User manual

page 19
Analog System Lab Kit PRO
1.1.2Non-invertingAmplier
1.1.3InvertingAmplier
Figure 1.3: Magnitude and Phase response of a Unity Gain System
Figure 1.5: (a) Non-inverting amplier of gain 2, (b) Inverting amplier of gain 2
Figure 1.6: Negative Feedback Ampliers
where
and
Q is the quality factor and
~~
()
1
1
1
VAVV
VV
A
V
V
V
A
A
V
V
as A
A
ss
A
T
A
AsAsAsA
sGBsAsGB
GB A
GB
T
sQs
Q
GB
A
GB
GB
Q
Q
V
VGB
Q
Q
dt
dV
V
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
114
2
0
2
2
s
s
dd
dddd
dd
d
d
d
d
p
p
p
0012
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
00102
2
012
02 2
01
2
0
2
2
02
0
0
0
0
""
$
$
$
$
3
1
2
1
~~~
~~
~
~~
~
~
~
~~
p
~
=
=
=
+
=
++
=
=
++ ++
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
~~
~
p
-
-
+
++
++
+
-
__
_
_
`
_
ii
i
i
j
i
is the damping factor, and
~~
()
1
1
1
VAVV
VV
A
V
V
V
A
A
V
V
as A
A
ss
A
T
A
AsAsAsA
sGBsAsGB
GB A
GB
T
sQs
Q
GB
A
GB
GB
Q
Q
V
VGB
Q
Q
dt
dV
V
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
114
2
0
2
2
s
s
dd
dddd
dd
d
d
d
d
p
p
p
0012
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
00102
2
012
02 2
01
2
0
2
2
02
0
0
0
0
""
$
$
$
$
3
1
2
1
~~~
~~
~
~~
~
~
~
~~
p
~
=
=
=
+
=
++
=
=
++ ++
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
~~
~
p
-
-
+
++
++
+
-
__
_
_
`
_
ii
i
i
j
i
is the natural
frequency of the system. When the frequency response is plotted with magnitude
vs
~~
()
1
1
1
VAVV
VV
A
V
V
V
A
A
V
V
as A
A
ss
A
T
A
AsAsAsA
sGBsAsGB
GB A
GB
T
sQs
Q
GB
A
GB
GB
Q
Q
V
VGB
Q
Q
dt
dV
V
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
114
2
0
2
2
s
s
dd
dddd
dd
d
d
d
d
p
p
p
0012
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
00102
2
012
02 2
01
2
0
2
2
02
0
0
0
0
""
$
$
$
$
3
1
2
1
~~~
~~
~
~~
~
~
~
~~
p
~
=
=
=
+
=
++
=
=
++ ++
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
~~
~
p
-
-
+
++
++
+
-
__
_
_
`
_
ii
i
i
j
i
and phase vs
~~
()
1
1
1
VAVV
VV
A
V
V
V
A
A
V
V
as A
A
ss
A
T
A
AsAsAsA
sGBsAsGB
GB A
GB
T
sQs
Q
GB
A
GB
GB
Q
Q
V
VGB
Q
Q
dt
dV
V
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
114
2
0
2
2
s
s
dd
dddd
dd
d
d
d
d
p
p
p
0012
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
00102
2
012
02 2
01
2
0
2
2
02
0
0
0
0
""
$
$
$
$
3
1
2
1
~~~
~~
~
~~
~
~
~
~~
p
~
=
=
=
+
=
++
=
=
++ ++
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
~~
~
p
-
-
+
++
++
+
-
__
_
_
`
_
ii
i
i
j
i
, it appears as shown in Figure 1.3.
If one applies a step of peak voltage
~~
()
1
1
1
VAVV
VV
A
V
V
V
A
A
V
V
as A
A
ss
A
T
A
AsAsAsA
sGBsAsGB
GB A
GB
T
sQs
Q
GB
A
GB
GB
Q
Q
V
VGB
Q
Q
dt
dV
V
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
114
2
0
2
2
s
s
dd
dddd
dd
d
d
d
d
p
p
p
0012
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
00102
2
012
02 2
01
2
0
2
2
02
0
0
0
0
""
$
$
$
$
3
1
2
1
~~~
~~
~
~~
~
~
~
~~
p
~
=
=
=
+
=
++
=
=
++ ++
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
~~
~
p
-
-
+
++
++
+
-
__
_
_
`
_
ii
i
i
j
i
totheunitygainamplier,andif
~~
()
1
1
1
VAVV
VV
A
V
V
V
A
A
V
V
as A
A
ss
A
T
A
AsAsAsA
sGBsAsGB
GB A
GB
T
sQs
Q
GB
A
GB
GB
Q
Q
V
VGB
Q
Q
dt
dV
V
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
114
2
0
2
2
s
s
dd
dddd
dd
d
d
d
d
p
p
p
0012
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
00102
2
012
02 2
01
2
0
2
2
02
0
0
0
0
""
$
$
$
$
3
1
2
1
~~~
~~
~
~~
~
~
~
~~
p
~
=
=
=
+
=
++
=
=
++ ++
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
~~
~
p
-
-
+
++
++
+
-
__
_
_
`
_
ii
i
i
j
i
slew
rate, then the output appears as shown in Figure 2.4 if
~~
()
1
1
1
VAVV
VV
A
V
V
V
A
A
V
V
as A
A
ss
A
T
A
AsAsAsA
sGBsAsGB
GB A
GB
T
sQs
Q
GB
A
GB
GB
Q
Q
V
VGB
Q
Q
dt
dV
V
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
114
2
0
2
2
s
s
dd
dddd
dd
d
d
d
d
p
p
p
0012
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
00102
2
012
02 2
01
2
0
2
2
02
0
0
0
0
""
$
$
$
$
3
1
2
1
~~~
~~
~
~~
~
~
~
~~
p
~
=
=
=
+
=
++
=
=
++ ++
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
~~
~
p
-
-
+
++
++
+
-
__
_
_
`
_
ii
i
i
j
i
or
~~
()
1
1
1
VAVV
VV
A
V
V
V
A
A
V
V
as A
A
ss
A
T
A
AsAsAsA
sGBsAsGB
GB A
GB
T
sQs
Q
GB
A
GB
GB
Q
Q
V
VGB
Q
Q
dt
dV
V
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
114
2
0
2
2
s
s
dd
dddd
dd
d
d
d
d
p
p
p
0012
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
00102
2
012
02 2
01
2
0
2
2
02
0
0
0
0
""
$
$
$
$
3
1
2
1
~~~
~~
~
~~
~
~
~
~~
p
~
=
=
=
+
=
++
=
=
++ ++
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
~~
~
p
-
-
+
++
++
+
-
__
_
_
`
_
ii
i
i
j
i
.
Q is approximately equal to the total number of visible peaks in the step response and
the frequency of ringing is
~~
()
1
1
1
VAVV
VV
A
V
V
V
A
A
V
V
as A
A
ss
A
T
A
AsAsAsA
sGBsAsGB
GB A
GB
T
sQs
Q
GB
A
GB
GB
Q
Q
V
VGB
Q
Q
dt
dV
V
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
114
2
0
2
2
s
s
dd
dddd
dd
d
d
d
d
p
p
p
0012
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
00102
2
012
02 2
01
2
0
2
2
02
0
0
0
0
""
$
$
$
$
3
1
2
1
~~~
~~
~
~~
~
~
~
~~
p
~
=
=
=
+
=
++
=
=
++ ++
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
~~
~
p
-
-
+
++
++
+
-
__
_
_
`
_
ii
i
i
j
i
.
Slew-rate is known as the maximum rate
at which the output of the OP-Amps is
capable of rising; in other words, slew
rate is the maximum value that dVo/dt
can attain. In this experiment, as we go
on increasing the amplitude of the step
input, at some amplitude the rate at
which the output starts rising remains
constant and no longer increases with
the peak voltage of input; this rate is
~ ~
( )
1
1
1
V A V V
V V
A
V
V
V
A
A
V
V
as A
A
s s
A
T
A
A sA sA sA
sGB sA sGB
GB A
GB
T
s Qs
Q
GB
A
GB
GB
Q
Q
V
V GB
Q
Q
dt
dV
V
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1 14
2
0
2
2
s
s
d d
d d d d
d d
d
d
d
d
p
p
p
0 01 2
1 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 2
0
0 01 02
2
0 1 2
0 2 2
0 1
2
0
2
2
0 2
0
0
0
0
" "
$
$
$
$
3
1
2
1
~ ~~
~ ~
~
~ ~
~
~
~
~~
p
~
=
=
=
+
=
+ +
=
=
+ + + +
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
~ ~
~
p
-
-
+
+ +
+ +
+
-
_ _
_
_
`
_
i i
i
i
j
i
~ ~
( )
1
1
1
V A V V
V V
A
V
V
V
A
A
V
V
as A
A
s s
A
T
A
A sA sA sA
sGB sA sGB
GB A
GB
T
s Qs
Q
GB
A
GB
GB
Q
Q
V
V GB
Q
Q
dt
dV
V
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1 14
2
0
2
2
s
s
d d
d d d d
d d
d
d
d
d
p
p
p
0 01 2
1 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 2
0
0 01 02
2
0 1 2
0 2 2
0 1
2
0
2
2
0 2
0
0
0
0
" "
$
$
$
$
3
1
2
1
~ ~~
~ ~
~
~ ~
~
~
~
~~
p
~
=
=
=
+
=
+ +
=
=
+ + + +
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
~ ~
~
p
-
-
+
+ +
+ +
+
-
_ _
_
_
`
_
i i
i
i
j
i
VI
R
R
VO
VI
R
2R
VO
Anon-invertingamplierwithagainof2isshowninFigure1.5(a).
Aninvertingamplierwithagainof2isshowninFigure1.5(b).
called slew rate. It can therefore be determined by applying a square wave of Vp at
certain high frequency and increasing the magnitude of the input.
U1 U2
R1
R2
VF2
U3
R3
R4
VF3VF1
VG1
+
Unity gain Non-inverting amp Inverting amplifier
Figure 1.4: Time Response of an
Amplier for a step input of size Vp
Figure 1.6 shows all the three negative feedback amplier congurations. Figure
1.7illustratesthefrequencyresponse(magnitude and phase)ofthethreedierent
negativefeedbackampliertopologies.Figure1.8showstheoutputofthethreetypes
ofampliersforasquare-waveinput,illustratingthelimitationsduetoslew-rate.
experiment 1