GUIDE TO RF SIGNALS –– eBook
CONTENT A Guide to The Radio Spectrum..............................................................................................................................3 What’s a Spectrum Display?....................................................................................................................................4 What’s a Spectrogram Display?...............................................................................................................................5 What Is a Real-Time Display?.
A GUIDE TO THE RADIO SPECTRUM 3 KHZ 300 KHZ 300 KHZ 3 MHZ 3 MHZ 30 MHZ 30 MHZ 300 MHZ 300 MHZ 3 GHZ 3 GHZ 30 GHZ 30 GHZ 300 GHZ UNLICENSED/ISM BANDS CELLULAR RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCAST LAND MOBILE AND PUBLIC SAFETY AERONAUTICAL WEATHER RADAR 3 | TEK.
WHAT’S A SPECTRUM DISPLAY? Additional Information: • Wikipedia LEARN MORE Get a quick and inexpensive look at wireless signals with the USB Spectrum Analyzers. A spectrum analyzer is the tool of choice for people who need to “see” a radio signal. In general most spectrum analyzers provide the same display; they show lower frequency signals on the left hand side of the display and higher frequency signals on the right hand side of the display.
WHAT’S A SPECTROGRAM DISPLAY? Additional Information: • Wikipedia LEARN MORE Using spectrogram displays in the lab using the RSA600 series spectrum Analyzer. While it’s very important to determine frequency, occupied bandwidth and relative signal strength; we also need to find out how often a signal is on. The spectrogram display is the one of the best ways for us to measure this aspect of a signal.
WHAT IS A REAL-TIME DISPLAY? LEARN MORE Take Tektronix USB spectrum analyzers into the field for fast RF analysis and geo-location. In the past decade there has been a gradual shift toward real-time spectrum displays. While classic spectrum displays have been around since the 1960’s, they have all suffered from a common problem, speed. In most traditional spectrum analyzers what is displayed on the left hand side of the display and the right hand side of the display is not measured at the same time.
SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION 101 Amplitude cy uen Freq Tim e Time Domain Measurements LEARN MORE Frequency Domain Measurements Identifying signals you measure with a spectrum analyzer can be difficult even with the best of tools. The radio spectrum is a shared resource and the propagation characteristics change for each frequency band. What follows are some guiding principals about radio transmissions.
UNLICENSED/ISM BANDS –– Unlicensed bands – constrained by power and frequency, many consumer (Wi-Fi, Key FOBS) and medical devices use these frequencies. Example Application • WLAN 802.11b • WLAN 802.11g • Microwave Oven • DECT Cordless Phone • Bluetooth 8 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF WIFI – 802.11B Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: CCK • 2.412 GHz – 2.483 GHz • Source: Data • Channel Bandwidth: 20 MHz Additional Information: • Channel Occupancy: TDMA • Wifi Standards Body DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES • Wikipedia 9 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF WIFI – 802.11G Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: OFDM • 2.422 GHz – 2.483 GHz • Source: Data • Channel Bandwidth: 20/40 MHz Additional Information: • Channel Occupancy: TDMA • Wikipedia 10 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF MICROWAVE OVEN Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: CW • 2.412 GHz – 2.483 GHz • Source: CW • Channel Bandwidth: 20 MHz Additional Information: • Channel Occupancy: CW • Wikipedia 11 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF DECT Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: GFSK • 1880 MHz – 1930 MHz • Source: Data • 2.412 GHz – 2.483 GHZ • Channel Bandwidth: < 2.5 MHz Additional Information: • Channel Occupancy: TDMA • Wikipedia 12 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF BLUETOOTH Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: GFSK,p1/4DQPSK • 2.402 GHz – 2.483 GHz • Source: Data Additional Information: • Channel Bandwidth: ~ 1 MHz • Radio Electronics • Channel Occupancy: FH/TDMA • Wikipedia 13 | TEK.
LAND MOBILE RADIO –– Trunked radio, Public and Private Mobile Radio, Distributed. Example Application • P25 Phase 1 • Narrow Band FM • NXDN 14 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF P25 Phase 1 Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: 4FSK • 138 MHz – 174 MHz • Source: Data • 410 MHz – 512 MHz • Channel Bandwidth: 6 kHz – 25 kHz • 806 MHz – 902 MHz • 928 MHz – 975 MHz DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES • Channel Occupancy: PTT Additional Information: • International Telecommunications • Wikipedia 15 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF NARROW BAND FM Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: FM • 25 MHz – 49.6 MHz • Source: Analog Audio • 138 MHz – 174 MHz • Channel Bandwidth: 6 kHz – 25KHz • 410 MHz – 512 MHz • Channel Occupancy: PTT • 928 MHz – 975 MHz • 806 MHz – 902 MHz DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES Additional Information: • International Telecommunications • Wikipedia 16 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF NXDN Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: 4FSK • 138 MHz – 174 MHz • Source: Data • 410 MHz – 512 MHz • Channel Bandwidth: < 25 kHz • 806 MHz – 902 MHz • Channel Occupancy: PTT • 928 MHz – 975 MHz DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES Additional Information: • Wikipedia 17 | TEK.
RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCAST –– Broadcast frequencies – Radio and Television applications, including short wave and hobbyist spectrum. sometimes under-utilized, long time owned by broadcasters. Example Application • FM Radio • ATSC – Terrestrial TV 18 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF FM RADIO Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: FM/IBOC • 88 MHz – 108 MHz • Source: Analog/Data • Channel Bandwidth: 250 kHz – 300 kHz Additional Information: • Channel Occupancy: Continuous • Wikipedia 19 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF ATSC – TERRESTRIAL TV Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: 8VSB • 54 MHz – 88 MHz • Source: Data • 174 MHz – 216 MHz • Channel Bandwidth: 6 MHz • 470 MHz – 806 MHz • Channel Occupancy: Continuous • ATSC Frequencies NA DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES Additional Information: • ATSC.org • Wikipedia 20 | TEK.
CELLULAR –– Extremely crowded and expensive spectrum. Used for mobile data and voice communications. Often replaces a hard wired communication line. Example Application • LTE Downlink • LTE Uplink • UMTS Downlink • UMTS Uplink • GSM 21 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF LTE DOWNLINK Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: OFDM(TDMA/FDMA) • 590 MHz – 610 MHz • Source: Data • 1930 MHz – 2000 MHz • Channel Bandwidth: 1-20 MHz • 2110 MHz - 2180 MHz • Channel Occupancy: Continuous • LTE Frequency Bands • 715 MHz – 765 MHz DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES • 2345 MHz – 2360 MHz Additional Information: • Wikipedia 22 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF LTE UPLINK Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: OFDM • LTE Frequency Bands • Source: Data • Channel Bandwidth: 1-20 MHz Additional Information: • Wikipedia DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES • Channel Occupancy: TDMA/FDMA 23 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF UMTS DOWNLINK Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: CDMA • UMTS Frequency Bands • Source: Data • Channel Bandwidth: 3.84 MHz Additional Information: • Wikipedia DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES • Channel Occupancy: Continuous 24 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF UMTS UPLINK Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: CDMA • UMTS Frequency Bands • Source: Data • Channel Bandwidth: 3.84 MHz Additional Information: • Wikipedia DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES • Channel Occupancy: Continuous 25 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF GSM Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: GMSK • 824 MHz – 849 MHz • Source: Data • 869 MHz – 894 MHz • Channel Bandwidth: 200 kHz • 1850 MHz –1910 MHz • Channel Occupancy: TDMA/FDMA • 1930 MHz – 2000 MHz DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES Additional Information: • Frequency Lists • Wikipedia 26 | TEK.
AERONAUTICAL –– Civilian flight control and communications bands. Includes Radars for aircraft tracking and navigation, communications, IFF. Example Application • Aeronautical Communications 27 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF AERONAUTICAL COMMUNICATIONS Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: AM/FM • 108 MHz – 138 MHz • Source: Analog/Data • Channel Bandwidth: < 25 kHz Additional Information: • Channel Occupancy: PTT • Wikipedia 28 | TEK.
WEATHER RADAR –– Commonly used spectrum for radar, electronic warfare, and communications. Could be land, sea, air or space based systems. Example Application • Weather Radar 29 | TEK.
SHF UHF VHF HF LF RADAR Technical Overview Common Frequency Range • Modulation: FM/PM/CW • 5.6 GHz – 6 GHz • Channel Bandwidth: < 50 MHz • 9 GHz – 10 GHz • Channel Occupancy: Pulse Additional Information: DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES • Weather RADAR • Wikipedia 30 | TEK.
RESOURCES –– • Resources • Application 31 | TEK.
RESOURCES DOWNLOAD SIGNALVU-PC TO ANALYZE THE RECORDED EXAMPLES Additional Information: • Signal Wiki • Antenna Theory • Radio Electronics LEARN MORE RSA306B USB SPECTRUM ANALYZER RSA503A AND RSA507A USB SPECTRUM ANALYZER RSA603A AND RSA607A USB SPECTRUM ANALYZER Frequency Range 9 kHz to 6.2 GHz RSA503A: 9 kHz - 3 GHz RSA507A: 9 kHz - 7.5 GHz RSA603A: 9 kHz - 3 GHz RSA607A: 9 kHz - 7.
APPLICATION Ready for any challenges in the lab and in the field 33 | TEK.
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