User Guide

328
Chapter 16
Assumptions. Some statistics and measures assume ordered categories (ordinal data)
or quantitative values (interval or ratio data), as discussed in the section on statistics.
Others are v
alid when the table variables have unordered categories (nominal data).
For the chi-square-based statistics (phi, Cramér’s V, and contingency coefficient), the
data should be a random sample from a multinomial distribution.
Note:Ordin
al variables can be either numeric codes that represent categories (for
example, 1 = low,2=medium,3=high) or string values. However, the alphabetic
order of string values is assumed to reflect the true order of the categories. For
example, f
or a string variable with the values of low, medium, high, the order of the
categories is interpreted as high, low, medium—which is not the correct order. In
general, it is more reliable to use numeric codes to represent ordinal data.
Figure 16-1
Crosstabs output
To Obtain Crosstabulations
E From the menus choose:
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Crosstabs...