TABLE OF CONTENTS
2 5 Installation 37 Audio Basics 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 10 Welcome! About the manuals What is in the Reason package? Requirements About the Audio Hardware About MIDI Interfaces Installing the Software The Factory Sound Bank 38 38 39 40 40 About this chapter How Reason communicates with your audio hardware About Sample Rates and Resolutions About Audio Levels Master Tune 11 Setting Up 12 13 15 16 About this Chapter Setting up the Audio Hardware Setting up MIDI Input Setting Sound and Patch Search Paths
63 Using Pattern Devices 64 64 65 66 67 67 67 About this chapter What are Pattern Devices? Selecting Patterns Programming a Pattern Clearing a Pattern Using Cut, Copy and Paste Pattern Functions 69 The Browser 70 72 74 Background The Browser Handling Missing Sounds 77 Working with Patches 78 78 79 80 80 What are Patches? Selecting a Patch Saving Patches Copying and Pasting Patches between Devices Initializing Patches 81 Song File Handling 82 83 84 84 84 84 85 85 86 About Self-contained Songs
4 TABLE OF CONTENTS
INSTALLATION 1
Welcome! About the manuals Thank you for purchasing Reason! This is the Getting Started manual, covering the basic features and procedures in Reason. It also contains a tutorial section and a guided tour, to help you get going with the program. This program is our biggest effort to date. We hope you will enjoy using it just as much as we enjoyed making it! You see, at Propellerhead Software, we are very much our own users. We make the products we want for ourselves.
What is in the Reason package? When you purchase Reason, the package contains the following items: ➜ The Program Disc CD. This contains the Reason installer, OMS installer (Mac only), electronic documentation in Adobe Acrobat format, and an installer for Adobe Acrobat Reader. There may also be additional files such as promotional material, demo versions of other Propellerhead Software products, etc. ➜ The Factory Sound Bank CD.
About the Audio Hardware The audio hardware is the computer equipment that converts the digital signals from Reason to analog audio signals (for connection to an amplifier, headphones, or similar). This equipment could be a standard stereo sound card, the built-in audio hardware on a Macintosh or some more advanced audio card with several inputs and outputs, digital connectors, etc.
About MIDI Interfaces While it is possible to use Reason without an external MIDI controller (by playing patterns and loops only, or drawing notes and automation in the sequencer), this would not allow you to use the program to its full potential. From now on we assume that you are using a MIDI interface and some kind of external MIDI controller (typically a MIDI keyboard). ➜ When installing the MIDI interface and its drivers, follow the instructions in its documentation carefully.
Installing the Software Now it’s time to install the actual Reason software: 1. Insert the Reason CD labeled “Program Disc” into your CD-ROM drive. 2. On the CD-ROM, locate the file called “Install Reason” and double click on it. 3. Follow the instructions on screen. 4. During the installation, you will be asked whether you want to install the “Reason Factory Sound Bank” or not. This is a large (roughly 500 MegaByte) file containing patches, samples and loops.
SETTING UP 2
About this Chapter Should you need to change your settings at a later stage, you can open the Preferences dialog from the Edit menu. This chapter describes the settings you need to make before you can start using Reason. These are necessary in order to get any sounds from the program and to be able to play and control Reason via MIDI. About the Preferences The first time you launch Reason, you haven’t yet made any Preference settings.
Setting up the Audio Hardware The first thing you need to do is to establish a connection between Reason and the audio hardware. This is done by selecting a driver - a software component that acts like a glue between the program and the audio hardware. Proceed as follows: 1. In the Preferences dialog, use the pop-up menu at the top to select the Audio page.
About Latency At the bottom of the audio page in the Preferences dialog, you will find an indication of the current Output Latency. OK, so why not just set the latency to the lowest possible value? The problem is that selecting too low a latency is likely to result in playback problems (clicks, pops, dropouts, etc.). There are several technical reasons for this, the main one being that with smaller buffers (lower latency), the average strain on the CPU will be higher.
About Latency Compensation In the lower right corner of the Preferences-Audio dialog, you will find a setting called Latency Compensation. This value is used internally in Reason to compensate for the latency when synchronizing Reason to another MIDI sequencer or similar. Usually, Latency Compensation is set to the same value as the Output Latency, but it is possible to increase it (see the electronic documentation). Normally however, you shouldn’t need to touch this parameter. Setting up MIDI Input 4.
Setting Sound and Patch Search Paths Reason songs and patches can contain references to other files on your hard disk, such as samples. To keep track of all files, Reason makes use of a “database”. If you keep your Reason files within the database, Reason can update file paths, automatically search for missing files, etc. This database consists of up to four different folders on disk (and all their subfolders). You specify which folders to use as database in the following way: 1.
QUICK TUTORIAL 3
About this Chapter 9. Near the top of the rack is a mixer device - make sure this is visible. You may need to scroll the view using the vertical scrollbar to the right in the rack. This chapter is a quick introduction to the basics in Reason, laid out as stepby-step tutorials. At the end of the chapter you will also find a “guided tour”, describing the different areas and devices in the program. The scrollbar.
You may also want to add some effects to the music. In this song, there are two effect devices connected: a delay and a chorus/flanger. These are connected as send effects from the mixer, allowing you to specify how much of each mixer channel signal should be sent to each effect. 13. Raise the Aux send level knobs at the top of a mixer channel. Send 1 is connected to the delay, while send 2 goes to the chorus/ flanger. Creating a new song 1.
Now you could try playing the Subtractor synth “live” (provided you have a MIDI keyboard or similar hooked up): 10. Click the Find All ReFills button at the top of the dialog. 7. In the sequencer, click in the In column for the synthesizer track (to the left of the name), so that a MIDI connector symbol is shown. This symbol indicates that incoming MIDI is routed to the track. And since the track is connected to the Subtractor device, any notes you play on your MIDI keyboard will be sent to the synth.
It’s possible to play the drum machine device via MIDI in the same way, but let’s try creating a pattern with the built-in pattern sequencer instead: 14. Click the folder button in the lower left corner of the Redrum device panel. This opens the patch browser for the drum machine, allowing you to select a Redrum patch (a drum kit). Note that there are folder buttons for each drum sound channel too - these let you add drum samples one by one and create your own drum kits.
18. Click the Select button for one of the drum sounds. In Redrum, you add drum beats for one sound at the time. 19. Click on the first step button (marked 1). The button lights up, indicating a drum beat. Now try recording some synth notes in the sequencer: 23. Click in the In column for the synthesizer track in the sequencer so that the MIDI connector symbol appears. 24. Click the record button in the transport panel. The button lights up, indicating record standby mode.
33. Click and drag the Filter 1 Freq slider on the Subtractor panel. The changes you make will be heard immediately. 34. Click stop twice to end recording and go back to the beginning of the song. If you look at the Subtractor panel, you will note that there is a green frame around the filter slider now. This indicates that the parameter is automated. 35. Play back the song again. You will see the filter slider moving, exactly as you moved it during recording.
Guided Tour On the following pages you will find a brief “guided tour” through the program. This helps you get familiar with the different devices and their uses. The Back The Rack If you press [Tab] or select Toggle Rack Front/Rear on the Options menu, the rack will be “turned” to show you the back. This is the virtual rack, the heart of Reason. At the top of the rack you will always find the Hardware Interface, which allows Reason to communicate with the audio hardware and MIDI interfaces.
The Transport Panel When the arrange view is selected, you will see the tracks lined up vertically, with the recorded events indicated as colored bars (red for notes, yellow for pattern changes and blue for controllers). A ruler at the top of the view shows the meter positions. The panel at the bottom of each song document window is called the transport panel.
The Devices Mixer The following devices are available in Reason: Reason Hardware Interface This device handles Reason’s communication with your hardware. The upper half of the hardware interface contains settings for MIDI input, allowing you to select a separate MIDI channel for each device when controlling Reason from an external multi-channel MIDI source.
NN19 Digital Sampler The NN19 allows you to load samples (Wave or AIFF files) and create multisample patches by mapping samples across the keyboard. Once you have loaded one or several samples, you can modify the sound using synth-type parameters such as a filter, envelopes and an LFO. Dr. Rex Loop Player Redrum Drum Computer The Redrum is a sample-based drum machine with ten drum sound channels.
RV-7 Digital Reverb CF-101 Chorus/Flanger This is a reverb effect with ten different reverb algorithms, ranging from hall and room simulations to special effects. You can fine-tune the effect with the knobs on the device panel if you like. The reverb is normally used as a send effect. The CF-101 does double duty as chorus (for making textures rich and swirly) and flanger (for creating sweeping, metallic effects).
The Matrix Pattern Sequencer The Matrix is a stand-alone pattern sequencer, somewhat similar to a vintage analog sequencer. A Matrix pattern can have between 1 and 32 steps, and for each step you can specify which control voltage levels should be sent out from the three separate CV outputs on the back of the device. If you like, you could view this as having three separate pattern sequencers in one. By connecting the Matrix to e.g.
30 QUICK TUTORIAL
COMMON OPERATIONS AND CONCEPTS 4
About this Chapter Making Settings This chapter describes some general methods and techniques employed throughout Reason. It also contains some terminology, useful for better understanding the program and the manual. To make your work with Reason as effective and rewarding as possible, we recommend that you read this chapter.
Sliders Buttons Many modes and functions are controlled by clicking buttons. Most of the buttons in Reason have a “built-in” LED, indicating whether the button is pressed or not. Numerical Values To move a slider, click on the slider handle and drag up or down. ➜ You can also click anywhere on the slider to instantly move the handle to that position. ➜ If you press [Shift] and drag, the slider will move slower, allowing for higher precision.
Tool Tips If you position the pointer over a parameter on a device panel and wait a moment, a tool tip will appear. This displays the name of the parameter and its current value. This helps you fine-tune settings, set several parameters to the same value, etc.
Undo If you now select Undo, your latest action (the tempo change) will be undone, and moved to a “Redo list”: UNDO Virtually all actions in Reason can be undone. This includes creation, deletion and reordering of devices in the Rack, parameter value adjustments, editing in the sequencer and tempo/time signature adjustments. You can undo up to 10 actions. REDO 4. Change pan 3. Adjust Attack 2.
Window Techniques The border between two panes are called dividers. You can adjust the height of the panes by clicking on their divider and dragging up or down. Enlarging the upper pane will shrink the lower and vice versa. Using more than one Reason Song window You can have several Reason Songs open at the same time. Each will appear in a separate Reason window, complete with rack, sequencer and transport bar areas. Each window can be moved, minimized and resized using standard Mac/Windows procedures.
AUDIO BASICS 5
About this chapter This chapter contains some useful information about how audio is handled by Reason. Some of it may seem a bit technical, but we recommend that you read it, to get the most out of Reason. How Reason communicates with your audio hardware Reason generates and plays back digital audio - a stream of numerical values in the form of ones and zeroes.
About Sample Rates and Resolutions Sample rate and resolution are properties of digital audio, which determine the quality of the sound. Generally, higher sample rate and resolution result in better audio quality (but also larger audio files and higher demands on computer performance and audio hardware). This table shows some common sample rate/resolution combinations: | Sample rate: Playing back During playback, the audio resolution is determined by the audio hardware.
About Audio Levels Master Tune When playing back in Reason, you should keep an eye on the Audio Out Clipping indicator on the transport panel. If this lights up, the audio level is too high, resulting in clipping (digital distortion). By default, Reason plays back a “middle A” at 440 Hz, which is the standard tuning in most instruments.
MANAGING THE RACK 6
About this Chapter Creating Devices As you have seen by now, the central part of Reason is the rack. This is where you create and configure your devices, and make parameter settings. This chapter describes all the procedures for managing the rack, that is, procedures and techniques common to all devices. Device parameter specifics are described in the electronic documentation. To create a new device, select the desired item on the Create menu.
Selecting Devices Deleting Devices Some operations (e.g. cutting, copying and deleting devices) require that you select one or several devices in the rack. This is done according to the following rules: To delete one or several devices, select them and use one of the following methods: ➜ To select a single device, click on it in the rack. The selected device is displayed with a blue border. ➜ Press [Backspace] or [Delete]. ➜ Select “Delete Device” from the Edit menu or the device context menu.
In this example a D-11 distortion device is moved: In this case, the red line indicates that the distortion device will be inserted to the left of the phaser. Duplicating Devices To make a copy of a device in the rack, hold down [Option] (Mac) or [Ctrl] (Windows) and drag it to a new position. ➜ If you hold down [Shift] when you duplicate the device, Reason will attempt to automatically route it, just as when you move devices. See page 45. This is the result.
A Quick Note on Routing ! This section only describes the basics in routing. For detailed descriptions of routing procedures and possibilities, see the electronic documentation. Reason allows for extremely flexible routing of audio and control signals between the devices in the rack. Basically, routing can be done automatically or manually: Automatic Routing Auto-routing means that Reason makes all basic audio connections for a device, in one go.
Manual Routing To connect devices manually, you need to flip the rack around to see the back. This is done by pressing [Tab] or selecting “Toggle Rack Front/Rear” from the Options menu. There are two ways to route audio from one device to another: by connecting “virtual patch cables” between inputs and outputs, and by selecting connections from a pop-up menu: Using Cables ! For the cables to be visible, the option “Show Cables” must be activated on the Options menu. See below. 1.
These cables are green, indicating effect device connections. 3. Select the desired connector from the submenu. The connection is created. Disconnecting Devices Again, there are two ways to disconnect devices: ➜ Click on one end of the cable, drag it away from the jack and drop it anywhere away from a jack. or ➜ Click on one of the connectors and select “Disconnect” from the context menu that appears. This cable is yellow, indicating a CV connection.
Routing MIDI to a Device There are several ways to send MIDI from an external MIDI controller to a Reason device, as described in the electronic documentation. However, in this book we stick to the most common method: to route MIDI via the sequencer. With this method, incoming MIDI (e.g. from your MIDI keyboard) is sent to one of the tracks in Reason’s sequencer. The sequencer will then pass it on to a device in the rack (the device to which the track is routed).
Note that the mixer channel tape strips show the name of the device directly connected to the mixer! This means that if you have an instrument device routed through an insert effect, the mixer channel tape strip will show the name of the insert effect device (as this is the device directly connected to the mixer channel). In this case, you may want to rename the insert effect device, to indicate the connected instrument.
50 MANAGING THE RACK
THE SEQUENCER - BASICS 7
About the Sequencer The sequencer is your main composition tool in Reason. This is where you record notes, controllers, device parameter automation and pattern changes. In this chapter you will find descriptions of all basic procedures; recording, playing back and handling sequencer tracks. For descriptions of editing, quantizing, using groups, etc, please refer to the electronic documentation.
Sequencer window handling ➜ When editing the contents of a sequencer track, the right part of the sequencer area can be divided into different lanes. Typically, you would view the note information in one lane, controller curve in another lane, etc. You can adjust the size of the lanes by dragging the dividers between them. The sequencer area below the rack. The basic window techniques in Reason have been described on page 36.
Managing Tracks Selecting a track will automatically scroll the rack to bring the corresponding device into view. Creating Tracks ➜ You can also select the next or previous track in the list by using the up and down arrow keys on the computer keyboard. As described on page 42, tracks are automatically created when you create instrument devices in the rack. Still, you may need to create additional tracks (e.g.
Connecting a Track to a Device Deleting Tracks To the right of the track name you will find the Out column. During playback (and when you play Reason via MIDI, this setting determines to which device each track will send MIDI data. To delete one or several tracks, select them and press [Backspace].
About the two Views While the left part of the sequencer area always contains the track list, there are two different view modes for the right part: Arrange View and Edit View. You change between the two view by clicking the corresponding button in the top left corner of the sequencer area. Arrange View Click this button to select the Arrange view. About the Ruler, Song Position and Locators Regardless of which view mode is selected, you will find a horizontal ruler at the top of the sequencer display.
Transport Controls Overview The transport panel is located at the bottom of each song document window. This is where you activate playback, recording, fast forward/rewind, etc. Here is a brief overview of the controls, to help you find your way in the recording and playback procedures on the following pages.
Recording To record MIDI from an external MIDI instrument, proceed as follows: 1. Make sure MIDI is routed to the desired track. See page 54. 2. Move the song position to where you want the recording to start. Recording always starts at the song position. Recording more tracks Once you have recorded something, you can continue recording on other tracks, while hearing the first recording play back. Just remember to route MIDI to the desired recording track.
Replacing a section of a previous recording Positioning If you have made a largely successful recording, in which only a section needs to be redone, you can use Replace mode for this: 1. Select Replace mode. 2. Start playback at a position before the faulty section. 3. At the start of the section, activate recording. 4. Re-record the section. 5. At the end of the faulty section, deactivate recording or stop. The song position is indicated by the vertical line with the “P” marker in the ruler.
Using the Loop About Snap to Grid In loop mode, the sequencer will repeat a section over and over again, during playback or recording. You specify the section to be looped by setting the left and right locator: The Snap on/off button. The Snap value pop-up. The Snap to Grid function (from now on called “Snap”) restricts movement to specific positions.
Mute and Solo To mute a track means to silence it, so that no data is sent from the track during playback. This can be very useful when you are trying out different versions of an arrangement, for bringing elements in and out of the mix during playback, etc. ➜ To mute (silence) a track, click in the M column in the track list. The notes and events on the muted track will not be heard on playback. A red cross indicates a muted track.
62 THE SEQUENCER - BASICS
USING PATTERN DEVICES 8
About this chapter As of this writing, Reason includes two pattern-based devices: the Redrum drum computer and the Matrix Pattern Sequencer (additional pattern devices may be added in upcoming versions). While these two devices are very different in most ways, they handle patterns following the same basic rules, as described in this chapter. ! ➜ You can also run a pattern device separately (without starting the main sequencer or other pattern devices) by clicking the Run button on the device panel.
Selecting Patterns Each pattern device has 32 pattern memories, divided into four banks (A, B, C, D). The Bank and Pattern buttons for the Matrix pattern sequencer. ➜ To select a pattern in the current bank, click on the desired Pattern button (1-8). If you like, you can assign computer key commands and/or MIDI messages to pattern selection. See the electronic documentation. ➜ To select a pattern in another bank, first click the desired Bank button (A, B, C, D) and then click the Pattern button.
Programming a Pattern If you change the resolution of an existing pattern, the audible effect will be a change of pattern playback speed. This may seem strange at first, but if you think about it, it’s logical: The actual programming procedure differs for the different devices (see the electronic documentation for descriptions of the Redrum and Matrix, respectively). Let’s say you have a 16 step pattern with resolution set to 1/16.
Clearing a Pattern To clear (empty) a pattern, select it and use the Clear Pattern command on the Edit menu or device context menu. ! Note that clearing a pattern doesn’t affect the pattern length, resolution or shuffle settings! 6. Select Paste Pattern from the Edit menu or the device context menu. You can also hold [Command] (Mac) or [Ctrl] (Windows) and press [V] to copy.
68 USING PATTERN DEVICES
THE BROWSER 9
Background About the Database Reason songs and patches can contain references to other files on your hard disk, namely samples (wave or aiff files) or loop files created in ReCycle (REX files, see below). To keep track of all files, Reason makes use of a “database”. If you keep your Reason files within the database, Reason can update file paths, automatically search for missing files, etc.
Reason File Formats The following table lists the file formats that you can browse and open using Reason’s browser: | File type | Extension | Description Song .rsn This is the main document format in Reason. It contains your music and the setup of the rack, along with references to any used samples and loops (or it can contain the actual samples and loops, if you have made the song “self-contained”). Published Song .rps A published song is a self-contained song intended for playback only.
The Browser Navigating The browser is a special file dialog that appears when you open songs or load patches, samples or REX files, from within a ReFill or from regular file folders. Its appearance varies slightly depending on what type of file you are opening.
Find All ReFills button Clicking this button will make the program look for all available ReFills and list them in the main file display. Getting Info The area to the right of the file display is the info area. This will show information about the item that is currently selected in the file display. Exactly which information is shown depends on the file type.
Handling Missing Sounds The Missing Sounds dialog Sampler patches and drum machine patches contain references to samples - files on your hard disk. The same is true for songs that contain samples (in sampler or drum machine devices) or REX files.
Auto Search Proceeding If you click the Auto Search button, Reason will search for the selected files in all database folders. If the program finds a file with the matching name and file type, the new path is stored in the song/patch and the file is shown as “Replaced” in the Status column. At any point, you can click the OK button to close the dialog and open the song or patch.
76 THE BROWSER
WORKING WITH PATCHES 10
What are Patches? Selecting a Patch A Reason patch contains settings for a specific device. As explained in the chapter “The Browser”, patches can either be separate files on your hard disk or files embedded in a ReFill. To select a patch for a device, use one of the following methods: ➜ Click the folder button in the Patch section on the device panel. Three device types use patches: ➜ Subtractor synth patches contain all settings on the device panel.
➜ If you click on the patch name display on the device panel, a pop-up menu will appear, listing all patches in the current folder. This allows you to quickly select another patch in the same folder, without having to step through each one in turn. Saving Patches Saving device settings in a song When you save a Reason song, all settings for all devices are automatically included in the song file - there is no need to save the patches separately.
➜ If you have selected a patch, modified it and want to save it with the modifications, you could either save a separate, modified version of the patch (with a new name) or simply overwrite the old patch file on disk. As usual, you will be asked whether you really want to replace the existing patch file. ! Note that you cannot save into a ReFill! This means that if you have opened a patch from within a ReFill, modified it and want to save it, you need to save it as a separate file.
SONG FILE HANDLING 11
About Self-contained Songs The song is the main file format in Reason. A song contains the device setup and all settings in the rack, as well as everything you have recorded in the sequencer. However, this is not always sufficient! Should you open your song on another computer or send it to another Reason user, you would also have to bring all samples and REX files used by the devices in the song. To make this easier, Reason allows you to create “self-contained” songs.
Song Information Selecting the Song Information item on the File menu opens a dialog in which you can supply various information about the song. Song Splash Allows you to add a picture to the song. If the “Show splash on song open” checkbox is ticked, the picture will be displayed when the song is opened. To add a splash picture, click the folder button at the upper right corner, and locate and open the picture file in the file dialog that appears.
Saving a Song Opening a Song To save a song, proceed as follows: 1. Pull down the File menu and select Open. The Reason song browser window appears. 1. Set up the self-contained settings as desired (see the previous page). 2. Pull down the File menu and select Save (or press [Command] / [Ctrl]-[S]). If this is the first time you save the song, a regular file dialog will appear. 3. Specify a name and location for the song and click Save.
Creating a New Song To create a new song, select New from the File menu. This makes a new song document window appear. ➜ By default, the new song will contain one instrument device of each kind, along with a mixer and two send effects. If you want to start with another selection of devices (or an empty rack), you can customize your default song, as described below.
Exporting as an Audio File 4. Pull down the file menu and select Export Song as Audio File (or Export Loop as Audio File). A file dialog appears. When you have created a complete song, you may want to mix it down to make it playable for other people (who don’t use Reason). Of course, you could connect the audio outputs of your audio hardware to a tape recorder or similar, and simply record the song.
INDEX
A D Alter 67 ASIO Driver 8, 13 ASIO Drivers folder 10 Audio Card Driver 13 Audio File Formats 39 Audio Hardware 8, 38 Audio Levels 40 Audio Out 38 Audio Out Clipping 40 Automatic Routing 45 Database About 70 Setting Paths 16 Default Song 85 Devices Connecting MIDI to 55 Creating 42 Cut, Copy and Paste 44 Deleting 43 Deleting with Track 55 Duplicating 44 Folding 49 Moving in the Rack 43 Naming 48 Routing 45 Selecting 43 Direct Sound Driver 8, 13 Dividers 36 Download ReFill 75 B Back panel 46 Bit Depth 86
K O Key Commands Syntax in Manual 32 Transport 57 Zooming 53 Knobs 32 OMS 9 Open Song 84 Out column 55 Overdub/Replace switch 58 L P marker 59 Panes 36 Paste Device 44 Paste Patch 80 Paste Pattern 67 Patch Cables 46 Patch Search Paths 16 Patches About 78 Cut, Copy and Paste 80 Initializing 80 Missing Sounds 79 Saving 79 Selecting 78 Pattern Shuffle 66 Patterns Alter 67 Clearing 67 Cut, Copy and Paste 67 Muting 65 Programming 66 Randomize 67 Running 64 Selecting 65 Shift 67 Play 59 Preferences dialog 12
R R Marker 60 Rack Navigating 42 Turning around 46 Randomize 67 Reason Factory Sound Bank see Factory Sound Bank Reason Song Archive 84 Recording 58 Redo 35 ReFills About 70 Downloading from Browser 75 Listing in Browser 73 Replace vs.
T Template Songs 85 Tempo 57 Time Signature 57 Toggle Rack Front/Rear 46 Tracks About 52 Connecting to Devices 55 Creating 54 Deleting 55 Duplicating 55 Moving 55 Naming 54 Routing MIDI to 54 Selecting 54 Transport Panel 57 Tuning 40 U Undo 35 V Value Editing (Numerical) 33 W Web Site 83 Windows Multimedia Driver 8 Z Zooming 36 INDEX 91
