Quick Start Guide

less [options] files
This command can be used to browse the contents of the specied le. Scroll half
a screen page up or down with [PgUp] and [PgDn] or a full screen page down with
[Space]. Jump to the beginning or end of a le using [Home] and [End]. Press [Q]
to exit the program.
grep [options] searchstring files
The grep command nds a specic search string in the specied les. If the search
string is found, the command displays the line in which searchstring was found
along with the lename.
-i
Ignores case
-H
Only displays the names of the relevant les, but not the text lines
-n
Additionally displays the numbers of the lines in which it found a hit
-l
Only lists the les in which searchstring does not occur
diff [options] file1 file2
The diff command compares the contents of any two les. The output produced
by the program lists all lines that do not match. This is frequently used by pro-
grammers who need only to send their program alterations and not the entire
source code.
-q
Only reports whether the two les dier
-u
Produces a “unied” di, which makes the output more readable
17.12.1.3 File Systems
mount [options] [device] mountpoint
This command can be used to mount any data media, such as hard disks, CD-
ROM drives, and other drives, to a directory of the Linux le system.
-r
Mount read-only
-t filesystem
Specify the le system, commonly ext2 for Linux hard disks, msdos for MS-DOS
media, vfat for the Windows le system, and iso9660 for CDs
For hard disks not dened in the le /etc/fstab, the device type must also be
specied. In this case, only root can mount it. If the le system needs to also be
Shell Basics 219