MultiModem ISI Hybrid Series Models ISIHP-1S/2S/2U ISIHP-4S/4U/4SD and ISIHI-2S/2U User Guide
MultiModem ISI Hybrid Series User Guide PN: S000328B Copyright ©2004 by Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, without prior written permission from MultiTech Systems, Inc. Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. makes no representations or warranties with respect to the contents hereof and specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Furthermore, Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction ....................................................................... 6 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 7 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2 1.3 ISIHP-2S/2U Serial Card ..................................................................... 8 ISIHP-4S/4U Serial Card ..................................................................... 9 Peripiheral Component Interconnect (PCI) for ISIHP Cards ................
3.13 NetWare Driver Installation .................................................................. 42 3.13.1 Configuring Ports for NetWare Connect .......................................... 43 3.13.2 Removing the Driver (Novell) ............................................................ 43 3.14 SCO Open Server 5 Driver Installation ................................................ 43 3.14.1 3.14.2 3.14.3 3.14.4 3.14.5 3.14.7 3.14.7 Install from CD-ROM ....................................................
Chapter 4 - Warranty & Service ........................................................ 60 4.1 Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. Warranty & Repairs Policies ........................ 61 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.2 Repairs ................................................................................................. 63 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.4 4.5 Warranty ............................................................................................ 61 U.S. and Canadian Customers ..............................
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1 Introduction Welcome to Multi-Tech’s MultiModemISI Hybrid Series of ISDN BRI server cards. The series consists of eight models, briefly described in the table below below. Table 1: MultiModem ISI Hybrid Series Server Cards Model Bus Type Lines Accepted ISDN Interface Modem Ports Term. Adap. Ports Max. Con.
Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1.1 ISIHP-2S/2U Serial Card The ISIHP-2S/2U and ISIHI-2S/2U cards each offers eight RAS ports using two Basic Rate Interface (BRI) ISDN lines; the ISIHP-4S/4U has 16 ports using four BRI ISDN lines. The eight ports of the 2S/2U models allow a server to accept any combination of analog modem and digital ISDN calls, making a maximum of four simultaneous independent data connections (sessions).
Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1.2 ISIHP-4S/4U Serial Card From the perspective of the server PC, the ISIHP-4S/4U is an sixteen-port serial card with sixteen devices permanently attached to the serial ports (Figure 1-2). 9 Modem 1 2 TA 10 Modem 11 Modem 3 4 TA 12 Modem 13 Modem 5 6 TA 14 Modem 15 Modem 7 8 TA 16 Modem 3456 RJ-45 Jack 3456 RJ-45 Jack 3456 RJ-45 Jack 3456 RJ-45 Jack Figure 1-2.
Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.2 Peripiheral Component Interconnect (PCI) for ISIHP Cards First developed by companies such as IntelTM, AT&TTM and Digital Equipment CorporationTM, the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus used by your ISIHP card provides high performance and is easy to use. Because PCI devices contain registers with the device information required for configuration, full auto configuration of PCI Local Bus add-in boards and components is supported.
Chapter 2 - Hardware Installation
Chapter 2 - Hardware Installation 2.1 Introduction This section describes how to install the ISIHx server card into the expansion slot in your PC. 2.2 Computer Requirements • • Pentium-based PC or compatible (PCI bus required for ISIHP; ISA required for ISIHI) • • CD-ROM drive, floppy disk drive (for use in cases where drivers are downloaded from web site) 2.3 800 blocks of hard disk space for UNIX, 100K bytes for Windows NT, 50K bytes for Novell Shipping Contents • • • • 2.
Chapter 2 - Hardware Installation 2.5 Hardware Installation Procedure 1. Before handling the ISIHP card, discharge any static in your body by touching a piece of grounded metal such as the computer chassis. 2. Carefully remove the ISIHP card from its antistatic bag, handling it only by the mounting bracket and edges. Do not touch the gold-plated connectors along the bottom edge. (You may want to save packaging for possible future use.) 3. Visually inspect the ISIHP-2S/2U/4S/4U/4SD.
Chapter 2 - Hardware Installation 7. Install the ISI card in the selected expansion slot in the same manner as any other add-on card according to your computer’s documentation. 8. Fasten retaining bracket to computer chassis and replace the cover. 9. Connect the ISI to your ISDN telephone wall jack(s) with the provided modular telephone cable. 10. Turn on power to the computer. Now you are ready to install software.
Chapter 2 - Hardware Installation 2.6 LED Indicators The mounting brackets for the various ISI cards are similar, but the LEDs are labeled differently. Diagrams for each bracket along with descriptions of the LED indicators are shown in Figures 2-3 thru 2-7. 1 2 3 4 LINE 1 Line 1 Line 2 ISIHP-4U LEDs (one LED per BRI) Flashes between OFF and RED to indicate that neither SPID for that ISDN line has been verified. Flashes between RED and GREEN to indicate that one SPID is correct.
Chapter 2 - Hardware Installation ISIHP-2U LED Indicators P LED Indicator D P LINE 1 D P LINE 2 Indicates U interface status connection. Controlled by NT-1, which converts S/T interface (4-wire ISDN) to U interface (2-wire ISDN). When U interface and S/T interface are NOT active, LED remains off. Flashes 8 times/second (8 Hz)U interface is attempting to activate. Flashes once/second (1 Hz)U interface is active; S/T interface is not fully active.
Chapter 2 - Hardware Installation ISIHP-1S LED Indicators B1 LED Indicator B1 B2 LINE 1 When lit, indicates active or voice connection on B-channel 1. B2 LED Indicator When lit, indicates active or voice connection on B-channel 2. D P LINE 2 Figure 2-5.
Chapter 2 - Hardware Installation ISIHI-2S LED Indicators B1 LED Indicator LINE 1 When lit, indicates active or voice connection on B-channel 1. B2 LED Indicator B1 B2 LINE 2 B1 B2 When lit, indicates active or voice connection on B-channel 2. The settings of the multiple DIP switch unit on the mounting bracket determine the base Input/Output address for the ISIHI-2S/2U card. Input/Output (I/O) addresses are used to route information to and from the card. I O A D D R Figure 2-6.
Chapter 2 - Hardware Installation ISIHI-2U LED Indicators P LED Indicator LINE 1 P D LINE 2 P Indicates U interface status connection. Controlled by NT-1, which converts S/T interface (4-wire ISDN) to U interface (2-wire ISDN). When U interface and S/T interface are NOT active, LED remains off. Flashes 8 times/second (8 Hz) U interface is attempting to activate. Flashes once/second (1 Hz) U interface is active; S/T interface is not fully active.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.1 Introduction This chapter describes software/driver installation for the ISI cards when used in Windows 2000, Windows NT4, Windows NT3.51, Novell, Linux, and SCO Open Server 5. We also describe installation of MultiTech’s Management Software for use with ISI cards under Windows 2000. 3.2 Installing ISIHI Software for Windows 2000 1. Turn off the PC. 2. The ISIHI card must already be installed in an ISA expansion slot in the PC.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 14. The Add New Hardware Wizard Properties screen appears. a. In the Resource Settings field, select "Input/Output Range" and click on Change Setting. The Edit Input/Output Range screen appears. Select the value that matches the Base I/O Address value that you have already set on the ISIHI board in Step 2. Click OK. b. In the Resource Settings field, select "Interrupt Request" and click on Change Setting. The Edit Interrupt Request screen appears.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.3 Installing ISIHP Software for Win 2000 Note: A series of ‘installation wizard’ screens will appear repeatedly during this procedure (step 12). This is not an error. Do not discontinue the procedure when the ‘installation wizard’ screens repeatedly appear. 1. Shut down Windows 2000 and turn off the PC. 2. Install the ISIHP can in an available PCI expansion slot in the PC. Follow the PC manufacturer's instructions concerning installation of expansion cards.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.4 ISIHx for Win 2000: Installing ISI Management Software (server OSs only) If you are using a Windows 2000 Server operating system ("Server" or "Advanced Server"), you must decide whether you want to use the MultiTech ISI Management Software in conjunction with your ISIHx board. The ISI Management Software is shipped with the ISI card. 1. Turn on your computer and start Windows 2000. 2. Insert the CD-ROM containing the ISI Management Software into your CD-ROM drive.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.5 ISIHx for Windows 2000: Installing TAs and Modems to COM Ports Installation of Windows 2000 driver software must be completed before you can install the terminal adapters and modems of the ISIHx card. 1. Go to Start | Settings | Control Panel | Phone and Modem Options. 2. The Location Information screen appears. Enter the appropriate area code and access number. Click OK. 3. At the Phone and Modem Options screen, click on the Modems tab and click Add. 4.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 13. A completion screen will appear. Click Finish. 14. The Phone and Modems Options screen (Modems tab) will reappear and display the TAs that have just been assigned to COM ports. Note: If you are installing a ISIHP-4SD, installation is now complete. (The 4SD has no modems). Installing modems to COM Ports (not applicable to -4SD): 15. At the Phone and Modems Options screen (Modems tab), click Add.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 16. The Install New Modems screen will appear. Select “Don’t detect my modem ....”. Click Next. 17. A screen listing modem manufacturers and models will appear. Click “Have Disk ....” 18. The Install from Disk screen will appear. Type or browse for the file path of the modem software (for example, E:\servcard\drivers\win2000). Click OK. 19. The Install New Modem screen will show a list of MultiTech modem and terminal adapter drivers.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 23. A completion screen will appear. Click Finish. 24. The Phone and Modems Options screen (Modems tab) will reappear and display the modems that have just been assigned to COM ports. Installation of terminal adapters and modems to COM ports is now complete.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 25. For the ISIHP-1S card only. The ISIHP-1S is a scaled-back revision of the ISIHP-2S card meant for lowdensity applications where hybrid flexibility (having TAs and modems on the same card) is advantageous. The diagram below describes the design differences between the ISIHP-1S and ISIHP-2S. It also summarizes how the ISIHP-1S must be treated during installation.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.5 Remove ISIHx Driver (Windows 2000) 1. Go to Start | Settings | Control Panel. 2. Click on Add/Remove Hardware. Click Next. 3. Click on “Uninstall/Unplug a device” and click Next. 4. In the subsequent screen, click on “Uninstall a device” and click Next. 5. At the Add/Remove Hardware Wizard screen, highlight the ISI driver file for the specific server card that you intend to remove. Click Next. 6.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 8. The Select OEM Option dialog box appears. Click OK. A transient dialog box will appear indicating the progress of the setup program. 9. The ISI Cards dialog box appears. Click Add. 10. Then the ISI Card Settings dialog box appears. Enter the correct port count: • • • allocate 8 ports for 2S/2U cards allocate 8 ports for the ISIHP-1S cards allocate 16 ports for 4S/4U/4SD cards 11. Select the first port number for ISI devices (TAs or modems), which is usually COM3.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.7 Installing ISIHx TAs & Modems to COM Ports in Windows NT Install terminal adapters: 1. In the Control Panel, double-click the Modems icon. 2. The Modem Properties dialog box appears. Click Add. 3. The Install New Modem dialog box appears. Check the box marked "Don't detect my modem; I will select it from a list" and click Next. 4. The Install New Modem dialog box appears. In the Manufacturers list, highlight "MultiTech Systems.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation Install modem (does not apply to -4SD): 1. On the General tab, click Add. 2. The Install New Modem dialog box appears. Check the box marked Don't detect my modem; I will select it from a list. Then click Next. 3. The Install New Modem dialog box appears. In the Manufacturers list, select "MultiTech Systems." From the Models list, select Central Site Modems. Then click Next.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 4. Select ports for modem use. Click Next. The modems will be installed to the selected COM ports. • For the ISIHP-2S/2U, you should have reserved 8 ports during driver installation. The first four of these ports should have been assigned as terminal adapters (in the previous procedure). Now select the last four ports, which will be used as modems. • For the ISIHP-4S/4U, you should have reserved 16 ports during driver installation.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 7. Close the Modems Properties dialog box. The message below appears asking if you want to configure dial-up networking. Click Yes. 8. The Remote Access Setup dialog box appears. Click Add. 9. Each COM port appears in a separate Add RAS Device dialog box. To add the highlighted device, click OK. 10. The Remote Access Setup dialog box displays again. Repeat steps 8 and 9 until all devices are added. 11. When all devices have been added, click Continue. 12.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.8 Removing ISIHx Card and Driver in Windows NT 3.51/4.0 1. Go to Start | Settings | Control Panel | Network. Click on the Adapters tab. 2. Select "MultiTech 4, 8, 16-port ISI card," and then click Remove. Note: To complete the uninstall procedure, restart your computer. 3.8.1 I/O Addresses and IRQ Codes Unlike the ISIHI, the ISIHP has no DIP switch for I/O addresses and no jumper to determine the IRQ code.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.9 Configuring the Terminal Adapter 3.9.1 Introduction North American users must configure the terminal adapter to match network switch type, the service profile identifier (SPID), and the directory number (DN). For international users, the terminal adapter ships already configured for NET3, which should work on most phone lines in Europe. However, you may want to customize settings, regardless of your location. (See “Optional Settings” below.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.9.4 Optional Settings • Data TEI The Data TEI is the TEI (terminal endpoint identifier) assigned to the data channel. Select Auto TEI, a fixed TEI, or Disable. A TEI is a number used by the central office switch to uniquely identify each device connected to the network. When it uses dynamic TEI assignments (Auto TEI), the central office switch assigns a TEI each time the TA connects to the network.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.10 ISDN TA Configuration Utility 1. Make sure Windows NT Remote Access Service (RAS), or any other application that is using the modem, is shut down. To shut down RAS, click Start | Programs | Administrative Tools (Common). Then click Remote Access Admin and click Server, which will indicate whether or not RAS is running. If it is running, click Stop Remote Access Service. 2. Insert the Config Utility CD into the drive. 3.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 14. The Data Protocol Setup dialog box appears. Referring to your network configuration notes, enter the appropriate information; then click Next. 15. In the Save Configuration dialog box, enter a name to store the configuration. Then click Next. 16. To load the configuration, click Next in the Load Configuration dialog box. 17. Then click Finish in the Configured dialog box. 18. The first TA now is configured.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.11 ConfigMenu Configuration Utility The ConfigMenu configuration utility can be used as another means of configuring the TA. ConfigMenu is installed in the TAs as part of the firmware. 1. Start a data communication program and select the COM port where the TA is connected. 2. In the communication program dialog box, type "AT@CONFIG" and press ENTER. ConfigMenu’s Main Menu appears (see screen below). 3. To select menu item, type its number and press ENTER.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.12 Terminal Adapter AT Commands You can configure the terminal adapters using AT commands just as you would configure an analog modem. Use this method if you prefer to work with AT commands or if you have a special requirement not addressed by either of the configuration utilities. 1. Start a data communication program and select the TA COM ports to be configured. 2.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.13.1 Configuring Ports for NetWare Connect When the driver is installed, it will allocate consecutive ports for the ISI card as follows: • 16 consecutive ports for the ISIHP-4S/4U/4SD. Note that, for the ISIHP-4SD, only 8 of these ports will be used; the other 8 ports will be considered “broken.” After installation of the ISIHP-4SD is complete, the “broken” ports can be allocated to a different purpose.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.14.2 Format a Floppy Disk for SCO5 1. At the Unix prompt, run the scosh program. 2. Select Manager. 3. Select Archive. 4. Select Format. 5. Make sure that Device is pointed to the floppy drive. 6. Select Continue. 3.14.3 Untar the Driver File and Copy Files to Floppy Disk 1. Make a temporary directory for the ISI driver files. # mkdir /isi 2. Copy the tarred isi driver file into the temporary directory. # cp sco50x.tar /isi 3.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.14.4 Install Driver from Floppy Disk Users starting with the untarred SCO5 driver on a floppy disk can begin the installation here. 1. Run the custom utility. 2. Select Software. 3. Select Install New. 4. Highlight driver file from local host and select Continue. 5. Select as the Media Device “Floppy Disk Drive.” 6. Select Continue. 7. Highlight “Multi-Tech ISA/PCI ...” and select Install. 8. Enter Y (yes) to continue installing the ISI driver. 9.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.14.5 MultiTech Installation Script The Multi-Tech Installation Script for SCO Open Server 5 systems requests information about how many boards you want to install, designations for communication ports and printer ports, and how many pseudo devices you want to create for Multi_View utility. Based on this information, the appropriate driver files will be installed and linked with your system’s kernel. 1.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3. This text appears on the screen and relates to the “/dev” directory. This script also creates the devices in your system to communicate with the ports of ISICOM. The default prefix for the tty ports is ttyl. The default prefix for the printer is prnl. Is this acceptable? (y/n/q). For most users, it’s best to select y, which entails accepting the default values. Then proceed to step 4. Details for use of non-default port/printer values.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 5. Select Host and press ENTER . Remove the diskette from the drive. 6. Select Exit and press ENTER . 7. To reboot the system (required), enter the following commands: • • Type shutdown -g0-y and press ENTER Type init 6 and press ENTER . Driver installation for the ISIHP card now is complete. 3.14.7 Activating Ports in SCO Open Server 5 SCO Open Server 5 provides a device database that monitors the activity of serial ports through which users can log onto the host.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.15 Linux Driver for Multi-Tech ISI Server Cards (for PCI and ISA busses) This is the standard installation procedure for Linux and is applicable to all Linux operating systems of the correct kernel level (2.0, 2.2, or 2.4). The next major section of this manual, RedHat Linux 6.2/7.0 RPM Drivers for ISI Server Cards (PCI bus only), is an alternative installation procedure applicable only to RedHat Linux 6.2 and 7.0 using the RedHat Package Management System (RPM).
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.15.4.1 Copying the Driver from a Floppy 1. Linux floppy disks are in ext2 format. 2. Insert Linux driver in drive A: and mount floppy drive. 3. Copy files from floppy to a temporary directory on hard drive. > mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy > mkdir /isi > cd /isi > cp /mnt/floppy/kernel_2.2.x/* /isi After you have copied the installation tar file to a folder, use the command 'tar xvf isilinux.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.15.7 LINUX: Verifying the ports Terminal utilities like 'minicom' can be used to verify the ports, 'talk' to the modem, and dial out. To configure 'minicom' for a particular port, run it with the '-s' option. In the 'serial port setup' menu option, set the serial device to the required ISI port device (for example, '/dev/ttyM1a' for the first port on the first card).
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.15.8.1 Devices Mapped for Hybrid Cards (ISIHI-xx and ISIHP-xx cards): For the 2-BRI hybrid cards (8 ports; ISIHI-2S/2U and ISIHP-2S/2U) - /dev/ttyM1a to /dev/ttyM1d for ISDN ports. (These four ports correspond to the total of four B-channels available on the two BRI lines connected to these cards.) - /dev/ttyM1e to /dev/ttyM1h for modem ports.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.15.10. Miscellaneous Device files corresponding to ports on the ISIHP cards are created in the /dev folder. Use ttyMxy for normal ports and cumxy for corresponding callout ports. The letter x is the card number (1–4), and y is the port number, (a–p) for 16-port cards. Normal ports (ttyM) are configured for dial-in connections. Callout ports (cum) are used for dial-out connections.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.16 RedHat Linux 6.2/7.0 RPM Drivers for ISI Server Cards (PCI bus only) This installation procedure applies only to RedHat Linux versions 6.2 and 7.0 and only when used with ISIHP server cards, that is, those with the PCI bus. The standard Linux installation procedure (“Linux Driver for Multi-Tech ISI Server Cards (for PCI and ISA busses)”) still applies to all use of Linux in ISIHI and ISIHP server cards. (Note that RedHat Linux versions 6.2 and 7.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 13.16.4.1 Copying the Driver from a Floppy: 1. Linux floppy disks are in ext2 format. 2. Insert Linux driver in drive A: and mount floppy drive. > mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy 3. Copy files from floppy to a temporary directory on hard drive. > mkdir /isi > cd /isi 4. The current isicom.o file should be backed up before installing the RPM. The easiest way is simply to rename it or copy it into another file. For example: “cp (or mv) isicom.o isicom.original”.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.16.5 LINUX-RPM: Verifying the ports To test the installation, you can use the terminal program ‘minicom’. Use the command “minicom -s” to set up the tty port that you will use to communicate. 1. In the Configuration window, select “Serial Port Setup.” 2. Select A to set the Serial Device (for example, /dev/ttyM1a). 3. Select E to set the baud rate. 4. Press Escape (Esc) to exit. 5. Select Exit to communicate with the port. 6.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.16.7 Devices Mapped for Hybrid Cards (ISIHP-xx cards): For the 2-BRI hybrid cards with PCI bus (8 ports; ISIHP-2S/2U) • - /dev/ttyM1a to /dev/ttyM1d for ISDN ports. (These four ports correspond to the total of four Bchannels available on the two BRI lines that can be connected to these cards.) • - /dev/ttyM1e to /dev/ttyM1h for modem ports.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 3.17 Warning About the Flashing of Terminal Adapter Ports New versions of firmware for the TA ports on the ISIHI or ISIHP card are issued from time to time. When new TA-port firmware is issued, that code must be "flashed" into the ISIHP/ISIHI card. If the "Flashpro" program is used to flash new firmware versions, the user should flash odd-numbered TA ports only.
Chapter 3 - Software Installation 21. Select the ISI-port-number value in the Configuration menu and press ENTER. 22. Type 3 and press ENTER. 23. Press Escape to back out to the Main Menu. 24. Highlight Select file to Program in the Main Menu and press ENTER. 25. Select the terminal adapter hex file needed for this ISI card. Then press ENTER. 26. Select Program Firmware in the Main Menu and press ENTER. 27. Wait until the programming of the terminal adapter is complete. 28.
Chapter 4 - Warranty & Service
Chapter 4 - Warranty & Service 4.1 Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. Warranty & Repairs Policies 4.1.1 Warranty Multi-Tech Systems, Inc., (hereafter “MTS”) warrants that its products will be free from defects in material or workmanship for a period of two, five, or ten years (depending on model) from date of purchase, or if proof of purchase is not provided, two, five, or ten years (depending on model) from date of shipment.
Chapter 4 - Warranty & Service 4.1.3 International Customers (outside U.S.A. and Canada) Your original point of purchase reseller may offer the quickest and most economical repair option for your Multi-Tech product. You may also contact any Multi-Tech sales office for information about the nearest distributor or other repair service for your Multi-Tech product: www.multitech.com. In the event that factory service is required, products may be shipped, freight prepaid, to our Mounds View, Minnesota, factory.
Chapter 4 - Warranty & Service 4.2 Repairs 4.2.1 Repair Procedures for U.S. and Canadian Customers In the event that service is required, products may be shipped, freight prepaid, to our Mounds View, Minnesota factory: Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. 2205 Woodale Drive Mounds View, MN 55112 Attn: Repairs, Serial # ____________ A Returned Materials Authorization (RMA) is not required. Return shipping charges (surface) will be paid by MTS.
Chapter 4 - Warranty & Service 4.2.3 Repair Procedures for International Distributors Procedures for International Distributors of Multi-Tech products are on the distributor web site: www.multitech.com 4.2.4 Replacement Parts SupplyNet, Inc., can supply you with replacement power supplies, cables and connectors for selected MultiTech products. You can place an order with SupplyNet via mail, phone, fax or the Internet at the following addresses: Mail: SupplyNet, Inc.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands and S-Registers
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Modem AT Commands ISIHP modems are controlled by instructions called AT commands, so called because the attention characters, AT, precede each command or sequence of commands (known as a command string). You can send commands to the modem from your keyboard while in terminal mode, or you can use communications software to issue these commands automatically. The modem is in command mode when it is not dialing or online.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Each command has a valid range of parameters. For example, &S can have only 0 or 1 as a parameter. Valid commands always generate an OK result code, and a few generate an additional response such as a list of parameters. An invalid command such as &S3, which has a parameter outside the valid range, generates an ERROR result code. Most commands have a default parameter that is enabled when the modem is turned on or reset with the ATZ or AT&F command.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Modem Responses (Result Codes) Online Connection RS-232 Interface Controls Error Correction & Data Compression Immediate Action Flow Control, p. 146 Escape Sequences, p.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Dialing Action Commands Use dialing commands to dial and hang up. Ds Hn Dial s = phone number Default: none Causes the modem to dial the telephone number immediately following it. For example, if you type ATD5551212, the modem dials the number 555-1212. On-Hook/Off-Hook n = 0 or 1 Default: 0 Makes the modem hang up (go on-hook) or simulate the action of picking up a telephone handset (go off-hook).
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Phone Number Memory Commands ISIHx modems can store up to 10 telephone numbers in nonvolatile memory. You can store the numbers with the &Z command and dial them with the ATDS command. &Zn=s DSn Store a Phone Number s = phone number n= 0, 1, 2 or 3 Default: none You can store a telephone number string in the modem’s phone number memory. You can store four of these strings using the &Zn=s command. The memory locations are labeled N0 through N3.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Zn &Yn Reset Modem n = 0 or 1 Default: none The Z command resets the modem to the configuration last saved by the &W command. The default values come from the customized configuration in NVRAM. Z1 is the same as Z0, and functions identically. Select Stored Configuration for Hard Reset n=0 Default: 0 This command is included for compatibility with applications that issue the &Y0 command. Modem functions are not changed. &Y0 selects the profile stored at location 0 on power-up.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Xn V2, an additional command given anytime after ATV1 is entered, displays the connect message of both the local modem and the remote modem. Result Codes and Call Progress Selection n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 Default: X4 Selects which result codes the modem provides in command mode and determines whether the modem uses smart dialing or blind dialing. When it smart dials, the modem listens for dial tones and busy signals and responds to them.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands &Qn Asynchronous Communications Mode n = 0, 5, or 6 Default: &Q5 Allows you to select the type of asynchronous communications mode for your modem. Note: These commands are the same as several of the \Nn commands, described later in this chapter. &Q0 selects asynchronous mode with data buffering. This is the same as \N0, nonerror correction mode with data buffering. &Q5 selects error control with data buffering. This is the same as \N3, V.42/MNP autoreliable mode.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Nn \Tn Yn to function in the telephone systems. Guard tones are not used in the United States. U.K. models are locked at &G2 (1800 Hz guard tone). &G0 disables ITU-T guard tones. &G1 enables ITU-T 550 Hz guard tone. &G2 enables ITU-T 1800 Hz guard tone. Modulation Handshake n = 0 or 1 Default: N1 Controls whether the local modem performs a negotiated handshake with the remote modem at connection time when the communication speed of the two modems is different.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands RS-232 Interface Commands These commands define how the ISIHP-2S/2U modems use and respond to standard RS-232 signals. &Cn &Dn &Sn Carrier Detect Control n = 0 or 1 Default: &C1 Allows you to control the Carrier Detect (CD) signal on the RS-232/V.24 interface. This is a signal from the modem to your computer indicating that the carrier signal is being received from a remote modem.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Error Correction and Data Compression Commands You can configure modems to any of three different V.42 modes of operation (with or without compression): non-error correction, auto-reliable, and reliable modes. You also can turn data compression on or off. \Nn %Cn Error Correction Modes n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7 Default: \N3 Select the modem’s error correction mode using the \N command. \N0 disables the modem’s V.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Immediate Action Commands Use immediate action commands to obtain information about AT commands and current modem settings. A/ In &Bn &V Repeat Last Command Default: None Type A/ to repeat the previous command. Do not precede this command with AT or press ENTER to execute it. Information Request n=0 Default: none This command displays specific product information about your modem. I0 or I returns the controller firmware version number.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands \Qn \Xn \Jn \Kn enabled, the file transfer could fail due to indefinite suspension. Local Flow Control Selection n = 0, 1, or 3 Default: \Q3 Allows you disable flow control and enable hardware or software flow control. \Q0 completely disables data flow control initiated by the modem. (This is the same as &K0.) \Q1 enables XON/XOFF software flow control. XON/XOFF flow control is an in-band method of data flow regulation.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Escape Sequences Escape sequences are also known as escape codes. They are used to cause the modem to enter command mode from online mode without disconnecting the call. +++AT A On In-Band Escape Sequence If the modem is online with a remote modem, you can cause the modem to enter command mode without disconnecting the call by typing an escape code.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands S1 S2 Ring Count Unit: 1 ring Range: 0–255 Default: 0 Counts number of rings that have occurred. It is a read type of register and is seldom used in typical operation. Each time an incoming ring signal is detected, S1 increases its value by one, up to a maximum of 255.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Defines backspace character by its decimal ASCII code. Default setting is the ^H character (decimal 8), the code for BACKSPACE on most keyboards. Can be set for any ASCII character. Setting S2 to a value greater than 32 disables the backspace character. Note: If you change the S5 value, you must make corresponding changes in your data communications software. S6 Wait Time for Dial Tone Unit: 1 second Range: 2–65 (North America), 4–255 (International), 4–7 (U.K.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands S28 S35 S37 Sets the speed of tone dialing (spacing and tone duration times). The default value is 95 units for domestic models and 80 units for Canadian and International models, where each unit is one ms. In other words, for domestic modems, each tone is sustained for 95 ms followed by a 95 ms pause. The minimum S11 value allowed is 50 ms (50 units). The maximum S11 value is 150 ms (150 units). Enable / Disable V.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands S42 S43 S89 S108 Enable / Disable Auto Rate Unit: decimal Range: 0-1 Default: 1 (enabled) Enables and disables the 56K auto rate. Retrain and fallback are disabled in data mode. Set S42 to zero (0) to disable auto rate, or 1 (the default) to enable auto rate. Enable / Disable V.32bis Start-up Auto Mode Unit: decimal Range: 0-1 Default: 1 (enabled) Used for testing and debugging only. Enables and disables V.32bis start-up auto mode operation.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Reading and Assigning S-Register Values Use the S command to assign a value to an S-register and to read an it’s current value. To read an S-register value, in terminal mode, type S, the S-register number, and a question mark (?), and press ENTER. For example, to display the value of register S7, type ATS7? and press ENTER. The value appears as a three-digit decimal number (e.g., 045).
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Modem Result Codes Terse Verbose Definition 0 OK Command executed without error; ready for next command. 1 CONNECT Modem has detected carrier and gone online. 2 RING Modem has detected ring caused byincoming call. 3 NO CARRIER No carrier signal has been detected within the allowed time. 4 ERROR Error in command line (too many, or invalid characters). 5 CONNECT 1200 Modem detected carrier at 1200 bps and gone online. 6 NO DIALTONE No dial tone detected.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Extended Result Codes.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Terminal Adapter AT Commands One of the ways you can communicate with and configure your terminal adapter (TA) is to use AT commands. AT commands are so-called because, with only a few exceptions, each command string begins with the characters AT. Using AT commands, you can read and set parameters and perform actions such as dialing.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands General Information Commands In Ln !L NetworkConfiguration >MIBn %A97 Display Product Information List Active Profile Information Display Network Configuration Management Information Block Information Dialing method >A0=n !C0 !C6 *!C6 !D0=n !D3 *!D3 !L Type of Coding (Speech/3.1 kHz audio) Switch type SPID 1 SPID 2 V.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands %En @P3= @P4= @P6= $MBn General Configuration Commands @CONFIG En %En &Fn %Mn Qn Sr=n Sr? Vn &Wn Xn Z &Zn= !Z=n Escape sequence options Parity Data bits Stop bits V.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Command Implementation AT Attention Code Values: n/a Default: n/a AT precedes all command strings except the A/ command and escape codes. A/ Repeat AT Command Unit: n/a Values: n/a Default: n/a A/ repeats the AT command that was previously entered. RETURN Command Execution Values: n/a Default: n/a Press the RETURN (ENTER) key to carry out a command. The RETURN key is sometimes abbreviated in command examples.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands General Information Commands InDisplay Product Information Unit: Decimal ASCII code Values: n=0---Product ID (e.g. 247) n=1---Firmware version number (e.g. 4.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Network Configuration Commands Use the following commands to select your network switch type (e.g., Northern Telecom DMS-100) and to specify other information required to make an ISDN connection. %A97=n Dialing Method Values: n = 0 or 1 Default: %A97=0 (En bloc) Standardized ISDN signalling protocols such as DSS1, DSS2, and SS7 support sending complete indication, a signal that no more digits will follow.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands !C0=n Network Switch Type Values: n = 0, 1, 2, or 5 Default: !C0=2 (International—NET3) !C0=5 (USA—US N1-1) Selects one of the network switch types supported by ISIHx cards. International factory default setting is !C0=1 (Northern Telecom DMS-100). Default for USA is !C0=5 (USA—US N1-1).
Chapter 5 - AT Commands !D3=n SAPI-0 Data TEI Unit: Decimal ASCII code Values: n=0-63 (Sets the TEI to a fixed value from 0 through 63) n=240 (Sets the data channel for dynamic TEI negotiation) n=241 (Disables TEI) Default: !D3=240 (Auto TEI) Use the !D3=n command to set the terminal endpoint identifier (TEI) for the data channel. A TEI is a number used by the central office switch to uniquely identify each device that is connected to the network.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands >Dn Embedded Protocol Analyzer Values: 0, 1, 2, 3, 98, or 99 Default: n/a Records and analyzes various protocols on the B-channel, D-channel, and DTE-DCE interface. The Embedded Protocol Analyzer is useful as a diagnostic tool, in that essential data messages display, which enables you to observe interactive operations of the TA, Central Exchange, and remote communications equipment. >D0 Displays B-channel traffic, decoded as V.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Default: null string Description: Data DN/MSN 1 can be set to the same value as Data DN/MSN 2 and it can also be set to the same value as Modem DN/MSN 1 and/or 2. A call accepted by Data DN/MSN 1 will be routed to TA port 1. Usage: !N2=n Function: Data DN/MSN 2 Values: n=25-character string Default: null string Description: Data DN/MSN 2 can be set to the same value as Data DN/MSN 1 and it can also be set to the same value as Modem DN/MSN 1 and/or 2.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands DN/MSN 1 will be routed to the first modem. Usage: *!N2=n Function: Modem DN/MSN 2 Values: n=25-character string Default: null string Description: Modem DN/MSN 2 can be set to the same value as Modem DN/MSN 1 and it can also be set to the same value as Data DN/MSN 1 and/or 2. A call accepted by Modem DN/MSN 2 will be routed to the second modem.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands >MULT=n Multi-point Setting Unit: Decimal ASCII code Values: n=0 (Point-to-point), n=1 (Multi-point), n=2 (Multi-point + US NI-1 MLHG) Default: Switch-type dependent: AT&T 5ESS -- n=1 (Multi-point) DMS-100 -- n=1 (Multi-point) EuroISDN NET3 -- n=0 (Point-to-point) INS64 -- n=0 (Point-to-point) US NI-1 -- n=1 (Multi-point) VN4 -- n=0 (Point-to-point) The >MULT=n command sets whether the switch-type behaves as point-to-point or multipoint.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands &RFn CTS/RTS Interaction Control Unit: decimal ASCII code Range: n=0 (CTS follows RTS when on-line), n=1 (CTS is independent of RTS when on-line) Default: n=1 (CTS is independent of RTS when on-line) In normal operation, Clear-to-Send (CTS) follows Request-to-Send (RTS) when the modem is on-line. In other words, if RTS goes off, CTS goes off in response. The &RF0 command enables CTS to follow RTS.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands if DTR goes high, then &D4 will behave like &D1. Note: If you want to accept calls while DTR is low, the TA must be configured to ignore DTR. This is accomplished by entering AT&D0. With this configuration, the TA is able to accept calls while DTR is low. If this configuration setting is not made, the TA rejects incoming calls until DTR is high while the calls comes in.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands &Rn CTS Control Values: n = 0, 1, or 2 Default: &R1 (CTS forced high) Allows you to control the state of the CTS (Clear to Send) signal. Normally the CTS signal follows the state of the RTS signal when TA is online. &R0 CTS acts normally; that is, it follows RTS. &R1 CTS is forced high, but still provides online flow control. &R2 CTS is forced high, but it drops on disconnect for the period of time set by S10. CTS still provides flow control when the TA is online.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands $Dn Persistent DTR Dialing Values: n = 0, or 1 Default: $D0 (Disabled) Enables or disables persistent DTR dialing (PDD). PDD causes the terminal adapter to automatically and continually redial stored telephone number 0 when the port has no active calls and DTR is high. @P3=n Parity at Power-Up Values: n = 0–4 Default: @P3=4 (None) Use only to set the type of parity the TA uses when turned on.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands General Configuration Commands @CONFIG Configuration Menu Unit: n/a Values: n/a Default: n/a The @CONFIG command starts the TA's internal configuration menus, which you can then use to customize the TA's configuration for your particular application. AT@CONFIG must be entered while in a communication program's terminal mode--it cannot be given as an extra command to a non-terminal application.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands &Fn Load Factory Profile Unit: Decimal ASCII code Values: n=0--Profile 0 (Modem-like operation), n=1--Profile 1 (V.110 async operation), n=2--Profile 2 (V.120 async operation), n=3--Profile 3 (X.75 async operation), n=4--Profile 4 (PPP async operation), n=5--Profile 5 (HDLC async operation) Default: &F0 (Modem-like operation) For quick setup, the TA includes several Factory Profiles, each of which contains configuration parameters for a specific type of port operation.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Sr? Read S-Register Unit: varies Range: r varies Default: n/a Use the Sr? command to read the value of an S-register, where r is the number of the Sregister. For example, ATS7? gives the current setting of S-register 7. The L6 command gives a summary of all S-registers and their current settings. Section 1.2 contains the complete list of S-registers and their descriptions. Table 1-2 gives a summary of the available Sregisters.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands X4 Disables printing Calling Line Identification (CLI) at the end of the CONNECT message line. This command does not affect X0, X1, nor X2. X5 Enables printing Calling Line Identification (CLI) at the end of the CONNECT message line. This command does not affect X0, X1, nor X2. Z Reset to Stored Profile Values: none Default: none Resets TA to its current power-up profile and clears the command buffer. The result is the same as turning the TA off and on.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands layers (the computer) to handle error correction. !Z=5 V.120 protocol (async, error detection, error correction) !Z=7 HDLC (async, error detection) !Z=9 PPP protocol (async, error detection) !Z=12 X.75 protocol (async, error detection, error correction) Digital (Data) Call Commands Use these commands to make or configure data calls. A Answer Call Values: none Default: none Forces TA to answer an incoming call.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands port while calls are being held off will not be rejected nor will RING messages be given. Rather the digital call will be held in an alerting state until !Hn times out at which point the call will begin the normal ringing process. Digital calls originated from that port while the !Hn timer is running will abort the timer and the call will go out immediately.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands *!Hn Analog Call Hold-Off Time Unit: 1 second Values: n=0 (disable), n=1-255 (1-255 seconds) Default: *!H0 (disabled) When an analog call disconnects a timer will be installed that will hold off incoming analog calls for the given amount of time (n) for that analog port. Analog calls that are received by that port while calls are being held off will not be rejected nor will a ring be given.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Terminal Adapter S-Registers S-registers are sections of memory in which values are stored that affect how the TA operates. S-registers are socalled because each has a name that begins with the character S. Use the S command to assign a value to or to read the current value of an S-register. To assign a value to an S-register, use the command Sr=n, in which r is the register number, and n is the value you want to assign to the register, e.g., S7=45.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands S0 Number of Rings Until Answer Unit: 1 ring Range: 0–255 Default: 1 Sets the number of rings the TA waits for before it answers and begins its connect sequence. S0=0 turns off the ability to automatically answer a call. S0=1 causes the TA to automatically answer after 1 ring. Note that if the S0 value is set too high, the calling device may time out before the TA answers the call.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands dialing. If no connection is established during the specified time, the TA ends the call. The INS64 switch type limits the maximum delay time to 50 seconds or less. All other switch types allow up to 255 seconds of delay. S8 Pause Time for Comma Unit: 1 second Range: n=0-255 Default: 2 (= 2 seconds) S8 sets the length of the pause caused by a comma inserted in a dialing command. The default setting is 2 seconds, where each unit is one second. S8 may be set for up to 255 seconds.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands S32 Escape Sequence Timeout Unit: 100 ms Range: 0–255 Default: 20 Sets the time allowed in an escape sequence from the receipt of the A in AT to the receipt of the carriage return. If the S32 time interval expires before you press ENTER, the escape sequence ends. The default time is 2 seconds. S34 Maximum Escape Sequence Length Unit: Decimal ASCII code Range: 0–10 Default: 2 Sets the maximum character length of the escape sequence, not including +++AT.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands TA determines the type of call by checking for protocol information in the SETUP message or by matching protocol information received on the B-channel once connected if no protocol information is available in the SETUP message. Once the protocol is determined, the TA will switch its data protocol to match. Upon disconnect the TA will revert its data protocol selection back to the protocol that was selected before the call was received when S52=1 “Detect”.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands the type of line each customer has, and if that line is labeled as a data line (modem or fax), it will not accept a speech call originated on that line. However, 3.1 kHz audio information transfer capability is allowed on data lines (modem or fax) by most switches. S55 also lets you define whether a progress indicator information element (which indicates that the origination address of the POTS call is non-ISDN) is sent with the SETUP message for the POTS port call.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands 32 National 48 Network specific 64 Subscriber 96 Abbreviated Numbering Plan 0 Unknown 1 ISDN/telephony 3 Data 4 Telex 8 National standard 9 Private Default: 128 (disabled) Modifies the value of Octet 3 of the Called Party Number Information Element that is sent within the SETUP message for a data call and within each INFORMATION message that is sent when dialing from the POTS port.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands include the TA not being in the @CONFIG menu, not having a data call present at the time, and Persistent DTR Dialing must be enabled. By default the TA will not delay before dialing when all conditions are satisfied. S81: Link Setup Timeout Usage: S81=n; S81? Unit: 100ms Range: n=0—discard pending call, n=1-255 (100ms-25.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Default: 0 (no delay) S85 controls the delay time for data sent from the TA to the appropriate B-channel. The timer for this S-register is started at the time the CONNECT message is printed. Any data received from the terminal after the CONNECT message but before the timer expires is stored in a queue in the order in which it is received. Once the timer expires, all queued data will be sent to the appropriate B-channel in the order in which it was received.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands S154: B-Channel Answer Rate Usage: S 154=n; S154? Unit: Decimal ASCII code Range: n= 0 (64Kbps, but use Progress Indicator IE), n= 1 (64Kbps, ignore Progress Indicator IE, check Bearer Capability IE), n=56 (54Kbps), n=64 (64Kbps) Default: 0 (64Kbps, but use Progress Indicator IE) S154 allows you to force the TA to answer digital calls with a 56Kbps or 64Kbps B-channel rate.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands Dialing To dial a number using AT commands, you must first start a data communications program. In the program’s terminal mode, type ATDxxxxxxx, where xxxxxxx is the telephone number you want to dial, and is the carriage return character that is sent when you press ENTER , e.g, ATD7853500. The dial string can contain up to 80 characters. To make it easier to read the dial string, you can use hyphens, spaces or parentheses. These characters are ignored by the TA.
Chapter 5 - AT Commands The TA answers the call after the number of rings specified by S0. To disable autoanswer, use a configuration utility or the command S0=0. Note: If the user wants to accept calls while DTR is low, the TA must be configured to ignore DTR. To ignore, enter AT&D0. With this configuration, the TA can accept calls while DTR is low. If this configuration setting is not made, the TA rejects incoming calls until DTR is high while the calls comes in.
Chapter 6 - Troubleshooting
Chapter 6 - Troubleshooting Introduction This chapter covers common problems you may have with your ISIHx server card and how to solve them. The ISIHx was thoroughly tested at the factory before shipping. If you are unable to connect successfully, or if you experience data loss or garbled characters, during connecting, it is possible the modem or terminal adapter is defective. However, it is more likely that the source of your problem lies elsewhere. Always make sure all hardware is connected properly.
Chapter 6 - Troubleshooting change one of the conflicting devices to use one of the unused IRQs. If you find an address conflict, change the address of one of the conflicting devices. To change a port address or IRQ in Windows 3.1x, double-click the Control Panel icon and then the Ports icon. Click the port you want to change; then click Settings and then Advanced and select the new port address and/or interrupt.
Chapter 6 - Troubleshooting latest statement of service from your ISDN provider. • Your ISDN provider may have programmed the switch incorrectly. Call the provider. You cannot place two simultaneous data calls • You may not have ordered an ISDN line configuration that supports two simultaneous calls. Check your contract or latest statement of service from your ISDN provider. Also, your ISDN provider may have programmed the switch incorrectly. Call the provider.
Index Index explanation, ISIHP-1S ....................... 43 explanation, ISIHP-4SD ..................... 43 C A activating ports in SCO ......................... 48 AT commands ................................ 37, 77 modem .......................... 66, 69, 70, 77 command editing .................................. 67 command structure ................................ 66 command summary ............................... 67 configuration commands ....................... 70 data compression commands ........
Index E enabling ports in SCO ........................... 48 error correction commands ................... 76 F firmware update ISI terminal adapters ......................... 58 FlashPro and TA firmware updates ................... 58 flow control commands modem .............................................. 77 H hardware computer requirements ...................... 12 installation ......................................... 13 hardware installation introduction ........................................
Index in Netware ......................................... 42 in Windows 2000 ............................... 23 in Windows NT .................................. 30 ISIHP-1S special modem/TA install instructions Linux ..................................................... 51 Linux RPM ........................................... 56 Netware ................................................. 43 SCO ...................................................... 46 ISIHP-4SD special modem/TA install instructions Linux ...
Index Linux RPM ........................................... 57 Netware ................................................. 43 SCO ...................................................... 48 Windows 2000 ...................................... 30 Windows NT ......................................... 36 removing driver, Linux RPM ......................................... 57 replacement parts ................................. 64 result codes modem ..............................................
Index ISIHI install ........................................ ISIHP install ....................................... modem/TA install ............................... uninstall driver ................................... 30 30 32 36 X X.75 and packet switching ......................... 10 description ...................................
