User's Manual
Table Of Contents
- Telemetry Transmitter
- Table of Contents
- Conventions Used in This Manual 1-1
- Nurses 1-7
- Monitor Technicians 1-7
- Biomedical Engineers 1-7
- Physicians 1-7
- Patients 1-7
- Sources of Interference 1-8
- Potential Sources of Damage 1-8
- Optional Leadwire Grouper 2-3
- Leadwire Color Codes 2-4
- Telemetry Channel Label 2-5
- Adult Electrode Placement 3-3
- Lead Fault Indication 3-4
- Noise Detection 3-4
- False Alarms 3-5
- Traditional Pulse Oximetry 3-5
- Electrodes, Leadwires, Sensors, and Sensor Cables 3-7
- Electrodes, Leadwires, Sensors and Sensor Cables 3-8
- Spacelabs Healthcare Technology 3-13
- Additional Information for Telemetry Products 3-13
- Telemetry 3-13
- Heart Rate Averaging 3-13
- Spacelabs Healthcare SpO2 Sensors 3-18
- Additional Information 3-18
- Transmitter Batteries 4-1
- Host Monitors 4-2
- Telemetry Receiver Module 4-2
- Assigning a Telemetry Channel 4-3
- Top, Front and Bottom View (96281-C) 4-4
- Rear View (96281-C) 4-5
- Front View (96281-A) 4-6
- Battery Compartment (96281-A, 96281-B, 96281-C) 4-7
- ECG 4-12
- SpO2 4-14
- Cleaning/Disinfecting 5-1
- Recommended Cleaning Solutions 5-2
- Basic Cleaning and Low-level Disinfection 5-3
- Cleaning ECG Leadwires 5-3
- Cleaning Buttons 5-3
- Cleaning the Battery Cover 5-3
- Table 1—Electromagnetic Emmissions A-1
- Table 2—Electromagnetic Immunity A-2
- Table 2—Electromagnetic Immunity (continued) A-3
- Table 3—Separation Distances A-4
- Introduction
- About the Transmitters
- ECG and SpO2
- ECG Overview
- Patient Preparation and Electrode Application
- To Set Up ECG Monitoring
- ECG Problem Solving
- SpO2 Overview
- Warnings and Cautions for SpO2
- Setting Up SpO2 Monitoring
- Ensuring Accurate SpO2 Monitoring
- SpO2 and Pulse Rate Specifications
- Using the Sensorwatch Feature
- Enabling and Adjusting Alarms
- Data Averaging
- Display Details at the Host Monitor
- Printing SpO2 Waveforms
- SpO2 Messages at the Host Monitor
- Sensors
- SpO2 Alarm Delays
- SpO2 Troubleshooting Guide
- Basic Operations
- Getting Started
- Basic Components
- Selecting Options for Leads
- Basic User Actions
- Basic Modes of Operation
- View Mode
- Status Messages at the Host Monitor
- Telemetry Transmitter with ECG Only Troubleshooting Guide
- Telemetry Transmitter with Display Troubleshooting Guide
- Telemetry Transmitter with Display and SpO2 Troubleshooting Guide
- Cleaning, Disinfecting, and Sterilization
- Appendix A — Guidance and Manufacturer’s Declaration
- Appendix B — Symbols
TELEMETRY TRANSMITTER (96281) OPERATIONS MANUAL 3-5
ECG AND SP O
2
False Alarms
Careful attention to skin preparation and electrode application, especially during setup, will reduce
false alarms.
If false alarms occur, check for the issues from the list that follows:
• Excessive noise on the signal (the most common cause of false alarms). Electrodes that are
placed incorrectly over muscles, or a poor lead connection, can cause significant noise when
the patient moves.
• Heart rate limits set too close to patient's heart rate. Adjust the limits as necessary.
SpO
2
Overview
Pulse oximetry is used to continuously and noninvasively measure functional oxygen saturation in the
blood. Pulse oximetry is measured by using changes in light absorption, as the light passes over a
pulsating arteriolar bed. Pulse oximetry is also used to continuously and noninvasively measure pulse
rate, using an SpO
2
sensor.
Note:
SpO
2
functionality is only available on the 96281-C telemetry transmitter.
The pulse oximetry sensor contains two light-emitting diodes (LEDs). These LEDs emit specific
wavelengths of red and infrared light, which are measured by a photo detector. The monitor shows this
functional oxygen saturation as percent SpO
2
.
The amount of light absorbed by the arteriolar bed varies during pulsations. During systole, a pulse of
arterial blood enters the vascular bed, increasing the blood volume and light absorption. During
diastole, blood volume and light absorption reach their lowest point. The pulse oximeter’s SpO
2
measurement depends on the difference between the maximum and minimum absorption (systole and
diastole, respectively).
Traditional Pulse Oximetry
Traditional pulse oximetry is based on two principles:
• Oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin differ in their absorption of red and infrared light
(spectrophotometry).
• The volume of arterial blood in tissue and the light absorbed by the blood changes during the pulse
(plethysmography).
Traditional pulse oximetry assumes that all of the pulsations in the light absorbance signal are due to
oscillations in the arterial blood volume. Therefore, the blood flow in the region of the sensor passes
entirely through the capillary bed. Concentrating on the light absorption of pulsatile arterial blood
eliminates the effects of non-pulsatile absorbers (such as bone, tissue, pigmentation, and venous
blood), which normally absorb a constant amount of light over time.
Oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin differ in light absorption. The amount of red and infrared light
absorbed by blood can be used to calculate the ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin to total hemoglobin in
arterial blood, at each of two wavelengths (such as 660 nm and 940 nm). This ratio is translated into
the functional oxygen saturation (SpO
2
) measurement that the monitor shows.
D R A F T
22 June 2012