Instruction Manual 012-12719B ® *012-12719* PASCO Structures System Advanced Structures Set ME-6992B
The PASCO Advanced Structures Set includes the ME-6988A Force Structures Bracket for connecting a structure to a PASCO Force Platform.
Table of Contents Included Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Related and Recommended Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 About the Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advanced Structures Set Spares Part Numbers and Summary of Extra Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Bridges That Require an Advanced Set and a Bridge Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 I-Beam Suspension Bridge Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 I-Beam Suspension Bridge End Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 I-Beam Suspension Bridge Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advanced Structures Set ME-6992B 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 14 5 10 13 15 16 11 12 17 22 20 19 18 26 21 23 25 24 15 27 15 28 Included Items Qty Included Items Qty 1. #5 Beam (24 cm long) 24 16. Drive Wheel and Tire 4 2. #4 Beam (17 cm long) 54 17. Straight Connector 24 3. #3 Beam (11.5 cm long) 54 18. Structures Rod Clamp 2 4. #2 Beam (8 cm long) 24 19. Nut and Bolt for PAStrack 6 5. #1 Beam (5.5 cm long) 24 20. Screw (6-32) 300 6. #3 Flexible Beam (11.5 cm) 16 21.
Advanced Structures Set Introduction The ME-6992B Advanced Structures Set consists of items from the following components of the PASCO Structures System.
Model No. ME-6992B About the Components 100 N Load Cell (PS-2200) - Strain gauges mounted on a beam with no electronics so a Load Cell requires a Load Cell Amplifier (PS-2198) or Dual Load Cell Amplifier PS-2206). 5 N Load Cell (PS-2201) - Strain gauges mounted on a beam with no electronics so a Load Cell requires a Load Cell Amplifier or Dual Load Cell Amplifier.
Advanced Structures Set About the Components Flat Beams 2 X 3 Flat Beams #3 Flat Beams are used for cross-bracing. Attaching Cords When attaching cords for lateral bracing or for suspension or cable-stayed bridges, Cord Tensioning Clips are used to assist in adjusting the tension in the cords. #2 Figure 3: Flat Beams The Cord Clip does not come apart. It is best to thread the cord through the clip before the clip is installed on the bridge or structure.
Model No. ME-6992B Adding Load Cells Nut and Bolt for PAStrack: The square nut and bolt can be used with a flat connector to fasten a bridge or other structure to the PASCO PAStrack (see the PASCO catalog or web site at www.pasco.com for information about PAStrack equipment.) Figure 6: Nut and Bolt for PAStrack Axles, Pulleys, Spacers, Collets, and Drive Wheels Axle Axles: There are two each of three different lengths: 10.4 cm (4.1 in), 21.3 cm (8.4 in), and 26.6 cm (10.5 in). Each axle is 0.
Advanced Structures Set Properties of I-beams Example: Bridge with Load Cells The bridge shown in Figure 9 incorporates six load cells to measure the tension or compression in various members. A hanging mass is used to apply load. The mass is adjusted so that the compression in one of the legs is 1.0 N. Compression is registered as a positive value and tension as a negative value.
Model No. ME-6992B Trusses Trusses Kingpost Truss Figure 13 shows a simple kingpost truss made from #5 and #4 beams. Use a hanging mass to apply a load. #5 #5 #4 Lay the kingpost truss on the table to compare its horizontal and vertical stiffness. #4 #4 Figure 13: A simple kingpost truss To build a three-dimensional structure, connect two trusses with #4 beams (Figure 14). Add cross bracing to increase stiffness. Queenpost Truss Figure 14: (Left) A three-dimensional kingpost truss structure.
Advanced Structures Set Common Truss Bridges Common Truss Bridges Warren Bridge The Warren Bridge (Figure 17) is a simple type of bridge consisting of a series of triangles. However, a simple Warren Bridge is not practical for supporting a deck (road bed). Vertical members can be added to support the deck. Additional verticals can support an upper deck.
Model No. ME-6992B Measuring Bridge Deflection Under Load Measuring Bridge Deflection Under Load Because the members are made of plastic, it is easy to show bending in a bridge using relatively small loads. NOTE: Do not attempt to load the bridge to the point of breaking. Using a Motion Sensor In Figure 22, the bridge is loaded by hanging a weight (Large Slotted Mass Set, PASCO Model ME-7566) from the center of the bridge.
Advanced Structures Set Measuring Static and Dynamic Loading Span a Gap Give each group a set of plastic, half of a Bridge Set or a Truss Set. The goal is to span a gap of 60 cm. Then find the member with the greatest compression and change the design of the bridge to minimize the maximum compression. Least Deflection Under Load Give each group a Bridge Set. The goal is to span a given distance with a bridge that has the least deflection under load.
M o d e l N o . M E- 6 9 9 2 B Forces on a Boom Forces on a Boom Pulley Attach a cord from the Load Cell over the pulley to the boom.
Advanced Structures Set Forces on a Boom Forces on a Boom: Details Load Cells The “Forces on a Boom” structure is shown with four Load Cells measuring the horizontal and vertical forces of the axle on the base of the boom. The experiment can be performed using only two Load Cells on the base, both on one side, but care must be given to ensure that the boom is centered and balanced side-to-side. The actual force will be two times the measured value.
M o d e l N o . M E- 6 9 9 2 B Human Leg Model Human Leg Model Stack masses on the flat connector.
Advanced Structures Set Human Leg Model Human Leg Model: Details Knee Forces Directly measure the force needed to support the leg at various angles. The Load Cell represents the quadricep muscle in the upper leg. W Leg Model The articulated leg uses a rubber band (not included) as the quadriceps muscle and has a Load Cell on the foot to measure the force that the “toe” exerts on the ball. The impulse (area under the curve of force versus time) is equal to the resulting momentum of the ball.
M o d e l N o . M E- 6 9 9 2 B Teeter Totter Teeter Totter #2 #4 Axle (Medium) #4 #2 #4 #4 Angle Connector #1 #4 #2 Half Round #4 Short End of Teeter Totter Detail #4 #4 Use a hanger and mass at this end and a hooked mass at the other end.
Advanced Structures Set Te e t e r T o t t e r Teeter Totter: Details Suggestions Vary the length of the teeter totter by increasing or decreasing the number of segments or sections. Vary the placement of the pivot: it does not have to be as shown. Place the hanging masses at different locations.
M o d e l N o . M E- 6 9 9 2 B Human Back Model Human Back Model Half Round Angle Connector Half Round #3 Angle Connector Load Cell Full Round #5 #1 Angle Connector #1 Half Round #1 Cord Tensioning Clip Load Cell Detail #3 Axle (Medium) #3 #2 Half Round Half Round #3 Pulley #1 Tie a cord to the cord tensioning clip on the Load Cell. Thread the cord under the pulley, and attach its end to the #2 beam in the middle of the “back”.
Advanced Structures Set Human Back Model Human Back Model: Details Force Vector Diagram The following diagram shows the force vectors acting on the human back model. Cord Weight Load Cell Amplifier T Fx Wb Slotted Masses W Fy Load Cells The Load Cells directly measure the forces exerted on the back model. The structure is shown with four Load Cells measuring the horizontal and vertical forces of the axle at the base of the ‘spine’.
M o d e l N o . M E- 6 9 9 2 B Tower Crane Tower Crane Cord Tensioning Clip Full Round #2 Half Round Midsection of Crane Detail #2 #3 Axle (Medium) Straight Connector Cord Tensioning #2 Clip #2 #3 #4 #3 Flat Connector Half Round #2 #4 #2 Full Round #4 Collet Top of Tower Detail Cord Collet Pulley Flat Connector #2 Axle (Medium) #4 #3 #5 Cord Tie cords from the cord tensioning clips on the top of the tower to both ends Counterof the crane.
Advanced Structures Set Tower Crane Tower Crane: Details Extra Equipment Model Hooked Mass Set SE-8759 Force Platform PS-2141 or CI-6461 Force Platform Structures Bracket ME-6988 Force Platform The Tower Crane is shown with #1 I-beam members at the bottom of the base. They are needed only when the structure is used with a Force Platform and the ME-6988 Force Platform Structures Bracket.
M o d e l N o . M E- 6 9 9 2 B Human Arm Model Human Arm Model #2 #1 Axle (Long) Load Cell Full Round #1 Half Round #1 Upper Arm Detail Angle Connector #5 #2 Cord Tensioning Clip Straight Connector Angle Connector Load Cell Detail #3 Half Round Cord Angle Connector Tie a cord from the cord tensioning clip on the Load Cell to the #4 beam on the “forearm”.
Advanced Structures Set Human Arm Model Human Arm Model: Details Extra Equipment Model Hooked Mass Set SE-8759 Large Slotted Mass Set ME-7566 Load Cell PS-2200 Load Cell Amplifier PS-2198 Force Vector Diagram The Load Cell represents the biceps muscle Cord These cords allow the angle of the upper arm to change. Slotted masses W Wa The Advanced Structures Set allows students to build a realistic arm model and directly measure the forces exerted by the biceps muscle (tension in the cord).
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Advanced Structures Set Angle Crane Angle Crane: Cord Details Extra Equipment Start with a “V” loop tied to the top axle. Attach a cord to the “V” loop. Thread the cord under the top pulley at the front of the boom. Model Hooked Mass Set SE-8759 Large Slotted Mass Set ME-7566 Experiment with the position of the top front pulley relative to the end of the boom to determine where the tension is least. Thread the ‘load’ cord over the bottom pulley at the front of the boom.
M o d e l N o . M E- 6 9 9 2 B Catapult Catapult #1 #1 Catapult Arm Detail Cord Cord Cord Tensioning Clip #1 #4 Full Round #1 Half Round #Straight Connector #5 Use a cord to support the Catapult Arm. Attach one end of the cord to a cord tensioning clip. Thread it through the hole of the #1 beam and then through the hole at the midpoint of the #5 beam. Thread it through the hole in the other #1 beam and attach the end to the other cord tensioning clip.
Advanced Structures Set Catapult Catapult: Details Operation Hang a 1 kg mass from the loop of cord shown in the Rear View Detail. Thread a piece of cord about 20 cm in length through a pulley and tie the cord so it makes a loop. Hang the loop at the end of the catapult arm. Pull the catapult arm down so that the pulley/projectile is near the table top and the catapult arm is touching the front of the base. Release the catapult arm to send the pulley/projectile on its way.
M o d e l N o . M E- 6 9 9 2 B Camelback Truss Bridge Camelback Truss Bridge Angle Connector Angle Connector Half Round Half Round #5 Half Round #5 Full Round Half Round #3 Half Round #4 #5 #4 #5 #4 #5 #4 #4 Half Round Flat Connector #4 Half Round Note that the Angle Connector can be adjusted to lengthen or shorten the beam.
Advanced Structures Set Truss Bridge with Cross Bracing Truss Bridge with Cross Bracing #4 3X4 #3 #4 #5 #5 #3 #5 #5 Flat 4 Flat 4 #4 #3 #4 Half Round #2 2X3 Trestle with Cross Bracing Full Round #3 #3 #2 Angle Connector #5 #2 Half Round #5 Angle Connector Angle Connector #3 #3 3X4 3X4 #3 28 012-12719B ®
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Advanced Structures Set Tower with Cross Bracing Tower with Cross Bracing #3 #3 #2 2X3 Flat 4 #3 #3 Angle Connector 3X4 #3 Half Round #3 Angle Connector Angle Connector #4 #4 #4 Angle Connector #3 3X4 #3 Angle Connector 30 #3 Half Round 012-12719B #3 Angle Connector ®
Model No. ME-6992B Rubber Band Powered “Car” Rubber Band Powered “Car” #3 Angle Connector #3 Straight Connector Axle #3 #4 #3 #4 Inset Axle Angle #2 Connector #4 #5 Rubber cord Tire Drive Wheel Half Round Axle Rubber cord #5 Pulley Cord Tensioning Clip Collet O-ring #4 Pulley Sliding Connector Inset Details The rubber band powered “car” uses a piece of rubber cord (sold separately, ME-8986 Rubber Cord) that stores elastic potential energy when the cord is stretched.
Advanced Structures Set Spares Part Numbers. Spares Part Numbers. ME-6985 Flexible I-Beam Set ME-6997 Full Round (XYZ) Connectors #5 Flexible Beam (24 cm) - 16 Full Round Connector - 6 #4 Flexible Beam (17 cm) - 16 Flat Connector - 6 #3 Flexible Beam (11.
Model No. ME-6992B Bridges That Require an Advanced Set and a Bridge Set Bridges That Require an Advanced Set and a Bridge Set Note that the I-Beam Suspension Bridge and Arched Causeway Bridge can use the I-Beams sideways for the arched part of the bridge, or the Flexible I-Beams. (Since the I-Beams bend more in this orientation they form a curve. The I-Beams used in this manner will take a set and be permanently bent.). I-Beam Suspension Bridge Cable Stayed Bridge 1.7 meter long 2.
Advanced Structures Set I-Beam Suspension Bridge Details I-Beam Suspension Bridge Details The I-Beam suspension bridge requires the following: 1 Bridge Set (ME-6991) OR 1 Advanced Structures Set (ME-6992A) 1 Bridge Set (ME-6991) 1 Angle Connector Spares (ME-6999) 2 Advanced Structures Sets (ME-6992A) Note that this suspension bridge is constructed using the I-beams sideways for the arched parts of the bridge. Because the I-beams bend more in this orientation, they form a curve.
Model No. ME-6992B I-Beam Suspension Bridge End Assembly I-Beam Suspension Bridge End Assembly The following pages show details of the construction of the suspension bridge using parts from the ME-6992A Advanced Structures Set and the ME-6991 Bridge Set. Straight Connector 4 Cord Axle, long Half Round Cord 3 3 Straight Connector 1 Half Round 4 1 Road Half Round 2 Road bed clip Straight Connector 4 1 4 This picture shows details of the end assembly.
Advanced Structures Set I-Beam Suspension Bridge Tower I-Beam Suspension Bridge Tower The next picture shows details of the road bed assembly where it joins the first tower. 4 Full Round Half Round 3 4 4 Full Round Full Round 4 Middle section of road bed assembly connects here. 1 1 2 4 Angle Connector Angle Connector Half Round 4 4 1 3 Half Round The next picture shows details of the top of the first tower. The suspensions beams are not shown.
M o d e l N o . M E- 6 9 9 2 B Flexible I-Beam Suspension Bridge sides are joined by #3 beams. The next picture shows details of one half of the middle section of the road bed assembly. Tower connects to this full round Midpoint of middle section Half Round 4 1 2 1 4 Angle Connector 2 Left half of middle section Flexible I-Beam Suspension Bridge The following shows a suspension bridge model using Flexible I-Beams for the suspension beams instead of the hard plastic I-Beams.
Advanced Structures Set Flat Beam Suspension Bridge Flat Beam Suspension Bridge The following shows a suspension bridge model using Flat Members for the suspension beams instead of I-Beams. Flat Members Suspension Bridge #2 Straight Connector 2X3 #5 Straight Connector 2X3 Cord Full Round #3 #2 #3 #3 #2 #1 #3 #3 #3 #2 Cord Tensioning Clip #4 Straight Connector #4 Half Round *Road Bed and Mini-car included in the ME-6991 Bridge Set.
Model No. ME-6992B Cable Stayed Bridge Cable Stayed Bridge The following pages show details of the Cable Stayed Bridge. Angle Connector #5 Half Round #1 #2 #4 Straight Connector Use #2 beams as the cross pieces for the road bed. #5 Axle #3 Mini-car* #2 Axle Road Bed* #1 Angle Connector #1 #2 Angle Connector #5 #2 #3 Straight Connector #3 #3 #3 #2 Straight Connector #2 Half Round #4 Angle Connector #3 *Road Bed and Mini-car not included.
Advanced Structures Set Cable Stayed Bridge Cable Stayed Bridge Details Half Round Cord Tensioning Clip #2 #1 Cord Tensioning Clip Cord Tensioning Clip Cord Tensioning Clip Connect two cords to each cord tensioning clip. Angle Connector #5 Flat Connector #3 Collet #1 Tie a knot in one end of the cord and thread the cord through a hole on the half round connector.
Model No. ME-6992B Baltimore Bridge Baltimore Bridge Baltimore Bridge 2.
Advanced Structures Set Arch Truss Bridge Arched Causeway Bridge Detail 2 #3 Angle Connector #5 #1 #3 #1 #3 Cord Tensioning Clip #1 #1 #3 Straight Connector Arch Truss Bridge Half Round Angle Connector Angle Connector #3 #3 #3 #2 #4 #3 #4 #1 #5 #2 Angle Connector Angle Connector #5 #5 #4 Flat Connector Full Round #2 Straight Connector #3 #4 Arch Truss Bridge Detail #4 #3 (cross piece) #4 #3 #2 #2 #3 Angle Connector #5 Angle Connector #5 #1 #2 42 012-12719B ®
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Advanced Structures Set PAStrack Cable Stayed Bridge PAStrack Cable Stayed Bridge #3 Use the Nut and Bolt for PAStrack to attach the PAStrack and PAStrack Curved sections to the members of the Advanced Structures Set. Slide the square nut into the “T-slot” on the side of the PAStrack and PAStrack Curved sections.
M o d e l N o . M E- 6 9 9 2 B Cable Stayed Bridge Construction Suggestions Cable Stayed Bridge Construction Suggestions Begin and end the cord here. Thread a cord that is knotted at one end through a hole in the I-Beam. Full Round Double Cords Loop the cord through the Cord Tensioning Clip. #2 Flat Connector Cord Tensioning Clip Cord Tensioning Clip Nut and Bolt for PAStrack PAStrack section #1 Cord Tensioning Clip Cord Tensioning Clip Full Round Tie a knot at one end of the cord.
Advanced Structures Set Resonance Structures: Beam and Tower Resonance Structures: Beam and Tower The PASCO Structures System can be used to demonstrate resonance in complex structures. Resonance is the tendency of a structure to oscillate at a greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others. These are known as the structure’s resonance frequencies. At these frequencies, even small periodic driving forces can produce large amplitude oscillations.
Model No. ME-6992B Resonance Structures: Beam and Tower Equipment Needed Part Number Mechanical Wave Driver SF-9324 Function Generator PI-8127 Rod, 25 cm, threaded ME-8988 Small “A” Base ME-8976 Banana Plug Patch Cords SE-9750 or SE-9751 Resonance Tower The Resonance Tower is a model of a building frame constructed with F4 Flat Members, #3 I-beams, #2 I-beams, Full Round Connectors, Half Round Connectors, and a Flat Connector.
Advanced Structures Set Resonance Structures: Beam and Tower Measure Acceleration To measure the acceleration of the Resonance Tower, replace one of the #3 I-beams at the top floor of the tower with a Half Round Connector and two #1 I-beams as shown. Connect the 5 N Load Cell to the tower with a #1 I-beam, and mount a 50 g mass on the Load Cell. Half Round 50 g mass Slotted mass #1 Measure Oscillations To study damped oscillations, replace the top floor of the tower with a ‘pendulum’ as shown.
Model No. ME-6992B F o r ce P l a t f o r m S t r u c t u r e s B r a c k e t ( M E - 6 9 8 8 A ) Force Platform Structures Bracket (ME-6988A) Introduction The PASCO model ME-6992B Force Platform Structures Bracket includes two brackets and four thumbscrews. The adapter bracket is designed to connect members of the PASCO Structures System to a PASCO Force Platform.
Advanced Structures Set Installation Installation Use two thumbscrews to mount a bracket to one side of a PASCO Force Platform. Note that two brackets will fit on one Force Platform. Attachment positions 3, 4, and 5 Use the thumbscrews to attach the Bracket to a Force Platform. Use Truss Set thumbscrews (ME-6994) from one of the PASCO Structures Systems sets to attach I-beams or other members of a structure set to the six attachment positions on the bracket. (See Fig- Bracket ure 1.
Model No. ME-6992B Other Uses for the Bracket The outermost attachment positions relative to the center are designed for a span of a #4 I-beam and a separation of a #5 I-beam if the Brackets are mounted on a PASCO Force Platform. However, if the Brackets are mounted on another platform, or no platform as shown in Figure 3, then the span can be longer or shorter than a #4 I-beam.
Advanced Structures Set Technical Support Technical Support For assistance with any PASCO product, contact PASCO at: Address: PASCO scientific 10101 Foothills Blvd. Roseville, CA 95747-7100 Phone: 916-786-3800 (worldwide) 800-772-8700 (U.S.) Fax: (916) 786-7565 Web: www.pasco.com Email: support@pasco.com For more information about the Advanced Structures Set and the latest revision of this Instruction Manual, visit the PASCO web site at www.pasco.com and enter ME-6992B in the Search window.
