User`s guide

Appendix
Motorola GPS Products - M12+ User's Guide Revision 6.X 09FEB05
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JPO
Joint Program Office for GPS located at the USAF Space Division at El Segundo,
California. The JPO consists of the USAF Program Manager and Deputy Program
Managers representing the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Defense Mapping
Agency, and NATO.
Kalman Filter
A numerical method used to track a time-varying signal in the presence of noise. If the
signal can be characterized by some number of parameters that vary slowly with time,
then Kalman filtering can be used to tell how incoming raw measurements should be
processed to best estimate those parameters as a function of time.
Kinematic Surveying
A form of continuous differential carrier- phase surveying requiring only short periods of
data observations. Operational constants include starting from or determining a known
baseline, and tracking a minimum of four satellites. One receiver is statically located at a
control point, while others are moved between points to be measured.
Keplerian Orbital Elements
Allow description of any astronomical orbit. The six Keplerian orbital elements are as
follows:
a = semi-major axis
e = eccentricity
w = argument of perigee
62 = right ascension of ascending node
i = inclination of orbital plane
To = epoch of perigee passage.
L1, L2
The L-band signals radiated by each NAVSTAR satellite. The L1 signal is a 1575.42-MHz
carrier modulated with both the C/A and P codes and with the NAV message. The L2
signal is a 1227.60-MHz carrier modulated with the P code and the NAV message. Under
anti-spoofing, the P code becomes the encrypted Y code for authorized users only.
Lane
The area (or volume) enclosed by adjacent lines (or surfaces) of zero phase of either the
carrier beat phase signal, or of the difference between two carrier beat phase signals. On
the earth's surface, a line of zero phase is the focus of all points for which the observed
value would have an exact integer value for the complete instantaneous phase
measurement. In three dimensions, this lane becomes a surface.
L Band
The radio frequency band extending from 390 MHz (nominally) to
1550 MHz.