TORNADO RADIO UNIT PRODUCT MANUAL This document contains proprietary information and must not be provided or copied to third parties without express permission from MiMOMax Wireless Ltd FCC ID:XMK-MMXTRNB005 © MiMOMax Wireless Ltd Tornado Product Manual 1
MiMOMax Wireless Ltd Issue 7 - June 2017 Product Manual for the Tornado Radio Unit Firmware version 4.3.1 Disclaimer Whilst every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this literature and it is believed to be correct at time of issue, MiMOMax Wireless Ltd assumes no liability for errors or omissions or for any damages resulting from the use of this information.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................... 5 1 TORNADO SYSTEM OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 SAFETY WARNINGS ..............................................................................................................................................
6.4 CCMS PROCESS .........................................................................................................................................................22 6.5 POWER CALIBRATION ...................................................................................................................................................24 6.5.1 Calibrating Tx (Coarse Step) ...........................................................................................................................24 6.5.
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AC ACMA ADC ADPCM AFC AGC ANT BER BRU BW CAT CCMS CODECS CPU CRC CSV DAC DC DFE DIF DPLXR DPS DRU DSP DTE EF EMC ERM ESD ETSI FCC FIFO FPGA FTP GND GPS GRE HPF HSSI HTML IF IO IP ITU LED LNA LO LPF LRU MAC MCAM MDAP MDIX MDL MIB MIMO MRAP NDL NIB Alternating Current Australian Communications And Media Authority Analogue To Digital Converter Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation Automatic Frequency Control Automatic Gain Control Antenna Bit Error Rate Base Radio Unit Bandwid
NTP OPV OSI OSPF OTAC OTAP PA PC PCB PECL PIF PIN PLL PMR PSU QAM QPSK RF RFI RRU RSSI RTP RU RX SCADA SEPIC SFE SMB SNMP SPI SS TCP TTR TX UART UDP UHF USD VCO VCTCXO VRMS VRRP VSWR Network Time Protocol Optimised Protection Variant Open System Interconnection Open Shortest Path First Over The Air Configuration Over The Air Programming Power Amplifier Personal Computer Printed Circuit Board Positive Emitter-Coupled Logic Power Interface P-Type, Intrinsic, N-Type Phase Locked Loop Private Mobile Radio Powe
1 TORNADO SYSTEM OVERVIEW MiMOMax Tornado delivers the next generation of high performance true MiMO narrowband remote radios for SCADA, Protection and Linking applications. The Tornado is the market leader for narrowband throughput and functionality with a full duplex aggregate data rate of up to 640kb/s in 50kHz in its highest modulation mode.
Simplified Two-Site Trunked P25 Network 1.2 MULTIPOINT DIGITAL LINKS (MDL) The MiMOMax MDL is a highly reliable and robust point-to-multipoint wireless linking solution designed for mission-critical Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Telemetry applications. It consists of one or more Base Radio Units (BRUs) that support up to 1020 Remote Radio Units (RRUs).
SCADA networks can use MDL links to connect remote RTUs to the central SCADA master. These links can be cascaded with an NDL link to cope with difficult terrain or very long paths. SCADA Network Example 1.3 OPTIMISED PROTECTION VARIANT (OPV) The MiMOMax OPV is a highly intelligent point-to-point radio system that provides complete rural substation Tele protection communications solution for both power line protection and SCADA applications. It is designed to meet CAT I, II and III protection levels.
OPV Example Network Diagram .
2 2.1 SAFETY WARNINGS MODIFICATIONS NOTE: THE GRANTEE IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY CHANGES OR MODIFICATIONS NOT EXPRESSLY APPROVED BY THE PARTY RESPONSIBLE FOR COMPLIANCE. SUCH MODIFICATIONS COULD VOID THE USER’S AUTHORITY TO OPERATE THE EQUIPMENT. 2.2 TRANSMITTER ANTENNA Under Industry Canada regulations, this radio transmitter may only operate using an antenna of a type and maximum (or lesser) gain approved for the transmitter by Industry Canada.
• 2.7 Or equipment intended to be used in a RESTRICTED ACCESS LOCATION where equipotential bonding has been applied and which has provision for a permanently connected PROTECTIVE EARTHING CONDUCTOR and is provided with instructions for the installation of that conductor by a SERVICE PERSON. FCC 15.19 STATEMENT THIS DEVICE COMPLIES WITH PART 15 OF THE FCC RULES.
3 3.1 TORNADO RADIO UNIT OVERVIEW CONNECTORS Error! Reference source not found. shows each of the different connectors The Ethernet connectors are 10/100 Base-Tx connected to a two-port switch (either port can be used). The operating input voltage range of the power supply is 10.5 to 64 VDC. The power supply must be able to supply at least 30 watts. Warning: Do not power up the radio unit without a load (attenuator or antenna) connected to each of the N connectors.
3.2 DIGITAL PROCESSING SYSTEM The DPS is the heart of the radio unit. It provides an accurate and stable 40MHz system reference clock from which all the required digital clocks and RF local oscillator frequencies for transmit and receive functions are derived. It processes signals that have been transmitted or received and provides overall control and monitoring to the rest of the system via the built-in Configuration, Control and Management Software CCMS software.
3.2.8 Dual Serial The two serial ports, ‘Serial 1’ and ‘Serial 2’ on the front panel, operate as RS232 ports can either operate via a terminal server application (NDL and MDL) or providing a transparent end to end RS232 connection (NDL only). In a NDL system the serial ports are also able to provide X-21, RS422, G703, C37.94 or MiMOMax HSSI2 via external interface converters. 3.2.
The synthesiser control loop incorporates a low noise op-amp active filter and level shifter, the output of which feeds the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO uses a LC resonator tuned by high-Q varicap diodes to minimise phase noise and jitter. The required local oscillator frequency ranges from 354.9 to 424.9MHz.
4 SETTING UP ON THE BENCH The radio units can be interconnected for bench-based testing or configuration. Attenuators with the appropriate value and power handling must be used. The RF Wiring Diagram shows the interconnection of attenuators, cables and splitters for a standard bench test. Note: If an NDL system or an MDL system with only one RRU is desired then the splitters, second RRU and corresponding attenuators can be omitted.
RF Wiring Diagram Recommended equipment: 6x high power attenuators (30 dB, >10 W) 2x low power attenuators (30dB) 2x splitters Sufficient cables and adaptors to connect the above devices to the radio units 4.1 TESTING THE NETWORK SETUP Once the RF setup has been completed the radio units can be powered up, networking on associated devices configured and the units logged into. Refer to the label located on the underside of the radio unit to identify the configured IP address and subnet mask.
Example IP diagram using 192.168.x.x subnets (Routed mode) Example IP diagram using a single subnet (Bridged mode) Next confirm network connectivity by pinging each radio unit from the connected laptop. If this is not successful, use ipconfig to check your networking settings. Once we have network connectivity with the local radio unit, type the appropriate IP address into your web browser to access the unit.
Figure 1 Ipconfig on the left (In this case the gateway has not been set properly!) and on the right Pinging 192.168.0.1 (the BRU) from Laptop A You are now ready to log in, configure, and monitor the system.
5 CONFIGURATION CONTROL AND MONITORING SYSTEM (CCMS) CCMS is web-based software that enables you to connect to a MiMOMax radio unit using a web browser such as Internet Explorer, Firefox or Chrome. No application other than a web browser needs to be installed on your PC or laptop. The radio unit serves up the CCMS web pages. For a full list of functions please refer to MiMOMax’s Tornado CCMS Manual.
6 6.1 CHANGING OPERATING FREQUENCY AND POWER CALIBRATION INTRODUCTION Changing operating frequencies of a MiMOMax Tornado radio is done via the CCMS. The radio’s power will need to be recalibrated and the internal duplexers also need to be re-tuned. Duplexer tuning is covered in Section 7. 6.2 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: POWER METER For accurate measurement of average power from MiMOMax transmitters a thermistor bolometer type of power meter (e.g. HP435A or similar) is required.
Simply enter the new TX and Rx Frequencies and/or desired power. Enter save and follow the on screen instructions. The next page is shown below. A warning appears that requests that the duplexers be retuned and the unit rebooted. This warning will appear on all CCMS pages, and the transmitters will be shut down, until the unit is rebooted. Configure RF CCMS Page Once the unit has been rebooted a new warning will appear. It will warn that power calibration is required.
6.5 POWER CALIBRATION The process for calibrating the transmitter power is described below. The process for calibrating the power using CCMS is different from the process when using CLi in terms of what users can do. It is also a subject to constraints that the UI poses on the user. First select the TX Power Calibration from Calibration at the main menu. When done the following control is shown: Press start to initiate the power calibration.
6.5.2 Calibrating Tx (Fine Step) The fine step is where the power is accurately adjusted using the PG (aka Pulse Shaper Gain) - the digital gain and digital hardware method to control power. Click Calibrate on the following page to apply it, 6.5.
6.5.5 Calibration fault Sometimes, the calibration process can fail. This will occur if the PG is out of range at the fine step. The logic checks the resulting PG against limits and the PG must be inside them for the calibration to pass. On failure of one of the transmitters the following page will be show: This will result in failure and user will need to abort by pressing the Abort button.
7 DUPLEXER TUNING GUIDE The MiMOMax Tornado radio unit has two transmitters and two receivers; these connect to two antenna ports via two duplexers. The duplexer serves three primary functions. • It allows one transmitter and one receiver to be connected to a single antenna port. • It reduces the high-power transmitter signal getting into the sensitive receiver, and the received signal getting into the transmitter.
closed Channel 1 can always be identified as being closest to the green power connector. In addition, Channel 1 is associated with the horizontal polarisation which is indicated on the chassis by an ‘H’ next to the RF connector. MiMOMax Tornado Duplexers in Chassis There are 3 sub-bands of duplexer to cover the entire 400-470MHz switching range. The sub-bands are 400 - 430MHz, 420 - 450MHz and 440 - 470MHz. The chassis will need to be opened to gain access to the duplexer.
7.3.2 Procedure 1. Remove the 8x T20 screws from the perimeter of the radio. 2. Pull the 2 clamshell halves away from each other, separating them at the interface end and pivoting at the other end. Ensure that you don’t lose the two small O-ring seals which sit on chassis pillars as shown above. 3. Disconnect the 4x SMB connectors from the RF Board. Long nose pliers are the best tool to remove the connectors otherwise it can be difficult to grip the connector.
3. With TX frequency set to marker 1, Tune 2Tx to peak at marker 1 (note #TX represents the tuning slug and is marked on the printed circuit board). When tuning ensure that the slug height is not greater than 5.6mm higher than the printed circuit board, otherwise the slug will contact the chassis. 4. Tune 3TX peak such that two peaks are centred around Marker 1 5. Tune 1TX and 4TX such that the pass band (S21) and return loss (S11) are within acceptable limits.
8. Click Read in the CCMS page. 9. Click Calculate in the CCMS page. 10. Click Save in the CCMS page. 11. Connect signal generator via a 30dB attenuator to Channel 2 receiver. 12. Repeat Step 2 to 10 for the Channel 2 receiver. RSSI Calibration Page REFERENCE CALIBRATION 7.5 In order for the radio to maintain an accurate frequency reference calibration of the radio’s frequency reference is recommended to be checked after three years. 7.5.1 Equipment required for reference calibration • • • 7.5.
2. In CCMS, navigate to ‘Calibration’ > ‘Reference Calibration’. 3. Click ‘Start’. If the calibration is successful the message, ‘A 10 MHz reference has been found. The calibration process was successful’ will be displayed.
8 8.1 RADIO REFERENCE INFORMATION MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS AND MOUNTING This section describes the dimensions of the Tornado radio unit and the various methods of mounting. 8.1.1 Dimensions Mechanical Dimensions (All units are in mm) 8.1.2 Mounting The radio unit can be mounted in Rack, Pole, Wall or DIN mount configurations. Each of these styles of mounting can be further customised further by collocating or separating aspects such as batteries and power supplies.
8.1.2.1 Rack Mount The Rack mount kit is designed to be used to mount the Tornado into a standard 19” rack enclosure, occupying 1U of rack height. Tools required are a #2 Philips screwdriver. Assembled and exploded view of the Tornado rack mount 8.1.2.2 Pole Mount The pole mount kit can be used to mount the tornado onto a pole with a diameter between 23 and 51 mm. If the tornado is mounted outside, then the weather proof hood must be used.
Tools required are a #2 Philips screwdriver, and R2 square drive. The supplied wall screws are of ‘Walldog’ type. They do not require a drill bit for wood, but a 5mm drill bit will be required to insert the mounting screws into concrete, brick or stone. A 5.5mm masonry bit may be required for especially hard material. Assembled and exploded view of the Tornado wall mount 8.1.2.4 DIN mount The Tornado can also be mounted to a Top hat style DIN rail (EN 50022). Tools required are a #2 Philips screwdriver.
Exploded view of the weatherproof hood Mounting orientation of the weatherproof hood 8.1.2.6 Mounting holes If other mounting options are desired, the mounting holes described as shown below can be used directly. Ensure that bolts of the correct diameter and depth are used, otherwise damage may occur.
Mounting hole size, depth and location 8.2 INPUT AND OUTPUT This section describes the general I/O of the device. It includes an overview of all connectors as well as LED’s and other relevant electrical parameters. Refer to the Tornado serial manual for detailed information on the use of the serial interfaces.
8.2.1 Connectors Antenna/Duplexer ports (2x N connectors) The radio unit is a 2x2 MIMO unit with internal duplexers. This means each N connector is both a transmit and a receive port. In order to aid in diagnostics, the left port should be connected to the vertical antenna polarisation while the right port is connected to the horizontal polarisation. Be careful that feeders connected to the N connectors are not over tightened. Ethernet Two shielded RJ45 sockets provide the Ethernet connection(s).
8.2.3 8.2.3.1 Essential Power Requirements Voltage Range The operating input voltage range of the power supply is 10.5 to 60 VDC. This means that the voltage must not rise above 60 VDC under idle conditions or fall below 10.5 VDC at full load. 8.2.3.2 Static Power Input The typical power drawn when the transmitter is active is about 21W (maximum 26W). This occurs when the two transmitter channels are operating at full power.
8.2.3.6 Supply Noise Regardless of the EMC provisions in the equipment, power wiring from the DC source should not be shared with other equipment that may introduce excessive noise. Nor should the power cables to the RU be run alongside cables that connect to other equipment that may produce high current noise or transients, e.g. power relays. 8.2.3.7 Operating from AC Mains: AC-DC ‘desktop’ power supplies are available from MiMOMax with the required power. 8.2.3.
PoE Splitter Sealed PoE Splitter © MiMOMax Wireless Ltd Tornado Product Manual 41
8.2.4 Electrical Characteristics Parameter Conditions Min Input voltage Normal operation 10.5 Power Consumption Idle, Tx off Power Consumption Typical Max Units Power supply 60 V 5.5 7.6 W Tx Active 20 26 W Tx Peak Differential voltage 100Base-Tx, 100 Ohm termination 1.00 1.05 V Tx voltage imbalance 100Base-Tx, 100 Ohm termination 2 % Tx Rise/Fall time 100Base-Tx 3 5 ns Tx Rise/Fall imbalance 100Base-Tx 0 0.5 ns Tx duty cycle distortion 100Base-Tx +/- 0.
Switching voltage (max) Parameter 33 Conditions Min Typical Max VDC Units Reference input Level -5 Frequency +20 dBm 10 MHz Level 0 dBm Frequency 10 MHz Reference output USB Host VBus Output Current Input voltage Voltage on Dm and Dp pins -0.3 400 mA 5.25 V USB Device Input voltage Voltage on Dm and Dp pins 5.25 V Vbus Voltage on VBus pin 5.
8.2.5 Interface ports The radio unit has Ethernet and asynchronous serial interfaces as well as a General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO). The GPIO connector incorporates an alarm and external reference. Various synchronous serial standards are also supported via external converter boxes. The serial pin out is briefly described in this document. Please refer to the manual for detailed information on configuring the unit’s serial interfaces. 8.2.5.
• Next use the GPIO input calibration process to calibrate the system through the external resistor. This process will be based on a known voltage before the resistor. GPIO Input Circuit GPIO as digital output: • The GPIO pins provide an open collector output, which can be used to drive a relay or generate a level. The current can be up to 100 mA.
GPIO Connector 8.2.6 RF Specification General Configuration 2x2 MIMO Connector type N-Type, 50 Ohms Ambient Temperature Range -30OC to +60OC Horizontal mount, all products or -30OC +70 OC for a vertically mounted RRU Base Gross Data Rate 50 kHz 160 kbps Full-duplex (QPSK) 25 kHz 80kbps Full-duplex 12.5kHz 40kbps Full-duplex Upgradable Gross Data Rate 50 kHz 320/480/640 kbps Full-duplex (16/64/256 QAM) 25 kHz 160/240/320kbps Full-duplex 12.
Modulation sensitivity1 for 10-4 BER Modulation sensitivity1 for 10-7 BER 50 kHz -111/-104/-98/-91 dBm (700 MHz and 900 MHz) -111/-104/-97/-92 dBm (VHF) 25 kHz -114/-107/-101/-94dBm (400 MHz, 700 MHz and 900 MHz) -114/-107/-101/-95 dBm (VHF) 12.5kHz -117/-110/-104/-97dBm (400, 700 and 900 MHz) -117/-109/-103/-97 dBm (VHF) 50 kHz -109/-102/-96/-89 dBm (700 MHz and 900 MHz) -109/-102/-95/-90 dBm (VHF) 25 kHz -112/-105/-99/-92dBm (400, 700 and 900 MHz) -112/-105/-99/-93dBm (VHF) 12.
Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) >60 dB Transient ACPR >60dB Intermodulation Rejection >70dB Tx Occupied BW 50 kHz 40 kHz 25 kHz 20kHz 12.5kHz 10kHz Internal Duplexer Type Bandpass Tx/Rx Split 5MHz minimum (400 MHz), 30 MHz (700 MHz), 9 MHz minimum (900 MHz) Frequency Range 400-430MHz, 420-450MHz, 440-470MHz Stop Band Attenuation >60dB @ >5MHz from centre (400 MHz), >75 dB (700 MHz), >60 dB @ >9Mhz from centre) (900 MHz) Pass Band Bandwidth 2MHz (-0.5dB) (400 MHz), 3 MHz (-0.
The technique recommended to protect the radio unit, antenna, feeder and tower uses earthing kits in strategic places. The key points are: adjacent to the feeder connector at the antenna, where the feeder leaves the base of the tower and where the feeder enters the building structure. If earthing kits supplies are limited or connection to an earth point is difficult, then order of importance of the earthing locations is as follows: (a) For a top mounted antenna acting for lightning protection: 1.
8.3 INSTALLATION Three styles of system installation are shown belowError! Reference source not found.. Of these, (a) has the lowest RF losses and the highest efficiency of power supply to the RU. However, mounting of the battery equipment up the pole may be considered a disadvantage from a mechanical or installation viewpoint. In (b), the RF losses are still low, but the DC power losses are highest, whilst in (c) the DC losses are minimised and access is convenient but at the expense of RF performance.
8.
