Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit TORNADO RADIO UNIT PRODUCT MANUAL Issue 11 – May 2021 This document contains proprietary information and must not be provided or copied to third parties without express permission from Mimomax Wireless Ltd 1
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Mimomax Wireless Ltd Issue 11 – May 2021 Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Copyright © 2021 Mimomax Wireless Ltd. Disclaimer While precaution has been taken in the preparation of this literature and it is believed to be correct at the time of issue, Mimomax Wireless Ltd assumes no liability for errors or omissions or for any damages resulting from the use of this information.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit WARRANTY Mimomax Wireless Limited ("Mimomax”) warrants for a period of 12 months from the date of delivery that its hardware items ("Equipment") will be free from defects due to defective design, workmanship or materials subject the conditions below ("Warranty").
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Table of Contents Abbreviations And Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. 6 1 2 3 Tornado System Overview .............................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Network Digital Links (NDL) ....................................................................................................
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 4 Setting Up on the Bench ............................................................................................................................... 20 4.1 Testing The Network Setup ................................................................................................................... 21 5 Configuration Control and Monitoring System (CCMS) .................................................................................
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AC Alternating Current ACMA Australian Communications and Media Authority ADC Analogue to Digital Converter ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation AFC Automatic Frequency Control AGC Automatic Gain Control ANT Antenna BER Bit Error Rate BRU Base Radio Unit BW Bandwidth CAT Category CCMS Configuration Control & Monitoring Software CODECS Coder Decoder CPU Central Processing Unit CRC Cyclic Redundancy Ch
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit HTML Hyper-Text Mark-Up Language IF Intermediate Frequency IO Input Output IP Internet Protocol ITU International Telecommunication Union LED Light Emitting Diode LNA Low Noise Amplifier LO Local Oscillator LPF Low Pass Filter LRU Link Radio Unit MAC Media Access Control MCAM Mimomax Cognisant Adaptive Modulation MDAP Mimomax Data Acceleration Protocols MDIX Medium Dependent Interface Crossover MDL Multipoint Digital Link MIB Management I
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit RU Radio Unit RX Receive SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SEPIC Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter SFE Software Feature Enabler SMB Sub miniature Version B SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SPI Serial Peripheral Interface SS Synchronous Serial TCP Transmission Control Protocol TTR Time to Repair TX Transmit UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UDP User Datagram Protocol UHF Ultra-High Frequency USD Uni
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 1 TORNADO SYSTEM OVERVIEW Mimomax Tornado delivers the next generation of high performance true MiMO narrowband remote radios for SCADA, Protection and Linking applications. The Tornado is the market leader for narrowband throughput and functionality with a full duplex aggregate data rate of up to 640kb/s in 50kHz in its highest modulation mode.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Simplified Two-Site Trunked P25 Network 1.2 MULTIPOINT DIGITAL LINKS (MDL) The Mimomax MDL is a highly reliable and robust point-to-multipoint wireless linking solution designed for missioncritical Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Telemetry applications. It consists of one or more Base Radio Units (BRUs) where each BRU supports up to 354 active Remote Radio Units (RRUs) with largest settable RRU ID of 356. An exception to it is 4.6.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit SCADA networks can use MDL links to connect remote RTUs to the central SCADA master. These links can be cascaded with an NDL link to cope with difficult terrain or very long paths. SCADA Network Example 1.3 OPTIMISED PROTECTION VARIANT (OPV) The Mimomax OPV is a highly intelligent point-to-point radio system that provides complete rural substation Tele protection communications solution for both power line protection and SCADA applications.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit OPV Example Network Diagram Mimomax Tornado OPV-T Synchronous Serial Latency Table 12
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 2 SAFETY WARNINGS 2.1 MODIFICATIONS NOTE: THE GRANTEE IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY CHANGES OR MODIFICATIONS NOT EXPRESSLY APPROVED BY THE PARTY RESPONSIBLE FOR COMPLIANCE. SUCH MODIFICATIONS COULD VOID THE USER’S AUTHORITY TO OPERATE THE EQUIPMENT. 2.2 TRANSMITTER ANTENNA Under Industry Canada regulations, this radio transmitter may only operate using an antenna of a type and maximum (or lesser) gain approved for the transmitter by Industry Canada.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit The above distances are based on procedures defined by regulatory standards for equipment operating at maximum power and 100% duty cycle with a person located directly in front of the antenna in the main radiation lobe. 2.4 FCC RF EXPOSURE STATEMENT The transmitter must not be co-located or operated in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. The equipment complies with FCC RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. 2.4.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 2.6 MAINS CONNECTION The Mains connection of the supply providing the DC supply to the Mimomax Tornado unit shall be either: 2.7 • PERMANENTLY CONNECTED EQUIPMENT. • PLUGGABLE EQUIPMENT TYPE B.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 3 TORNADO RADIO UNIT OVERVIEW 3.1 CONNECTORS The image below shows each of the different connectors The Ethernet connectors are 10/100 Base-Tx connected to a two-port switch (either port can be used). The operating input voltage range of the power supply is 10.5 to 64 VDC. The power supply must be able to supply at least 30 watts. Warning: Do not power up the radio unit without a load (attenuator or antenna) connected to each of the N connectors.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 3.2 DIGITAL PROCESSING SYSTEM The DPS is the heart of the radio unit. It provides an accurate and stable 40MHz system reference clock from which all the required digital clocks and RF local oscillator frequencies for transmit and receive functions are derived. It processes signals that have been transmitted or received and provides overall control and monitoring to the rest of the system via the built-in Configuration, Control and Management Software CCMS software.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 3.2.8 DUAL SERIAL The two serial ports, ‘Serial 1’ and ‘Serial 2’ on the front panel, operate as RS232 ports can either operate via a terminal server application (NDL and MDL) or providing a transparent end to end RS232 connection (NDL only). In a NDL system the serial ports are also able to provide X-21, RS422, G703, C37.94 or Mimomax HSSI2 via external interface converters. 3.2.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit oscillator located on the DPS PCB. The required local oscillator frequency (i.e. receive frequency minus 45.1MHz) is programmed by the unit central processing system which controls the synthesiser via a 3-wire serial interface bus. The frequency is settable in 6.25 kHz increments (5 kHz optional). The synthesiser control loop incorporates a low noise op-amp active filter and level shifter, the output of which feeds the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 4 SETTING UP ON THE BENCH The radio units can be interconnected for bench-based testing or configuration. Attenuators with the appropriate value and power handling must be used. The RF wiring diagram shows the interconnection of attenuators, cables and splitters for a standard bench test. Note: If an NDL system or an MDL system with only one RRU is desired then the splitters, second RRU and corresponding attenuators can be omitted.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 4.1 TESTING THE NETWORK SETUP Once the RF setup has been completed the radio units can be powered up, networking on associated devices configured and the units logged into. Refer to the label located on the underside of the radio unit to identify the configured IP address and subnet mask. The image below shows an example IP diagram of the network in Router mode. The following one shows an example of same network in Bridged mode.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Figure 1 Ipconfig on the left (In this case the gateway has not been set properly!) and on the right Pinging 192.168.0.1 (the BRU) from Laptop A You are now ready to log in, configure, and monitor the system.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 5 CONFIGURATION CONTROL AND MONITORING SYSTEM (CCMS) CCMS is web-based software that enables you to connect to a Mimomax radio unit using a web browser such as Internet Explorer, Firefox or Chrome. No application other than a web browser needs to be installed on your PC or laptop. The radio unit serves up the CCMS web pages. For a full list of functions please refer to Mimomax’s Tornado CCMS Manual.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 6 CHANGING OPERATING FREQUENCY AND POWER CALIBRATION 6.1 INTRODUCTION Changing operating frequencies of a Mimomax Tornado radio is done via the CCMS. The radio’s power will need to be recalibrated and the internal duplexers also need to be re-tuned. Duplexer tuning is covered in Section 7. 6.2 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: POWER METER For accurate measurement of average power from Mimomax transmitters a thermistor bolometer type of power meter (e.g.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Simply enter the new TX and Rx Frequencies and/or desired power. Enter save and follow the on screen instructions. The next page is shown below. A warning appears that requests that the duplexers be re-tuned, and the unit rebooted. This warning will appear on all CCMS pages, and the transmitters will be shut down, until the unit is rebooted. Configure RF CCMS Page Once the unit has been rebooted a new warning will appear.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit that the UI poses on the user. First select the TX Power Calibration from Calibration at the main menu. When done the following control is shown: Press start to initiate the power calibration. Proceed with Cal Tx1 to calibrate the 1st transmitter or with Cal Tx2 to do the 2nd one. The order isn't important. The power at the current state is down and the carrier is turned On once one of these buttons is pressed. 6.5.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 6.5.3 COMPLETE CALIBRATION OF ONE TX Pressing Calibrate the 2nd time, finishes the adjustments and if successful, the following screen will be shown: The user can abort the process at any time while still calibrating one of the Tx's by pressing the Abort button on this screen or on other process screens. The abort isn't permitted once both transmitters show a green YES on the last screen.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 6.5.5 CALIBRATION FAULT Sometimes, the calibration process can fail. This will occur if the PG is out of range at the fine step. The logic checks the resulting PG against limits and the PG must be inside them for the calibration to pass. On failure of one of the transmitters the following page will be show: This will result in failure and user will need to abort by pressing the Abort button.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 7 DUPLEXER TUNING GUIDE The Mimomax Tornado radio unit has two transmitters and two receivers; these connect to two antenna ports via two duplexers. The duplexer serves three primary functions. • It allows one transmitter and one receiver to be connected to a single antenna port. • It reduces the high-power transmitter signal getting into the sensitive receiver, and the received signal getting into the transmitter.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit The duplexer electrically connects to the transmitter and receiver via semi-flexible coax. The coax is terminated in SMB female RF connectors to mate with the opposite gender on the RF and duplexer printed circuit boards. Due to mechanical constraints the duplexers cannot be interchanged between Channels 1 and 2. The duplexers would be fitted in the chassis as seen below. The symmetry is more obvious from this view.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit • • • • • T20 Screwdriver for removing Chassis Screws 5mm Spanner for Tightening Lock Nuts Callipers to check slug height T10 Screwdriver (if removing duplexer from chassis, duplexer mounting screws) N-Type 19mm Hex Socket (for removing duplexer from chassis, N-type nut removal) 7.3.2 PROCEDURE 1. Remove the 8x T20 screws from the perimeter of the radio. 2.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 7.3.1.1 To Calibrate The TX Side 1. Refer to the above figure. Connect Port 1 to TX Port, connect Port 2 to Antenna Port, Connect 50ohm Load to Rx Port, Connect +5V (If you keep the duplexer in the chassis, with +5V connected, you can use the radio +5V by powering the radio unit during calibration). 2. Ensure TX and Rx duplexer is completely detuned away from the frequency of operation. 3.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit RSSI calibration can be easily achieved by following the instructions step by step. Below is the summary of the procedure that is also shown on the RSSI Calibration page below (Calibration > RSSI Calibration). 1. Connect signal generator via a 30dB attenuator to Channel 1 receiver. 2. Set signal generator level so that -40dBm can be measured at the receiver input. Choose un-modulated carrier for the input signal. 3. Select Rx1 in the CCMS page. 4.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 7.5 REFERENCE CALIBRATION For the radio to maintain an accurate frequency reference calibration of the radio’s frequency reference is recommended to be checked after three years. 7.5.1 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR REFERENCE CALIBRATION • • • An accurate 10 MHz source is needed, with a level between -5 and +20 dBm A Mimomax GPIO/Ref/Alarm cable A connection to the radios CCMS 7.5.2 HOW TO CALIBRATE THE REFERENCE 1.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 8 RADIO REFERENCE INFORMATION 8.1 MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS AND MOUNTING This section describes the dimensions of the Tornado radio unit and the various methods of mounting. 8.1.1 DIMENSIONS Mechanical Dimensions (All units are in mm) 8.1.2 MOUNTING The radio unit can be mounted in Rack, Pole, Wall or DIN mount configurations. Each of these styles of mounting can be further customised further by collocating or separating aspects such as batteries and power supplies.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Assembled and exploded view of the Tornado rack mount 8.1.1.2 Pole Mount The pole mount kit can be used to mount the tornado onto a pole with a diameter between 23 and 51 mm. If the tornado is mounted outside, then the weather proof hood must be used. Tools required are a #2 Philips screwdriver and a 10 mm spanner. Assembled and exploded view of the Tornado pole mount 8.1.1.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Assembled and exploded view of the Tornado wall mount 8.1.1.4 DIN mount The Tornado can also be mounted to a Top hat style DIN rail (EN 50022). Tools required are a #2 Philips screwdriver. Assembled and exploded view of the Tornado DIN mount 8.1.1.5 Weatherproof hood The weatherproof hood can be used to protect the Tornado interfaces from dust or moisture ingress. It needs to be used whenever the unit is mounted in an outdoor environment or in adverse conditions.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Exploded view of the weatherproof hood Mounting orientation of the weatherproof hood 8.1.1.6 Mounting holes If other mounting options are desired, the mounting holes described as shown below can be used directly. Ensure that bolts of the correct diameter and depth are used, otherwise damage may occur.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Mounting hole size, depth and location 8.2 INPUT AND OUTPUT This section describes the general I/O of the device. It includes an overview of all connectors as well as LED’s and other relevant electrical parameters. Refer to the Tornado serial manual for detailed information on the use of the serial interfaces.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 8.2.1 CONNECTORS Antenna/Duplexer ports (2x N connectors) The radio unit is a 2x2 MIMO unit with internal duplexers. This means each N connector is both a transmit and a receive port. In order to aid in diagnostics, the left port should be connected to the vertical antenna polarisation while the right port is connected to the horizontal polarisation. Be careful that feeders connected to the N connectors are not over tightened.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 8.2.3 ESSENTIAL POWER REQUIREMENTS 8.2.3.1 Voltage Range The operating input voltage range of the power supply is 10.5 to 60 VDC. This means that the voltage must not rise above 60 VDC under idle conditions or fall below 10.5 VDC at full load. 8.2.3.2 Static Power Input The typical power drawn when the transmitter is active is about 21W (maximum 26W). This occurs when the two transmitter channels are operating at full power.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 8.2.3.6 Supply Noise Regardless of the EMC provisions in the equipment, power wiring from the DC source should not be shared with other equipment that may introduce excessive noise. Nor should the power cables to the RU be run alongside cables that connect to other equipment that may produce high current noise or transients, e.g. power relays. 8.2.3.7 Operating from AC Mains: AC-DC ‘desktop’ power supplies are available from Mimomax with the required power. 8.2.3.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit PoE Splitter Sealed PoE Splitter 43
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 8.2.4 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Parameter Conditions Min Input voltage Normal operation 10.5 Power Consumption Idle, Tx off Power Consumption Tx Active Typical Max Units Power supply 60 V 5.5 7.6 W 20 26 W 1.00 1.05 V 2 % Ethernet Tx Peak Differential voltage 100Base-Tx, termination 100 Ohm Tx voltage imbalance 100Base-Tx, termination 100 Ohm Tx Rise/Fall time 100Base-Tx 3 5 ns Tx Rise/Fall imbalance 100Base-Tx 0 0.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Alarm Input current (max) 300 mA Switching voltage (max) 33 VDC Parameter Conditions Min Typical Max Units Reference input Level -5 Frequency +20 dBm 10 MHz Level 0 dBm Frequency 10 MHz Reference output USB Host VBus Output Current Input voltage Voltage on Dm and Dp pins -0.3 400 mA 5.25 V USB Device Input voltage Voltage on Dm and Dp pins 5.25 V Vbus Voltage on VBus pin 5.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 8.2.5 INTERFACE PORTS The radio unit has Ethernet and asynchronous serial interfaces as well as a General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO). The GPIO connector incorporates an alarm and external reference. Various synchronous serial standards are also supported via external converter boxes. The serial pin out is briefly described in this document. Please refer to the Tornado serial manual for detailed information on configuring the unit’s serial interfaces. 8.2.5.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit • Where Vmax is the maximum voltage that will be measured, 109k is the input impedance, and Rext is an external series resister between the voltage being measured and the tornado GPIO pin. Remember to round the resister value up to the nearest resistor value above the calculated value. • Next use the GPIO input calibration process to calibrate the system through the external resistor. This process will be based on a known voltage before the resistor.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Table 4: GPIO pin out GPIO Connector 8.2.6 RF SPECIFICATION General Configuration 2x2 MIMO Connector type N-Type, 50 Ohms Ambient Temperature Range -30OC to +60OC Horizontal mount, all products or -30OC +70 OC for a vertically mounted RRU Base Gross Data Rate 50 kHz 160 kbps Full-duplex (QPSK) 25 kHz 80kbps Full-duplex 12.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Modulation sensitivity1 for 10-4 BER Modulation sensitivity1 for 7 BER 10- 12.5 2x10k symbols/sec 50 kHz -111/-104/-98/-91 dBm (400, 700, and 900 MHz) -111/-104/-97/-92 dBm (VHF) 25 kHz -114/-107/-101/-94dBm (400, 700, and 900 MHz) -114/-107/-101/-95 dBm (VHF) 12.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Frequency Stability Accuracy and Better than +/-1 ppm Transmitter (continued) Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) >60 dB Transient ACPR >60 dB Intermodulation Rejection >70 dB Tx Occupied BW 50 kHz 40 kHz 25 kHz 20 kHz 12.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit Lightning protection Lightning protection is important to ensure the protection of the tower, antenna and the radio equipment hardware. Below shows the point earthing concept recommended. The technique recommended to protect the radio unit, antenna, feeder and tower uses earthing kits in strategic places. The key points are: adjacent to the feeder connector at the antenna, where the feeder leaves the base of the tower and where the feeder enters the building structure.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 8.3 INSTALLATION Three styles of system installation are shown below. Of these, (a) has the lowest RF losses and the highest efficiency of power supply to the RU. However, mounting of the battery equipment up the pole may be considered a disadvantage from a mechanical or installation viewpoint.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 8.
Product Manual for Tornado Radio Unit 9 DOCUMENT HISTORY Issue # Date 8 20/11/18 Added uncertainty of RSSI calibration figure to RSSI Calibration section 9 20/04/20 Added 400 MHz - 50 KHz capability. Licenses updated. RSSI process range changed from -50 and -90 to -40 and -60. 10 14/07/20 Updated number of supported RRUs. 11 15/05/21 54 Description FCC statement updates (Section 2.0). Latency table update (section 1.
