Config Restore, Config Backup, Firmware Upgrade, System Reboot and System Reset pages. 4.3.1 Config Restore On this page you can upload a backup configuration file to restore your switch to this previous configuration. Choose the menu System→System Tools→Config Restore to load the following page.
Figure 4-14 Config Backup The following entries are displayed on this screen: Config Backup Backup Config: Click the Backup Config button to save the current configuration as a file to your computer. You are suggested to take this measure before upgrading. Note: It will take a few minutes to back up the configuration. Please wait without any operation. 4.3.3 Firmware Upgrade The switch system can be upgraded via the Web management page.
4.3.4 System Reboot On this page you can reboot the switch and return to the login page. Please save the current configuration before rebooting to avoid losing the configuration unsaved Choose the menu System→System Tools→System Reboot to load the following page. Figure 4-16 System Reboot Note: To avoid damage, please don't turn off the device while rebooting. 4.3.5 System Reset On this page you can reset the switch to the default. All the settings will be cleared after the switch is reset.
Choose the menu System→Access Security→Access Control to load the following page. Figure 4-18 Access Control The following entries are displayed on this screen: Access Control Config Control Mode: Select the control mode for users to log on to the Web management page. IP Address&Mask： IP-based: Select this option to limit the IP-range of the users for login. MAC-based: Select this option to limit the MAC Address of the users for login.
MAC Address: The field can be available for configuration only when MAC-based mode is selected. Only the user with this MAC Address you set here is allowed for login. Port: The field can be available for configuration only when Port-based mode is selected. Only the users connected to these ports you set here are allowed for login. Session Config Session Timeout: If you do nothing with the Web management page within the timeout time, the system will log out automatically.
The switch also supports HTTPS connection for IPv6. After configuring an IPv6 address (for example, 3001::1) for the switch, you can log on to the switch’s Web management page via https://[3001::1]. On this page you can configure the SSL function. Choose the menu System→Access Security→SSL Config to load the following page. Figure 4-19 SSL Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config SSL: Certificate Download Certificate File: 2. 3. 4.
to a telnet connection, but essentially the old telnet remote management method is not safe, because the password and data transmitted with plain-text can be easily intercepted. SSH can provide information security and powerful authentication when you log on to the switch remotely through an insecure network environment. It can encrypt all the transmission data and prevent the information in a remote management being leaked.
Max Connect: 1. 2. Specify the maximum number of the connections to the SSH server. No new connection will be established when the number of the connections reaches the maximum number you set. The default value is 5. Key Download Key Type: Select the type of SSH Key to download. The switch supports three types: SSH-1 RSA, SSH-2 RSA and SSH-2 DSA. Key File: Select the desired key file to download. Download: Click the Download button to down the desired key file to the switch.
2. Click the Open button in the above figure to log on to the switch. Enter the login user name and password, and then you can continue to configure the switch. Application Example 2 for SSH: Network Requirements 1. Log on to the switch via key authentication using SSH and the SSH function is enabled on the switch. 2. PuTTY client software is recommended. Configuration Procedure 1. Select the key type and key length, and generate SSH key.
1. 2. Note: The key length is in the range of 512 to 3072 bits. During the key generation, randomly moving the mouse quickly can accelerate the key generation. 2. After the key is successfully generated, please save the public key and private key to the computer.
3. On the Web management page of the switch, download the public key file saved in the computer to the switch. 1. 2. Note: The key type should accord with the type of the key file. The SSH key downloading cannot be interrupted. 4. After the public key is downloaded, please log on to the interface of PuTTY and enter the IP address for login.
5. Click Browse to download the private key file to SSH client software and click Open. After successful authentication, please enter the login user name. If you log on to the switch without entering password, it indicates that the key has been successfully loaded.
Note: Following the steps above, you have already entered the User EXEC Mode of the switch. However, to configure the switch, you need a password to enter the Privileged EXEC Mode first. For a switch with factory settings, the Privileged EXEC Mode password can only be configured through the console connection. For complete information about how to configure the Privileged EXEC Mode password, please refer to the CLI Reference Guide in the provided Resource CD.
Chapter 5 Switching Switching module is used to configure the basic functions of the switch, including four submenus: Port, DDM, LAG, Traffic Monitor and MAC Address. 5.1 Port The Port function, allowing you to configure the basic features for the port, is implemented on the Port Config, Port Mirror, Port Security, Port Isolation and Loopback Detection pages. 5.1.1 Port Config On this page, you can configure the basic parameters for the ports.
1. 2. Port: Displays the port number. Description: Give a description to the port for identification. Status: Allows you to Enable/Disable the port. When Enable is selected, the port can forward the packets normally. Speed and Duplex: Select the Speed and Duplex mode for the port. The device connected to the switch should be in the same Speed and Duplex mode with the switch. When “Auto” is selected, the Speed and Duplex mode will be determined by auto-negotiation.
Figure 5-2 Port Mirror Config The following entries are displayed on this screen. Mirroring Port Mirroring Port: Select a port from the pull-down list as the mirroring port. When disable is selected, the Port Mirror feature will be disabled. Mirrored Port Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select the desired port as a mirrored port. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number.
LAG: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to. The LAG member cannot be selected as the mirrored port or mirroring port. Note: 1. The LAG member cannot be selected as the mirrored port or mirroring port. 2. A port cannot be set as the mirrored port and the mirroring port simultaneously. 3. The Port Mirror function can take effect span the multiple VLANs. 5.1.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Port Security Select: Select the desired port for Port Security configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number. Max Learned MAC: Specify the maximum number of MAC addresses that can be learned on the port. Learned Num: Displays the number of MAC addresses that have been learned on the port. Learn Mode: Select the Learn Mode for the port.
Figure 5-4 Port Isolation Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Port Isolation Config From/To Port: Select the port number to set its forwardlist. Forward Portlist: Select the port(s) to be forwarded to. Port Isolation List Port: Display the port number. Forward Portlist: Display the forwardlist. 5.1.5 Loopback Detection With loopback detection feature enabled, the switch can detect loops using loopback detection packets.
Choose the menu Switching→Port→LoopbackDetection to load the following page. Figure 5-5 Loopback Detection Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config LoopbackDetection Status: Here you can enable or disable Loopback Detection function globally. Detection Interval: Set a Loopback Detection interval between 1 and 1000 seconds. By default, it’s 30 seconds. Automatic Recovery Time: Time after which the blocked port would automatically recover to normal status.
Port Config Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select the desired port for Loopback Detection configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number. Status: Enable or disable Loopback Detection function for the port. Operation Mode: Select the mode how the switch processes the detected loops. Recovery Mode: Alert: When a loop is detected, display an alert.
Choose the menu Switching→DDM→DDM Config to load the following page. Figure 5-6 DDM Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Port Config Select: Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number. DDM Status: Select Enable/Disable the DDM status of the port. Shutdown: Specify whether to shut down the port when an exceeding alarm threshold or warning threshold event is encountered.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Port Config Select: Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number. High Alarm: This is the highest threshold for the alarm. When the operating parameter rises above this value, action associated with the alarm will be taken. Low Alarm: This is the lowest threshold for the alarm. When the operating parameter falls below this value, action associated with the alarm will be taken.
Low Alarm: This is the lowest threshold for the alarm. When the operating parameter falls below this value, action associated with the alarm will be taken. High Warning: This is the highest threshold for the warning. When the operating parameter rises above this value, action associated with the warning will be taken. Low Warning: This is the lowest threshold for the warning. When the operating parameter falls below this value, action associated with the warning will be taken.
Low Warning: This is the lowest threshold for the warning. When the operating parameter falls below this value, action associated with the warning will be taken. LAG: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to. 5.2.5 Tx Power Threshold On this page, you can view and configure the DDM Tx Power Threshold for specific ports on the switch. Choose the menu Switching→DDM→Tx Power Threshold to load the following page.
Choose the menu Switching→DDM→Rx Power Threshold to load the following page. Figure 5-11 Rx Power Threshold The following entries are displayed on this screen: Port Config Select: Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number. High Alarm: This is the highest threshold for the alarm. When the operating parameter rises above this value, action associated with the alarm will be taken. Low Alarm: This is the lowest threshold for the alarm.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Port Config Port: Displays the port number. Temperature: Current temperature value for the specific port. Voltage: Current voltage value for the specific port. Bias Current: Current bias current value for the specific port. Tx Power: Current Tx power value for the specific port. Rx Power: Current Rx power value for the specific port. Data Ready: SFP is operational. Values are True and False. Loss of Signal: Local SFP reports signal loss.
2. The traffic load of the LAG will be balanced among the ports according to the Aggregate Arithmetic. If the connections of one or several ports are broken, the traffic of these ports will be transmitted on the normal ports, so as to guarantee the connection reliability. Depending on different aggregation modes, aggregation groups fall into two types: Static LAG and LACP Config. The LAG function is implemented on the LAG Table, Static LAG and LACP Config configuration pages. 5.3.
Click the Detail button for the detailed information of your selected LAG. Figure 5-14 Detail Information 5.3.2 Static LAG On this page, you can manually configure the LAG. The LACP feature is disabled for the member ports of the manually added Static LAG. Choose the menu Switching→LAG→Static LAG to load the following page. Figure 5-15 Static LAG Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: LAG Config Group Number: Select a Group Number for the LAG.
LAG Table Member Port: Select the port as the LAG member. Clearing all the ports of the LAG will delete this LAG. Tips: 1. The LAG can be deleted by clearing its all member ports. 2. A port can only be added to a LAG. If a port is the member of a LAG or is dynamically aggregated as the LACP member, the port number will be displayed in gray and cannot be selected. 5.3.3 LACP Config LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) is defined in IEEE802.3ad/802.
Choose the menu Switching→LAG→LACP Config to load the following page. Figure 5-16 LACP Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config System Priority: Specify the system priority for the switch. The system priority and MAC address constitute the system identification (ID). A lower system priority value indicates a higher system priority.
priority of the port to be selected as the dynamic aggregation group member. The port with smaller Port Priority will be considered as the preferred one. If the two port priorities are equal; the port with smaller port number is preferred. Status: Enable/Disable the LACP feature for your selected port. LAG: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to. 5.
Traffic Summary Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Port: Displays the port number. Packets Rx: Displays the number of packets received on the port. The error packets are not counted in. Packets Tx: Displays the number of packets transmitted on the port. Octets Rx: Displays the number of octets received on the port. The error octets are counted in. Octets Tx: Displays the number of octets transmitted on the port.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Auto Refresh Auto Refresh: Allows you to Enable/Disable refreshing the Traffic Summary automatically. Refresh Rate: Enter a value in seconds to specify the refresh interval. Statistics Port: Enter a port number and click the Select button to view the traffic statistics of the corresponding port. Received: Displays the details of the packets received on the port. Sent: Displays the details of the packets transmitted on the port.
Collisions: Displays the number of collisions experienced by a port during packet transmissions. 5.5 MAC Address The main function of the switch is forwarding the packets to the correct ports based on the destination MAC address of the packets. Address Table contains the port-based MAC address information, which is the base for the switch to forward packets quickly. The entries in the Address Table can be updated by auto-learning or configured manually.
Figure 5-19 Address Table The following entries are displayed on this screen: Search Option MAC Address: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry. VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID of your desired entry. Port: Select the corresponding port number of your desired entry. Type: Select the type of your desired entry. All: This option allows the address table to display all the address entries. Static: This option allows the address table to display the static address entries only.
5.5.2 Static Address The static address table maintains the static address entries which can be added or removed manually, independent of the aging time. In the stable networks, the static MAC address entries can facilitate the switch to reduce broadcast packets and remarkably enhance the efficiency of packets forwarding without learning the address. The static MAC address learned by the port with Port Security enabled in the static learning mode will be displayed in the Static Address Table.
Static Address Table Select: Select the entry to delete or modify the corresponding port number. It is multi-optional. MAC Address: Displays the static MAC Address. VLAN ID: Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address. Port: Displays the corresponding Port number of the MAC address. Here you can modify the port number to which the MAC address is bound. The new port should be in the same VLAN. Type: Displays the Type of the MAC address.
Figure 5-21 Dynamic Address The following entries are displayed on this screen: Aging Config Auto Aging: Allows you to Enable/Disable the Auto Aging feature. Aging Time: Enter the Aging Time for the dynamic address. Search Option Search Option: Select a Search Option from the pull-down list and click the Search button to find your desired entry in the Dynamic Address Table. • • • • MAC: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry. VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID number of your desired entry.
Port: Displays the corresponding port number of the MAC address. Type: Displays the Type of the MAC address. Aging Status: Displays the Aging Status of the MAC address. Bind: Click the Bind button to bind the MAC address of your selected entry to the corresponding port statically. Tips: Setting aging time properly helps implement effective MAC address aging. The aging time that is too long or too short results decreases the performance of the switch.
VLAN ID: Enter the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address. Search Option Search Option: Select a Search Option from the pull-down list and click the Search button to find your desired entry in the Filtering Address Table. • • MAC Address: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry. VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID number of your desired entry. Filtering Address Table Select: Select the entry to delete the corresponding filtering address. It is multi-optional.
Chapter 6 VLAN The traditional Ethernet is a data network communication technology basing on CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect) via shared communication medium. Through the traditional Ethernet, the overfull hosts in LAN will result in serious collision, flooding broadcasts, poor performance or even breakdown of the Internet.
segment. This switch supports three ways, namely, 802.1Q VLAN, MAC VLAN and Protocol VLAN, to classify VLANs. VLAN tags in the packets are necessary for the switch to identify packets of different VLANs. The switch can analyze the received untagged packets on the port and match the packets with the MAC VLAN, Protocol VLAN and 802.1Q VLAN in turn. If a packet is matched, the switch will add a corresponding VLAN tag to it and forward it in the corresponding VLAN. 6.1 802.
1. ACCESS: The ACCESS port can be added in a single VLAN, and the egress rule of the port is UNTAG. The PVID is same as the current VLAN ID. If the ACCESS port is added to another VLAN, it will be removed from the current VLAN automatically. 2. TRUNK: The TRUNK port can be added in multiple VLANs, and the egress rule of the port is TAG. The TRUNK port is generally used to connect the cascaded network devices for it can receive and forward the packets of multiple VLANs.
Table 6-1 Relationship between Port Types and VLAN Packets Processing IEEE 802.1Q VLAN function is implemented on the VLAN Config and Port Config pages. 6.1.1 VLAN Config On this page, you can view the current created 802.1Q VLAN. Choose the menu VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config to load the following page. Figure 6-3 VLAN Table To ensure the normal communication of the factory switch, the default VLAN of all ports is set to VLAN1.
Figure 6-4 Create or Modify 802.1Q VLAN The following entries are displayed on this screen: VLAN Config VLAN ID: Enter the ID number of VLAN. Description: Give a description to the VLAN for identification. Check: Click the Check button to check whether the VLAN ID you entered is valid or not. VLAN Members Port Select: Select: Port: Link Type: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry based on the port number you entered.
Egress Rule: Select the Egress Rule for the VLAN port member. The default egress rule is UNTAG. • • LAG: TAG: All packets forwarded by the port are tagged. The packets contain VLAN information. UNTAG: Packets forwarded by the port are untagged. Displays the LAG to which the port belongs. 6.1.2 Port Config Before creating the 802.1Q VLAN, please acquaint yourself with all the devices connected to the switch in order to configure the ports properly. Choose the menu VLAN→802.
Select the Link Type from the pull-down list for the port. Link Type: • • • ACCESS: The ACCESS port can be added in a single VLAN, and the egress rule of the port is UNTAG. The PVID is same as the current VLAN ID. If the current VLAN is deleted, the PVID will be set to 1 by default. TRUNK: The TRUNK port can be added in multiple VLANs, and the egress rule of the port is TAG. The PVID can be set as the VID number of any VLAN the port belongs to.
Step Operation Description 3 Modify/View VLAN. Optional. On the VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, click the Edit/Detail button to modify/view the information of the corresponding VLAN. 4 Delete VLAN Optional. On the VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, select the desired entry to delete the corresponding VLAN by clicking the Delete button. click the Create button to create a VLAN. Enter the VLAN ID and the description for the VLAN. Meanwhile, specify its member ports. 6.
Figure 6-7 Create and View MAC VLAN The following entries are displayed on this screen: VLAN Table MAC Address: Enter the MAC address. Description: Give a description to the MAC address for identification. VLAN ID: Enter the ID number of the MAC VLAN. This VLAN should be one of the 802.1Q VLANs the ingress port belongs to. MAC VLAN Table MAC Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry based on the MAC address you entered. Select: Select the desired entry.
Figure 6-8 Enable MAC VLAN for Port Select your desired port for VLAN Mapping function. All the ports are disabled for VLAN Mapping function by default. Configuration Procedure: Step 1 2 Operation Description Create VLAN. Required. On the VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, click the Create button to create a VLAN. Enter the VLAN ID and the description for the VLAN. Meanwhile, specify its member ports. Set the link type for port. 3 Create MAC VLAN. 4 Select your desired ports for MAC VLAN feature.
Protocol Type Type value LACP 0x8809 IS-IS 802.1X 0x8000 0x888E Table 6-2 Protocol types in common use The packet in Protocol VLAN is processed in the following way: 1. When receiving an untagged packet, the switch matches the packet with the current Protocol VLAN. If the packet is matched, the switch will add a corresponding Protocol VLAN tag to it. If no Protocol VLAN is matched, the switch will add a tag to the packet according to the PVID of the received port.
Protocol VLAN Table Select: Select the desired entry. It is multi-optional. Protocol: Displays the protocol template of the VLAN. Ether Type: Displays the Ethernet protocol type field in the protocol template. VLAN ID: Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the protocol. Operation: Click the Edit button to modify the settings of the entry. And click the Modify button to apply your settings. 6.3.2 Protocol Template The Protocol Template should be created before configuring the Protocol VLAN.
Note: The Protocol Template bound to VLAN cannot be deleted. 6.3.3 Port Enable On this page, you can enable the port for the Protocol VLAN feature. Only the port is enabled, can the configured Protocol VLAN take effect. Choose the menu VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Port Enable to load the following page. Figure 6-11 Enable Protocol VLAN for Port Select your desired port for VLAN Mapping function. All the ports are disabled for VLAN Mapping function by default.
Step 7 Operation Description Delete VLAN. Optional. On the VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Protocol VLAN page, select the desired entry to delete the corresponding VLAN by clicking the Delete button. 6.4 Application Example for 802.1Q VLAN Network Requirements Switch A is connecting to PC A and Server B; Switch B is connecting to PC B and Server A; PC A and Server A is in the same VLAN; PC B and Server B is in the same VLAN; PCs in the two VLANs cannot communicate with each other.
Configure switch B Step Operation Description 1 Configure the Link Type of the ports Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→Port Config page, configure the link type of Port 7, Port 6 and Port 8 as ACCESS, TRUNK and ACCESS respectively. 2 Create VLAN10 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a VLAN with its VLAN ID as 10, owning Port 6 and Port 8. 3 Create VLAN20 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a VLAN with its VLAN ID as 20, owning Port 6 and Port 7. 6.
Configuration Procedure Configure switch A Step Operation Description 1 Configure the Link Type of the ports Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→Port Config page, configure the link type of Port 11 and Port 12 as GENERAL and TRUNK respectively. 2 Create VLAN10 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a VLAN with its VLAN ID as 10, owning Port 11 and Port 12, and configure the egress rule of Port 11 as Untag. 3 Create VLAN20 Required. On VLAN→802.
Configure switch C Step Operation Description 1 Configure the Link Type of the ports Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→Port Config page, configure the link type of Port 2 and Port 3 as GENERAL, and configure the link type of Port 4 and Port 5 as ACCESS. 2 Create VLAN10 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a VLAN with its VLAN ID as 10, owning Port 2, Port 3 and Port 5, 3 Create VLAN20 Required. On VLAN→802.
Link Type of the ports link type of Port 11 and Port 13 as ACCESS, and configure the link type of Port 12 as GENERAL. 2 Create VLAN10 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a VLAN with its VLAN ID as 10, owning Port 12 and Port 13, and configure the egress rule of Port 12 as Untag. 3 Create VLAN20 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a VLAN with its VLAN ID as 20, owning Port 11 and Port 12, and configure the egress rule of Port 12 as Untag.
3. You can have VLAN IDs of your own, which is independent of public network VLAN IDs. 4. When the network of the Internet Service Provider is upgraded, the user’s network with a relative independence can still work normally without changing the current configurations. In addition, the switch supports the feature to adjust the TPID Values of VLAN VPN Packets. TPID (Tag Protocol Identifier) is a field of the VLAN tag. IEEE 802.1Q specifies the value of TPID to be 0x8100.
Figure 6-12 VPN Global Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config VPN Mode: Allows you to Enable/Disable the VLAN-VPN function. Global TPID: Enter the global TPID (Tag protocol identifier). VPN Up-link Ports Select the desired port as the VPN Up-link port. It’s required to set the port connected to the operators’ backbone networks to be up-link port. Note: If VPN mode is enabled, please create VLAN Mapping entries on the VLAN Mapping function page. 6.7.
Figure 6-13 Create VLAN Mapping Entry The following entries are displayed on this screen: VLAN Mapping Config C VLAN: Enter the ID number of the Customer VLAN. C VLAN refers to the VLAN to which the packet received by switch belongs. SP VLAN: Enter the ID number of the Service Provider VLAN. Description: Give a description to the VLAN Mapping entry or leave it blank.
Select your desired port for VLAN Mapping function. All the ports are disabled for VLAN Mapping function by default. Configuration Procedure of VLAN VPN Function: Step Operation Description 1 Enable VPN mode. Required. On the VLAN→VLAN VPN→VPN Config page, enable the VPN mode. 2 Configure the global TPID. Optional. On the VLAN→VLAN VPN→VPN Config page, configure the global TPID basing on the devices connected to the up-link port. 3 Set the VPN up-link port. Required.
Private VLAN adopts Layer 2 VLAN structure. A Private VLAN consists of a Primary VLAN and a Secondary VLAN, providing a mechanism for achieving layer-2-separation between ports. For uplink devices, all the packets received from the downstream are without VLAN tags. Uplink devices need to identify Primary VLANs but not Secondary VLANs. Therefore, they can save VLAN resources without considering the VLAN configuration in the lower layer.
Private VLAN is designed to save VLAN resource by means of Port configuration synchronization among the MAC address tables of VLANs and MAC address duplication.
Port PVID Port3 Allowed VLANs 3 VLAN3 Table 6-4 Port settings before configuration synchronization Port PVID Allowed VLANs Port2 2 VLAN2, 5 Port5 5 Port3 VLAN2, 3, 5 3 VLAN2, 5 Table 6-5 Port settings after configuration synchronization MAC address duplication: After port configuration synchronization, packets from Secondary VLAN can be forwarded via the promiscuous port untagged, and those from Primary VLAN can be sent via the host port untagged.
Packet forwarding in Private VLAN The Private VLAN packet forwarding process (here we take traffic transmission for PC2) based on the figure above is illustrated as follows: 1) PC2 sends out its first upstream packet with the source MAC as mac_2 and the destination MAC as mac_a. This packet is untagged. 2) When the host port Port2 on the switch receives this packet, it adds a default VLAN ID 2 to this packet and learns its source MAC address.
6.8.1 PVLAN Config On this page, you can create Private VLAN and view the information of the current defined Private VLANs. Choose the menu VLAN→Private VLAN→PVLAN Config to load the following page. Figure 6-16 Create Private VLAN The following entries are displayed on this screen: Create Private VLAN Primary VLAN: Enter the ID number of the Primary VLAN. Secondary VLAN: Enter the ID number of the Secondary VLAN.
6.8.2 Port Config The Private VLAN provides two Port Types for the ports, Promiscuous and Host. Usually, the Promiscuous port is used to connect to uplink devices while the Host port is used to connect to the he terminal hosts, such as PC and Server. Choose the menu VLAN→Private VLAN→Port Config to load the following page. Figure 6-17 Create and View Protocol Template The following entries are displayed on this screen: Port Config Port: Select the desired port for configuration.
Configuration Procedure: Step Operation Description 1 Create Private VLAN. Required. On the VLAN→Private VLAN→PVLAN Config page, Enter the Primary VLAN and Secondary VLAN, and then click the Create button. 2 Add ports to Private VLAN Required. On the VLAN→Private VLAN→Port Config page, select the desired ports and configure the port types and click the Add button. 3 Modify VLAN. Optional.
The interval of GARP messages is controlled by timers. GARP defines the following timers: • • • • Hold Timer: When a GARP entity receives a piece of registration information, it does not send out a Join message immediately. Instead, to save the bandwidth resources, it starts the Hold timer, puts all registration information it receives before the timer times out into one Join message and sends out the message after the timer times out.
Choose the menu VLAN→GVRP→GVRP Config to load the following page. Figure 6-18 GVRP Config Note: If the GVRP feature is enabled for a member port of LAG, please ensure all the member ports of this LAG are set to be in the same status and registration mode. The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config GVRP: Allows you to Enable/Disable the GVRP function.
• • register/deregister a VLAN and propagate the dynamic/static VLAN information. Fixed: In this mode, a port cannot register/deregister a VLAN dynamically. It only propagates static VLAN information. Forbidden: In this mode, a port cannot register/deregister VLANs. It only propagates VLAN 1 information. LeaveAll Timer: Once the LeaveAll Timer is set, the port with GVRP enabled can send a LeaveAll message after the timer times out, so that other GARP ports can re-register all the attribute information.
Switch B is connecting to PC1, PC2 and PC3; Switch C is connecting to PC4, PC5 and PC6; PCs in different VLANs cannot communicate with each other;; For switch A, packets from switch B and switch C have no VLAN tags. Switch A needs not to consider the VLANs of switch B and switch C; Network Diagram Configuration Procedure Configure switch A Step 1 Operation Description Create VLAN6 Required. On VLAN→802.
Step 4 Operation Description Configure Port4 Required. On the VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, click the Edit button and then configure the Egress Rule of Port4 as Tag. Secondary VLAN 3, and click the Add button Configure switch C Step Operation Description 1 Create Private VLANs. Required. On the VLAN→Private VLAN→PVLAN Config page, Enter the Primary VLAN 6 and Secondary VLAN 2-3, and then click the Create button. 2 Add Promiscuous port to Private VLANs Required.
Chapter 7 Spanning Tree STP (Spanning Tree Protocol), subject to IEEE 802.1D standard, is to disbranch a ring network in the Data Link layer in a local network. Devices running STP discover loops in the network and block ports by exchanging information, in that way, a ring network can be disbranched to form a tree-topological ring-free network to prevent packets from being duplicated and forwarded endlessly in the network. BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) is the protocol data that STP and RSTP use.
Bridge: Switch A is the root bridge in the whole network; switch B is the designated bridge of switch C. Port: Port 3 is the root port of switch B and port 5 is the root port of switch C; port 1 is the designated port of switch A and port 4 is the designated port of switch B; port 6 is the blocked port of switch C. Figure 7-1 Basic STP diagram STP Timers Hello Time: Hello Time ranges from 1 to 10 seconds. It specifies the interval to send BPDU packets. It is used to test the links. Max.
STP Generation In the beginning In the beginning, each switch regards itself as the root, and generates a configuration BPDU for each port on it as a root, with the root path cost being 0, the ID of the designated bridge being that of the switch, and the designated port being itself. Comparing BPDUs Each switch sends out configuration BPDUs and receives a configuration BPDU on one of its ports from another switch. The following table shows the comparing operations.
Tips： In an STP with stable topology, only the root port and designated port can forward data, and the other ports are blocked. The blocked ports only can receive BPDUs. RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol), evolved from the 802.1D STP standard, enable Ethernet ports to transit their states rapidly. The premises for the port in the RSTP to transit its state rapidly are as follows.
Figure 7-2 Basic MSTP diagram MSTP MSTP divides a network into several MST regions. The CST is generated between these MST regions, and multiple spanning trees can be generated in each MST region. Each spanning trees is called an instance. As well as STP, MSTP uses BPDUs to generate spanning tree. The only difference is that the BPDU for MSTP carries the MSTP configuration information on the switches.
The following diagram shows the different port roles. Figure 7-3 Port roles The Spanning Tree module is mainly for spanning tree configuration of the switch, including four submenus: STP Config, Port Config, MSTP Instance and STP Security. 7.1 STP Config The STP Config function, for global configuration of spanning trees on the switch, can be implemented on STP Config and STP Summary pages. 7.1.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config STP: Enable/Disable STP function globally on the switch. Version: Select the desired STP version on the switch. STP: Spanning Tree Protocol. RSTP: Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol. MSTP: Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol. Parameters Config CIST Priority: Enter a value from 0 to 61440 to specify the priority of the switch for comparison in the CIST. CIST priority is an important criterion on determining the root bridge.
increases the network load of the switches and wastes network resources. The default value is recommended. 3. A too small max age parameter may result in the switches regenerating spanning trees frequently and cause network congestions to be falsely regarded as link problems. A too large max age parameter result in the switches unable to find the link problems in time, which in turn handicaps spanning trees being regenerated in time and makes the network less adaptive. The default value is recommended. 4.
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→Port Config to load the following page. Figure 7-6 Port Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Port Config Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select the desired port for STP configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number of the switch. Status: Select Enable /Disable STP function for the desired port.
Port Role: Displays the role of the port played in the STP Instance. Port Status: Designated Port: Indicates the port that forwards packets to a downstream network segment or switch. Master Port: Indicates the port that connects a MST region to the common root. The path from the master port to the common root is the shortest path between this MST region and the common root. Alternate Port: Indicates the port that can be a backup port of a root or master port.
7.3.1 Region Config On this page you can configure the name and revision of the MST region Choose the menu Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Region Config to load the following page. Figure 7-7 Region Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Region Config Region Name: Create a name for MST region identification using up to 32 characters. Revision: Enter the revision from 0 to 65535 for MST region identification. 7.3.
Figure 7-8 Instance Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Instance Table Instance ID Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding Instance ID based on the ID number you entered. Select: Select the desired Instance ID for configuration. It is multi-optional. Instance: Displays Instance ID of the switch. Status: Displays status of the instance. Priority: Enter the priority of the switch in the instance.
Instance ID: Enter the corresponding instance ID. Note: In a network with both GVRP and MSTP enabled, GVRP packets are forwarded along the CIST. If you want to broadcast packets of a specific VLAN through GVRP, please be sure to map the VLAN to the CIST when configuring the MSTP VLAN-instance mapping table. For detailed introduction of GVRP, please refer to GVRP function page. 7.3.3 Instance Port Config A port can play different roles in different spanning tree instance.
Select: Select the desired port to specify its priority and path cost. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number of the switch. Priority: Enter the priority of the port in the instance. It is an important criterion on determining if the port connected to this port will be chosen as the root port. Path Cost: Path Cost is used to choose the path and calculate the path costs of ports in an MST region. It is an important criterion on determining the root port.
7.4.1 Port Protect On this page you can configure loop protect feature, root protect feature, TC protect feature, BPDU protect feature and BPDU filter feature for ports. You are suggested to enable corresponding protection feature for the qualified ports. Loop Protect In a stable network, a switch maintains the states of ports by receiving and processing BPDU packets from the upstream switch.
network topology jitter. Normally these ports do not receive BPDUs, but if a user maliciously attack the switch by sending BPDUs, network topology jitter occurs. To prevent this attack, MSTP provides BPDU protect function. With this function enabled on the switch, the switch shuts down the edge ports that receive BPDUs and reports these cases to the administrator. If a port is shut down, only the administrator can restore it. BPDU Filter BPDU filter function is to prevent BPDUs flood in the STP network.
multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number of the switch. Loop Protect: Loop Protect is to prevent the loops in the network brought by recalculating STP because of link failures and network congestions. Root Protect: Root Protect is to prevent wrong network topology change caused by the role change of the current legal root bridge.
There are 6 VLANs labeled as VLAN101-VLAN106 in the network. All switches run MSTP and belong to the same MST region. The data in VLAN101, 103 and 105 are transmitted in the STP with B as the root bridge. The data in VLAN102, 104 and 106 are transmitted in the STP with C as the root bridge. Network Diagram Configuration Procedure Configure switch A: Step Operation Description 1 Configure ports On VLAN→802.
Configure switch B: Step Operation Description 1 Configure ports On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN page, configure the link type of the related ports as Trunk, and add the ports to VLAN101-VLAN106. The detailed instructions can be found in the section 802.1Q VLAN. 2 Enable STP function On Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Config page, enable STP function and select MSTP version. On Spanning Tree→STP Config→Port Config page, enable MSTP function for the port.
Step Operation Description 4 Configure VLAN-to-Instance mapping table of the MST region On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance Config page, configure VLAN-to-Instance mapping table. Map VLAN 101, 103 and 105 to Instance 1; map VLAN 102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2. 5 Configure switch C as the root bridge of Instance 1 On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance Config page, configure the priority of Instance 1 to be 4096.
The configuration procedure for switch E and F is the same with that for switch D. The topology diagram of the two instances after the topology is stable For Instance 1 (VLAN 101, 103 and 105), the red paths in the following figure are connected links; the gray paths are the blocked links. For Instance 2 (VLAN 102, 104 and 106), the blue paths in the following figure are connected links; the gray paths are the blocked links.
Chapter 8 Ethernet OAM OAM Overview Ethernet OAM (Operation, Administration, and Maintenance) is a Layer 2 protocol for monitoring and troubleshooting Ethernet networks. It can report the network status to network administrators through the OAMPDUs exchanged between two OAM entities, facilitating network management. Ethernet OAM is a slow protocol with very limited bandwidth requirement.
6. Code: The code field identifies the specific type of OAMPDU. As mentioned above, Information OAMPDU, Event Notification OAMPDU and Loopback control OAMPDU are commonly used, and their codes are 0x00, 0x01, and 0x04. The three OAMPDUs are described as follows. Information OAMPDU: Information OAMPDU is used for discovery. It transmits the state information of an OAM entity (including local, remote, and organization-specific information) to another OAM entity, and maintains OAM connection.
Item Active OAM mode Passive OAM mode Transmitting Information OAMPDUs Available Available Transmitting OAMPDUs Available Available Transmitting Information OAMPDUs with the Data/Pad field being empty Available Available Transmitting OAMPDUs Available Unavailable Event Notification Loopback Control Responding to Loopback Control OAMPDUs Transmitting OAMPDUs organization-specific Available (if both operate in OAM mode) sides active Available Available Available Table 8-1 Difference
Remote Failure Indication Faults in Ethernet are difficult to detect, especially when the physical connection in the network is not interrupted but network performance degrades gradually. A flag in the OAMPDU allows an OAM entity to convey failure conditions to its peer. The failure conditions are as follows: Link Fault: Peer link signal is lost. This is sent once per second in the Information OAMPDU. Dying Gasp: An unrecoverable fault, such as power failure, occurs.
8.1 Basic Config On the Basic Config page, you can enable the Ethernet OAM function on a specified port, and configure its OAM mode as active or passive. Also, you can check out the connection status on the Discovery Info page. 8.1.1 Basic Config Choose the menu Ethernet OAM→ Basic Config→ Basic Config to load the following page.
8.1.2 Discovery Info Choose the menu Ethernet OAM→ Basic Config→ Discovery Info to load the following page. Figure 8-5 Discovery Info The following entries are displayed on this screen: Local Client The local client part shows the information of the local OAM entity. OAM: Displays whether the OAM function is enabled or disabled on the selected port. Mode: Displays the OAM mode of the selected port. Max OAMPDU: Displays the maximum size of the OAMPDU.
Unidirection: Displays whether the local client supports unidirectional OAM operation. Some devices support unidirectional OAM operation. These devices provide an OAMPDU-based mechanism to notify the remote OAM entity when one direction of a link is non-operational and therefore data transmission is disabled. Link Monitoring: Displays whether the local client supports link monitoring function. Variable Request: Displays whether the local client supports variable request.
Vendor(OUI): Displays the vender’s OUI of the remote client. Max OAMPDU: Displays the maximum size of the OAMPDU. Remote Loopback: Displays whether the remote client supports remote loopback function. Unidirection: Displays whether the remote client supports unidirectional OAM operation. Link Monitoring: Displays whether the remote client supports link monitoring function. Variable Request: Displays whether the remote client supports variable request.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Link Monitoring Config Link Event: Select one type of the link events to configure. Link events include Symbol Period Error, Frame Error, Frame Period Error, and Frame Seconds Error. For more details about link events, please refer to OAM Link Events. Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional.
Figure 8-7 Remote Failure Indication The following entries are displayed on this screen: Remote Failure Indication Config Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional. Dying Gasp Notify: Choose whether to notify the dying gasp or not. Critical Event Notify: Choose whether to notify the critical event or not. 8.
Figure 8-8 Remote Loopback The following entries are displayed on this screen: Remote Loopback Config Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional. Received Remote Loopback: Choose to ignore or to process the received remote loopback request. Remote Loopback: To start or stop the remote loopback. 8.
Figure 8-9 Statistics The following entries are displayed on this screen: Statistics Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Tx: Displays the number of OAMPDUs that have been transmitted on the port. Rx: Displays the number of OAMPDUs that have been received on the port. Information OAMPDUs: Displays the number of information OAMPDUs that have been transmitted or received on the port.
Unsupported OAMPDUs: Displays the number of unsupported OAMPDUs that have been transmitted or received on the port. Frames Lost Due To OAM: Displays the number of frames that would otherwise be transmitted by the OAM sublayer, but did not due to an internal OAM sublayer transmit error. 8.5.2 Event Log On this page, you can view the detailed Ethernet OAM event log information of a specific port. The device will recount the numbers every time you click the clear button or the device is rebooted.
Error Frame Seconds Event: Displays the number of error frame seconds link events that have occurred on the local link or remote link. Dying Gasp: Displays the number of Dying Gasp link events that have occurred on the local link or remote link. Critical Event: Displays the number of Critical Event link events that have occurred on the local link or remote link. Event Log Table Type: Displays the type of the link event. Location: Displays the location where the link event occurred.
State Description Advertisement This state indicates that no unidirectional link is detected, which includes two kinds of situations: 1. This device establishes bidirectional links with all its neighbors. 2. DLDP remains in Active state for more than 5 seconds. Probe A device enters this state from the Active state if it receives a packet from an unknown neighbor. In this state, the device will send out Probe packets to detect whether the link is unidirectional.
○6 : If the device receives no echo packets after a specified period of time, the link will be tagged as unidirectional and the DLDP state will transit from Probe to Disable. This port will be shut down automatically or manually (depending on the Shut Mode configured). 2 →○ 4 →○ 5 , and the typical unidirectional link The typical bidirectional link detection process is ○ detection process is ○ 2 →○ 4 →○ 6.
Shut Mode: Once detecting a unidirectional link, the port can be shut down in one of the following two modes: • Auto: In this mode, DLDP generates logs and traps and shuts down the corresponding port on detecting unidirectional links, and the DLDP link state transits to Disable. • Manual: In this mode, DLDP only generates logs and traps if it detects unidirectional links, and the operation to shut down the unidirectional link ports is accomplished by the administrator.
8.7 Application Example for DLDP Network requirements 1. Device A and Device B are connected through two fiber pairs, which are cross-connected, as shown in Figure 8-13. 2. The unidirectional link should be disconnected once being detected, and the ports shut down by DLDP can be restored after the fiber pairs are correctly connected. Network Diagram Figure 8-13 DLDP Application Example Configuration Procedure Step Operation Description 1 Enable DLDP globally. Required.
After these four ports are correctly connected, select ports 1/0/27 and 1/0/28 in the Port Config table and click the Reset button to restore their state from Disable.
Chapter 9 DHCP DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a client-server protocol which is widely used in LAN environments to dynamically assign host IP addresses from a centralized server. As workstations and personal computers proliferate on the Internet, the administrative complexity of maintaining a network is increased by an order of magnitude. The assignment of local network resources to each client represents one such difficulty.
the DHCP server with a fixed period of time (e.g., 2 hours), allowing the DHCP server to reclaim (and then reallocate) IP addresses that are not renewed. The Process of DHCP DHCP uses UDP as its transport protocol. DHCP messages from a client to a server are sent to the 'DHCP server' port (67), and DHCP messages from a server to a client are sent to the 'DHCP client' port (68).
when its lease time expires. If the client wants to use the IP address continually, it should unicast a DHCP-REQUEST message to the server to extend its lease. After obtaining parameters via DHCP, a host should be able to exchange packets with any other host in the networks. The Format of DHCP Message Figure 9-1 DHCP model gives the process of DHCP and Figure 9-3 describes each field in the DHCP message. The numbers in parentheses indicate the size of each field in octets.
8) ciaddr：Client IP address, filled in by client in DHCPREQUEST when verifying previously allocated configuration parameters. 9) yiaddr：'your' (client) IP address, configuration parameters allocated to the client by DHCP server. 10) siaddr：IP address of next server to use in bootstrap, returned in DHCPOFFER, DHCPACK and DHCPNAK by server. 11) giaddr：Relay agent IP address, used in booting via a relay-agent. 12) chaddr：Client hardware address. 13) sname：Optional server host name, null terminated string.
Value Message Type 2 DHCP-OFFER 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 DHCP-DISCOVER DHCP-REQUEST DHCP-DECLINE DHCP-ACK DHCP-NAK DHCP-RELEASE DHCP-INFORM Table 9-1 Option 53 8) option 54：Server Identifier option. DHCP servers include option 54 in the DHCP-OFFER message in order to allow the client to distinguish between lease offers. DHCP clients use the option in a DHCP-REQUEST message to indicate which lease offers is being accepted. 9) option 55：Parameter Request List option.
Figure 9-5 DHCP Relay Application To allow all clients in different VLANs request IP address from one server successfully, the DHCP Relay function can transmit the DHCP packets between clients and server in different VLANs. When receiving DHCP-DISCOVER and DHCP-REQUEST packets, the switch will fill the giaddr field with its own management IP address, optionally insert the option 82 information, and then forward the packet to the server.
Option 82 On this switch, Option 82 is used to record the location of the DHCP Client, the Ethernet port and the VLAN, etc. Upon receiving the DHCP-REQUEST packet, the switch adds the Option 82 field to the packet and then transmits the packet to DHCP Server.
Choose the menu DHCP→DHCP Relay→DHCP Relay to load the following page. Figure 9-8 Global Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config DHCP Relay: Enable or disable the DHCP Relay function. Option 82 configuration Configure the Option 82 which cannot be assigned by the switch. Option 82 Support: Enable or disable the Option 82 feature. Existed Option 82 Field: Select the operation for the existed Option 82 field of the DHCP request packets from the Host.
Remote ID: Enter the sub-option Remote ID for the customized Option 82 field. Add DHCP Server Address IP Address: Enter the IP address of the DHCP Server. Name: Enter the name of the DHCP Server for identification. DHCP Server List Select: Select the desire DHCP server item. ID: Displays the ID of the item. IP Address: Displays the IP address of the DHCP server. Name: Displays the name of the DHCP server. Configuration Procedure: Step Operation Description 1 Enable DHCP Relay.
Chapter 10 Multicast Multicast Overview In the network, packets are sent in three modes: unicast, broadcast and multicast. In unicast, the source server sends separate copy information to each receiver. When a large number of users require this information, the server must send many pieces of information with the same content to the users. Therefore, large bandwidth will be occupied. In broadcast, the system transmits information to all users in a network.
3. Each user can join and leave the multicast group at any time; 4. Real time is highly demanded and certain packets drop is allowed. IPv4 Multicast Address 1. IPv4 Multicast IP Address: As specified by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), Class D IP addresses are used as destination addresses of multicast packets. The multicast IP addresses range from 224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255. The following table displays the range and description of several special multicast IP addresses.
0XFF at the start of the address identifies the address as being a multicast address. Flags have 4 bits. The high-order flag is reserved, and must be initialized to 0. T=0 indicates a permanently-assigned multicast address assigned by the Internet Assgined Numbers Authority (IANA). T=1 indicates a non-permanently-assigned multicast address. Scope is a 4-bit value used to limit the scope of the multicast group.
The solicited-node multicast address is a multicast group that corresponds to an IPv6 unicast or anycast address. It is usually used for obtaining the Layer 2 link-layer addresses of neighboring nodes within the local-link or applied in IPv6 Duplicate Address Detection. A node is required to join the associated Solicited-Node multicast addresses for all unicast and anycast addresses that have been configured for the node's interfaces.
Figure 10-4 Multicast Address Table IGMP Snooping In the network, the hosts apply to the near router for joining (leaving) a multicast group by sending IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) messages. When the up-stream device forwards down the multicast data, the switch is responsible for sending them to the hosts. IGMP Snooping is a multicast control mechanism, which can be used on the switch for dynamic registration of the multicast group.
When receiving IGMP general query message, the switch will forward them to all other ports in the VLAN owning the receiving port. The receiving port will be processed: if the receiving port is not a router port yet, it will be added to the router port list with its router port time specified; if the receiving port is already a router port, its router port time will be directly reset.
The IGMP Snooping function can be implemented on the following pages: Snooping Config, VLAN Config, Port Config, IP-Range, Multicast VLAN, Static Multicast IP and Packet Statistics. 10.1.1 Snooping Config To configure the IGMP Snooping on the switch, please firstly configure IGMP global configuration and related parameters on this page. If the multicast address of the received multicast data is not in the multicast address table, the switch will broadcast the data in the VLAN.
Figure 10-6 VLAN Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: VLAN Config VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID to enable IGMP Snooping for the desired VLAN. Router Port Time: Specify the aging time of the router port. Within this time, if the switch doesn’t receive IGMP query message from the router port, it will consider this port is not a router port any more. Member Port Time: Specify the aging time of the member port.
Router Port: Displays the router port of the VLAN. Note: The settings here will be invalid when multicast VLAN is enabled Configuration procedure: Step Operation Description 1 Enable IGMP function Snooping Required. Enable IGMP Snooping globally on the switch and for the port on Multicast→IGMP Snooping→Snooping Config and Port Config page. 2 Configure the multicast parameters for VLANs Optional. Configure the multicast parameters for VLANs on Multicast→IGMP Snooping→VLAN Config page.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Port Config Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port of the switch. IGMP Snooping: Enable/Disable IGMP Snooping for the desired port. Fast Leave: Enable/Disable Fast Leave feature for the desired port.
Figure 10-8 Multicast Filter The following entries are displayed on this screen: Create IP-Range IP Range ID: Enter the IP-range ID. Start Multicast IP: Enter start multicast IP of the IP-range you set. End Multicast IP: Enter end multicast IP of the IP-range you set. IP-Range Table IP-Range ID Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding IP-range ID based on the ID number you entered. Select: Select the desired entry to delete or modify the corresponding IP-range.
is enabled, the multicast configuration for other VLANs on the VLAN Config page will be invalid, that is, the multicast streams will be transmitted only within the multicast VLAN. Choose the menu Multicast→IGMP Snooping→Multicast VLAN to load the following page. Figure 10-9 Multicast VLAN The following entries are displayed on this screen: Multicast VLAN Multicast VLAN: Enable/Disable Multicast VLAN feature. VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID of the multicast VLAN.
3. It is recommended to choose GENERAL as the link type of the member ports in the multicast VLAN. 4. Configure the link type of the router port in the multicast VLAN as TRUNK or configure the egress rule as TAG and the link type as GENERAL otherwise all the member ports in the multicast VLAN cannot receive multicast streams. 5. After a multicast VLAN is created, all the IGMP packets will be processed only within the multicast VLAN.
Network Diagram Configuration Procedure Step Operation Description 1 Create VLANs Create three VLANs with the VLAN ID 3, 4 and 5 respectively, and specify the description of VLAN3 as Multicast VLAN on VLAN→802.1Q VLAN page. 2 Configure ports On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN function pages. For port 3, configure its link type as GENERAL and its egress rule as TAG, and add it to VLAN3, VLAN4 and VLAN5.
Choose the menu Multicast→IGMP Snooping→Static Multicast IP to load the following page. Figure 10-10 Static Multicast IP Table The following entries are displayed on this screen: Create Static Multicast Multicast IP: Enter static multicast IP address. VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID of the multicast IP. Forward Port: Enter the forward port of the multicast group. Search Option Search Option: Select the rules for displaying multicast IP table to find the desired entries quickly.
10.1.7 Packet Statistics On this page you can view the multicast data traffic on each port of the switch, which facilitates you to monitor the IGMP messages in the network. Choose the menu Multicast→IGMP Snooping→Packet Statistics to load the following page. Figure 10-11 Packet Statistics The following entries are displayed on this screen: Auto Refresh Auto Refresh: Enable/Disable auto refresh feature. Refresh Period: Enter the time from 3 to 300 in seconds to specify the auto refresh period.
Report Packet (V1): Displays the number of IGMPv1 report packets the port received. Report Packet (V2): Displays the number of IGMPv2 report packets the port received. Report Packet (V3): Displays the number of IGMPv3 report packets the port received. Leave Packet: Displays the number of leave packets the port received. Error Packet: Displays the number of error packets the port received. 10.1.
Max Response Time: Enter the maximal time for the host to respond to a general query frame sent by IGMP Snooping Querier. General Query Source IP: Enter the source IP of the general query frame sent by IGMP Snooping Querier. It should not be a multicast IP or a broadcast IP. Last Member Query Interval: Enter the time interval of sending specific query frames by IGMP Snooping Querier. A specific query will be sent on condition that "fast-leave" is not enabled and a leave frame is received.
10.1.9 IGMP Authentication IGMP Authentication (Internet Group membership Authentication Protocol) is a multicast authentication protocol used to authenticate users who want to join the limited multicast source. On this page you can configure IGMP Authentication feature for port. Choose the menu Multicast→IGMP Snooping→IGMP Authentication to load the following page.
10.2 MLD Snooping MLD Snooping Multicast Listener Discovery（MLD）snooping is applied for efficient distribution of IPv6 multicast data to clients and routers in a Layer 2 network. With MLD snooping, IPv6 multicast data is selectively forwarded to a list of ports that want to receive the data, instead of being flooded to all ports in a VLAN. The list is constructed and maintained by snooping IPv6 multicast control packets. MLD snooping performs a similar function in IPv6 as IGMP snooping in IPv4.
MLD Snooping Process 1. General Query The MLD router regularly sends MLD general queries to query if the multicast groups contain any members. When receiving MLD general queries, the switch will forward them to all other ports in the VLAN.
Figure 10-14 Global Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config MLD Snooping: Enable or disable MLD Snooping function globally. Report Message Suppression: Enable or disable Report Message Suppression function globally. If this function is enabled, the first Report Message from the listener will forward to the router ports while the subsequent Report Message from the group will be suppressed to reduce the MLD traffic in the network.
Multicast VLAN: Enable or disable multicast VLAN function. When multicast VLAN is enabled, all multicast data will forward in this VLAN if this port belongs to the VLAN. Multicast VLAN ID: Enter the multicast VLAN ID. Note: 1. When Unknown Multicast Filter is configured, the Unknown Multicast function in IGMP Snooping is also configured at the same time. 2. Configurations of the Router Port Aging Time and Member Port Aging Time in 9.2.2 VLAN Config override their global configurations here. 3.
Static Router Ports: Enter the static router ports for this VLAN. Static router ports will not be aged. VLAN Table Select: Select the VLAN ID you want to change. VLAN ID: Displays the VLAN ID. Router Time: Port Aging Displays the router port aging time of this VLAN. Member Port Aging Time: Displays the member port aging time of this VLAN. Immediate Leave: Displays the immediate leave function of this VLAN. Static Router Ports: Displays the static router ports of this VLAN.
Figure 10-16 Filter Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Filter Config Filter ID: Enter the Filter ID which identifies the filter. End Multicast IP: Enter the end of the IP range. Start IP: Multicast Enter the start of the IP range. Filter List Select: Select the filter ID you want to change. Start Multicast IP: Displays the start of the IP range. Filter ID: End Multicast IP: Displays the filter ID number. Displays the end of the IP range.
Figure 10-17 Port Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Port Config Select: Select the port you want to configure. Filter: Choose to enable or disable filter function in this port. Port: Filter Mode: Filter IDs: Max Groups: LAG: Displays the port number. Choose the filter action mode. You can accept or refuse Report message with specific multicast groups specify by the filter IDs. Enter the filter IDs with this port. The filter IDs are configured in Filer Config.
Figure 10-18 Static Multicast The following entries are displayed on this screen: Static Multicast Config VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID. Member Ports: Enter the member ports of the static multicast group. Multicast IP: Enter the multicast IP address. Static Multicast List Select: VLAN ID: Multicast IP: Member Ports: Select the static multicast group you want to change. Displays the VLAN ID. Displays the multicast group IP address. Displays the member ports of the static multicast group. 10.2.
Figure 10-19 Querier Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Querier Config VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID which you want to start Querier. Query Interval: Enter the Query message interval time. The Querier will send General Query Message with this interval. Maximum Response Time: Query Source IP: Enter the value of Maximum Response Time field of the Query message. Enter the Query Message source IP address. Querier List Select: Select the Querier you want to change.
Figure 10-20 Packet Statistics The following entries are displayed on this screen: Auto Fresh Auto Fresh: Enable/Disable auto fresh feature. Fresh Period: Enter the time from 3 to 300 seconds to specify the auto fresh period. MLD Packet Statistics Received Query : Received Report: Received Report: MLD MLDv1 MLDv2 Received MLD Done: Send Spec-Query: Error Packet: MLD Displays the number of MLD Query packets the switch has received.
10.3 Multicast Table In a network, receivers can join different multicast groups appropriate to their needs. The switch forwards multicast streams based on IPv4/IPv6 multicast address table. The Multicast Table function is implemented on the IPv4 Multicast Table and IPv6 Multicast Table pages. 10.3.1 IPv4 Multicast Table On this page you can view the information of the multicast groups already on the switch. Multicast IP addresses range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
Forward Port: Type: Displays the forward port of the multicast group. Displays the type of the multicast IP. 10.3.2 IPv6 Multicast Table This page displays the IPv6 multicast groups already on the switch. Choose the menu Multicast→Multicast Table→IPv6 Multicast Table to load the following page. Figure 10-22 IPv6 Multicast Table The following entries are displayed on this screen: Search Option Multicast IP: VLAN ID: Port: Type: Enter the multicast IP address the desired entry must carry.
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Chapter 11 QoS QoS (Quality of Service) functions to provide different quality of service for various network applications and requirements and optimize the bandwidth resource distribution so as to provide a network service experience of a better quality. QoS This switch classifies the ingress packets, maps the packets to different priority queues and then forwards the packets according to specified scheduling algorithms to implement QoS function.
2. 802.1P Priority Figure 11-2 802.1Q frame As shown in the figure above, each 802.1Q Tag has a Pri field, comprising 3 bits. The 3-bit priority field is 802.1p priority in the range of 0 to 7. 802.1P priority determines the priority of the packets based on the Pri value. On the Web management page of the switch, you can configure different priority tags mapping to the corresponding priority levels, and then the switch determine which packet is sent preferentially when forwarding packets.
Figure 11-4 SP-Mode 2. WRR-Mode: Weight Round Robin Mode. In this mode, packets in all the queues are sent in order based on the weight value for each queue and every queue can be assured of a certain service time. The weight value indicates the occupied proportion of the resource. WRR queue overcomes the disadvantage of SP queue that the packets in the queues with lower priority cannot get service for a long time.
The QoS module is mainly for traffic control and priority configuration, including three submenus: DiffServ, Bandwidth Control and Voice VLAN. 11.1 DiffServ This switch classifies the ingress packets, maps the packets to different priority queues and then forwards the packets according to specified scheduling algorithms to implement QoS function. This switch implements three priority modes based on port, on 802.1P and on DSCP, and supports four queue scheduling algorithms.
LAG: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to. Note: To complete QoS function configuration, you have to go to the Schedule Mode page to select a schedule mode after the configuration is finished on this page. Configuration Procedure: Step Operation Description 1 Select the port priority Required. On QoS→DiffServ→Port Priority page, configure the port priority. 2 Configure the mapping relation between the CoS priority and TC Required. On QoS→DiffServ→802.
Figure 11-7 DSCP Priority The following entries are displayed on this screen: DSCP Priority Config DSCP Priority: Enable/Disable DSCP Priority. Priority Level DSCP: Indicates the priority determined by the DSCP region of IP datagram. It ranges from 0 to 63. Priority Level: Indicates the priority level the packets with tag are mapped to. The priority levels are labeled as TC0, TC1, TC2 and TC3.
11.1.3 802.1P/CoS Mapping On this page you can configure the mapping relation between the 802.1P priority tag-id/CoS-id and the TC-id. 802.1P gives the Pri field in 802.1Q tag a recommended definition. This field, ranging from 0-7, is used to divide packets into 8 priorities. 802.1P Priority is enabled by default, so the packets with 802.1Q tag are mapped to different priority levels based on 802.1P priority mode but the untagged packets are mapped based on port priority mode. With the same value, the 802.
Step Operation Description 1 Configure the mapping relation between the 802.1P priority Tag/CoS and the TC Required. On QoS→DiffServ→802.1P/CoS mapping page, configure the mapping relation between the 802.1P priority Tag/CoS and the TC. 2 Select a schedule mode Required. On QoS→DiffServ→Schedule page,, select a schedule mode. Mode 11.1.4 Schedule Mode On this page you can select a schedule mode for the switch.
Equ-Mode: Equal-Mode. In this mode, all the queues occupy the bandwidth equally. The weight value ratio of all the queues is 1:1:1:1. 11.2 Bandwidth Control Bandwidth function, allowing you to control the traffic rate and broadcast flow on each port to ensure network in working order, can be implemented on Rate Limit and Storm Control pages. 11.2.1 Rate Limit Rate limit functions to control the ingress/egress traffic rate on each port via configuring the available bandwidth of each port.
Ingress Rate (bps): Configure the bandwidth for receiving packets on the port. You can select a rate from the dropdown list or select "Manual" to set Ingress rate, the system will automatically select integral multiple of 64Kbps that closest to the rate you entered as the real Ingress rate. Egress Rate(bps): Configure the bandwidth for sending packets on the port.
Figure 11-11 Storm Control The following entries are displayed on this screen: Storm Control Config Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select the desired port for Storm Control configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number of the switch. Broadcast (bps): Rate Select the bandwidth for receiving broadcast packets on the port. The packet traffic exceeding the bandwidth will be discarded.
Note: If you enable storm control feature for the ingress rate limit-enabled port, ingress rate limit feature will be disabled for this port. 11.3 Voice VLAN Voice VLANs are configured specially for voice data stream. By configuring Voice VLANs and adding the ports with voice devices attached to voice VLANs, you can perform QoS-related configuration for voice data, ensuring the transmission priority of voice data stream and voice quality.
Manual Mode: You need to manually add the port of IP phone to voice VLAN, and then the switch will assign ACL rules and configure the priority of the packets through learning the source MAC address of packets and matching OUI address. In practice, the port voice VLAN mode is configured according to the type of packets sent out from voice device and the link type of the port. The following table shows the detailed information.
Security Mode Enable Packet Type Processing Mode UNTAG packet When the source MAC address of the packet is the OUI address that can be identified, the packet can be Packet with voice transmitted in the voice VLAN. Otherwise, the packet will VLAN TAG be discarded. The processing mode for the device to deal with the Packet with other packet is determined by whether the port permits the VLAN TAG VLAN or not, independent of voice VLAN security mode.
Aging Time: Specifies the living time of the member port in auto mode after the OUI address is aging out. Priority: Select the priority of the port when sending voice data. 11.3.2 Port Config Before the voice VLAN function is enabled, the parameters of the ports in the voice VLAN should be configured on this page. Choose the menu QoS→Voice VLAN→Port Config to load the following page. Figure 11-13 Port Config Note: 1.
Select: Select the desired port for voice VLAN configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number of the switch. Port Mode: Select the mode for the port to join the voice VLAN. Security Mode: Auto: In this mode, the switch automatically adds a port to the voice VLAN or removes a port from the voice VLAN by checking whether the port receives voice data or not. Manual: In this mode, you can manually add a port to the voice VLAN or remove a port from the voice VLAN.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Create OUI OUI: Enter the OUI address of the voice device. Mask: Enter the OUI address mask of the voice device. Description: Give a description to the OUI for identification. OUI Table Select: Select the desired entry to view the detailed information. OUI: Displays the OUI address of the voice device. Mask: Displays the OUI address mask of the voice device. Description: Displays the description of the OUI.
Chapter 12 ACL ACL (Access Control List) is used to filter packets by configuring match rules and process policies of packets in order to control the access of the illegal users to the network. Besides, ACL functions to control traffic flows and save network resources. It provides a flexible and secured access control policy and facilitates you to control the network security.
Operation: Click the Edit button to modify the time-range. Click the Detail button to display the complete information of this time–range. 12.1.2 Time-Range Create On this page you can create time-ranges. Choose the menu ACL→Time-Range→Time-Range Create to load the following page. Figure 12-2 Time-Range Create Note: To successfully configure time-ranges, please firstly specify time-slices and then time-ranges.
End Time: Set the end time of the time-slice. Time-Slice Table Index: Displays the index of the time-slice. Start Time: Displays the start time of the time-slice. End Time: Displays the end time of the time-slice. Delete: Click the Delete button to delete the corresponding time-slice. 12.1.3 Holiday Config Holiday mode is applied as a different secured access control policy from the week mode. On this page you can define holidays according to your work arrangement.
12.2 ACL Config An ACL may contain a number of rules, and each rule specifies a different package range. Packets are matched in match order. Once a rule is matched, the switch processes the matched packets taking the operation specified in the rule without considering the other rules, which can enhance the performance of the switch. Packets are classified based on match rules in order of the rules.
Figure 12-5 ACL Create The following entries are displayed on this screen: Create ACL ACL ID: Enter ACL ID of the ACL you want to create. Rule Order: User Config order is set to be match order in this ACL. 12.2.3 MAC ACL MAC ACLs analyze and process packets based on a series of match conditions, which can be the source MAC addresses, destination MAC addresses, VLAN ID, and EtherType carried in the packets. Choose the menu ACL→ACL Config→MAC ACL to load the following page.
Rule ID: Enter the rule ID. Operation: Select the operation for the switch to process packets which match the rules. Permit: Forward packets. Deny: Discard Packets. S-MAC: Enter the source MAC address contained in the rule. D-MAC: Enter the destination MAC address contained in the rule. MASK: Enter MAC address mask. If it is set to 1, it must strictly match the address. VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID contained in the rule. EtherType: Enter EtherType contained in the rule.
Operation: Select the operation for the switch to process packets which match the rules. Permit: Forward packets. Deny: Discard Packets. Fragment: Select if the rule will take effect on the fragment. When the fragment is selected, this rule will process all the fragments and the last piece of fragment will be always forwarded. S-IP: Enter the source IP address contained in the rule. D-IP: Enter the destination IP address contained in the rule. Mask: Enter IP address mask.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Create Extend-IP Rule ACL ID: Select the desired Extend-IP ACL for configuration. Rule ID: Enter the rule ID. Operation: Select the operation for the switch to process packets which match the rules. Permit: Forward packets. Deny: Discard Packets. Fragment: Select if the rule will take effect on the fragment packets.
Choose the menu ACL→ACL Config→Combined ACL to load the following page. Figure 12-9 Creat Combined ACL The following entries are displayed on this screen: Create combined Rule ACL ID: Select the desired Combined ACL for configuration. Rule ID: Enter the rule ID. Operation: Select the operation for the switch to process packets which match the rules. Permit: Forward packets. Deny: Discard Packets. S-MAC: Enter the source MAC address contained in the rule.
Fragment: Select if the rule will take effect on the fragment packets. When the fragment is selected, this rule will process all the fragments and the last piece of fragment will be always forwarded. S-IP: Enter the source IP address contained in the rule. D-IP: Enter the destination IP address contained in the rule. Mask: Enter IP address mask. If it is set to 1, it must strictly match the address. Time-Range: Select the time-range for the rule to take effect. 12.
S-Condition: Displays the source condition added to the policy. Redirect: Displays the redirect added to the policy. QoS Remark: Displays the QoS remark added to the policy. Operation: Click the Edit button to modify the action. 12.3.2 Policy Create On this page you can create the policy. Choose the menu ACL→Policy Config→Policy Create to load the following page.
Figure 12-11 Action Create The following entries are displayed on this screen: Create Action Select Policy: Select the name of the policy. Select ACL: Select the ACL for configuration in the policy. S-Mirror: Select S-Mirror to mirror the data packets in the policy to the specific port. S-Condition: Select S-Condition to limit the transmission rate of the data packets in the policy. Redirect: Out of Band: Specify the disposal way of the data packets those are transmitted beyond the rate.
match the corresponding ACL. Local Priority: Specify the local priority for the data packets those match the corresponding ACL. 12.4 Policy Binding Policy Binding function can have the policy take its effect on a specific port/VLAN. The policy will take effect only when it is bound to a port/VLAN. In the same way, the port/VLAN will receive the data packets and process them based on the policy only when the policy is bound to the port/VLAN.
Figure 12-13 Bind the policy to the port The following entries are displayed on this screen: Port-Bind Config Policy Name: Select the name of the policy you want to bind. Port: Enter the number of the port you want to bind. Port-Bind Table Index: Displays the index of the binding policy. Policy Name: Displays the name of the binding policy. Port: Displays the number of the port bound to the corresponding policy. Direction: Displays the binding direction. 12.4.
VLAN-Bind Table Index: Displays the index of the binding policy. Policy Name: Displays the name of the binding policy. VLAN ID: Displays the ID of the VLAN bound to the corresponding policy. Direction: Displays the binding direction. Configuration Procedure: Step Operation Description 1 Configure time-range 2 Configure ACL rules Required. On ACL→ACL Config configuration pages, configure ACL rules to match packets. 3 Configure Policy Required.
Network Diagram Configuration Procedure Step Operation Description 2 Configure for requirement 1 On ACL→ACL Config→ACL Create page, create ACL 11. 1 Configure Time-range On ACL→Time-Range page, create a time-range named work_time. Select Week mode and configure the week time from Monday to Friday. Add a time-slice 08:00–18:00.
Step 3 Operation Configure for requirement 2 and 4 Description On ACL→ACL Config→ACL Create page, create ACL 100. On ACL→ACL Config→Standard-IP ACL page, select ACL 100, create Rule 2, configure operation as Permit, configure S-IP as 10.10.70.0 and mask as 255.255.255.0, configure D-IP as 10.10.88.5 and mask as 255.255.255.255, configure the time-range as work_time. On ACL→ACL Config→Standard-IP ACL page, select ACL 100, create Rule 1, configure operation as Deny, configure S-IP as 10.10.70.
Chapter 13 Network Security Network Security module is to provide the multiple protection measures for the network security, including six submenus: IP-MAC Binding, DHCP Snooping, ARP Inspection, IP Source Guard, DoS Defend, 802.1X and PPPoE Config. Please configure the functions appropriate to your need. 13.1 IP-MAC Binding The IP-MAC Binding function allows you to bind the IP address, MAC address, VLAN ID and the connected Port number of the Host together.
Figure 13-1 Binding Table The following entries are displayed on this screen: Search Option Source: Select a Source from the pull-down list and click the Search button to view your desired entry in the Binding Table. • • • • All: All the bound entries will be displayed. Manual: Only the manually added entries will be displayed. Scanning: Only the entries formed via ARP Scanning will be displayed. Snooping: Only the entries formed via DHCP Snooping will be displayed.
Note: 1. Among the entries with Critical collision level, the one with the highest Source priority will take effect. 2. Among the conflicting entries with the same Source priority, only the last added or edited one will take effect. 13.1.2 Manual Binding You can manually bind the IP address, MAC address, VLAN ID and the Port number together in the condition that you have got the related information of the Hosts in the LAN.
VLAN ID: Displays the VLAN ID here. Port: Displays the number of port connected to the Host. Protect Type: Displays the Protect Type of the entry. Collision: Displays the Collision status of the entry. • • Warning: Indicates that the collision may be caused by the MSTP function. Critical: Indicates that the entry has a collision with the other entries. 13.1.
ARP Scanning function enables the switch to send the ARP request packets of the specified IP field to the Hosts in the LAN or VLAN. Upon receiving the ARP reply packet, the switch can get the IP address, MAC address, VLAN and the connected port number of the Host by analyzing the packet and bind them conveniently. Choose the menu Network Security→IP-MAC Binding→ARP Scanning to load the following page.
13.2 DHCP Snooping Nowadays, the network is getting larger and more complicated. The amount of the PCs always exceeds that of the assigned IP addresses. The wireless network and the laptops are widely used and the locations of the PCs are always changed. Therefore, the corresponding IP address of the PC should be updated with a few configurations.
Figure 13-6 Interaction between a DHCP client and a DHCP server 1. DHCP-DISCOVER Stage: The Client broadcasts the DHCP-DISCOVER packet to find the DHCP Server. 2. DHCP-OFFER Stage: Upon receiving the DHCP-DISCOVER packet, the DHCP Server selects an IP address from the IP pool according to the assigning priority of the IP addresses and replies to the Client with DHCP-OFFER packet carrying the IP address and other information. 3.
is no universal standard about the content of Option 82, different manufacturers define the sub-options of Option 82 to their need. For this switch, the sub-options are defined as the following: The Circuit ID is defined to be the number of the port which receives the DHCP Request packets and its VLAN number. The Remote ID is defined to be the MAC address of DHCP Snooping device which receives the DHCP Request packets from DHCP Clients.
13.2.1 DHCP Snooping Choose the menu Network Security→DHCP Snooping→DHCP Snooping to load the following page. Figure 13-8 DHCP Snooping Note: If you want to enable the DHCP Snooping feature for the member port of LAG, please ensure the parameters of all the member ports are the same. The following entries are displayed on this screen: DHCP Snooping Config DHCP Snooping: Enable/Disable the DHCP Snooping function globally.
Decline Flow Control: Select the value to specify the Decline Flow Control. The traffic flow of the corresponding port will be limited to be this value if the transmission rate of the Decline packets exceeds the Decline Threshold. Port Config Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select your desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number.
Figure 13-9 Option 82 Option 82 Config From/To Port: Specify the range of ports to set option 82 feature. Option 82 Support: Enable/Disable the Option 82 feature. Existed Option 82 field: Select the operation for the Option 82 field of the DHCP request packets from the Host. • • • Keep: Indicates to keep the Option 82 field of the packets. Replace: Indicates to replace the Option 82 field of the packets with the switch defined one.
security risks during ARP Implementation Procedure in the actual complex network. Thus, the cheating attacks against ARP, such as imitating Gateway, cheating Gateway, cheating terminal Hosts and ARP Flooding Attack, frequently occur to the network, especially to the large network such as campus network and so on. The following part will simply introduce these ARP attacks.
Figure 13-11 ARP Attack – Cheating Gateway As the above figure shown, the attacker sends the fake ARP packets of Host A to the Gateway, and then the Gateway will automatically update its ARP table after receiving the ARP packets. When the Gateway tries to communicate with Host A in LAN, it will encapsulate this false destination MAC address for packets, which results in a breakdown of the normal communication.
Figure 13-12 ARP Attack – Cheating Terminal Hosts As the above figure shown, the attacker sends the fake ARP packets of Host A to Host B, and then Host B will automatically update its ARP table after receiving the ARP packets. When Host B tries to communicate with Host A, it will encapsulate this false destination MAC address for packets, which results in a breakdown of the normal communication.
In the view of Host A and Host B, their packets are directly sent to each other. But in fact, there is a Man-In-The-Middle stolen the packets information during the communication procedure. This kind of ARP attack is called Man-In-The-Middle attack. ARP Flooding Attack The attacker broadcasts a mass of various fake ARP packets in a network segment to occupy the network bandwidth viciously, which results in a dramatic slowdown of network speed.
button to apply. Trusted Port Trusted Port: Select the port for which the ARP Detect function is unnecessary as the Trusted Port. The specific ports, such as up-linked port, routing port and LAG port, should be set as Trusted Port. To ensure the normal communication of the switch, please configure the ARP Trusted Port before enabling the ARP Detect function.
Figure 13-15 ARP Defend The following entries are displayed on this screen: ARP Defend Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select your desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number. Defend: Enable/Disable the ARP Defend feature for the port. Speed: Enter a value to specify the maximum amount of the received ARP packets per second.
Choose the menu Network Security→ARP Inspection→ARP Statistics to load the following page. Figure 13-16 ARP Statistics The following entries are displayed on this screen: Auto Refresh Auto Refresh: Enable/Disable the Auto Refresh feature. Refresh Interval: Specify the refresh interval to display the ARP Statistics. Illegal ARP Packet Port: Displays the port number. Trusted Port: Indicates the port is an ARP Trusted Port or not.
Choose the menu Network Security→IP Source Guard to load the following page. Figure 13-17 IP Source Guard The following entries are displayed on this screen: IP Source Guard Config Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select your desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number. Security Type: Select Security Type for the port.
13.5 DoS Defend DoS (Denial of Service) Attack is to occupy the network bandwidth maliciously by the network attackers or the evil programs sending a lot of service requests to the Host, which incurs an abnormal service or even breakdown of the network. With DoS Defend function enabled, the switch can analyze the specific fields of the IP packets and distinguish the malicious DoS attack packets.
DoS Attack Type Description SYN/SYN-ACK Flooding The attacker uses a fake IP address to send TCP request packets to the Server. Upon receiving the request packets, the Server responds with SYN-ACK packets. Since the IP address is fake, no response will be returned. The Server will keep on sending SYN-ACK packets. If the attacker sends overflowing fake request packets, the network resource will be occupied maliciously and the requests of the legal clients will be denied.
Figure 13-18 DoS Defend The following entries are displayed on this screen: Defend Config DoS Defend: Allows you to Enable/Disable DoS Defend function. Ping Limiting: Specify the transmission rate of the Ping packets when the Defend Type Ping Flooding is enabled. SYN Limiting: Specify the transmission rate of the SYN/SYN-ACK packets when the Defend Type SYN/SYN-ACK Flooding is enabled. Defend Table Select: Select the entry to enable the corresponding Defend Type.
Figure 13-19 DoS Detect The following entries are displayed on this screen: Detect Config Detect Time: Specify the detect time for each DoS attack type except the flooding attack type. Detect: Click the Detect button to start the detection. The switch will detect each type of the DoS attack in turn. Detect Result Port: Display the port number. Attack Type: Displays the Attack Type name. Attack Count: Displays the count of the attack.
Figure 13-20 Architecture of 802.1X authentication 1. Supplicant System: The supplicant system is an entity in LAN and is authenticated by the authenticator system. The supplicant system is usually a common user terminal computer. An 802.1X authentication is initiated when a user launches client program on the supplicant system. Note that the client program must support the 802.1X authentication protocol. 2. Authenticator System: The authenticator system is usually an 802.
802.1X Authentication Procedure An 802.1X authentication can be initiated by supplicant system or authenticator system. When the authenticator system detects an unauthenticated supplicant in LAN, it will initiate the 802.1X authentication by sending EAP-Request/Identity packets to the supplicant. The supplicant system can also launch an 802.1X client program to initiate an 802.
4) Upon receiving the user name from the switch, the RADIUS server retrieves the user name, finds the corresponding password by matching the user name in its database, encrypts the password using a randomly-generated key, and sends the key to the switch through an RADIUS Access-Challenge packet. The switch then sends the key to the 802.1X client program.
server for further authentication. Whereas the randomly-generated key in EAP-MD5 relay mode is generated by the authentication server, and the switch is responsible to encapsulate the authentication packet and forward it to the RADIUS server. 802.1X Timer In 802.1 x authentication, the following timers are used to ensure that the supplicant system, the switch, and the RADIUS server interact in an orderly way: 1.
Choose the menu Network Security→802.1X→Global Config to load the following page. Figure 13-23 Global Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config 802.1X: Enable/Disable the 802.1X function. Auth Method: Select the Authentication Method from the pull-down list. • • EAP-MD5: IEEE 802.1X authentication system uses extensible authentication protocol (EAP) to exchange information between the switch and the client.
Authentication Config Quiet: Enable/Disable the Quiet timer. Quiet Period: Specify a value for Quiet Period. Once the supplicant failed to the 802.1X Authentication, then the switch will not respond to the authentication request from the same supplicant during the Quiet Period. Retry Times: Specify the maximum transfer times of the repeated authentication request.
Guest VLAN: Enable/Disable the Guest VLAN feature for the port. Control Mode: Specify the Control Mode for the port. Auto: In this mode, the port will normally work only after passing the 802.1X Authentication. • Force-Authorized: In this mode, the port can work normally without passing the 802.1X Authentication. • Force-Unauthorized: In this mode, the port is forbidden working for its fixed unauthorized status. • Control Type: Specify the Control Type for the port.
2. The 802.1X function cannot be enabled for LAG member ports. That is, the port with 802.1X function enabled cannot be added to the LAG. 3. The 802.1X function should not be enabled for the port connected to the authentication server. 13.7 AAA Overview AAA stands for authentication, authorization and accounting. This feature is used to authenticate users trying to log in to the switch or trying to access the administrative level privilege.
will ask the first server in the server group list for authentication. If no response is received, the second server will be queried, and so on. The switch has two built-in authentication server group, one for RADIUS and the other for TACACS+. These two server groups cannot be deleted, and the user-defined RADIUS/TACACS+ server will join these two server groups automatically. 13.7.1 Global Config This page is used to enable/disable the AAA function globally.
13.7.3 RADIUS Server Config This page is used to configure the authentication servers running the RADIUS security protocols. Choose the menu Network Security→AAA→RADIUS Conifg to load the following page. Figure 13-3 RADIUS Server Config Configuration Procedure: Configure the RADIUS server’s IP and other relevant parameters under the Server Config. View, edit and delete the configured RADIUS servers in the Server list.
Choose the menu Network Security→AAA→TACACS+ Conifg to load the following page. Figure 13-4 TACACS+ Server Config Configuration Procedure: Configure the TACACS+ server’s IP and other relevant parameters under the Server Config. View, edit and delete the configured TACACS+ servers in the Server list. Entry Description: Server IP: Enter the IP of the server running the TACACS+ secure protocol. Shared Key: Enter the shared key between the TACACS+ server and the switch.
Choose the menu Network Security→AAA→Server Group to load the following page. Figure 13-5 Create New Server Group Figure 13-6 Add Server to Server Group Configuration Procedure: 1) Configure the Server Group name and Server Type to create a server group. (Figure 13-5) 2) Click edit in the Server Group List to configure the corresponding server group. (Figure 13-5) 3) Select Server IP you have previously created and click Add to add the server to the server group.
2. Up to 16 servers can be added to one server group. 13.7.6 Authentication Method List Config Before you configure AAA authentication on a certain application, you should define an authentication method list first. An authentication method list describes the sequence and authentication method to be queried to authenticate a user. The switch uses the first method listed to authenticate users, if that method fails to respond, the switch selects the next authentication method in the method list.
2) Specify the authentication type as Login or Enable. 3) Configure the authencation method with priorities. The options are local, none, radius, tacacs or user-defined server groups. View and delete the configured method priority list in the Authentication Login Method List and Authentication Enable Method List. . Entry Description: Method List Name: Define a method list name. List Type: Specify the authentication type as Login or Enable.
Choose the menu Network Security→AAA→Global Config to load the following page. Figure 13-8 Application Authentication Settings Configuration Procedure: 1) Select the application module. 2) Configure the authentication method list from the Login List drop-down menu. This option defines the authentication method for users accessing the switch. 3) Configure the authentication method list from the Enable List drop-down menu.
Choose the menu Network Security→AAA→Dot1x List to load the following page. Configuration Procedure: 1) Configure the 802.1X function both globally and on the supplicant-connected port. Please refer to 13.6 802.1X for more details. 2) Go to Network Security→AAA→Global Conifg to enable AAA function. 3) Configure the 802.1X Aunthentication RADIUS server group in the Authentication Dot1x Method List Table. 4) Configure the 802.
Feature Default Settings Authentication enable method list The list is empty, which means users can promote to administrator privilege without password. Access application authentication The application console/telnet/ssh/http use the default Login List and default Enable list. 802.1X authentication server and accounting server 802.1X authentication uses the radius server group. 802.1X accounting uses the radius server group. 13.
5. Upon receiving the PADO packets with the Circuit-ID tag, the switch will remove the tag and send the packets to the client. The switch will forward the PADO packets without the Circuit-ID tag directly. 6. The client sends PADR (PPPoE Active Discovery Request) packets according to the process. 7. The switch intercepts PADR packets and inserts a unique Circuit-ID tag to them. 8. The switch forwards the PADR packets with Circuit-ID tag to the BRAS. 9.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config PPPoE Circuit-ID Insertion: Enable/Disable the PPPoE Circuit-ID Insertion function globally. Port Config Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Select: Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional. Port: Displays the port number. Port State: Enable/Disable the PPPoE Circuit-ID Insertion feature for the port.
SNMP Overview Chapter 14 SNMP SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) has gained the most extensive application on the UDP/IP networks. SNMP provides a management frame to monitor and maintain the network devices. It is used for automatically managing the various network devices no matter the physical differences of the devices. Currently, the most network management systems are based on SNMP.
This switch supports SNMP v3, and is compatible with SNMP v1 and SNMP v2c. The SNMP versions adopted by SNMP Management Station and SNMP Agent should be the same. Otherwise, SNMP Management Station and SNMP Agent cannot communicate with each other normally. You can select the management mode with proper security level according to your actual application requirement. SNMP v1: SNMP v1 adopts Community Name authentication.
managed object can be found on the SNMP client program running on the SNMP Management Station. 2. Create SNMP Group After creating the SNMP View, it’s required to create an SNMP Group. The Group Name, Security Model and Security Level compose the identifier of the SNMP Group. The Groups with these three items the same are considered to be the same.
Local Engine Local Engine ID: Specify the switch’s Engine ID for the remote clients. The Engine ID is a unique alphanumeric string used to identify the SNMP engine on the switch. Remote Engine Remote Engine ID: Specify the Remote Engine ID for switch. The Engine ID is a unique alphanumeric string used to identify the SNMP engine on the remote device which receives informs from switch. Note: The amount of Engine ID characters must be even. 14.1.
• management station. Exclude: The view entry cannot be managed by the SNMP management station. View Table Select: Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding view. All the entries of a View will be deleted together. View Name: Displays the name of the View entry. View Type: Displays the type of the View entry. MIB Object ID: Displays the OID of the View entry. 14.1.
• Security Level: v3: SNMPv3 is defined for the group. In this model, the USM mechanism is used for authentication. If SNMPv3 is enabled, the Security Level field is enabled for configuration. Select the Security Level for the SNMP v3 Group. • • • be configured on the SNMP Community page directly. noAuthNoPriv: No authentication and no privacy security level is used. authNoPriv: Only the authentication security level is used.
14.1.4 SNMP User The User in an SNMP Group can manage the switch via the management station software. The User and its Group have the same security level and access right. You can configure the SNMP User on this page. Choose the menu SNMP→SNMP Config→SNMP User to load the following page. Figure 14-6 SNMP User The following entries are displayed on this screen: User Config User Name: Enter the User Name here. User Type: Select the type for the User.
Privacy Mode: Select the Privacy Mode for the SNMP v3 User. • • Privacy Password: None: No privacy method is used. DES: DES encryption method is used. Enter the Privacy Password. User Table Select: Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding User. It is multi-optional. User Name: Displays the name of the User. User Type: Displays the User Type. Group Name: Displays the Group Name of the User. Security Model: Displays the Security Model of the User.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Community Config Community Name: Enter the Community Name here. Access: Defines the access rights of the community. • • MIB View: read-only: Management right of the Community is restricted to read-only, and changes cannot be made to the corresponding View. read-write: Management right of the Community is read-write and changes can be made to the corresponding View. Select the MIB View for the community to access.
4 Create SNMP User. Required. On the SNMP→SNMP Config→SNMP User page, create SNMP User in the Group and configure the auth/privacy mode and auth/privacy password for the User. If SNMPv1 or SNMPv2c is employed, please take the following steps: Step Operation Description 1 Enable SNMP function globally. Required. On the SNMP→SNMP Config→Global Config page, enable SNMP function globally. 2 Create SNMP View. Required.
14.2.1 Notification Config On this page, you can configure the notification function of SNMP. Choose the menu SNMP→Notification→Notification Config to load the following page. Figure 14-8 Notification Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Create Notification IP Mode: Select the IP mode. IP Address: Enter the IP Address of the management Host. UDP Port: Enter the number of the UDP port used to send notifications.
Timeout: Specify the maximum time for the switch to wait for the response from the management station before resending a request. Notification Table Select: Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding management station. IP Mode: Select the IP mode. IP Address: Displays the IP Address of the management host. UDP Port: Displays the UDP port used to send notifications. User: Displays the User name of the management station.
Figure 14-9 Traps Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: SNMP Traps SNMP Authentication: If selected, the switch will send an SNMP Authentication trap when a received SNMP request fails the authentication. Coldstart: If selected, the switch will send a Coldstart trap when it is rebooted with the SNMP function enabled. Warmstart: If selected, the switch will send a Warmstart trap when you enable the SNMP function.
Memory Utilization: If selected, the switch will send a Memory Utilization trap when the memory utilization rate is over 80%. Flash Operation: If selected, the switch will send a Flash Operation trap when a flash operation occurs. The flash operations include firmware upgrading, system resetting, config restoring and config saving. VLAN Create/Delete If selected, the switch will send a VLAN Create/Delete trap when a VLAN is being created or deleted.
DDM Voltage: If selected, the switch will send a DDM Voltage trap when the value of DDM voltage exceeds the threshold. DDM Bias Current: If selected, the switch will send a DDM Bias Current trap when the value of DDM bias current exceeds the threshold. DDM Tx Power: If selected, the switch will send a DDM Tx Power trap when the value of DDM Tx power exceeds the threshold. DDM Rx Power: If selected, the switch will send a DDM Rx Power trap when the value of DDM Rx power exceeds the threshold.
Event Group Event Group is used to define RMON events. Alarms occur when an event is detected. Statistic Group Statistic Group is set to monitor the statistic of alarm variables on the specific ports. Alarm Group Alarm Group is configured to monitor the specific alarm variables. When the value of a monitored variable exceeds the threshold, an alarm event is generated, which triggers the switch to act in the set way.
14.3.2 Event Config On this page, you can configure the RMON events. Choose the menu SNMP→RMON→Event Config to load the following page. Figure 14-11 Event Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Event Table Select: Select the desired entry for configuration. Index: Displays the index number of the entry. User: Enter the name of the User or the community to which the event belongs. Description: Give a description to the event for identification.
14.3.3 Alarm Config On this page, you can configure Statistic Group and Alarm Group for RMON. Choose the menu SNMP→RMON→Alarm Config to load the following page. Figure 14-12 Alarm Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Alarm Table Select: Select the desired entry for configuration. Index: Displays the index number of the entry. Variable: Select the alarm variables from the pull-down list. Port: Select the port on which the Alarm entry acts.
Alarm Type: Specify the type of the alarm. • • • All: The alarm event will be triggered either the sampled value exceeds the Rising Threshold or is under the Falling Threshold. Rising: When the sampled value exceeds the Rising Threshold, an alarm event is triggered. Falling: When the sampled value is under the Falling Threshold, an alarm event is triggered. Interval: Enter the alarm interval time in seconds. Owner: Enter the name of the device or user that defined the entry.
Chapter 15 LLDP LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol) is a Layer 2 protocol that is used for network devices to advertise their own device information periodically to neighbors on the same IEEE 802 local area network. The advertised information, including details such as device identification, capabilities and configuration settings, is represented in TLV (Type/Length/Value) format according to the IEEE 802.1ab standard, and these TLVs are encapsulated in LLDPDU (Link Layer Discovery Protocol Data Unit).
2) 3) Tx&Rx: the port can both transmit and receive LLDPDUs. Rx_Only: the port can receive LLDPDUs only. Tx_Only: the port can transmit LLDPDUs only. Disable: the port cannot transmit or receive LLDPDUs. LLDPDU transmission mechanism If the ports are working in TxRx or Tx mode, they will advertise local information by sending LLDPDUs periodically. If there is a change in the local device, the change notification will be advertised.
0 End of LLDPDU Mark the end of the TLV sequence in LLDPDUs. Any information following an End Of LLDPDU TLV shall be ignored. Mandatory 1 Chassis ID Identifies the Chassis connected device. the Mandatory 2 Port ID Identifies the MAC address of the specific port that transmitted the LLDP frame.
TLV Type TLV Name Description Usage in LLDPDU 3 Time To Live Indicates the number of seconds that the neighbor device is to regard the local information to be valid. Mandatory 4 Port Description Identifies the description string of the port. Optional 5 System Name Identifies the system name. Optional 6 System Description Identifies the system description. Optional 7 System Capabilities Identifies the main functions of the system and the functions enabled.
TLV Description System Capabilities TLV The System Capabilities TLV identifies the primary functions of the system and whether or not these primary functions are enabled. System Description TLV The System Description TLV allows network management to advertise the system's description, which should include the full name and version identification of the system's hardware type, software operating system, and networking software.
15.1.1 Global Config On this page you can configure the LLDP parameters of the device globally. Choose the menu LLDP→Basic Config→Global Config to load the following page. Figure 15-1 Global Configuration The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config LLDP: Enable/disable LLDP function globally. Parameters Config Transmit Interval: Enter the interval for the local device to transmit LLDPDU to its neighbors. The default value is 30 seconds.
Fast Start Count: When the port's LLDP state transforms from Disable (or Rx_Only) to Tx&Rx (or Tx_Only), the fast start mechanism will be enabled, that is, the transmit interval will be shorten to a second, and several LLDPDUs will be sent out (the number of LLDPDUs equals this parameter). The default value is 3. 15.1.2 Port Config On this page you can configure all ports' LLDP parameters. Choose the menu LLDP→Basic Config→Port Config to load the following page.
Included TLVs: Select TLVs to be included in outgoing LLDPDU. Details: Click Details to display the included TLVs. 15.2 Device Info You can view the LLDP information of the local device and its neighbors on the Local Info and Neighbor Info pages respectively. 15.2.1 Local Info On this page you can see all ports' configuration and system information. Choose the menu LLDP→Device Info→Local Info to load the following page.
15.2.2 Neighbor Info On this page you can get the information of the neighbors. Choose the menu LLDP→Device Info→Neighbor Info to load the following page. Figure 15-4 Neighbor Information The following entries are displayed on this screen: Auto Refresh Auto Refresh: Enable/Disable the auto refresh function. Refresh Rate: Specify the auto refresh rate. Neighbor Info Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered.
15.3 Device Statistics You can view the LLDP statistics of local device through this feature. Choose the menu LLDP→Device Statistics→Statistic Info to load the following page. Figure 15-5 Device Statistics The following entries are displayed on this screen: Auto Refresh Auto Refresh: Enable/Disable the auto refresh function. Refresh Rate: Specify the auto refresh rate. Global Statistics Last Update: Displays latest update time of the statistics.
Total Drops: Displays the number of neighbors dropped by local device. Total Ageouts: Displays the number of overtime neighbors in local device. Neighbor Statistics Port Select Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on the port number you entered. Port: Displays local device's port number. Transmit Total: Displays the number of LLDPDUs sent by this port. Receive Total: Displays the number of LLDPDUs received by this port.
Network Policy TLV The Network Policy TLV allows both Network Connectivity Devices and Endpoints to advertise VLAN configuration and associated Layer 2 and Layer 3 attributes that apply for a set of specific applications on that port. Location Identification TLV The Location Identification TLV provides for advertisement of location identifier information to Communication Endpoint Devices, based on configuration of the Network Connectivity Device it's connected to.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: LLDP-MED Parameters Config Fast Start Count: When LLDP-MED fast start mechanism is activated, multiple LLDP-MED frames will be transmitted (the number of frames equals this parameter). The default value is 4. Device Class: LLDP-MED devices are comprised of two primary device types: Network Connectivity Devices and Endpoint Devices. In turn, Endpoint Devices are composed of three defined Classes: Class I, Class II and Class III.
LLDP-MED Status: Configure the port's LLDP-MED status: • • Enable: Enable the port's LLDP-MED status, and the port's Admin Status will be changed to Tx&Rx. Disable: Disable the port's LLDP-MED status. Included TLVs: Select TLVs to be included in outgoing LLDPDU. Detail: Click the Detail button to display the included TLVs and select the desired TLVs. Figure 15-8 Configure TLVs of LLDP-MED Port Included TLVs Select TLVs to be included in outgoing LLDPDU.
Number: which is used during emergency call setup to a traditional CAMA or ISDN trunk-based PSAP. Civic Address: The Civic address is defined to reuse the relevant sub-fields of the DHCP option for Civic Address based Location Configuration Information as specified by IETF. • What: This element describes which location the DHCP entry refers to.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Auto Refresh Auto Refresh: Enable/Disable the auto refresh function. Refresh Rate: Specify the auto refresh rate. Local-MED Local Info Select the desired port to display the information of the corresponding port. Local Interface: Enable/Disable the auto refresh function. Device Type: Specify the auto refresh rate. Application Type: Application Type indicates the primary function of the applications defined for the network policy.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Auto Refresh Auto Refresh: Enable/Disable the auto refresh function. Refresh Rate: Specify the auto refresh rate. LLDP-MED Neighbor Info Select the desired port to display LLDP-MED information of neighbors of the corresponding port: Device Type: Displays the device type of the neighbor. Application Type: Displays the application type of the neighbor.
Chapter 16 Cluster With the development of network technology, the network scale is getting larger and more network devices are required, which may result in a more complicated network management system. As a large number of devices need to be assigned different network addresses and every management device needs to be respectively configured to meet the application requirements, manpower are needed. The Cluster Management function can solve the above problem.
The roles can be changed from one to anther following the specified rules. The current switch you create cluster is specified as the commander switch. The commander switch discovers and determines candidate switches by collecting related information. After being added to the cluster, the candidate switch becomes to be the member switch. After being removed from the cluster, the member switch becomes to be the candidate switch.
Figure 16-2 Neighbor Information The following entries are displayed on this screen: Neighbor Search Option: Select the information the desired entry should contain and then click the Search button to display the desired entry in the following Neighbor Information table. Neighbor Info Native Port: Displays the port number of the switch. Remote Port: Displays the port number of the neighbor switch which is connected to the corresponding port.
Figure 16-3 NDP Summary The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config NDP: Displays the global NDP status (enabled or disabled) for the switch. Aging Time: Displays the period for the neighbor switch to keep the NDP packets from this switch. Hello Time: Displays the interval to send NDP packets. Port Status Port: Displays the port number of the switch. NDP: Displays the NDP status (enabled or disabled) for the current port.
Detail： Click the Detail button to view the complete information collected for the port. 16.1.3 NDP Config On this page you can configure the NDP function for the switch. Choose the menu Cluster→NDP→NDP Config to load the following page. Figure 16-4 NDP Config The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config NDP: Enable/Disable NDP function globally. Aging Time: Enter the period for the neighbor switch to keep the NDP packets from this switch.
Port: Displays the port number of the switch. NDP: Displays NDP status of the current port. Enable: Click the Enable button to enable NDP for the port you select. Disable: Click the Disable button to disable NDP for the port you select. Note: 1. NDP function is effective only when NDP function is enabled globally and for the port. 2. The aging time should be set over the hello time value, otherwise this setting will be invalid and will not take effect. 16.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Device Table Device Type: Displays the device description collected through NTDP. Device MAC: Displays the MAC address of this device. Cluster Name: Displays the cluster name of this device. Role: Displays the role this device plays in the cluster. Commander: Indicates the device that can configure and manage all the devices in a cluster. Member: Indicates the device that is managed in a cluster.
16.2.2 NTDP Summary On this page you can view the NTDP configuration. Choose the menu Cluster→NTDP→NTDP Summary to load the following page. Figure 16-7 NTDP Summary The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config NTDP: NTDP Interval Time: NTDP Hops: NTDP Hop Delay: Displays the NTDP status (enabled or disabled) of the switch globally. Displays the interval to collect topology information. Displays the hop count the switch topology collects.
NTDP Port Delay: Displays the time between the port forwarding NTDP request packets and its adjacent port forwarding NTDP request packets over. Port Status Port: Displays the port number of the switch. NTDP: Displays NTDP status (enabled or disabled) of the current port. 16.2.3 NTDP Config On this page you can configure NTDP globally. Choose the menu Cluster→NTDP→NTDP Config to load the following page.
NTDP Interval Time: Enter the interval to collect topology information. The default is 1 minute. NTDP Hops: Enter the hop count the switch topology collects. The default is 3 hops. NTDP Hop Delay: Enter the time between the switch receiving NTDP request packets and the switch forwarding NTDP request packets for the first time. The default is 200 milliseconds. NTDP Port Delay: Enter the time between the port forwarding NTDP request packets and its adjacent port forwarding NTDP request packets over.
Figure 16-9 Cluster Summary for Candidate Switch The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config Cluster: Displays the cluster status (enabled or disabled) of the switch. Cluster Role: Displays the role the switch plays in the cluster.
Hold Time: Displays the time for the commander switch to keep the cluster information. Interval Time: Displays the interval to send handshake packets. TFTP Server: Displays the IP address of TFTP server. Member Info Device Name: Displays the description of the member switch. Device MAC: Displays the MAC address of the member switch. IP Address: Displays the IP address of the member switch used in the cluster. Status: Displays the connection status of the member switch.
Figure 16-12 Cluster Summary for Individual Switch The following entries are displayed on this screen: Global Config Cluster: Displays the cluster status (enabled or disabled) of the switch. Cluster Role: Displays the role the switch plays in the cluster. 16.3.2 Cluster Config On this page you can configure the status of the cluster the switch belongs to. Choose the menu Cluster→Cluster→Cluster Config to load the following page. For a candidate switch, the following page is displayed.
Commander: Select this option to change the role of the switch to be commander switch, and then configure the cluster: Cluster Name: Configure the name of the current cluster the switch belongs to. IP Pool & Mask: Configure the private IP range of the member switches in the cluster. For a commander switch, the following page is displayed.
Figure 16-15 Cluster Configuration for Member Switch The following entries are displayed on this screen: Current Role Role: Role Change Individual: Displays the role the current switch plays in the cluster. Select this option to change the role of the switch to be individual switch. For an individual switch, the following page is displayed.
16.3.3 Member Config When this switch is the commander switch of the cluster, via the commander switch you can manually add a candidate switch to the cluster as well as remove the designated member switch from the cluster. On this page you can configure and manage the member switch. Choose the menu Cluster→Cluser→Member Config to load the following page.
Choose the menu Cluster→Cluster→Cluster Topology to load the following page. Figure 16-18 Collect Topology The following entries are displayed on this screen: Graphic Show Collect Topology: Click the Collect Topology button to display the cluster topology. Manage: If the current device is the commander switch in the cluster and the selected device is a member switch in the cluster, you can click the Manage button to log on to Web management page of the corresponding switch.
Step Operation Description 2 Enable the NTDP function globally and for the port, and then configure NTDP parameters Optional. On Cluster→NTDP→NTDP Config page, enable the NTDP function on the switch. 3 Establish a cluster and configure the related parameters Optional. On Cluster→Cluster→Cluster Config page, establish a cluster and configure the related parameters. 4 Manage the device in the cluster Optional.
Chapter 17 Maintenance Maintenance module, assembling the commonly used system tools to manage the switch, provides the convenient method to locate and solve the network problem. 1. System Monitor: Monitor the utilization status of the memory and the CPU of switch. 2. Log: View the configuration parameters of the switch and find out the errors via the Logs. 3. Cable Test: Test the connection status of the cable to locate and diagnose the trouble spot of the network. 4.
Figure 17-1 CPU Monitor Click the Monitor button to enable the switch to monitor and display its CPU utilization rate every four seconds. 17.1.2 Memory Monitor Choose the menu Maintenance→System Monitor→Memory Monitor to load the following page.
Figure 17-2 Memory Monitor Click the Monitor button to enable the switch to monitor and display its Memory utilization rate every four seconds. 17.2 Log The Log system of switch can record, classify and manage the system information effectively, providing powerful support for network administrator to monitor network operation and diagnose malfunction. The Logs of switch are classified into the following eight levels. Severity Level Description emergencies 0 The system is unusable.
Severity debugging Level 7 Description Debug-level messages Table 17-1 Log Level The Log function is implemented on the Log Table, Local Log, Remote Log and Backup Log pages. 17.2.1 Log Table The switch supports logs output to two directions, namely, log buffer and log file. The information in log buffer will be lost after the switch is rebooted or powered off whereas the information in log file will be kept effective even the switch is rebooted or powered off.
Severity: Displays the severity level of the log information. You can select a severity level to display the log information whose severity level value is the same or smaller. Content: Displays the content of the log information. Note: 3. The logs are classified into eight levels based on severity. The higher the information severity is, the lower the corresponding level is. 4. This page displays logs in the log buffer, and at most 511 logs are displayed. 17.2.
17.2.3 Remote Log Remote log feature enables the switch to send system logs to the Log Server. Log Server is to centralize the system logs from various devices for the administrator to monitor and manage the whole network. Choose the menu Maintenance→Log→Remote Log to load the following page. Figure 17-5 Log Host The following entries are displayed on this screen: Log Host Index: Displays the index of the log host. The switch supports 4 log hosts. Host IP: Configure the IP for the log host.
Figure 17-6 Backup Log The following entry is displayed on this screen: Backup Log Backup Log: Click the Backup Log button to save the log as a file to your computer. Note: It will take a few minutes to backup the log file. Please wait without any operation. 17.3 Device Diagnostics This switch provides Cable Test functions for device diagnostics.
Error: If the connection status is close, open or impedance, here displays the error length of the cable. Note: 1. The interval between two cable tests for one port must be more than 3 seconds. 2. The result is more reasonable when the cable pair is in the open status. 3. The test result is just for your reference. 4. If the port is 100Mbps and its connection status is normal, cable test can’t get the length of the cable. 17.
The following entries are displayed on this screen: Ping Config Destination IP: Enter the IP address of the destination node for Ping test. Both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported. Ping Times: Enter the amount of times to send test data during Ping testing. The default value is recommended. Data Size: Enter the size of the sending data during Ping testing. The default value is recommended. Interval: Specify the interval to send ICMP request packets. The default value is recommended.
Chapter 18 System Maintenance via FTP The firmware can be downloaded to the switch via FTP function. FTP (File Transfer Protocol), a protocol in the application layer, is mainly used to transfer files between the remote server and the local PCs. It is a common protocol used in the IP network for files transfer. If there is something wrong with the firmware of the switch and the switch cannot be launched, the firmware can be downloaded to the switch again via FTP function. 1.
Figure 18-2 Open Hyper Terminal 3. Download Firmware via bootUtil menu To download firmware to the switch via FTP function, you need to enter into the bootUtil menu of the switch and take the following steps. 1） Connect the console port of the PC to the console port of the switch and open hyper terminal. Connect FTP server to port 1 of the switch. 2） Power off and restart the switch.
For example: Configure the IP address as 10.10.70.22, mask as 255.255.255.0 and gateway as10.10.70.1. The detailed command is shown as the figure below. Enter the command and press Enter. [TP-Link]: ifconfig ip 10.10.70.22 mask 255.255.255.0 gateway 10.10.70.1 4） Configure the parameters of the FTP server which keeps the upgrade firmware. Later you can download the firmware to the switch from the FTP server. The format of the command is: ftp host xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx user xxxxx pwd xxxxx file xxxxxx.bin.
Appendix A: Glossary Access Control List (ACL) ACLs can limit network traffic and restrict access to certain users or devices by checking each packet for certain IP or MAC (i.e., Layer 2) information. Boot Protocol (BOOTP) BOOTP is used to provide bootup information for network devices, including IP address information, the address of the TFTP server that contains the devices system files, and the name of the boot file.
Generic Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP) GMRP allows network devices to register end stations with multicast groups. GMRP requires that any participating network devices or end stations comply with the IEEE 802.1p standard. Group Attribute Registration Protocol (GARP) See Generic Attribute Registration Protocol. IEEE 802.1D Specifies a general method for the operation of MAC bridges, including the Spanning Tree Protocol. IEEE 802.
A process whereby the switch filters incoming multicast frames for services forwhich no attached host has registered, or forwards them to all ports contained within the designated multicast group.
Layer 2 Data Link layer in the ISO 7-Layer Data Communications Protocol. This is related directly to the hardware interface for network devices and passes on traffic based on MAC addresses. Link Aggregation See Port Trunk. Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) Allows ports to automatically negotiate a trunked link with LACP-configured ports on another device. Management Information Base (MIB) An acronym for Management Information Base.
Secure Shell (SSH) A secure replacement for remote access functions, including Telnet. SSH can authenticate users with a cryptographic key, and encrypt data connections between management clients and the switch. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) The application protocol in the Internet suite of protocols which offers network management services. Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) SNTP allows a device to set its internal clock based on periodic updates from a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server.
