User's Manual
Table Of Contents
- Introduction
- About the Transmitters
- ECG and SpO2
- ECG Overview
- Patient Preparation and Electrode Application
- To Set Up ECG Monitoring
- ECG Problem Solving
- SpO2 Overview
- Warnings and Cautions for SpO2
- Setting Up SpO2 Monitoring
- Ensuring Accurate SpO2 Monitoring
- SpO2 and Pulse Rate Specifications
- Using the Sensorwatch Feature
- Enabling and Adjusting Alarms
- Data Averaging
- Display Details at the Host Monitor
- Printing SpO2 Waveforms
- SpO2 Messages at the Host Monitor
- SENSOR DISCONNECTED — Check connection at adapter cable
- SENSOR OFF PATIENT — Check connection at patient
- INSUFFICIENT SIGNAL — Reposition or replace sensor
- LOW SIGNAL STRENGTH — Reposition or replace sensor
- AMBIENT LIGHT INTERFERENCE — Cover sensor area
- NOISY SIGNAL
- FAULTY SENSOR — Replace sensor
- HARDWARE INCOMPATIBILITY — Contact service
- Sensors
- SpO2 Alarm Delays
- SpO2 Troubleshooting Guide
- Basic Operations
- Getting Started
- Basic Components
- Selecting Options for Leads
- Basic User Actions
- Basic Modes of Operation
- View Mode
- Status Messages at the Host Monitor
- Telemetry Transmitter with ECG Only Troubleshooting Guide
- Telemetry Transmitter with Display Troubleshooting Guide
- Telemetry Transmitter with Display and SpO2 Troubleshooting Guide
- Cleaning, Disinfecting, and Sterilization
- Appendix A — Guidance and Manufacturer’s Declaration
- Appendix B — Symbols
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3-6
T
ELEMETRY TRANSMITTER (96281)
ECG
AND SP O
2
SpO
2
Overview
Pulse oximetry is used to continuously and noninvasively measure
functional oxygen saturation in the blood. Pulse oximetry is
measured by using changes in light absorption, as the light passes
over a pulsating arteriolar bed. Pulse oximetry is also used to
continuously and noninvasively measure pulse rate, using an SpO
2
sensor.
Note:
SpO
2
functionality is only available on the 96281-C telemetry
transmitter.
The pulse oximetry sensor contains two light-emitting diodes
(LEDs). These LEDs emit specific wavelengths of red and infrared
light, which are measured by a photo detector. The monitor shows
this functional oxygen saturation as percent SpO
2
.
The amount of light absorbed by the arteriolar bed varies during
pulsations. During systole, a pulse of arterial blood enters the
vascular bed, increasing the blood volume and light absorption.
During diastole, blood volume and light absorption reach their
lowest point. The pulse oximeter’s SpO
2
measurement depends on
the difference between the maximum and minimum absorption
(systole and diastole, respectively).
Traditional Pulse Oximetry
Traditional pulse oximetry is based on two principles:
• Oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin differ in their absorption
of red and infrared light (spectrophotometry).
• The volume of arterial blood in tissue and the light absorbed by
the blood changes during the pulse (plethysmography).
Traditional pulse oximetry assumes that all of the pulsations in the
light absorbance signal are due to oscillations in the arterial blood
volume. Therefore, the blood flow in the region of the sensor passes
entirely through the capillary bed. Concentrating on the light
absorption of pulsatile arterial blood eliminates the effects of non-
pulsatile absorbers (such as bone, tissue, pigmentation, and venous
blood), which normally absorb a constant amount of light over time.
Oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin differ in light absorption. The
amount of red and infrared light absorbed by blood can be used to
calculate the ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin to total hemoglobin in
arterial blood, at each of two wavelengths (such as 660 nm and 940
nm). This ratio is translated into the functional oxygen saturation
(SpO
2
) measurement that the monitor shows.
Note:
•Because SpO
2
measurements depend upon light from a
sensor, excessive ambient light can interfere with the pulse
oximeter’s measurements.