Utfärdare/Issued by Dattum/Date Godkänd/Approved Dok nr/Doc no Rev Product Management 2006-02-09 SYKLK RH300000/100-201 A Dok namn/Doc name Fil/file PRELIMINARY PRODUCT SPECIFICATION RH300000_100_A.doc Sida/Page Wide band Radio Head CDMA1900 MHz Product Number: RH300000/100 (incl. Fibre Optical Node) 1. Electrical specification (typical values) Applicable standards: - Radio Transmission and Reception FCC - EMC 3GPP TS25.
Utfärdare/Issued by Dattum/Date Godkänd/Approved Dok nr/Doc no Rev Product Management 2006-02-09 SYKLK RH300000/100-201 A Dok namn/Doc name Fil/file PRELIMINARY PRODUCT SPECIFICATION RH300000_100_A.doc Sida/Page 2. Environmental specification Temperature range Casing class 3. Mechanical specification Dimensions. (W x H x D) Weight RF-connectors Lock type -13 to + 131 °F -25 to + 55 °C NEMA4/IP65 17.4 x 20.9 x 7.7 440 x 530 x 195 50 22.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Preface User’s Manual Fiber Optics – English VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual Rev.
Preface Powerwave Fiber Optics This document contains descriptions of Powerwave fiber optic units. Most sections in the document do not contain comlete information for building, installation, or commissioning systems and are therefore not allowed to be used as any kind of installation or commissioning guide. Only sections specificly declared to be installation or commissioning instructions are allowed to be used for that purpose.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Preface Contents Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. v 1. Safety ......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 Human Exposure of RF Radiation ..................................................................................... 1-3 Repeater Antennas ..............................
Preface Fiber Optics Powerwave 5. IP Over Fiber ............................................................................................................................ 5-1 IP Network Terminology ................................................................................................... Requirements ..................................................................................................................... F-Net Characteristics ........................................................
Powerwave Fiber Optics Preface Abbreviations Abbreviations used in the document, in the software and in supported hardware: 3G AGC ALI ALR ALT AMPS AR BCCH BMU BA BS BSA BSC BSel BTS CDMA CH CHA CMB CSA CSel CU CW DAMPS DAS DC DCS DFB DIA DIF DL DNS DMB DPX EEPROM EGSM ETACS ETS F2F FCC FLI F-link F-net FON FOR FOT FOU GSM GPS HW ICMP IM IP LAN LED VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual Third Generation mobile system. Automatic Gain Control. Alarm Interface (board).
Preface Fiber Optics LinDAS LNA MACID MRX MS MSC NAPT NMT NS OCM OM-Online OMS OMT16 OMT32 OSP PA PEP PCN PCS PPP PSM PSTN PSU PTFE R2R R2R net RAS RCC RCM RCU RF RH RIA RMS RMU RSSI RTC RX SLW SW TACS TDMA TX UDP UL UPS VAC VDC WAN WBA WCDMA WCS WDM WLI W-link W-net WRH vi Powerwave Light Indoor Distributed Antenna System. Low Noise Amplifier (unit). Physical address to RIA or CU board (comparable with Ethernet card MACID). Measurement Receiver (board). Mobile Station. Mobile Switching Center.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 1. Safety In this chapter, the word ’repeater’ includes all Powerwave repeating units, such as repeaters, hubs and radio heads. It is necessary that any personnel involved in installation, operation or service of units included in an Powerwave repeater system understand and follow the below points. • The Powerwave repeaters are designed to receive and amplify signals from one or more base stations and retransmit the signals to one or more mobile stations.
Fiber Optics • Powerwave The FON unit contains a class IIIb laser transmitter that emits 2 – 5mW invisible laser radiation during operation. Avoid direct exposure from unconnected laser transmitter or fiber cord as follows: – Do not power up the FON unit if a fiber cable is not attached to the fiber output UL port, neither if a fiber cable is attached to the port but unattached in the other end. – Never look in the end of a fiber cable.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Human Exposure of RF Radiation This section contains a few words about repeater antennas and prescriptions for installaton and maintenance of antenna systems. Also, it describes how to calculate safety distances needed for RF radiation at different antenna power and frequencies.
Fiber Optics Powerwave Radiation Exposure WHO, World Health Organization, and ICNIRP, International Commission on NonIonising Radiation Protection, have determined recommendations for radiation exposure.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 100 50 9W/m2 (1800MHz) 10W/m2 (2100MHz) 31.6 4.5W/m2 (900MHz) 40 10.0 35 3.2 30 1.0 25 0.3 20 0.1 15 0.03 10 0.01 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Safety distance to antenna in meter 1.1 1.2 1.3 Antenna output power in W Antenna output power in dBm 45 1.4 Figure 1-1. Safety distance to active antenna Indoor GSM 900MHz Repeater output power Feeder loss Antenna gain EIRP +22dBm –5dB +1dBi +18dBm The safety distance can be read to 0.
Fiber Optics Powerwave Static Electricity Static electricity means no risk of personal injury but it can severely damage essential parts of the equipment, if not handled carefully. Parts on the printed circuit boards as well as other parts in the equipment are sensitive to electrostatic discharge. Never touch the printed circuit boards or uninsulated conductor surfaces unless absolutely necessary.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 2. Introduction The first official demonstration of the fiber optics technology took place at the British Royal Society in London, 1870. It was given by natural philosopher John Tyndall. He used a container with a spout and water. As the water poured through the spout, the light from the inside of the container followed the curved water path. Figure 2-1. John Tyndall’s first guided light transmission This demonstation was the first research into guided light transmission.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Fiber Optics in General In the beginning, when fiber optics became in practical use, a ’first window’ with a wavelength of 850nm was used. It had a loss of approximately 3dB/km. As the technology developed, the ’second window’ at 1300nm became more attractive because of the lower loss, below 1dB/km. Today, the ’third window’ at 1550nm is the most attractive wavelength with a loss of 0.2dB/km for silica-based fibers.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Fiber Optic Transmission Versus Electrical Transmission This section points out some differences between fiber optic transmission and electrical transmission via copper. The most signficant differences are loss, bandwidth, electromagnetic interference, security, signal quality, and weight. Low loss per km In general, optical transmission over fiber offers the lowest propagation loss but also more complexity.
Fiber Optics Powerwave Duplex Transmission Full duplex transmission can be performed in a single fiber by transmitting one wavelength in one direction and another wavelength in the reverse direction. A wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) in each end separates the signals to an optical transmitter and an optical receiver. This is further described in Chapter 7, Passive Devices. 2-4 Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics System Building Blocks This section contains short descriptions of the Powerwave fiber optic building blocks listed below. Building modules • FON, Fiber Optic Node, page 2-6. • FOU, Fiber Optic Unit, page 2-6. Repeater units VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual • BMU, Base Station Master Unit, page 2-7. • RMU, Repeater Master Unit, page 2-7. • FOR, Fiber Optic Repeater, page 2-7. • OCM, Optical Converter Module, page 2-8. • RH, Remote Hub, page 2-9. Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics FON, Fiber Optic Node The FON unit is the heart of all Powerwave fiber optic repeater systems. The FON unit contains an optical transmitter and an optical receiver. No other Powerwave repeater building block has these facilities. P102 P115 P109 RX P103 P105 P111 P116 P108 P106 P104 P113 P114 Beryllium oxide hazard P110 P101 TX P130 P112 Figure 2-3. The FON unit This unit is normally part of the FOU, Fiber Optic Unit.
Powerwave Fiber Optics BMU, Base Station Master Unit A BMU is an RF repeater type equipped with a FOU that gives the repeater ability to transmit and receive optical signals on the service side. The BMU has an RF port for BTS connection and up to four fiber optic ports that can be connected to FORs. ALLGON By configuring the FOU with WDMs and OSPs, up to approximately four FORs can be fed in parallel by a BMU via double or single fiber communication.
Powerwave Fiber Optics OCM, Optical Converter Module The OCM is, principally, an indoor rack mounted BMU with several channels for different bands, systems, and operators. The front view of the OCM is shown in Figure 2-5. RF IN/OUT ANT STATUS LOCAL O&M OPTICAL IN/OUT A A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 MAINS I REMOTE WLI A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4 A5 A6 A7 A8 B5 B6 B7 B8 C5 C6 C7 C8 B WLI C 0 CAUTION ! MAX RF INPUT +36dBm OPTICAL CONVERTER MODULE Figure 2-5.
Powerwave Fiber Optics RH, Remote Hub The RH is, principially, a FOR unit in a compact cabinet. The RH unit has, however, no FOU but the FON board is mounted directly in the cabinet. The RH is used in DAS systems. The front view of the RH is shown in Figure 2-7. Figure 2-7. RH, Remote Hub Figure 2-8 shows a Remote Hub cabinet inside with fiber optic cables from the OCM.
Fiber Optics 2 - 10 Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 3. FON, Fiber Optic Node This chapter describes the functionality, the design, and the operational control of the FON unit. P102 RX P115 P109 P103 P105 P111 P116 P108 P106 P104 Beryllium oxide hazard P113 P114 P110 P101 TX P130 P112 Figure 3-1. The FON unit A description of RF transmission over fiber using the FON unit is found in Chapter 4, RF Over Fiber. A description of IP network using the FON unit is found in Chapter 5, IP Over Fiber.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Block Diagram RF Path 1 RF IN P101 16dB, 8W FO TX 0 – 20dB Control Unit IP RF Path 2 RF OUT P102 16dB 0 – 20dB FO RX 16dB TEST P103 –15dB Figure 3-2. FON block diagram Figure 3-2 shows a block diagram of the FON unit. The downlink and uplink RF signal paths are described below.
Powerwave Fiber Optics RF Path 2 An optical 1310 or 1550nm input signal is received by an optical receiver. The power range for this input is between –15dBm and 1dBm optical power. To avoid receiver saturation, it should be less than 1dBm. After converting the optical RF modulated signal to an electrical RF modulated signal, it is amplified in two 16dB amplifier stages with a noise figure of 4dB each.
Powerwave Fiber Optics R2R Communication This section describes how to use the FON unit in R2R networks. The R2R network itself, its configuration, and R2R statistics are further described in the VM100 01/EN, OM-Online, User’s Manual. The R2R (Repeater to Repeater) network is an old Powerwave specific WLI network with SLW protocol and wire interconnection (W-net). WLI stands for Wire Link Interface, W-net for Wire network.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Gateway Node A FON unit can be used as a network gateway node for IP networks as well as for R2R networks by being connected to an RCC (Remote Communication Control) unit, see Figure 3-3. The RCC unit is connected to the FON board via the RCC port, see the Connection Ports section on page 3-10. Both the FON unit and the RCC unit can be installed in all Powerwave repeaters and remote hubs.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Design This section describes the FON board layout, including indicators, coaxial ports, optical ports, connectors, and jumpers. The FON Board The FON board is built up on a printed circuit board that also contains the battery backup. The FON board is shown in Figure 3-4. P102 P115 P109 RX P103 P105 P111 P116 P108 P106 P113 P114 P104 Beryllium oxide hazard P110 P101 TX P130 P112 Figure 3-4.
Powerwave Fiber Optics OPER Green LED that lights up approximately 15 seconds after the mains is switched on. It shows, with a steady light, that the unit is ready for operation. FAULT Red LED that flashes 15 – 20 seconds after the mains is switched on. Then, it flashes for less serious alarms (Error) and is lit with a steady light for fatal alarms (Critical). POWER Yellow LED that indicates present power. It is lit with a steady light after the mains is switched on.
Powerwave Fiber Optics RF and Optical Ports P102 RX P103 Beryllium oxide hazard P101 TX Figure 3-6. RF and optical ports The FON board has three coaxial ports and two optical ports for the downlink and uplink RF signal. The following table shows the port numbers, connector types, and the port usages. Port Type P101 P102 P103 RX TX SMA SMA SMA DIN/APC DIN/APC Description Electrical RF input port (to the optical TX port). Electrical RF output port (from the optical RX port).
Powerwave Fiber Optics Connection Ports Except for the downlink and uplink RF ports, the FON board contains the below described connection ports. P104 – Debug This port is used only for development and debugging. P105 – Front LED indicators 1 P105 is a 4 pole male connector used for the yellow and red LED indicators located on the front cabinet door. 4 P106 – PC 6 1 P106 is a 9 pole D-sub female RS-232 port used for local PC communication.
Powerwave Fiber Optics P110 – W-link jumper This jumper is used to terminate units in a W-link. It has to be set in the parking state for all units except for the first and last units in a W-link. Parking state is shown in the figure (the pins farest away from the battery pack interconnected). The opposite state terminates the W-link. P111, P112 – WLI ports 1 5 P111 and P112 are 5 pole male connectors used for interconnecting nodes in WLI-nets (IP or R2R networks).
Powerwave Fiber Optics Operational Control The FON unit can be locally or remotely controlled via an O&M software (remote control via modem). All descriptions in this document refer to the OM-Online O&M software. Parameter names may differ somewhat when working with OMS, but the functionality of the parameters are the same. VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual Rev.
Fiber Optics 3 - 12 Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 4. RF Over Fiber This chapter describes the downlink RF modulated signal from the BTS to the repeater antenna, and the other way around from the repeater antenna to the BTS. The description is focused on the optical part of the RF transmission. The chapter is divided into the following main parts: • • • • • • • VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual RF signal path overview for downlink and uplink signals, page 4-2. Detailed description of the downlink signal path, page 4-3.
Powerwave Fiber Optics The RF Modulated Signal Paths Figure 4-1 illustrates the downlink RF modulated signal path from the BTS via a BMU, optical fiber, and a FOR to the repeater antenna. And also the uplink path from the repeater antenna back to the BTS. DL DC DPX TX FOR 1 RX FON FON 1 RX TX DPX BMU UL BTS Figure 4-1.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Downlink RF Signal Path The downlink RF modulated signal path, from the BTS to the repeater antenna, is shown in Figure 4-2. The item numbers in the figure are described below. DL DC DPX TX 1 2 1 FOR RX FON FON 3 4 DPX BMU 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4-2. Downlink RF transmission path 1. DC coupler BMU 20dB DC DL 40dBm BTS NF 5dB The DC coupler on the BTS antenna path picks up the BTS downlink signal with a fixed coupling loss of 20dB.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 5. Optical transmitter The optical transmitter converts the electrical RF modulated signal to a 1310 or 1550nm optical RF modulated signal. The transmitter ends with an optical female connector. TX The transmitter has a laser diode for transmitting the optical signal, and a back-facet monitor photodiode that provides a real-time monitoring of the optical output.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 6. Optical transmission 1 In the example shown in Figure 4-2, the optical downlink transmission (between the optical transmitter and the optical receiver) is built-up with two optical connectors and one single-mode fiber. The optical connectors are of DIN/APC type. The coupling loss (gap and misalignment losses) for this connector type is approximately 0.5dB. The single-mode fiber loss is approximately 0.35dB/km for 1310nm and 0.20dB/km for 1550nm.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 7. Optical receiver The optical receiver performs the opposite function to the optical transmitter. It contains a light detector, that is a semiconductor photodiode that produces current in response to incident 1310 or 1550nm light. RX The conversion from an optical signal to an electrical RF signal is shown in Figure 4-4. PO PO-RF I IRF Figure 4-4. Optical receiver light detector The optical input power to the light detector has to be between –15dBm and 1dBm.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 10. Amplifier 16dB The RF modulated signal is finally amplified in the last FON stage, a 16dB amplifier with a noise figure of 4dB. The output signal minimum noise (above the thermal noise) is 22dB. The output power is set with the previous adjustable attenuator to match the repeater amplifier input level (maximum 13dBm). To achieve maximum output power from the repeater, the input signal level to the repeater has to be correct with respect to the gain.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Uplink RF Signal Path The uplink RF modulated signal path, from the repeater service antenna to the BTS, is shown in Figure 4-5. The item numbers in the figure are described below. Item numbers are omitted for those items that have the same function and settings as in the downlink path. BMU FON FON 1 RX DC DPX DPX FOR TX UL 3 2 1 Figure 4-5. Uplink RF transmission path 1.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Setting the total uplink gain The three uplink set points, highlighted in Figure 4-6, have to be balanced to a total uplink gain appropriate to the ratio of the coverage areas for the BTS and the repeater. DC FOR FON FON 1 RX TX DPX DPX BMU UL –10dB Figure 4-6. Total uplink gain setting points Coupling factors and power losses in the entire uplink chain, including the optic fiber, have also to be considered when setting the total uplink gain.
Powerwave Fiber Optics FOU, Fiber Optic Unit The FOU, Fiber Optic Unit, is a complete unit for fiber optic interconnection of two or more repeaters. It is built up on a flanged plate and can be inserted in all types of LGP Allgon AR repeaters. In the simpliest configuration, it contains a FON board and a DPX filter. Figure 4-7 shows a simple configured FOU, Fiber Optic Unit. FOU DPX RX FON TX Figure 4-7. The FOU, Fiber Optic Unit An FOU inserted in the BMU and in the FOR is shown in Figure 4-8.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Noise, Intermodulation and Dynamic Signal Range This section contains brief descriptions of noise, intermodulation, and dynamic signal range. Noise and intermodulation Figure 4-9 shows noise and intermodulation values for the optical transmission. Conversion loss 25dB TX FON 1 1 Gain 30dB RX LFO NF = 30 – 35dB IP3 = 30 – 35dBm NFOUT FON 2 NF = 3 – 4dB Figure 4-9.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Simplex Transmission This section contains two examples of simplex transmission over fiber. RMU FOR BTS DL = 1310nm UL = 1310nm DL UL 1 1 Figure 4-10. Simplex transmission between an RMU and a FOR unit The first example, shown in Figure 4-10, illustrates a simple configuration. This configuration is described in the previous sections in this chapter, but in this case an RMU is used for radio transmission with the BTS. The downlink and uplink wavelength is 1310nm.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Duplex Transmission This section contains two examples of full-duplex transmission over fiber. RMU FOR BTS DL DL = 1550nm UL = 1310nm UL DX O DX O 1 Figure 4-12. Duplex transmission between an RMU and a FOR unit The first example, shown in Figure 4-12, illustrates the same repeater configuration as in the previous section, but now with full-duplex over one fiber achieved by using an optical WDM (DX O) in each repeater.
Fiber Optics Powerwave The optical power loss for an optical 30/70 percent splitter is 5.2dB/1.5dB, for a 50/50 percent splitter 3dB. The power loss for an optical WDM is 1dB. Additional connectors add the loss by 0.5dB each. Due to the power sharing, up to approximately four slave nodes (FOR) can be connected to a master FON unit (BMU). For additional slave nodes, another FON unit has to be inserted in the BMU. The optical WDMs and splitters are usually included in the FOU located in the BMU.
