Cover Inner Page Page 1 Thursday, October 9, 2003 5:21 PM Getting Started
Manual by Ludvig Carlson, Anders Nordmark, Roger Wiklander Quality Control: C. Bachmann, H. Bischoff, S. Pfeifer, C. Schomburg The information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH. The software described by this document is subject to a License Agreement and may not be copied to other media except as specifically allowed in the License Agreement.
Table of Contents
7 Introduction 8 10 Welcome! About the manuals and the Help How you can reach us 15 17 Installation and Requirements for Windows 18 18 22 25 About this chapter Requirements Hardware installation Installing Nuendo 29 Installation and Requirements for Mac OS X 30 30 33 34 About this chapter Requirements Hardware installation Installing Nuendo 37 Setting up your system 38 49 53 54 55 Setting up audio Setting up MIDI Connecting a synchronizer Setting up video Optimizing audio performance 59 Gu
115 Tutorial 4: Creating a surround mix 155 Tutorial 7: Editing audio 116 116 116 120 122 128 156 156 159 160 161 About this tutorial Preparations Creating a Project Creating a surround bus Setting up a surround mix Exporting to a surround audio file 131 Tutorial 5: Editing in the Project window 132 132 133 134 136 137 139 About this tutorial Preparations Overview Moving and copying events Muting and erasing events Splitting and resizing events Adding a fade 141 Tutorial 6: Using VST Instruments 142
193 Basic Nuendo concepts 194 194 196 198 198 About this chapter The project Audio terminology MIDI terminology Video terminology 199 Basic Methods 200 200 202 203 208 209 212 215 About this chapter Using menus Using tools Changing values Selecting objects Zoom and view techniques Window handling Undo 219 Shortcuts & key commands 220 220 About this chapter The default key commands 229 Index NUENDO 6 Table of Contents
1 Introduction
Welcome! Thank you for choosing Steinberg´s Nuendo! Nuendo has been around a mere three years – and already it is being used in studios all over the world. Audio engineers and editors, producers and artists from the fields of film, television, radio, multimedia and music are choosing Nuendo today as their preferred tool for recording, editing and mixing. With Nuendo 2.
button or display can be hidden or moved to a less central spot to create an interface which is just as complex as you want it to be. This way Nuendo 2 gives you everything you need for your work. No more and of course no less. The Nuendo team is very grateful for the input we have received from Nuendo users in the past. In fact most of the new features implemented were user requests from the worldwide Nuendo community.
About the manuals and the Help The Nuendo documentation is divided into several sections: Printed books Getting Started This is the book you are reading now. The Getting Started book covers the following areas: • • • • • • • Computer requirements. Installation issues. Setting up your system for audio, MIDI and/or video work. A guided tour of the main Nuendo windows. Tutorials describing the most common procedures for recording, playing back, mixing and editing in Nuendo. Basic concepts and terminology.
Acrobat pdf documents Parts of the documentation are included as documents in the Adobe Acrobat format (extension “.pdf”), accessed in the following ways: • • • • You can open the pdf documents from the Help menu in the program. Under Windows you can also open these documents from the Nuendo Documentation subfolder on the Windows Start menu. Under Mac OS X the pdf documents are located in the folder /Library/Documentation/Nuendo/.
Remote Control Devices This pdf document lists the supported MIDI remote control devices and describes how to set up and use them with Nuendo. Score Layout and Printing Describes the score editing features in Nuendo. Using Nuendo with DSP Factory (Windows only) Describes how to set up and use a Yamaha DSP Factory audio card with Nuendo.
The Help System Nuendo comes with a detailed help system, making it easy to look up procedures and descriptions from within the program. The contents of the help basically mirror the complete Operation Manual text. The help systems are slightly different depending on which operating system you use, Windows or Mac OS X: HTML Help (Windows) You use the HTML Help in the following way: • To open the HTML Help for browsing, select “HTML Help” from the Help menu in the program.
About the program versions The documentation covers two different operating systems or “platforms”; Windows and Mac OS X. Some features and settings are specific to one of the platforms, Windows or Mac OS X. This is clearly stated in the applicable cases. In other words: • If nothing else is said, all descriptions and procedures in the documentation are valid both under Windows and Mac OS X. The screenshots are taken from the Windows version.
How you can reach us On the Help menu in Nuendo, you will find items for getting additional information and help: • On the “Steinberg on the Web” submenu you can find links to various Steinberg websites. Selecting one will automatically launch your browser application and open the page. You can find support and compatibility information, answers to frequently asked questions, links for downloading new drivers, etc.
NUENDO 1 – 16 Introduction
2 Installation and Requirements for Windows
About this chapter This chapter describes the system requirements and installation procedures for Nuendo for Windows. Installing Nuendo for Mac OS X is described on page 30. Requirements To use Nuendo, you need the following: • A PC with either Windows XP or Windows 2000 installed. A USB Port is also required. For more details about the computer requirements, see below. • Compatible audio hardware.
Computer requirements Hardware – PC The absolute minimum requirements for running Nuendo on a PC are as follows: • • • A 650 MHz Pentium processor or Athlon processor. 256 MB of RAM. Monitor and video hardware supporting 1024 x 768 resolution. For optimum performance we recommend the following: • • • Pentium or Athlon processor at 1.4 GHz or faster 512 MB of RAM. 1152 x 864 screen resolution or higher.
Audio hardware Nuendo will run with audio hardware that meets the following basic specifications: • • • • Stereo. 16 bit. Support of at least the 44.1kHz sampling rate. Is supplied with a special ASIO driver, or a DirectX or Windows Multimedia compatible driver as described below. About drivers A driver is a piece of software that allows a program to communicate with a certain piece of hardware. In this case, the driver allows Nuendo to use the audio hardware.
If the audio card communicates via DirectX DirectX is a Microsoft “package” for handling various types of Multimedia under Windows. Nuendo supports DirectX, or to be more precise, DirectSound, which is a part of DirectX used for playing back and recording audio. This requires two types of drivers: • • A DirectX driver for the audio card, allowing it to communicate with DirectX. If the audio card supports DirectX, this driver should be supplied by the audio card manufacturer.
Hardware installation Installing the copy protection key – please read! Included with the Nuendo package, you will find a hardware key (sometimes referred to as a “dongle”) that is part of the Nuendo copy protection scheme. Nuendo will not run if this key isn’t installed properly.
Windows Multimedia driver These drivers are normally included with all types of regular PC audio cards. Some are even included with Windows itself. Depending on whether the audio card is “Plug’n’Play compatible” or not, the installation of the card is done differently: • If the card is “Plug’n’Play compatible”, Windows will detect the card once it is plugged in, and ask for the necessary driver disks.
Installing a MIDI interface/synthesizer card Installation instructions for a MIDI interface should be included with the product. However, here’s an outline of the necessary steps: 1. Install the interface (or MIDI synthesizer card) inside your computer or connect it to a “port” (connector) on the computer. Which is right for you depends on which type of interface you have. 2. If the interface has a power supply and/or a power switch, turn it on. 3.
Installing Nuendo Defragment the hard disk If you plan to record audio on a hard disk where you have already stored other files, now is the time to defragment it. Defragmentation reorganizes the physical allocation of space on the hard disk in order to optimize its performance. It is done with a special defragmentation program. In Windows XP, for example, you might look for the “Disk Defragmenter” utility. ❐ It is crucial to the audio recording performance that your hard disk is op- timized (defragmented).
• At one point you will be asked whether Nuendo should be available to all users of the computer or just to you. Choose the option that suits you best. • You will also be asked whether you want to install audio effect plugins from earlier Nuendo versions. This is primarily intended to ensure compatibility with songs created with earlier versions, but will of course also give you a wider palette of plug-ins to choose from.
The items on the start menu If you open the Windows Start menu, you will find a Nuendo group on the “Programs” submenu. This contains the following items: • Documentation. On this submenu you can access the various Nuendo documentation files in the Acrobat pdf format. These documents are also available on the Help menu from within the program. • ASIO DirectX Full Duplex Setup. This is where you make settings if your audio hardware uses DirectX for audio playback and recording. • ASIO Multimedia Setup.
NUENDO 2 – 28 Installation and Requirements for Windows
3 Installation and Requirements for Mac OS X
About this chapter This chapter describes the system requirements and installation procedures for Nuendo for Mac OS X. Installing Nuendo for Windows is described on page 18. Requirements To use Nuendo, you need the following: • A Macintosh computer running Mac OS X. A USB Port is also required. For more details about the computer requirements, see below. • Mac OS X compatible audio hardware.
Computer requirements Hardware – Mac The absolute minimum requirements for running Nuendo on a Macintosh are as follows: • Macintosh with a G4 processor, 256 MB RAM and OS X. We recommend a G4 733 MHz or faster, 512 MB RAM or more and OS X 10.2. RAM Audio work requires a lot of RAM! In fact, there is a direct relation between the amount of available RAM and the number of audio channels that you can have running.
Audio hardware Nuendo will run with audio hardware that meets the following basic specifications: • • • • Stereo. 16 bit. Support of at least the 44.1kHz sampling rate. Is supplied with proper Mac OS X (Core Audio) drivers. A basic rule of thumb is: if the hardware works under Mac OS X, you can use it in Nuendo. • Nuendo also supports audio hardware with Mac OS X compliant ASIO drivers. ASIO drivers may provide special support for routing, monitoring, synchronization, etc.
Hardware installation About the copy protection key – please read! Included with the Nuendo package, you will find a hardware key (sometimes referred to as a “dongle”) that is part of the Nuendo copy protection scheme. Nuendo will not run if this key isn’t installed properly. • You should first install the program (and any necessary hardware, see below), then insert the copy protection key and finally launch the program.
Installing Nuendo Defragment the hard disk If you plan to record audio on a hard disk where you have already stored other files, now is the time to defragment it. Defragmentation reorganizes the physical allocation of space on the hard disk in order to optimize its performance. It is done with a special defragmentation program. ❐ It is crucial to the audio recording performance that your hard disk is op- timized (defragmented). You should make sure to defragment regularly.
4. Plug in the hardware protection key into a free USB port. If you are unsure over which port this is, consult the computers documentation. 5. You are now ready to launch Nuendo! Remove the CD-ROM and store it in a safe place. This completes the installation of your Nuendo program! ❐ For information about product updates, you should check the Steinberg website regularly. Open the “Steinberg on the Web” submenu on the Help menu and select “Product Updates”.
NUENDO 3 – 36 Installation and Requirements for Mac OS X
4 Setting up your system
Setting up audio ❐ Always make all connections with all equipment turned off! Connecting audio Exactly how to set up your system is a very personal matter, the following connection diagrams should be taken as examples. The audio connections below may be digital or analog, it doesn’t matter.
Multi-channel input and output Most likely however, you will have other audio equipment that you want to integrate with Nuendo. This will require a mixer, preferably one with a group or bus system that can be used for feeding inputs on the audio hardware. In the example below, four buses are used for feeding signals to the sound hardware’s inputs. The four outputs are connected back to the mixer for monitoring and playback.
Connecting for surround sound If you plan to mix for surround sound, you could connect the audio outputs to a multi-channel power amplifier, driving a set of surround channels. Audio card outputs L C R LFE Audio card inputs Ls/S L Rs/S R Source to be recorded Amplifier and speakers A surround sound playback configuration. Nuendo supports a number of surround formats. The example connection above will work for mixing both LRCS (ProLogic for example) and 5.
Word Clock connections If you are using a digital audio connection you may also need a word clock connection between the audio hardware and external devices. Please refer to the documentation that came with the audio hardware for details.
Making settings for the audio hardware Most audio cards come with one or more small applications that allow you to configure the inputs of the hardware to your liking. This includes: • • • • • • • Selecting which inputs/outputs are active. Setting up word clock synchronization (if available). Turning monitoring via the hardware on/off (see page 48). Setting levels for each input. This is very important! Setting levels for the outputs, so that they match the equipment you use for monitoring.
Selecting a driver and making audio settings in Nuendo The first thing you need to do is select the correct driver in Nuendo to make sure that the program can communicate with the audio hardware: 1. Launch Nuendo, select Device Setup from the Devices menu and click on VST Multitrack in the list. Make sure the “Setup” tab is selected. The VST Multitrack panel in the Device Setup dialog. 2. Select your audio hardware from the ASIO Driver menu.
• Under Windows, you can open the control panel by clicking the Control Panel button in the VST Multitrack panel. The control panel that appears when you click this button is provided by the audio hardware manufacturer and not Nuendo (unless you use DirectX or MME, see below). Hence it will be different for each audio card brand and model. The Control panels for the ASIO Multimedia and ASIO DirectX drivers are an exception, as they are provided by Steinberg.
If you are using audio hardware with a DirectX driver (Windows only) ❐ If your Windows audio hardware doesn’t have a specific ASIO driver, a DirectX driver is the next best option. There are two ASIO DirectX drivers available with Nuendo: • ASIO DirectX. This driver allows audio output only, not audio input (in other words, playback only, not recording). It is therefore not a suitable choice if you want to record audio in Nuendo (but it can be used for mixing and playback). • ASIO DirectX Full Duplex.
• Offset If a constant offset is audible during playback of Audio and MIDI recordings, you can adjust the output or input latency time using this value. If you are using audio hardware with a Windows Multimedia (MME) driver When you select the ASIO Multimedia Driver for the first time, the system will ask you whether you want to test the configuration. We strongly recommend that you perform this test.
2. To hide an output port, click in the “Visible” column for the port (so that it says “No”). Ports that aren’t visible cannot be selected in the VST Connections window where you set up your input and output busses – see page 75. ❐ If you attempt to hide a port that is already used by a bus you will be asked whether this is really what you want – note that this will disable the output port! 3. To rename a port, click on its name in the list and type in a new name.
About monitoring In Nuendo, monitoring means listening to the signal being recorded while preparing to record or while recording. There are basically three ways to monitor: External monitoring External monitoring (listening to the input signal before it goes into Nuendo) requires an external mixer for mixing the audio playback with the input signal.
Setting up MIDI ❐ Always make all connections with all equipment turned off! This section describes how to connect and set up MIDI equipment. If you have no MIDI equipment you can skip this section. Connecting the MIDI equipment Below follows a description of a typical but small setup example. You might need or want to hook things up differently! In this example we assume that you have a MIDI keyboard and an external MIDI sound module.
You might want to use even more instruments for playback. If you do, simply connect MIDI Thru on the sound module to MIDI In on the next instrument, and so on. In this hook-up, you will always play the first keyboard when recording. But, you can still use all your devices for providing sounds on playback. ❐ If you plan to use more than three sound sources we recommend that you either use an interface with more than one output, or a separate MIDI Thru box instead of the Thru jacks on each unit.
When “MIDI Thru” is active in Nuendo, MIDI data received is immediately “echoed” back out. MIDI Interface MIDI data coming in to the instrument is played by the “Synth” inside it. MIDI In Out MIDI In MIDI Sound Module MIDI Out In Thru “Synth” MIDI Keyboard When you press a key, it is sent out via MIDI to Nuendo. • • • When Local Control is turned on in the instrument, the keys you press will be played by the “Synth” inside the Instrument. When Local Control is turned off, this connection is cut off.
Setting up MIDI ports in Nuendo The Device Setup dialog lets you set up your MIDI system in the following ways: • Note: After changing a setting in the Device Setup dialog, you should click Apply and then click OK to close the dialog. Showing or hiding MIDI Ports Under Windows, the MIDI ports are listed in the Device Setup dialog on the DirectMusic page and/or the Windows MIDI page (depending on your system).
Setting up a default MIDI input and output The Default MIDI Ports page in the Device Setup dialog allows you to select which MIDI ports should be selected by default when you create a new MIDI track. In other words, newly created tracks will always use the input and output specified on this page. However, you can later change this setting for each individual track in the Project window.
Setting up video ❐ Always make all connections with all equipment turned off! Nuendo plays back video films in AVI, Quicktime or MPEG formats. Under Windows, video playback can be done using one of three playback engines: Video for Windows, DirectShow or Quicktime. This ensures compatibility with as wide a range of video files as possible. Under Mac OS X, Quicktime is always used as playback engine.
Optimizing audio performance This section gives you some hints and tips on how to get the most out of your Nuendo system, performance-wise. Some of this text refers to hardware properties and can be used as a guide when upgrading your system. This text is very brief.
System factors that affect performance CPU and processor cache It goes without saying that the faster the computer processor, the better. But there are a number of factors that affect the apparent speed of a computer: the bus speed and type (PCI is strongly recommended), the processor cache size and of course, the processor type and brand. Nuendo relies heavily on floating point calculations.
• Under Mac OS X however, audio hardware with properly written Mac OS X (Core Audio) drivers can be very efficient and produce very low latency times. Still, there are additional features currently only available with ASIO drivers, such as the ASIO Positioning Protocol. Making settings that affect performance Choosing a driver for your audio hardware As described on page 43, it is recommended to install and use a standard ASIO driver if available for your specific hardware.
Optimizing processor scheduling (Windows only) To get the lowest possible latencies when using ASIO under Windows 2000 or XP (on a single CPU system), the 'system performance' has to be optimized for background tasks: Windows 2000 1. Open the Control Panel from the Start menu and select System. 2. Select the Advanced tab and click the Performance Options button. 3. In the dialog that appears, select “Optimize performance for: Background services”. 4. Click OK to close the dialogs. Windows XP 1.
5 Guided Tour
The main windows in Nuendo The Project window The Project window is the main window in Nuendo. This provides you with a graphic overview of the project, allowing you to navigate and perform large scale editing. The Project window is divided vertically into tracks and has a time line going from left to right. Each project has one Project window. The project cursor. The area with various track settings to the left is called the Inspector. NUENDO 5 – 60 Guided Tour The Track list with various track types.
The Project Browser The Project Browser provides a list based representation of the project. This allows you to view and edit all events on all tracks by using regular value editing in a list. The Transport panel The Transport panel features transport controls, much like those found on a conventional tape recorder. It can also be used for locating Marker positions, setting tempo and time signature, etc.
The Pool All files, audio or video, that belong to a project are listed in the Pool. There is a separate Pool for every project. In the Pool you can organize, convert and audition clips, amongst many other things.
The Sample Editor In the Sample Editor you can view and manipulate audio, by cutting and pasting, removing or drawing audio data. By using the Offline Process History, you can undo changes or revert to the original versions at any point.
The MIDI editors Editing MIDI data is done using the MIDI editors. The following editors are available: Key Editor The Key Editor shows the contents of one or several MIDI parts. The MIDI notes are represented by “boxes”, whose vertical position corresponds to their pitch. This box represents a MIDI note. This section is called the controller display. It shows “continuous” MIDI events (such as controllers) or as in this figure, the velocity values of notes.
Score Editor The Score Editor shows MIDI notes as a musical score and comes with advanced tools and functions for notation, layout and printing. ❐ Full Score editing is described in the separate document “Score Layout and Printing”. This can be accessed via the Help menu in the program. List Editor The List Editor shows all events in a MIDI part as a list, allowing you to view and edit their properties numerically.
Drum Editor The Drum Editor is similar to the Key Editor, but takes advantage of the fact that with drum parts, each key corresponds to a separate drum sound. Tempo Track Editor For each audio and MIDI track, you can specify whether it should use a musical or linear Time base. Tempo based tracks follow a tempo, which can either be fixed through the whole project or follow the Tempo Track. In the Tempo Track Editor you can draw curves that determine how the tempo will change over time.
The Mixer The Mixer is where you mix your audio and MIDI channels, that is, adjust the levels (volume), panning, effect sends, EQ, etc. Input and output busses are also shown in the mixer. • There are 4 different mixer windows that can be configured to show different views of the mixer. This allows you to e.g. control all audio channels in one window and all VST Instrument channels in another. • Each audio channel in the mixer can carry up to 12 speaker channels.
Channel Settings The Channel Settings window is used for adding effects and EQ to individual channels. Each mixer channel has its own VST Channel Settings window.
VST Connections This is where you set up input and output busses – the audio connections between Nuendo and the inputs and outputs on your audio hardware.
NUENDO 5 – 70 Guided Tour
6 Tutorial 1: Recording and playing back audio
About this tutorial This chapter contains a step-by-step description of how to make a simple audio recording and play it back. The purpose is for you to try out some of the most common recording and playback features. However, you should make sure to read the Recording chapter in the Operation Manual before doing any “serious” recording, as there are a lot of settings, options and methods that are not mentioned here.
Creating a new project Before you can start recording, you need a working environment – a project: 1. Pull down the File menu and select “New Project”. A dialog appears, listing a number of project templates for various purposes. 2. Make sure the “Empty” item in the list is selected and click OK. A file dialog appears, allowing you to specify a location for the project folder. This will contain all files related to the project. 3.
The next step is to create an audio track to record on: 4. Pull down the Project menu and select “Add Track”. A submenu appears, listing the various types of tracks available in Nuendo. 5. Select “Audio”. In the dialog that appears you can select the channel configuration for the track – mono, stereo or one of several different surround configurations. 6. In this example, set the track to stereo by selecting Stereo from the pop-up menu and clicking “OK”. An empty audio track appears in the Project window.
Preparing to record Before you can start recording, there are some preparations to make: Setting up input and output busses When you record in Nuendo, the signal passes from the inputs on your audio hardware to an input bus in the program. This is where you check levels and adjust the sound to be recorded. From the input bus the signal is written to an audio file on your hard disk, and sent to the track’s channel in the mixer for monitoring etc.
3. Click the “+” button to the left so that the individual inputs in the bus are shown. The ASIO Device Port column shows the physical inputs on your audio hardware that are used by the bus. 4. Click in the ASIO Device Port column for the “Left” channel. A pop-up menu appears, listing all inputs on your audio hardware. 5. Select the input you want to use for the left channel in the stereo bus. 6. Select the input for the right channel in the same way. 7.
• Right now the mixer should contain one input bus, one stereo audio channel and one output bus – just like the picture above. If not, check the Hide buttons to the left. If any of these is lit (red), click on it so that it goes grey. When this button is red, the input busses are hidden. 9. At the very top of the channel strip for the audio track, you find an Input Routing pop-up menu. Click this and make sure your stereo input bus is selected. The input bus is now routed to the audio track.
Checking the input level When you record digitally, it’s important to set the input level correctly. Above all, you don’t want the signal to be too loud, as this will cause clipping, digital distortion. Clipping can occur in two places: • In the audio hardware. This would be the case if the analog signal is too loud – clipping occurs when the signal is converted to digital in the audio hardware’s A/D converters. • When the signal from the input bus is written to a file on your hard disk.
3. Select the VU-Meter Settings submenu and make sure “Input VU” is activated. Now the input bus meter displays the signal level coming in to your hardware – note that this level cannot be adjusted from within Nuendo! 4. Play the audio source that you want to record and check the level meter for the input bus. The signal should be as loud as possible without exceeding 0 dB (the Clipping indicator for the input bus shouldn’t light up). Clipping indicator Numerical peak level indicator 5.
Making the track ready for recording 1. Click the “Record Enable” button next to the fader on the mixer channel strip, so that it lights up in red. 2. Make sure the Transport panel is visible. If not, pull down the Transport menu and select the “Transport Panel” item at the top. The Transport panel 3. The Transport panel contains a lot of options that affect how recording is done – in this example we want most of them to be turned off.
4. Click in the ruler (the time scale area above the track in the Project window), at the position where you want to start recording. When you click, the project cursor (the black vertical line) is automatically moved to the click position. In our example, recording will start from the project cursor position. Setting the project cursor position in the ruler. 5.
3. Pull down the Auto Monitoring pop-up menu and make sure “Tapemachine Style” is selected. 4. Click OK to close the Preferences dialog. 5. Bring up the Mixer and locate the channel strip for the audio track. Since the track is record enabled (the red button is lit) and Nuendo is in Stop mode, monitoring should now be activated. 6. Check the monitoring by playing back your audio source and listening to your monitoring equipment.
Recording 1. Start recording by clicking the Record button on the Transport panel. The project cursor will start moving. 2. Play your instrument, etc. During recording, a rectangle with an audio waveform will appear, covering the recorded area. This is the recorded audio event. 3. When you are done, click the Stop button on the Transport panel. Recording stops and you can see the resulting audio event on the track. 4.
Recording more events At this point, you may want to continue recording audio, on the same track or on a new track. Recording more on the same track To record more audio on the same track, move the project cursor to a new start position and proceed as when you recorded the first time. ❐ It is possible to record audio events that overlap each other, but only the visible events (the events at the top) will be heard when you play back.
Playing back in a cycle You could continue starting and stopping playback this way, moving the project cursor manually each time. However, if you want to try out some mixing features (see the chapter “Tutorial 3: Mixing”), it is more practical to have Nuendo play back your recorded audio repeatedly, over and over again: 1. Click on the recorded audio event to make sure it is selected. A selected audio event has a red border and red and blue handles at its beginning and end. 2.
NUENDO 6 – 86 Tutorial 1: Recording and playing back audio
7 Tutorial 2: Recording and playing back MIDI
About this tutorial This chapter describes the basic operations for recording and playing back MIDI. For a full description of MIDI recording please see the chapter “Recording” in the Operation Manual. Before you start This chapter assumes that you have correctly connected your MIDI equipment according to the instructions in the chapter “Setting up your system” in this book.
Setting up for recording MIDI Creating a MIDI track To create a MIDI track, proceed as follows: 1. Pull down the Project menu, and select “Add Track”. A submenu appears. 2. Select MIDI from the submenu. A MIDI track is added to the Track list. Setting the MIDI input 1. Make sure the Inspector is shown to the left in the Project window. The Inspector shows settings for the selected track. You show or hide it with the Show Inspector button on the toolbar. Click here to show the Inspector. 2.
3. Record enable the MIDI track by clicking the red button in the Track list. MIDI Thru is automatically activated when the track is record enabled. Record enabling the track in the Track list. This can also be done in the Inspector area to the left or in the mixer. 4. Play a few notes on your MIDI instrument, and check the level meter in the Track list to make sure that the MIDI signal is received. If not, check that you have correctly set up your MIDI system, as described on page 49.
2. To set the MIDI channel for a track, use the MIDI “chn:” pop-up in the Inspector. If you set the track to MIDI channel “ANY”, it will transmit MIDI on the channel(s) used by the MIDI input device (the MIDI instrument you play during recording). Click here to set the MIDI channel. Selecting a sound • To select different sounds, you can send Program Change messages to your MIDI device using the “prg:” value field in the Inspector. Click here to select a Program number.
Recording MIDI 1. Make sure the track is record enabled and correctly set up, as described in the previous section. 2. Make sure that Cycle and Punch In/Out are deactivated on the Transport panel. 3. To set recording to start at the cursor position, pull down the Transport menu and make sure the item “Start Record at Left Locator” is deactivated (unticked). 4. Place the project cursor at the position where you wish to begin recording.
Playing back in a cycle You could continue starting and stopping playback this way, moving the project cursor manually each time. However, it is more practical to have Nuendo play back your recorded parts and events repeatedly, over and over again: 1. Click on the recorded MIDI part to make sure it is selected. A selected MIDI part has a red border and red handles at its beginning and end. 2. Pull down the Transport menu and select “Locators to Selection”.
Transposing the MIDI track Let’s try transposing the MIDI track, using the Track Parameters tab in the Inspector: 1. Make sure that the Inspector button on the toolbar is lit. 2. Select the MIDI track by clicking on it in the Track list. The parameters for the MIDI track are now shown in the Inspector area to the left. 3. Click on the Track Parameters tab in the Inspector. Click here… NUENDO 7 – 94 …to open the Track Parameter settings in the Inspector.
4. Click on the blue value line in the Transpose field in the Inspector. A fader appears, allowing you to transpose the MIDI part up or down in semitones. You can also use the up/down arrows to the right in the value field to set transpose values. Click here… …to set a transpose value for the MIDI part. 5. Start playback to hear the transposed MIDI part.
NUENDO 7 – 96 Tutorial 2: Recording and playing back MIDI
8 Tutorial 3: Mixing
About this tutorial This tutorial shows how to do some basic mixing. You will set levels and pan, add effects and EQ and finally try automating a mixer parameter. The purpose of the tutorial is to give you some basic knowledge about the Nuendo Mixer – for complete descriptions of the mixing features please refer to the chapters “The Mixer”, “Audio Effects” and “Automation” in the Operation Manual. • In this tutorial we will mix in stereo – for a quick tutorial on how to do a surround mix, see page 115.
The Tutorial 3 project. • If you had another project open, make sure the new project is in the foreground and click the Activate button in the upper left corner of the Project window so that it is lit (blue). This button indicates which project is active when you have several projects open. 5. Click Play to play back the project. As you hear, this is a low-tempo, medium-funky piece consisting of a drum track, a bass track, some electric piano and strings.
Setting levels If you listen to the project, you will find that the level balance is fairly OK until the strings start in bar 9. The strings are way too loud, tending to drown the other tracks. Proceed as follows: 1. Open the Mixer by selecting it from the Devices menu (or by using the key command for this – by default [F3]). The Mixer window opens with channel strips for the four audio tracks. Had the project contained any other tracks (MIDI tracks, effect tracks, etc.
Setting pan Pan sets the left/right position in the stereo field or the stereo balance. Right now, all tracks are set to center pan. This is probably fine for the drums and the bass, but it might be a good idea to pan the piano and strings tracks to opposite sides: 1. In the “E.Piano” channel strip, click on the blue line in the Pan control box above the fader, and drag it a bit to the left. The electric piano track is panned to the left. 2. Pan the strings track a bit to the right in the same way.
Using Mute and Solo Each channel strip has a Mute and a Solo button, allowing you to silence one or several channels. 1. Click the M button for the bass track. The button lights up and the sound of the bass is muted. 2. Mute the electric piano track in the same way. Several channels can be muted at the same time. To unmute a channel you click its M button again. You can also unmute all muted channels in one go: 3. Click the lit M button in the common panel – the area at the left side of the Mixer window.
Adding EQ to an audio channel Equalization shapes the tone of a signal by boosting and/or cutting selected frequencies. Each audio channel in the mixer has a built-in equalizer with four parametric modules. When and how to apply EQ is of course individual. Below we will add EQ to two channels, to achieve the following: • • Cut a very narrow frequency band in the drum track to reduce the intensity of the rimshot. Add a gentle mid frequency boost to the electric piano track to make it stand out a bit more.
2. Click the middle section of the diagram so that it lights up. The mixer is extended to show the extended panel, which contains the EQ modules. This is the default, but you can select other settings to be shown in the extended panel. Let’s start with the rimshot which is mixed rather loud in the drum track. Unfortunately we cannot change this but we could try cutting a narrow band in the mid-high frequencies. 3. If you like, solo the drum track to help you hear what you’re doing. 4.
5. Set the gain slider to a fairly drastic cut, around -10 dB or so. This is done by clicking and dragging the slider to the left. 6. Raise the Q value (the lowest slider) to 12.0 – the maximum value. This means the frequency range will be as narrow as possible. 7. Experiment with the frequency slider and try to find a frequency where you reduce the intensity of the rimshot without interacting too much with the other drums and hi-hat sounds. To make fine adjustments, press [Shift] and drag the slider.
There are several ways to add and set up EQ in Nuendo, as described in the Operation Manual. Now we will try another method when adding EQ to the electric piano track. 10.Click the “e” button in the “E.Piano” channel strip (next to the fader). This opens the Channel Settings window for the channel. This window contains a channel strip, sections for insert effects and send effects and an EQ section (in the middle of the window).
12.While listening to the electric piano sound, drag the curve point to change gain and frequency. Q is set to a low value by default – this is probably good in this case. If not, you can change the Q value by pressing [Shift] and dragging in the display (or by using the Q knob in the EQ module below). • Clicking somewhere else in the curve display will activate another EQ module for a more complex curve. You can remove EQ curve points by clicking and dragging them outside the display. 13.
In this project, we feel that the strings track could use some reverb. Proceed as follows: Setting up an effect 1. Pull down the Project menu and select “FX Channel” from the “Add Track” submenu. A dialog appears. 2. Set the Configuration pop-up menu to “Stereo”. 3. Pull down the Plugin pop-up menu. The effects included with Nuendo are organized in subfolders according to the effect type.
5. Go back to the mixer – as you can see, a channel strip has been added for the FX channel track. This serves as an effect return control. 6. Click the “e” button for the FX channel strip. The Channel Settings window appears. The first insert effect slot holds the Reverb A plug-in. 7. Click the “e” button for the Reverb A slot to bring up the control panel for the effect. 8. Use the pop-up menu to select the “Large” preset. 9.
Setting up a send 1. Go back to the mixer and locate the channel strip for the Strings track. 2. Click the arrow between the fader panel and the extended panel, just above the pan control. This brings up a pop-up menu where you select what should be shown in the extended panel. 3. Select “Sends”. Now the extended mixer panel for the Strings track shows eight effect sends, each with a few buttons, a routing pop-up menu and a send level slider. 4.
Adding an insert effect An insert effect is inserted into the signal chain of an audio channel, which means that the whole channel signal passes through the effect. This also means that only one track or channel will use the insert effect – unlike send effects, where signals from several channels can all be sent to the same effect. In our tutorial we will add some chorus to the electric piano track. 1. In the “E.
Automation All mixer parameters can be automated in Nuendo. In the final example in this chapter, we will do a simple fade in for the electric piano track, so that it starts inaudible and reaches its full level at bar 9, where the strings start: 1. Arrange your windows so that you can see both the events in the Project window and the mixer. This is not strictly necessary but it makes it easier to see where the electric piano starts. 2. Turn off Cycle on the Transport panel.
10.Click the R button for the channel. This activates automation read mode. 11.Play back the project from the start. You will see your automated fader movement and hear the electric piano fade in. That concludes this tutorial! If you are happy with the result, you may want to save the project under a different name, by selecting “Save As...” from the File menu.
NUENDO 8 – 114 Tutorial 3: Mixing
9 Tutorial 4: Creating a surround mix
About this tutorial This tutorial describes how to set up Nuendo for work in 5.1 surround format, add some audio files from a library, create a simple surround mix including some mixer automation and finally export this as an interleaved multi-channel audio file. For full descriptions of all the surround features in Nuendo, please see the Surround chapter in the Operation Manual. • For this tutorial to be useful, you need to have audio hardware with six (or more) outputs.
3. Navigate to the desired location of the project folder, and select it by clicking OK, or click “Create” to create and name a new folder. The project folder is created on disk, and an empty Project window appears. 4. Pull down the Project menu and select Project Setup. The Project Setup dialog appears. This is where you make basic settings for the project. 5. Set the Sample Rate to 48.000 Hz and the Record Format to 24 bit. This is to match the audio files we will use. 6.
10.Create two mono tracks as well. Use the same method, just select Mono in the dialog that appears. Now we have two stereo tracks and two mono tracks, which is what we need. 11.Pull down the File menu and select “Open Library”. 12.Navigate to the “Nuendo Tutorial” folder on your hard disk and open the file “Tutorial 4.npl”. This is a library – a stand-alone Pool with references to media files (in this case, the library contains four audio clips).
14.Turn on Snap in the Project window and make sure the Grid option is selected to the right. This makes it easier to line up the events at the same start position, where needed. 15.Drag the clip “Ambience 1” from the library to the first stereo track and drop it at the start of the project. You will be asked whether to copy the file to the work directory, etc. – this is not necessary. 16.
Creating a surround bus 1. Select “VST Connections” from the Devices menu. 2. In the VST Connections window, make sure the Outputs tab is selected and click the Add Bus button. 3. In the dialog that appears, select the 5.1 option and click OK. The pop-up menu in the dialog lists the most common formats – to see all surround formats supported by Nuendo, check the “More...” submenu. The new bus appears.
4. Click in the ASIO Device Port column for each channel in the bus and select outputs on your audio hardware. If you followed the recommendations on page 47, your output ports will already be named according to the channels in your surround setup – this way you just have to select the “Left” output for the left channel, the “Right” channel for the right channel and so on. Now we have a 5.1 output bus.
Setting up a surround mix If you have auditioned the audio clips already, you have found that we have a stereo clip with background noise from a petrol station (Ambience 1), a similar stereo clip (Ambience 2), some speech in mono and the sound of a car starting and driving away, also in mono. • These audio files are (except for the speech clip) based on excerpts from Steinberg’s “Urban Atmospheres” sound environment recordings in 5.1 surround format. Please check out www.steinberg.
2. Make sure the Input and Output Settings panel is visible at the top of the channel strips. If not, click in the upper part of the symbol in the lower left corner of the mixer. Surround panning in stereo Let’s start with the Ambience 1 track (the first stereo track). We want this routed to the front stereo speakers only. To get a feeling for how things work we will do this by using the surround panner: 1. Locate the channel for the Ambience 1 track and solo it by clicking the “S” button.
3. Select the 5.1 bus (“5.1 Out”). This routes the track to the whole 5.1 bus, for surround panning. As you can see, the regular pan control on the channel strip is replaced by a square grid with a dot. 4. Double click on the grid to bring up the surround panner panel. The grey ball in the middle of the display indicates the position of the signal in the surround sound image. 5. Click on the “Mo./St.” pop-up menu and select “Y-Mirror”.
6. Click and drag the ball to the top right corner of the display. As you see, you are dragging the “R” ball – the right channel. The left channel is automatically mirrored and is therefore positioned in the top left corner. 7. Start playback from the beginning of the project. 8. Click the “R” ball and drag it slowly downwards – towards the surround (back) speakers. You will hear the sound gradually move back to the surround speakers. 9.
3. Select the “Stereo (Ls Rs) out” child bus. This routes the track directly to the surround stereo speakers. 4. Play back the project again. You should hear a recording of the ambient noises on a petrol station, with the rear speakers providing life-like depth and surround sense. Routing to a separate channel in the bus The speech track should be routed to the center channel only in this tutorial. This is easily done: 1. Unmute the speech channel and open its Output Routing pop-up menu. 2.
LFE and dynamic surround panning For the final track, the car sound, we want a sense of movement across the surround sound image. We do this by automating the surround panner. 1. Unmute the car channel and pull down its Output Routing pop-up menu. 2. Select the 5.1 Out option. This routes the track to the whole 5.1 bus, for surround panning. 3. Double click on the grid to bring up the surround panner panel. This time we’re working with a mono track, so we can keep the “Mo./St.
9. Play back the project and perform the panning sweep in the surround panner. 10.When you are finished, click Stop, turn off the “W” button and activate the “R” button. 11.Play back the project again. Now you should hear the complete surround mix, including your automated panning sweep. 12.If you like what you hear, save the project. Exporting to a surround audio file Nuendo can export (mix down) audio tracks to a file on hard disk in a number of formats.
3. Pull down the File menu, select “Export” and then “Audio Mixdown” on the submenu that appears. The Export Audio Mixdown dialog appears. 4. Enter a name for the mixdown file in the File name field. 5. Make sure an uncompressed file type is selected. You can only create multi-channel interleaved files in uncompressed format. These include Wave, Wave 64 and Broadcast Wave (PCM coding) as well as AIFF. 6. Select 48kHz in the Sample Rate field – the same as in the project.
8. Pull down the Outputs pop-up menu and select your 5.1 Out bus. This is where you select which output bus to export. As you can see, it’s also possible to export separate audio tracks here (as well as VST Instrument channels, effect return tracks etc.). 9. Turn off the Real-Time Export and Update Display options. 10.Make sure both “Import to” checkboxes are activated. This means the resulting mixdown file will be imported back into the project, on a new audio track. 11.Click Save.
10 Tutorial 5: Editing in the Project window
About this tutorial This tutorial describes some of the procedures for editing in the Project window. Typically, this is where you do the “large-scale” editing and rearranging of events. Again, please note that this tutorial only describes some of the many functions in the Project window – for details and full descriptions, see the Operation Manual. Preparations This tutorial is based on an existing file, included on the Nuendo CD.
Overview As you can see, this project contains four audio tracks (drums, bass, guitar and strings) with a few events. Try playing back the project from the beginning! Well, it’s obvious that things are pretty disorganized here; the audio events do not fit together very well. The goal of this tutorial is to make some sense out of this, by editing in the Project window.
Moving and copying events Let’s start by making the events start at the same time: 1. Select the Arrow tool by clicking its icon in the toolbar. 2. Make sure the Snap button is activated and the Grid option is selected on the Snap pop-up menu. The Snap button Snap helps you find the correct positions when moving and editing, by making objects “magnetic” to certain positions (or to other objects).
OK, that’s much better, but there are still things to fix. For example, the Wah guitar event ends after one bar, while the other events last two bars. Let’s add a copy of the guitar event: 7. Press [Alt]/[Option], click the Wah guitar event and drag it one bar to the right. A copy of the event is created. Now we have a two-bar, slightly cheezy disco pattern. We could just activate Cycle playback and listen to these two bars over and over again. Instead we’ll use the Repeat function: 8.
Muting and erasing events A quick way of adding variation is to remove stuff. We could for example let the different instruments appear gradually instead of all at the same time: 1. Select the Mute tool from the toolbar. 2. Click on the first two Bass Synth events, and then on the first two Hi Strings events. They are “greyed out” indicating that they’re muted. 3. Start playback from the beginning. Fine, now the bass appears at bar 3 and the strings at bar 5.
Splitting and resizing events Well, maybe that wasn’t such a good idea after all – it may have been better with some guitar at the beginning, but maybe with some variation. Here’s an idea: 1. Pull down the Edit menu and select Undo. The last deleted guitar event reappears. 2. Select Undo again. The first guitar event reappears. Nuendo has unlimited undo – you could go back all the way to the start of this tutorial by undoing your actions, if needed. However, we will only need one guitar event for this: 3.
6. Click with the Scissors tool at the fourth beat in the Wah guitar event (at the beat just before the start of bar 3). The event is split in two; one three beat long and another one beat long. If you were to play back this section now, you wouldn’t hear any difference, though. 7. Select the Arrow tool again. 8. Drag the first guitar event two beats to the left and play back. Not too bad, but we could use a little more guitar in the second bar: 9.
Adding a fade The strings in bar 5 appear rather abruptly – they would benefit from being faded in. In the Mixing tutorial we created a fade by automating a fader – let’s try another method instead: 1. Click on the first Hi Strings event with the Arrow tool. The event is selected. The blue handles at the top are fade and volume handles. 2. Click at the upper left handle and drag it to the right. A thin blue line indicates the fade-in. 3. Play back to hear the fade.
5. Click one of the buttons to the right below the curve display to get a more exponential fade curve. 6. Click OK to close the dialog and play back the section again. Now we would want the same fade to be applied to the second string event. While we could repeat the settings manually, it’s probably easiest to copy the faded event: 7. Remove the second string event by clicking it with the Eraser tool. 8. Select the Arrow tool again, press [Alt]/[Option] and drag the first string event two bars to the right.
11 Tutorial 6: Using VST Instruments
About this tutorial This tutorial shows you how to set up and use VST Instruments – software synthesizers (or other sound sources) that are contained within Nuendo. For detailed descriptions of procedures and the parameters of the included VST Instruments, see the Operation Manual. Preparations Just like the previous chapter, this tutorial is based on an existing file, included on the Nuendo CD.
The “Tutorial 6” project opens. If you followed the previous tutorial, this will look oddly familiar… It’s the same eight-bar “song” that you created in tutorial 5, but with three extra tracks. Activating a VST Instrument The three tracks at the bottom of the Track list are MIDI tracks, as indicated by the yellow border to the left in the Track list.
2. Click in the first VST Instrument slot. A pop-up menu appears, listing the included VST Instruments. 3. Select “vb-1” from the Synths submenu. The VB-1 virtual bass unit is loaded, and its control panel appears. 4. In the control panel, make sure the “power button” in the top left corner is activated (lit). There is a mirror of this power button in the VST Instrument slot. 5.
Routing 1. Go back to the Project window and select the “MIDI Bass” track by clicking in the Track list. 2. Make sure the Inspector is open. The Inspector is the area to the left of the Track list. If it’s not visible, click the Show Inspector button on the toolbar: 3. Make sure the top section of the Inspector is shown. If not, click on the button in the upper right corner of the Inspector: The Inspector shows the settings for the selected track – in this case, the MIDI Bass track. 4.
Playing back Now it’s time to replace the audio bass with the VB-1: 1. Click the Mute (“M”) button in the Track list for the “Bass” track. This mutes (silences) the track. 2. Click the lit Mute button in the Track list for the “MIDI Bass” track so that it goes dark. You have now unmuted the MIDI Bass track. 3. Start playback from the beginning of the song. You should now hear the VB-1 play the bass line. You may have to adjust the volume so that the VST Instrument matches the audio tracks: 4.
Adding another instrument The next MIDI track is called “MIDI Perc” and contains a MIDI percussion pattern. This is an excellent opportunity to check out another of the included VST Instruments – the LM-7 drum machine: 1. Open the VST Instruments window from the Devices menu. 2. Pull down the pop-up menu for the next slot and select “lm-7” from the Drums submenu. Make sure its power button is activated. 3. In the Project window, click the Mute (“M”) button for the MIDI Perc track so that it goes dark. 4.
7. Start playback. Hmmm, nothing can be heard – but the indicator in the Track list shows that MIDI notes are being played! The problem here is that the wrong program (drum set) is selected for the LM-7. For this track to play back properly, we should choose a percussion set. This can be done directly in the Inspector or the VST Instruments window, but let’s check out the control panel for the LM-7 instead: 8. Click the Instruments Settings button for the track in the Inspector (next to the “chn:” pop-up).
11.Go back to the Project window and click the lit Solo button for the track to turn off the Solo function. All tracks are unmuted again – except the tracks that were muted from the beginning (Bass and MIDI Strings). Again, you may want to adjust the volume of the LM-7. If you open the mixer, you will find that a new channel strip has appeared – use the fader as before.
This routes the track to the a1 synthesizer. However, now we also need a MIDI input, since you’re going to play the VST instrument “live”: 6. Pull down the “in:” pop-up menu and make sure the correct MIDI input is selected. This should be the MIDI input to which your keyboard (or other controller) is connected. If in doubt, you can select the “All MIDI Inputs” option, in which case the track will accept MIDI from all available inputs. 7.
Recording When you’ve figured out something to play, it’s time to record this. Recording for a VST Instrument is done just like “normal” MIDI recording: 1. Click the record enable button for the MIDI Strings track. In previous tutorials we recorded from the project cursor position – now we will start recording at the left locator, with a precount. 2. Pull down the Transport menu and make sure the “Start Record at Left Locator” setting is activated. 3.
8. When you’re done, click Stop. A MIDI part has been created on the MIDI Strings track. 9. Play back to listen to your recording. If you want to try again, select Undo from the Edit menu and proceed from step 3 above. 10.When you’re done, click the record enable button for the track to deactivate it. Making parameter settings After you’ve recorded your synth or string part (and possibly adjusted its volume in the mixer) you may want to adjust the actual sound as well.
3. Make sure Cycle is activated on the Transport panel, and start playback. The whole “song” will now play back repeatedly. Cycle activated on the Transport panel. 4. Click the Instruments Settings button in the Inspector (to the left of the “chn:” pop-up) for the MIDI Strings track, to bring up the a1 control panel. 5. While the music is playing, try adjusting the parameters by clicking and dragging the controls in the panel. The a1 is laid out much like a traditional analog synthesizer.
Automating the changes Just like other mixer and effect settings in Nuendo, parameter changes for VST Instruments can be automated. Proceed as follows: 1. Stop playback and move the project cursor to the start of the project. 2. Turn off the Cycle button on the Transport panel. This is simply a “safety measure” – if you record automation in Cycle mode, you may accidentally overwrite parameter changes you have made on a previous Cycle lap. 3. Click the Write (“W”) button in the a1 control panel. 4.
12 Tutorial 7: Editing audio
About this tutorial This chapter describes the basic procedures for editing audio in the Sample Editor and how to use the Process functions. For a full description of all settings, options and operations available, please refer to the chapters “The Sample Editor” and “Audio Processing and Functions” in the Operation Manual. The Sample Editor The Sample Editor allows you to edit audio, by cutting and pasting, removing, drawing or processing audio data.
Editing audio in the Sample Editor – an example This example describes how to remove a section of audio and insert it at another position, by using cut and paste in the Sample Editor: 1. Open the Sample Editor by double clicking an audio event in the Project window. 2. Select the Range Selection tool by clicking its icon on the toolbar. 3. To select a section of the clip, click and drag in the waveform display. Click at the position where you wish the selection to begin, and drag... ...
4. Release the mouse button when the selection is complete. You can adjust the selection by dragging its edges. 5. Select “Cut” from the Edit menu. The selection is removed from the clip and moved to the clipboard. The section to the right of the selection is moved to the left to fill out the gap. Selecting “Paste” from the Edit menu will copy the data on the clipboard into the clip according to the following rules: • • If there is a selection in the editor, the pasted data will replace it.
Processing audio The Process submenu on the Audio menu contains a number of audio processing functions. The functions can be applied to selected audio events or clips, or to a selected range. In this example, we will apply normalizing to a selected audio event. The Normalize function allows you to specify the desired maximum level of the audio. A common use for normalizing is to raise the level of audio that was recorded at too low an input level. Proceed as follows: 1.
Applying an effect plug-in As described on page 107, you can add “real-time” effects in the mixer. However, sometimes it is useful to apply an effect directly to an audio event or clip. This is done using the Plug-ins submenu on the Audio menu: 1. Select an audio event in the Project window. In this example, we select the event that was normalized in the previous example. 2. Pull down the Audio menu and select Plug-ins. A submenu appears, listing the installed effect plug-in folders.
Using the Offline Process History dialog The Offline Process History dialog allows you to remove or modify audio processing at any time. It is even possible to modify or remove some processing “in the middle” of the Process History, while keeping later processing! Whether this can be done or not depends on the type of processing performed, as described in the chapter “Audio Processing and Functions” in the Operation Manual.
Batch processing The Offline Process History dialog has an additional use. A list of applied processing functions in this dialog, modified or unmodified, can be saved as a batch process for future use. Batch processing is a convenient function for applying a chain of audio processing to any number of audio events, and process them all in one go. How to set up and execute batch processes is described in the chapter “Audio Processing and Functions” in the Operation Manual.
13 Tutorial 8: Editing MIDI
About this tutorial This chapter describes the basic operations for editing MIDI in the Key Editor. For a full description of MIDI editing please refer to the chapter “The MIDI Editors” in the Operation Manual. This chapter assumes that you have read the instructions in the chapter “Recording and playing back MIDI”, and have access to a recorded MIDI part. Opening the Key Editor By default, you open the Key Editor by double clicking a MIDI part in the Project window.
Drawing events in the Key Editor When you move the pointer in the note display, its bar position is indicated in the toolbar, and its pitch is indicated both in the toolbar and on the piano keyboard to the left. This makes it easy to find the right note and insert position. To insert new notes in the Key Editor, proceed as follows: 1. Select the Pencil tool. 2. Click at the desired time position and pitch (height).
About Snap Snap activated on the toolbar. The Snap function helps you find exact positions when editing in the Key Editor. It does this by restricting horizontal movement and positioning to certain positions. Operations affected by snap include moving, duplicating, drawing, sizing, etc. • When the “Bars+Beats” display format is selected in the ruler, the quantize value on the toolbar determines the snap value.
About quantize Quantizing in its fundamental form is a function that automatically moves recorded notes, positioning them on exact note values. • • • Quantizing affects MIDI notes only (not other event types). In the Project window, quantizing applies to all selected parts, affecting all notes within them. In the Key Editor, quantizing applies to all selected notes. If no notes are selected, all notes will be affected. Here follows a simple step by step example of using the quantize function: 1.
2. Open the quantize pop-up menu on the toolbar. The menu contains three main categories of note values, Straight, Triplet and Dotted. Straight note values Triplet note values Dotted note values 3. For this example, select straight 1/8 Note quantize from the menu. 4. Select “Over Quantize” from the MIDI menu. This quantizes the MIDI notes according to the Quantize pop-up menu setting.
Editing velocity in the controller display The Key Editor controller display is used for viewing and editing various values and events. The controller display can have one or several lanes, each showing a separate event type. • If no controller display is shown, right-click (Windows) or [Ctrl]-click (Mac) anywhere in the editor window and select “Create New Controller Lane” from the pop-up menu that appears. This displays the controller display at the bottom of the Key Editor window.
An example In the following example we will create a velocity ramp using the Line tool: 1. Add some notes in the note display by using the Pencil tool. 2. Select the Line tool from the pop-up menu that appears by clicking on the Pencil tool icon. The other tools available on this pop-up menu are described in the Operation Manual. 3. Click where you want the ramp to start, move the pointer to where you want the ramp to end and release the mouse button.
14 Tutorial 9: Customizing
About this tutorial This chapter describes how you can set up and customize Nuendo in various ways according to your personal preferences. Practically everything in Nuendo can be customized to your liking: Key Commands can be freely changed and assigned to functions, items can be hidden in the toolbars, Track list and the Transport panel, menu items and entire menus can be hidden from view etc. In Nuendo you can change the entire look of the program using appearances, if you wish.
Hiding menu items Separate menu items and even entire menus can be hidden from view in Nuendo. Since we’ve decided we don’t need any MIDI functions, let’s start by hiding the entire MIDI menu: 1. Pull down the File menu and select “Preferences...”. The Preferences dialog opens. 2. In the left column, select “Configuration”. The Configuration page in the right column contains a hierarchical view of folders, similar to the one in the Windows Explorer or the MacOS Finder.
5. Click Apply to apply your changes without closing the dialog. The MIDI menu is hidden in the main menu bar. There is another column to the right, labeled “Comm”. This determines whether it should be possible to use key commands for the menu items (which can be possible even if the menu items are hidden from view). In this case we don’t want to use the MIDI features at all, so let’s turn off their key command functionality as well: 6. Click in the Comm column for the “MIDI” subfolder to set it to “Off”.
Setting preferences While we’re in the Preferences dialog, we might as well make a few other settings so that the program behaves the way we want it to: 1. In the left column, select the “Editing” item. The editing page to the right contains a number of options for how the program should behave. 2. Activate the option “Auto Select Events under Cursor” by clicking in its box to put a checkmark in it. When this option is activated, all events “touched” by the project cursor are automatically selected.
Using presets OK, so now we have set up some menus and preferences to our liking. By clicking Apply or OK, the changes you have made will be saved globally for all projects you work on. But what if a single project comes along when you need to use MIDI? You could of course go back and change the settings again, do the MIDI project and then change the settings once again. An easier way is to store the settings you’ve made as a preset.
Loading a preset 1. Select the “General” page and activate the option “Auto Save”. This is just for the sake of example. 2. Pull down the Preference Presets pop-up menu. The preset you previously saved is now available on the menu. 3. Select the stored preset from the menu. The Preferences settings contained in the preset are now applied. As you can see, the option “Auto Save” is deactivated again, since it was turned off in your preset.
Setting up Key Commands Next, we will set up some key commands. Key commands are shortcuts for menu items and functions, meaning you can invoke an item or a function just by pressing a key or a combination of keys on your keyboard. Key commands can be customized any way you like, so if you use a particular function very often for example, you can assign a key command for it. Or if it already has a key command assigned to it by default, you can change it to one that suits you better.
4. In the list, select the item “Import Audio File”. As you can see, this function has no key command assigned to it, as indicated by the empty “Keys” column and the “Keys” section in the top right corner. Now, how do we know which key command we can use – that is, find a key command that isn’t already used for some other function? Here’s how to find out: 5. Click in the “Type in Key” field to the right. There is now a flashing cursor in the field, indicating that you can type in it. 6.
Setting up a Macro We will also try setting up a key commands Macro. A Macro is a stored combination of several functions or commands. By invoking the Macro you can perform these functions and commands in one go, rather than manually performing them one at a time. In this example, we’ll create a Macro that will: • • Select all events in the project window Position the left and right locator to encompass the selection.
5. Now repeat this procedure to select the item “Locators to Selection” from the Transport folder and add it to the Macro. That’s it, we have now created a Macro with two commands. The Macro will be available for instant selection and execution on the Macros submenu at the bottom of the Edit menu in the program. If you like, you could also assign a key command to the Macro, by selecting the Macro in the Commands list and assigning a key command to it as described above. We will not do that now, however.
Changing the look of the Transport panel In Nuendo you can change the contents and look of several sections and panels, including the Transport panel, toolbars in the Project window and the editors, and the track controls in the Track list. The changes you can make include hiding unwanted controls and settings from view and reordering items on the panels. Below we will try customizing the Transport panel. According to the previous sections, the intention is to hide everything MIDI-related.
In this dialog you can decide which elements should be shown and hidden, by selecting them and moving them from column to column using the arrow buttons. The left column displays the currently visible items, and the right column the currently hidden items on the Transport panel. As you can see, the right column contains the MIDI Activity meter, since we’ve already hidden that from view. You can also configure the layout of the Transport panel here, by moving elements with the Move Up and Move Down buttons.
Creating a template If you often work with the same types of Projects, it might be a good idea to set up a track layout and then save it as a template. That way, you can select the saved template from the New Project dialog each time you create a new project, and start with your preferred layout and settings. Let’s say for example that you work with movie post production projects a lot and want to create a template with a convenient track layout.
1. Right-click (Windows) or [Ctrl]-click (Mac) anywhere in the Track list, and select “Add Multiple Tracks…” from the pop-up menu that appears. A dialog appears, allowing you to specify the type of tracks, the track configuration and the number of tracks. 2. Pull down the respective pop-up menus in the dialog and select the desired options. Type should be Audio of course. In this example we’ll use mono tracks, so select that. Finally, enter 8 in the Count menu.
• Should you need to move a track from the lower track list to the upper (or vice versa) you can do this by right-clicking (Windows) or [Ctrl]clicking (MacOS X) it in the track list and selecting “Toggle Lane”. Now, let’s see, what else do we need for a movie post production project? We could use a Marker track and a Time Scale track, both of which should also be placed in the upper track list. • • Marker tracks can contain Markers, which can be used for locating and jumping to certain positions.
1. Click in the left part of the time scale track in the Track list, and from the pop-up menu that appears, select “Feet+Frames 35mm”. This is a format that displays feet, frames and 1/4 frames, with 16 frames per foot. This layout should make a useful movie post production template. There’s one final thing to do before we save it: 2. Position the windows the way you want them. You may want to hide unwanted windows from view, position the Transport panel, maximize the Project window, etc.
Setting up Zoom presets When working in the Project window and the editors, you will typically need to zoom in and out depending on what you’re doing. In the project window, zooming can be done with the zoom sliders to the right, with the Zoom submenu on the Edit menu or with the magnification glass (see page 209 for more about zooming). Zoom presets are a handy way to toggle between different zoom settings.
3. Use the horizontal zoom slider to set a suitable horizontal zoom. Check the rulers to see how much of the project will be visible at different zoom factors. 4. When you’re satisfied, pull down the horizontal zoom menu and select “Add”. A dialog appears, allowing you to type in a name for the preset e.g. “Overview”. 5. Click OK to save the zoom preset. This will now be available on the horizontal zoom menu, from which it can be selected and applied. 6.
Creating window layouts The final task in this tutorial will be to set up a couple of window layouts. A window layout is a configuration of windows and their properties – their sizes and positions etc. This makes it possible to quickly switch between different working modes. In the following example, we will create two window layouts: One for editing purposes, with the Project window and the Project Browser displayed, and one for mixing purposes, with the Mixer and the Project window displayed. 1.
Now you can quickly switch between these two layouts: 8. Pull down the Window menu and display the Window Layouts submenu. Both layouts are listed at the bottom of the menu. 9. Select “Editing”. The mixer is closed, the Project Browser is opened and the windows are instantly positioned in the way you stored them. It’s also possible to switch window layouts by using key commands.
NUENDO 14 – 192 Tutorial 9: Customizing
15 Basic Nuendo concepts
About this chapter This chapter describes the basic “building blocks” and terminology in Nuendo. Please take your time to read this chapter thoroughly before moving on! The project The native document format of Nuendo is called a project. Before you can start recording, playing back or editing you always have to create a new project, or open a saved project file from disk. There can be several projects open at the same time, but one is always the active project. Two Project windows in Nuendo.
About the file and folder structure A project file (file extension “.npr” under Windows) is always associated with a project folder on your hard disk. Several projects can share the same project folder (which is practical if you have several versions of your project, for example). • The Audio folder contains audio files referenced by the project.
Audio terminology When you record audio in Nuendo, this is what happens: • • • An audio file is created on the hard disk. In Nuendo, an audio clip is created. The audio clip refers to the audio file on disk. An audio event is also created in Nuendo. This plays back the audio clip. There are good reasons for this long chain of references: • • The audio event is the object that you place on a time position in Nuendo.
Audio tracks, parts and channels For an audio event to be played back in Nuendo, it has to be placed on an audio track. This is similar to a track on a multi-track tape recorder, and allows you to view the event and move it along the timeline. You can place any number of audio events on an audio track, but only one at a time can be played back. You can have a virtually unlimited number of audio tracks, although the number of tracks you can play back at the same time depends on your computer performance.
MIDI terminology When you are recording MIDI (or entering MIDI data manually in an editor), MIDI events are created. For example, each note you record is a separate MIDI event, and if you record the movement of a modulation wheel or other controller, a large number of densely spaced events are created. MIDI events are always placed in MIDI parts. These are “containers”, allowing you to move or copy a number of MIDI events (e.g. a recorded MIDI melody line) as one item. MIDI parts are placed on MIDI tracks.
16 Basic Methods
About this chapter This chapter contains descriptions of the general methods and procedures used in Nuendo. As this information applies to all parts of the program and all ways of working, please take time to read this chapter before continuing with the Operation Manual. Using menus Main menus The menus in the main Nuendo menu bar are available regardless of which window is active. You select items from the main menus following the standard procedure for the operating system.
The Quick menu In Nuendo, clicking the right mouse button will bring up a contextual pop-up menu (under Mac OS X you need to press [Ctrl] and click, or preferably use a two-button mouse set up so that the right mouse button generates a [Ctrl]-click). Some areas have special context menus with functions or settings that only apply to the corresponding area (for example, right-clicking in a ruler brings up a pop-up menu with display format options).
Using tools Editing in Nuendo is largely done with the various tools. Typical examples are selecting and moving events with the Arrow (Object Selection) tool, drawing with the Pencil tool, deleting with the Eraser tool, etc. There are different tools for different windows. Tools can be selected in three ways: • By clicking the corresponding tool icon on the toolbar. When you click a tool icon, the pointer takes on the shape of the corresponding tool. • By using the Quick menu.
About tool tips If you position the pointer over a tool icon (or any other icon or button in Nuendo), a label will appear after a moment, informing you of the function of the icon or button. • This feature can be turned off by deactivating the option “Show Tips” on the General page in the Preferences dialog (found on the File menu under Windows and on the Nuendo menu under Mac OS X). Changing values Throughout the program you will encounter various value fields that can be edited.
• Point and click directly on the value segment, type a new value and press [Return]. • If you are using a wheel mouse, point at the value segment and use the wheel to raise or lower its value. Generally, we recommend that you use a wheel mouse, as this speeds up editing in many areas in Nuendo. You can also edit the whole value (all segments) by double clicking and typing in a new value.
Editing regular numeric values Numeric values other than positions are edited by clicking the value and editing numerically from the computer keyboard. In the Preferences dialog (Editing–Controls page) you can specify what should happen when you click on a value field. The “Value Box/ Time Control Mode” item contains the following options: • Option Description Text Input on Left-Click In this mode, clicking a value box will open it for editing by typing.
• For some values, you can hold down [Alt]/[Option], click on the value and keep the mouse button pressed to display a value slider. This allows you to scroll the value by dragging up or down with the mouse button pressed. When you release the mouse button, the value slider is hidden again. Adjusting the event volume setting on the info line. • Most values can also be edited using a wheel mouse: point at the value and use the wheel to raise or lower it.
Using knobs and sliders In the VST audio windows, most parameters are shown as knobs, sliders and buttons, emulating hardware interfaces. For knobs and sliders, you can select the desired way of making adjustments in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Controls page): Knobs The Knob Mode pop-up menu contains the following options: Option Description Circular To move a knob, you click on it and drag in a circular motion, much like turning a “real” knob.
Selecting objects Selecting Nuendo objects such as audio and MIDI events is generally done with the Arrow tool, according to standard selection procedures. • Clicking on an object selects it (and deselects any previously selected objects). • Holding down [Shift] and clicking on an object selects it without deselecting any other objects. • You can also create a selection rectangle by clicking in an empty area and dragging with the mouse button pressed.
Zoom and view techniques Scrolling the view If the active window isn’t large enough to show all its contents, you can scroll the view by using the standard window scroll bars. However, if you are using a wheel mouse, there are two additional ways to scroll: • Rolling the wheel will scroll the view vertically. If you hold down [Shift] and use the wheel, the view will be scrolled horizontally. Just make sure not to point at a value field, as this will edit the value instead.
• Clicking on a zoom slider will move the handle to the click position, instantly changing the magnification. ❐ If the project cursor is visible when you zoom in or out horizontally, the magnification will be “centered on the cursor”. In other words: if possible, the project cursor will remain in the same position on screen. Using the Magnifying Glass tool You can use the Magnifying Glass tool to zoom in and out horizontally, using the following methods: • Click once to zoom in one step.
Zooming in the ruler If the option “Zoom while Locating in Time Scale” is activated in the Preferences dialog (Transport page), you can use the rulers for zooming. This allows you to quickly zoom in or out on a certain position, without having to select a special tool: 1. Click in the ruler and keep the mouse button pressed. The project cursor is automatically moved to the click position. If you don’t want to move the cursor, press [Shift] and click in the ruler instead. 2.
Window handling Generally, Nuendo windows are handled according to the standard procedures. However, the Window menu contains some functions that make work quicker and easier: Menu item Description Close Closes the currently active window. If this is a Project window, you will close the current project. Close All Closes all windows, including all open projects. Minimize All Minimizes all windows. Restore All Restores all minimized Nuendo windows.
The Windows dialog By selecting “Windows…” from the Window menu, you open the Windows dialog. This allows you to manage the open windows in various ways. The display to the left lists all open windows, hierarchically arranged (so that editors and other windows that belong to a certain project are listed under the corresponding Project window). To the right are various window functions. To use one of the functions, proceed as follows: 1.
2. If you chose the “Selected” or “Cascaded” modes, select the desired windows by clicking in the list. As usual, you can select multiple items by holding [Shift] or [Ctrl]/[Command] and clicking. 3. Use the buttons to the right to activate (bring to front), minimize, restore or close the specified window(s). Closing a window will also remove it from the list. 4. When you are done, click OK to close the dialog. The Devices panel If you like, you can manage devices from a central Devices panel: 1.
Undo There are two ways to undo operations in Nuendo: by using “regular Undo” and by using the Offline Process History. • The regular Undo can be applied to virtually all actions you perform, in multiple levels. It is accessed by using the “Undo”, “Redo” and “History” items on the Edit menu, as described below.
The Edit History window Selecting “History…” from the Edit menu opens the Edit History window. This contains a graphic representation of the “Undo stack” (the performed actions, with the most recent action at the top of the stack) and the “Redo stack” (the undone actions, with the most recently undone action at the bottom of the stack). The two stacks are separated by a divider line. The most recently undone action. The Redo stack. The Undo stack. The most recently performed action.
The Edit History dialog allows you to undo or redo several actions in one go, by moving the divider between the Undo stack and the Redo stack (in essence, moving actions from the Undo stack to the Redo stack, or vice versa): 1. Click on the divider line and drag it up or down. Drag up to redo actions, drag down to undo them. In this case, the Delete and Split actions will be undone (and moved to the Redo stack).
NUENDO 16 – 218 Basic Methods
17 Shortcuts & key commands
About this chapter Most of the main menus in Nuendo have key command shortcuts for certain items on the menus. In addition, there are numerous other Nuendo functions that can be performed via key commands. These are all factory default settings, but can be customized if you like (see the chapter “Key commands” in the Operation Manual for details). The default key commands Below, the default key commands are listed according to category.
Audio category Option Key command Adjust Fades to Range [A] Crossfade [X] Find Selected in Pool [Ctrl]+[F] Devices category Option Key command Mixer [F3] Video [F8] VST Connections [F4] VST Instruments [F11] VST Performance [F12] Edit category Option Key command Autoscroll [F] Copy [Ctrl]+[C] Cut [Ctrl]+[X] Cut Time [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[X] Delete [Del] or [Back] Delete Time [Shift]+[Back] Duplicate [Ctrl]+[D] Group [Ctrl]+[G] Insert Silence [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[E] Left Selectio
Option Key command Mute [M] Mute Events [Shift]+[M] Mute/Unmute Objects [Alt]+[M] Open Default Editor [Ctrl]+[E] Open Score Editor [Ctrl]+[R] Open/Close Editor [Return] Paste [Ctrl]+[V] Paste at Origin [Alt]+[V] Paste Time [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[V] Record Enable [R] Redo [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[Z] Repeat [Ctrl]+[K] Right Selection Side to Cursor [D] Select All [Ctrl]+[A] Select None [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[A] Snap On/Off [J] Solo [S] Split At Cursor [Alt]+[X] Split Range [Shift]+[X] Undo [
Editors category Option Key command Show/Hide Infoview [Ctrl]+[I] Show/Hide Inspector [Alt]+[I] Show/Hide Overview [Alt]+[O] File category Option Key command Close [Ctrl]+[W] New [Ctrl]+[N] Open [Ctrl]+[O] Quit [Ctrl]+[Q] Save [Ctrl]+[S] Save As [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[S] Save New Version [Ctrl]+[Alt]+[S] Toggle Alternate Key Commands [F5] MIDI category Option Key command Quantize [Q] Shortcuts & key commands NUENDO 17 – 223
Navigate category Option Key command Expand/Undo selection in the Project win- [Shift]+[Down Arrow] dow to the bottom Move selected event in the Key Editor down 1 octave Expand/Undo selection in the Project window/Key Editor to the left [Shift]+[Left Arrow] Expand/Undo selection in the Project window/Key Editor to the right [Shift]+[Right Arrow] Expand/Undo selection in the Project [Shift]+[Up Arrow] window to the top Move selected event in the Key Editor up one octave Select next in the Project windo
Project category Option Key command Open Browser [Ctrl]+[B] Open Markers [Ctrl]+[M] Open MasterTrack [Ctrl]+[T] Open Pool [Ctrl]+[P] Setup [Shift]+[S] Tool category Option Key command Delete tool [5] Draw tool [8] Glue tool [4] Mute tool [7] Next Tool [F10] Play tool [9] Previous Tool [F9] Range tool [2] Select tool [1] Split tool [3] Zoom tool [6] Transport category Option Key command AutoPunch In [I] AutoPunch Out [O] Cycle Pad [/] Fast Forward [Shift]+Pad [+]
Option Key command Forward Pad [+] Input Left Locator [Shift]+[L] Input Position [Shift]+[P] Input Right Locator [Shift]+[R] Input Tempo [Shift]+[T] Insert Marker [Insert] Locate Next Event [N] Locate Next Marker [Shift]+[N] Locate Previous Event [B] Locate Previous Marker [Shift]+[B] Locate Selection [L] Locators to Selection [P] Loop Selection [Shift]+[G] Metronome On [C] Nudge Down [Ctrl]+Pad [-] Nudge Up [Ctrl]+Pad [+] Panel (Transport panel) [F2] Play Selection Range
Option Key command StartStop [Space] Stop Pad [0] Sync Online [T] To Left Locator Pad [1] To Marker 1 [Shift]+[1] To Marker 2 [Shift]+[2] To Marker 3 to 9 Pad [3] to [9] or [Shift]+[3] to [9] To Right Locator Pad [2] Window Layout category Option Key command Layout 1 to 9 [Alt]+Pad [1] to [9] New [Ctrl]+Pad [0] Organize [W] Recapture [Alt]+Pad [0] Zoom category Option Key command Zoom Full [Shift]+[F] Zoom In [H] Zoom In Tracks [Alt]+[Down Arrow] Zoom Out [G] Zoom Out T
NUENDO 17 – 228 Shortcuts & key commands
Index
A ACPI 58 Activate Project button 99 Add Bus 120 Add Child Bus 121 Add Multiple Tracks 185 Add Track 74 All MIDI Inputs 52 Alt/Option key 14 Alternative Key Sets 181 Apple Help 13 Arrow tool 134 ASIO 2.
E I Edit History window 216 Edits folder 195 Effects Applying 160 Send effects (Audio) 107, 111 EQ 103 Eraser tool 136 Events Audio 196 Copying 135 Erasing 136 MIDI 198 Moving 134 Muting 136 Resizing 138 Splitting 137 Expert settings 57 Export Audio Mixdown 128 Images folder 195 Input busses 75 Input level 41, 78 Input ports 46 Insert effects (Audio) 111 Installation Mac 34 Windows 25 K Fade-in 139 Key command conventions 14 Key commands Assigning 178 List of default commands 221 Macros 180 Key Editor
Menus About 200 Customizing 173 MIDI channel 90 MIDI events 198 MIDI input Selecting for tracks 89 Setting default 53 MIDI Interface Installing (Mac) 33 Installing (Windows) 24 MIDI interface Connecting 49 MIDI output 90 MIDI parts 198 MIDI ports Default 53 Setting up 52 MIDI recording 92 MIDI Thru 88 MIDI Thru Active 50 MIDI tracks About 198 Creating 89 Mixer 100 Mixing down to disk 128 Modifier keys 14 Monitor (MIDI tracks) 150 Monitoring About 48 Setting up 81 Mouse recommendations 31 Multimedia driver 2
Q T Quantize 167 Quick menu 201 Template 184 Tips 203 Tools 202 Track Parameters 94 Tracks Audio 197 MIDI 198 Video 198 Transport panel Customizing 182 Overview 61 Transpose 94 Two-button mouse (Mac) 31 R RAM Mac 31 Windows 19 Range Selection tool 157 Record Enable 80 Recording levels 41 Redo 137, 215 Release ASIO Driver in Background 44 Repeat 135 Ruler zooming 211 S Sample Editor 156 Save as Template 184 Scissors tool 137 Scroll bars 209 Select All 135 Selecting objects 208 Send effects (Audio) 107 S
W Wheel mouse Scrolling 209 Value editing 204 Window layouts 190 Window menu 212 Windows dialog 213 Z Zoom presets 188 Zoom sliders 209 Zoom submenu 210 Zoom while Locating in Time Scale 211 NUENDO 234 Index
