User manual
Table Of Contents
- CHAPTER 1
- CHAPTER 2
- mikroC PRO for PIC32
- Environment
- Main Menu Options
- File
- Edit
- View
- Project
- Build
- Run
- Tools
- Help
- mikroC PRO for PIC32 IDE
- Code Editor
- Code Explorer
- Project Manager
- Project Settings
- Library Manager
- Routine List
- Statistics
- Messages Window
- Quick Converter
- Macro Editor
- Image Preview
- Toolbars
- Customizing IDE Layout
- Options
- Integrated Tools
- Active Comments
- Export Project
- Jump To Interrupt
- Regular Expressions
- Keyboard Shortcuts
- CHAPTER 3
- CHAPTER 4
- CHAPTER 5
- CHAPTER 6
- CHAPTER 7
- CHAPTER 8
- mikroC PRO for PIC32 Language Reference
- Lexical Elements Overview
- Whitespace
- Comments
- Tokens
- Constants
- Integer Constants
- Floating Point Constants
- Character Constants
- String Constants
- Enumeration Constants
- Pointer Constants
- Constant Expressions
- Keywords
- Identifiers
- Punctuators
- Concepts
- Objects
- Scope and Visibility
- Name Spaces
- Duration
- Types
- Fundamental Types
- Arithmetic Types
- Enumerations
- Void Type
- Derived Types
- Arrays
- Pointers
- Pointer Arithmetic
- Structures
- Working with Structures
- Structure Member Access
- Unions
- Bit Fields
- Types Conversions
- Standard Conversions
- Explicit Types Conversions (Typecasting)
- Declarations
- Linkage
- Storage Classes
- Type Qualifiers
- Typedef Specifier
- asm Declaration
- Initialization
- Functions
- Function Calls and Argument Conversions
- Ellipsis (‘...’) Operator
- Operators
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Logical Operators
- Conditional Operator ? :
- Assignment Operators
- Unary Operators
- Sizeof Operator
- Expressions
- Comma Expressions
- Statements
- Labeled Statements
- Expression Statements
- Selection Statements
- If Statement
- Switch Statement
- Iteration Statements (Loops)
- Do Statement
- For Statement
- Jump Statements
- Break and Continue Statements
- Goto Statement
- Return Statement
- Compound Statements (Blocks)
- Preprocessor
- Preprocessor Directives
- Macros
- File Inclusion
- Preprocessor Operators
- Conditional Compilation
- CHAPTER 9
- mikroC PRO for PIC32 Libraries
- Hardware Libraries
- Standard ANSI C Libraries
- Miscellaneous Libraries
- Hardware Libraries
- ADC Library
- CANSPI Library
- Library Dependency Tree
- External dependencies of CANSPI Library
- Library Routines
- CANSPISetOperationMode
- CANSPIGetOperationMode
- CANSPIInitialize
- CANSPISetBaudRate
- CANSPISetMask
- CANSPISetFilter
- CANSPIRead
- CANSPIWrite
- CANSPI Constants
- CANSPI_OP_MODE Constants
- CANSPI_CONFIG_FLAGS Constants
- CANSPI_TX_MSG_FLAGS Constants
- CANSPI_RX_MSG_FLAGS Constants
- CANSPI_MASK Constants
- CANSPI_FILTER Constants
- Library Example
- HW Connection
- Compact Flash Library
- Library Dependency Tree
- External dependencies of Compact Flash Library
- Library Routines
- Cf_Init
- Cf_Detect
- Cf_Enable
- Cf_Disable
- Cf_Read_Init
- Cf_Read_Byte
- Cf_Write_Init
- Cf_Write_Byte
- Cf_Read_Sector
- Cf_Write_Sector
- Cf_Fat_Init
- Cf_Fat_QuickFormat
- Cf_Fat_Assign
- Cf_Fat_Reset
- Cf_Fat_Read
- Cf_Fat_Rewrite
- Cf_Fat_Append
- Cf_Fat_Delete
- Cf_Fat_Write
- Cf_Fat_Set_File_Date
- Cf_Fat_Get_File_Date
- Cf_Fat_Get_File_Date_Modified
- Cf_Fat_Get_File_Size
- Cf_Fat_Get_Swap_File
- Library Example
- HW Connection
- Epson S1D13700 Graphic Lcd Library
- External dependencies of the Epson S1D13700 Graphic Lcd Library
- Library Routines
- S1D13700_Init
- S1D13700_Write_Command
- S1D13700_Write_Parameter
- S1D13700_Read_Parameter
- S1D13700_Fill
- S1D13700_GrFill
- S1D13700_TxtFill
- S1D13700_Display_GrLayer
- S1D13700_Display_TxtLayer
- S1D13700_Set_Cursor
- S1D13700_Display_Cursor
- S1D13700_Write_Char
- S1D13700_Write_Text
- S1D13700_Dot
- S1D13700_Line
- S1D13700_H_Line
- S1D13700_V_Line
- S1D13700_Rectangle
- S1D13700_Box
- S1D13700_Rectangle_Round_Edges
- S1D13700_Rectangle_Round_Edges_Fill
- S1D13700_Circle
- S1D13700_Circle_Fill
- S1D13700_Image
- S1D13700_PartialImage
- Flash Memory Library
- Graphic Lcd Library
- Library Dependency Tree
- External dependencies of Graphic Lcd Library
- Glcd_Init
- Glcd_Set_Side
- Glcd_Set_X
- Glcd_Set_Page
- Glcd_Read_Data
- Glcd_Write_Data
- Glcd_Fill
- Glcd_Dot
- Glcd_Line
- Glcd_V_Line
- Glcd_H_Line
- Glcd_Rectangle
- Glcd_Rectangle_Round_Edges
- Glcd_Rectangle_Round_Edges_Fill
- Glcd_Box
- Glcd_Circle
- Glcd_Circle_Fill
- Glcd_Set_Font
- Glcd_Write_Char
- Glcd_Write_Text
- Glcd_Image
- Glcd_PartialImage
- I²C Library
- Keypad Library
- Lcd Library
- Manchester Code Library
- Memory Manager Library
- Multi Media Card Library
- Secure Digital Card
- Secure Digital High Capacity Card
- Library Dependency Tree
- External dependencies of MMC Library
- Library Routines
- Mmc_Init
- Mmc_Read_Sector
- Mmc_Write_Sector
- Mmc_Read_Cid
- Mmc_Read_Csd
- Mmc_Fat_Init
- Mmc_Fat_QuickFormat
- Mmc_Fat_Assign
- Mmc_Fat_Reset
- Mmc_Fat_Read
- Mmc_Fat_Rewrite
- Mmc_Fat_Append
- Mmc_Fat_Delete
- Mmc_Fat_Write
- Mmc_Fat_Set_File_Date
- Mmc_Fat_Get_File_Date
- Mmc_Fat_Get_File_Date_Modified
- Mmc_Fat_Get_File_Size
- Mmc_Fat_Get_Swap_File
- Library Example
- HW Connection
- OneWire Library
- Port Expander Library
- Library Dependency Tree
- External dependencies of Port Expander Library
- Library Routines
- Expander_Init
- Expander_Init_Advanced
- Expander_Read_Byte
- Expander_Write_Byte
- Expander_Read_PortA
- Expander_Read_PortB
- Expander_Read_PortAB
- Expander_Write_PortA
- Expander_Write_PortB
- Expander_Write_PortAB
- Expander_Set_DirectionPortA
- Expander_Set_DirectionPortB
- Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB
- Expander_Set_PullUpsPortA
- Expander_Set_PullUpsPortB
- Expander_Set_PullUpsPortAB
- Library Example
- HW Connection
- PS/2 Library
- PWM Library
- RS-485 Library
- Software I²C Library
- Software SPI Library
- Software UART Library
- Sound Library
- SPI Library
- SPI Ethernet Library
- Library Dependency Tree
- External dependencies of SPI Ethernet Library
- Library Routines
- SPI_Ethernet_Init
- SPI_Ethernet_Enable
- SPI_Ethernet_Disable
- SPI_Ethernet_doPacket
- SPI_Ethernet_putByte
- SPI_Ethernet_putBytes
- SPI_Ethernet_putConstBytes
- SPI_Ethernet_putString
- SPI_Ethernet_putConstString
- SPI_Ethernet_getByte
- SPI_Ethernet_getBytes
- SPI_Ethernet_UserTCP
- SPI_Ethernet_UserUDP
- SPI_Ethernet_getIpAddress
- Ethernet_getGwIpAddress
- SPI_Ethernet_getDnsIpAddress
- SPI_Ethernet_getIpMask
- SPI_Ethernet_confNetwork
- SPI_Ethernet_arpResolve
- SPI_Ethernet_sendUDP
- SPI_Ethernet_dnsResolve
- SPI_Ethernet_initDHCP
- SPI_Ethernet_doDHCPLeaseTime
- SPI_Ethernet_renewDHCP
- Library Example
- HW Connection
- SPI Ethernet ENC24J600 Library
- Library Dependency Tree
- External dependencies of SPI Ethernet ENC24J600 Library
- Library Routines
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_Init
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_Enable
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_Disable
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_doPacket
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_putByte
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_putBytes
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_putConstBytes
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_putString
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_putConstString
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_getByte
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_getBytes
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_UserTCP
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_UserUDP
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_getIpAddress
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_getGwIpAddress
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_getDnsIpAddress
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_getIpMask
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_confNetwork
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_arpResolve
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_sendUDP
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_dnsResolve
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_initDHCP
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_doDHCPLeaseTime
- SPI_Ethernet_24j600_renewDHCP
- SPI Graphic Lcd Library
- Library Dependency Tree
- External dependencies of SPI Lcd Library
- Library Routines
- SPI_Glcd_Init
- SPI_Glcd_Set_Side
- SPI_Glcd_Set_Page
- SPI_Glcd_Set_X
- SPI_Glcd_Read_Data
- SPI_Glcd_Write_Data
- SPI_Glcd_Fill
- SPI_Glcd_Dot
- SPI_Glcd_Line
- SPI_Glcd_V_Line
- SPI_Glcd_H_Line
- SPI_Glcd_Rectangle
- SPI_Glcd_Rectangle_Round_Edges
- SPI_Glcd_Rectangle_Round_Edges_Fill
- SPI_Glcd_Box
- SPI_Glcd_Circle
- SPI_Glcd_Circle_FIll
- SPI_Glcd_Set_Font
- SPI_Glcd_Write_Char
- SPI_Glcd_Write_Text
- SPI_Glcd_Image
- SPI_Glcd_PartialImage
- Library Example
- HW Connection
- SPI Lcd Library
- SPI Lcd8 (8-bit interface) Library
- SPI T6963C Graphic Lcd Library
- Library Dependency Tree
- External dependencies of SPI T6963C Graphic Lcd Library
- Library Routines
- SPI_T6963C_config
- SPI_T6963C_writeData
- SPI_T6963C_writeCommand
- SPI_T6963C_setPtr
- SPI_T6963C_waitReady
- SPI_T6963C_fill
- SPI_T6963C_dot
- SPI_T6963C_write_char
- SPI_T6963C_write_text
- SPI_T6963C_line
- SPI_T6963C_rectangle
- SPI_T6963C_rectangle_round_edges
- SPI_T6963C_rectangle_round_edges_fill
- SPI_T6963C_box
- SPI_T6963C_circle
- SPI_T6963C_circle_fill
- SPI_T6963C_image
- SPI_T6963C_PartialImage
- SPI_T6963C_sprite
- SPI_T6963C_set_cursor
- SPI_T6963C_clearBit
- SPI_T6963C_setBit
- SPI_T6963C_negBit
- SPI_T6963C_displayGrPanel
- SPI_T6963C_displayTxtPanel
- SPI_T6963C_setGrPanel
- SPI_T6963C_setTxtPanel
- SPI_T6963C_panelFill
- SPI_T6963C_grFill
- SPI_T6963C_txtFill
- SPI_T6963C_cursor_height
- SPI_T6963C_graphics
- SPI_T6963C_text
- SPI_T6963C_cursor
- SPI_T6963C_cursor_blink
- Library Example
- HW Connection
- T6963C Graphic Lcd Library
- Library Dependency Tree
- External dependencies of T6963C Graphic Lcd Library
- Library Routines
- T6963C_init
- T6963C_writeData
- T6963C_writeCommand
- T6963C_setPtr
- T6963C_waitReady
- T6963C_fill
- T6963C_dot
- T6963C_write_char
- T6963C_write_text
- T6963C_line
- T6963C_rectangle
- T6963C_rectangle_round_edges
- T6963C_rectangle_round_edges_fill
- T6963C_box
- T6963C_circle
- T6963C_circle_fill
- T6963C_image
- T6963C_PartialImage
- T6963C_sprite
- T6963C_set_cursor
- T6963C_clearBit
- T6963C_setBit
- T6963C_negBit
- T6963C_displayGrPanel
- T6963C_displayTxtPanel
- T6963C_setGrPanel
- T6963C_setTxtPanel
- T6963C_panelFill
- T6963C_grFill
- T6963C_txtFill
- T6963C_cursor_height
- T6963C_graphics
- T6963C_text
- T6963C_cursor
- T6963C_cursor_blink
- Library Example
- HW Connection
- TFT Library
- External dependencies of TFT Library
- Library Routines
- TFT_Init
- TFT_Set_Index
- TFT_Write_Command
- TFT_Write_Data
- TFT_Set_Active
- TFT_Set_Font
- TFT_Write_Char
- TFT_Write_Text
- TFT_Fill_Screen
- TFT_Dot
- TFT_Set_Pen
- TFT_Set_Brush
- TFT_Line
- TFT_H_Line
- TFT_V_Line
- TFT_Rectangle
- TFT_Rectangle_Round_Edges
- TFT_Circle
- TFT_Image
- TFT_Partial_Image
- TFT_Image_Jpeg
- TFT_RGBToColor16bit
- TFT_Color16bitToRGB
- HW Connection
- Touch Panel Library
- Touch Panel TFT Library
- UART Library
- USB Library
- Standard ANSI C Libraries
- ANSI C Ctype Library
- ANSI C Math Library
- ANSI C Stdlib Library
- ANSI C String Library
- Miscellaneous Libraries
- Button Library
- Conversions Library
- PrintOut Library
- Setjmp Library
- Sprint Library
- Time Library
- Trigonometry Library
- CHAPTER 10
- Tutorials
- Managing Project
- New Project
- New Project
- Customizing Projects
- Add/Remove Files from Project
- Source Files
- Edit Project
- Source Files
- Clean Project Folder
- Compilation
- Creating New Library
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Can I use your compilers and programmer on Windows Vista (Windows 7) ?
- I am getting “Access is denied” error in Vista, how to solve this problem ?
- What are differences between mikroC PRO, mikroPascal PRO and mikroC PRO compilers ? Why do they have different prices ?
- Why do your PIC compilers don’t support 12F508 and some similar chips ?
- What are limitations of demo versions of mikroElektronika’s compilers ?
- Why do I still get demo limit error when I purchased and installed license key ?
- I have bought license for the older version, do I have to pay license for the new version of the compiler ?
- Do your compilers work on Windows Vista (Windows 7) ?
- What does this function/procedure/routine do ?
- I try to compile one of the provided examples and nothing happens, what is the problem?
- Can I get your library sources ? I need to provide all sources with my project.
- Can I use code I developed in your compilers in commercial purposes ? Are there some limitations ?
- Why does an example provided with your compilers doesn’t work ?
- Your example works if I use the same MCU you did, but how to make it work for another MCU ?
- I need this project finished, can you help me ?
- Do you have some discount on your compilers/development systems for students/professors ?
- I have a question about your compilers which is not listed here. Where can I find an answer ?

mikroC PRO for PIC32
MikroElektronika
195
Duration
Duration, closely related to a storage class, denes a period during which the declared identiers have real, physical
objects allocated in memory. We also distinguish between compile-time and run-time objects. Variables, for instance,
unlike typedefs and types, have real memory allocated during run time. There are two kinds of duration: static and
local.
Static Duration
Memory is allocated to objects with static duration as soon as execution is underway; this storage allocation lasts until
the program terminates. Static duration objects usually reside in xed data segments allocated according to the memory
specier in force. All globals have static duration. All functions, wherever dened, are objects with static duration. Other
variables can be given static duration by using the explicit static or extern storage class speciers.
In the mikroC PRO for PIC32, static duration objects are not initialized to zero (or null) in the absence of any explicit
initializer.
Don’t mix static duration with le or global scope. An object can have static duration and local scope – see the example
below.
Local Duration
Local duration objects are also known as automatic objects. They are created on the stack (or in a register) when an
enclosing block or a function is entered. They are deallocated when the program exits that block or function. Local
duration objects must be explicitly initialized; otherwise, their contents are unpredictable.
The storage class specier auto can be used when declaring local duration variables, but it is usually redundant,
because auto is default for variables declared within a block.
An object with local duration also has local scope because it does not exist outside of its enclosing block. On the other
hand, a local scope object can have static duration. For example:
void f() {
/* local duration variable; init a upon every call to f */
int a = 1;
/* static duration variable; init b only upon rst call to f */
static int b = 1;
/* checkpoint! */
a++;
b++;
}
void main() {
/* At checkpoint, we will have: */
f(); // a=1, b=1, after rst call,
f(); // a=1, b=2, after second call,
f(); // a=1, b=3, after third call,
// etc.
}