PICkit™ Serial Analyzer USER’S GUIDE © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices: • Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet. • Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the intended manner and under normal conditions. • There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Table of Contents Preface ........................................................................................................1 Chapter 1. PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Overview 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 5 1.2 Highlights ........................................................................................ 5 1.3 PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Contents ..............................................
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide Chapter 4. I2C™ Master Communications 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................27 4.2 Highlights ......................................................................................27 4.3 PICkit Serial Pin Assignments .......................................................27 4.4 Selecting Communications Mode ..................................................27 4.5 Configuring I2C Communications Mode ..
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Table of Contents 7.3 PICkit Serial Pin Assignments ...................................................... 59 7.4 Selecting Communications Mode ................................................. 59 7.5 Configuring USART Synchronous Master Communications Mode ............................................................................................. 60 7.6 Communications: Basic Operations .............................................. 62 7.7 Script Builder .....
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide Chapter 11. Troubleshooting 11.1 Introduction .................................................................................101 11.2 Frequently Asked Questions .......................................................101 Appendix A. PICkit Serial Analyzer Schematics ............................... 103 A.1 Introduction .................................................................................103 Appendix B. 28-Pin Demo Board I2C™ Demonstration Firmware ...
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Preface NOTICE TO CUSTOMERS All documentation becomes dated, and this manual is no exception. Microchip tools and documentation are constantly evolving to meet customer needs, so some actual dialogs and/or tool descriptions may differ from those in this document. Please refer to our web site (www.microchip.com) to obtain the latest documentation available. Documents are identified with a “DS” number.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide • Chapter 11: Troubleshooting • Appendix A: Hardware Schematics • Appendix B: 28-Pin Demo Board I2C™ Demo Firmware CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS GUIDE This manual uses the following documentation conventions: DOCUMENTATION CONVENTIONS Description Arial font: Italic characters Initial caps Quotes Underlined, italic text with right angle bracket Bold characters N‘Rnnnn Text in angle brackets < > Courier New font: Plain Courier New Represents Referenced books Emphasized text
Preface WARRANTY REGISTRATION Please complete the enclosed Warranty Registration Card and mail it promptly. Sending in the Warranty Registration Card entitles users to receive new product updates. Interim software releases are available at the Microchip web site. RECOMMENDED READING This user’s guide describes how to use the PICkit™ Serial Analyzer. Other useful documents are listed below. The following Microchip documents are available and recommended as supplemental reference resources.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide and general editing and debugging features. • Programmers – The latest information on Microchip programmers. These include the MPLAB PM3 and PRO MATE® II device programmers and the PICSTART® Plus and PICkit™ 2 development programmers.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Chapter 1. PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Overview 1.1 INTRODUCTION The PICkit™ Serial Analyzer development system enables a personal computer (PC) to communicate with embedded development systems via serial protocols such as I2C™, SPI, asynchronous and synchronous USART. The PC program uses a graphical interface to enter data and commands to communicate to the target device. Data and commands can be entered using basic or scripting commands.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 1-1: PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM PC Target Device USB I2C™ SPI USART PICkit™ Serial Analyzer 1.5 PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER HARDWARE The PICkit™ Serial Analyzer connects to a Microsoft® Windows® compatible computer using a USB port. It interfaces to the target device using a 6-pin header. Figure 1-2 shows an overview of the PICkit™ Serial Analyzer.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Overview 1.5.1 Status LEDs The Status LEDs indicate the status of the PICkit™ Serial Analyzer. 1. Power (green) – Power is applied to the PICkit™ Serial Analyzer by the USB port. 2. Target (yellow) – The PICkit™ Serial Analyzer is communicating with the target device. 3. Busy (red) – The PICkit™ Serial Analyzer is communicating with the target device. 1.5.2 Push Button The push button is available for future implementation. 1.5.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 1.6 PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER SOFTWARE 1.6.1 PC Program The PICkit™ Serial Analyzer PC program uses a graphical interface to enter data and commands to communicate to the target device. Data and commands can be entered using basic or scripting commands. Chapter 3. “PICkit™ Serial Analyzer PC Program” explains the installation and operation of the program.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Chapter 2. Getting Started 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter will get you started using the PICkit™ Serial Analyzer with the 28-Pin Demo Board. In this demo, the PICkit™ Serial Analyzer will communicate with the 28-Pin Demo Board using the I2C serial protocol. The PICkit™ Serial Analyzer will be the I2C Master and the 28-Pin Demo Board will be the I2C Slave device. The 28-Pin Demo board is programmed to emulate an I2C real-time clock and Serial EEPROM.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 2.5 CONNECTING THE PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER TO THE 28-PIN DEMO BOARD Connect the PICkit Serial Analyzer to P3 on the 28-Pin Demo Board as shown in Figure 2-1.
Getting Started FIGURE 2-2: 2.7 PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER MAIN WINDOW RUNNING THE 28-PIN DEMO I2C™ DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM Select the 28-Pin Demo I2C demonstration by clicking on Demo Boards > 28 Pin Demo I2C from the menu bar. The 28-Pin Demo I2C demonstration window will be displayed as shown in Figure 2-3. The Real-Time Clock (RTC) will be displayed first. Note the tabs to select between the RTC, EEPROM and ADC demonstrations.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 2-3: 2.7.2 28-PIN DEMO I2C™ – RTC Serial EEPROM (EEPROM) Clicking on the EEPROM tab will display the 256 byte array of EEPROM memory as shown in Figure 2-4. The 28-Pin Demo Board has been programmed to emulate a stand-alone serial I2C EEPROM device such as a 24LC02. The I2C commands are very similar to the commands used in these devices. The Serial EEPROM tab displays the contents of a serial EEPROM implemented on the 28-Pin Demo Board.
Getting Started FIGURE 2-4: 2.7.3 28-PIN DEMO I2C™ – EEPROM Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) Clicking on the ADC tab will show a meter gauge displaying the value of the ADC as read from potentiometer RP1 as shown in Figure 2-5. The meter gauge displays the Most Significant 8 bits of the 10-bit ADC internal to the PIC® microcontroller. Rotate potentiometer RP1 and the display changes almost instantaneously.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 2.8 I2C™ COMMUNICATIONS – BASIC OPERATIONS Individual I2C commands and data can be read and written to the 28-Pin Demo Board from the Basic Operations window as shown in Figure 2-6. Ensure that the PICkit Serial Analyzer program is in I2C Master mode by selecting PICkit Serial Analyzer > Run Configuration Wizard from the menu bar and selecting I2C Master. Note: The 28-Pin Demo I2C window and the Basic Operations window cannot be opened at the same time.
Getting Started For example, to read seconds from the real-time clock: Step 1 – Enter 0xA2 into the Slave Address[W] block in the Read section of the Basic Operations window (top half of window) Step 2 – Enter 0x02 into the Word Address block Step 3 – Note that the Slave Address[R] has already been entered for you (the Read bit is set). Step 4 – Enter 0x01 into the Byte Count block Step 5 – Click on the Execute button The I2C combination command (Write then Read) will be sent to the 28-Pin Demo Board.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide NOTES: DS51647A-page 16 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Chapter 3. PICkit™ Serial Analyzer PC Program 3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter covers the installation, starting and high level operations of the PICkit Serial Analyzer program. Detailed information about the entering of data and commands for specific serial communications modes are given in the following chapters. 3.2 HIGHLIGHTS This chapter discusses: • • • • • 3.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 3-1: 3.5 PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER MAIN WINDOW CONFIGURATION WIZARD If it is the first time that the PICkit Serial Analyzer program is run, the Configuration Wizard will run automatically. The Configuration Wizard can be manually invoked by selecting PICkit Serial Analyzer > Run Configuration Wizard from the menu bar.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer PC Program FIGURE 3-2: CONFIGURATION WIZARD – WELCOME The Configuration Wizard Page 1 of 4, as shown in Figure 3-3, displays the available communications modes and allows you to choose one of the modes. FIGURE 3-3: CONFIGURATION WIZARD – PAGE 1 OF 4 In this example, I2C Master Communication’s mode is selected. The Configuration Wizard Page 2 of 4, as shown in Figure 3-4, allows you to select the bus speed.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 3-4: CONFIGURATION WIZARD – PAGE 2 OF 4 The I2C bus requires pull-up resistors. The PICkit Serial Analyzer has the ability to enable internal 2.2 kΩ pull-up resistors. If the target device does not have pull-up resistors installed, then enable pull-ups by selecting the Yes radio button as shown in Figure 3-5. If the target device has the pull-up resistors installed, you can disable the internal pull-ups by selecting the No radio button.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer PC Program FIGURE 3-6: CONFIGURATION WIZARD – PAGE 4 OF 4 Once all pages of the Configuration Wizard are completed, you can choose to not display the wizard at start up by checking the Do not show this wizard on start-up again check box. FIGURE 3-7: 3.6 CONFIGURATION WIZARD – YOU’RE DONE! MAIN WINDOW 3.6.1 Menu Bar The menu bar selects various functions of the PICkit Serial Analyzer program.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide COMMUNICATIONS The Communications menu selections display operation windows to enter data and commands to communicate with the target device.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer PC Program • Advanced – The PICkit Serial Analyzer program will display advanced commands and status view WINDOW • New Transaction Window – Opens new or additional transaction window. Multiple transaction windows can be opened as needed for logging communications.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 3-10: STATUS COLUMN (BASIC VIEW) Status Column FIGURE 3-11: STATUS COLUMN (ADVANCED VIEW) Status Column 3.6.4 Transactions Window The Transactions window, shown in Figure 3-12, keeps a running log of the commands and data that are communicated between the PICkit Serial Analyzer program and target device. From the menu bar on the Transaction window, the contents can be saved (File>Save) to a *.txt or *.rtf file.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer PC Program FIGURE 3-12: TRANSACTIONS WINDOW Transactions Window FILE • Open – Opens a *.txt or *.rtf file and displays it in the Transactions window • Save – Saves the contents of the Transactions window to a *.txt or *.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide NOTES: DS51647A-page 26 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Chapter 4. I2C™ Master Communications 4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the I2C Master Communications mode. I2C data and commands can be entered using a Basic Communications window or by creating Script Commands. It is assumed that the user is familiar with the I2C protocol. For more information see: • The I2C-Bus Specification Version 2.1 January 2000 is available from NXP Semiconductor (formerly Philips Semiconductor) web site at http://www.nxp.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide Menu Bar – Select PICkit Serial Analyzer > Select Communications Mode > I2C Master 4.5 CONFIGURING I2C COMMUNICATIONS MODE Once the communications mode has been selected, it is configured from the Configuration Wizard or menu bar. Configuration Wizard – Select PICkit Serial Analyzer > Run Configuration Wizard from the menu bar Menu Bar – Select PICkit Serial Analyzer > Configure Communications Mode The Configure Mode window will open.
I2C™ Master Communications 2 COMM I CM BIT RATE Select the desired I2C bus bit rate using the drop down box. FIGURE 4-2: I2C™ CONFIGURE COMMUNICATIONS MODE – ADVANCED VIEW EVENT MARKERS • • • • • • • Abrt Mac Exe – Enable event marker: abort ‘macro’ execution Macro Loop – Enable event marker: top of ‘macro’ loop Mac Lp 65536 – Enable event marker: ‘macro’ loop count overflow (i.e.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide • AUX2 Direction – AUX2 communication line – direction: 1: input, 0: output 4.6 COMMUNICATIONS: BASIC OPERATIONS The I2C Basic Operations window can be opened by selecting: • Communications: Basic Operations from the tool bar, or • Communications > Basic Operations from the menu bar The I2C Basic Operations window is shown in Figures 4-3. There are two basic communications commands, Read and Write.
I2C™ Master Communications FIGURE 4-3: 4.7 I2C™ BASIC OPERATIONS SCRIPT BUILDER I2C commands can be combined into scripts, saved, and used over again. The Script Builder window is opened by selecting Communications > Script > Script Builder from the menu bar. The Script Builder is shown in Figures 4-4. The Script Builder window is divided into four columns as shown in Figures 4-5 through 4-8. FIGURE 4-4: 4.7.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 4-5: I2C™ SCRIPT BUILDER – SCRIPT COMMANDS Script Commands 4.7.2 Example Scripts The second column contains Example Scripts as shown in Figures 4-6. These can be studied to learn how to create or to edit custom scripts. To load the example script into the Script Detail column, either double click or right click and select from the local menu. FIGURE 4-6: I2C™ SCRIPT BUILDER – EXAMPLE SCRIPTS Example Scripts 4.7.
I2C™ Master Communications FIGURE 4-7: I2C™ SCRIPT BUILDER – SCRIPT DETAIL Script Detail 4.7.4 User Scripts The fourth column contains User Scripts as shown in Figures 4-8. User scripts that are created, named, and saved are displayed in the User Scripts column. To load a user script from the User Scripts column into the Script Detail column, the user can double click or right click and select from the local menu.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide Macro commands are entered according to the sequence of events as defined by the I2C bus protocol. Studying the example scripts is a good way to learn the sequence of events. The example scripts can also be modified and saved under a different name. CAUTION The choice of macro commands is very flexible. Therefore, the correctness of the script has to be verified by the user. The PICkit Serial Analyzer program does not verify the correctness of the script.
I2C™ Master Communications TABLE 4-2: 4.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 4.8.2 Iteration Scripts can be executed a user defined number of times at a specified interval of time. Figures 4-11 shows an example. A script named Read_Memory has been assigned to the Iteration button in the left column. The number of iterations are entered in the Iterations box and the delay in millisecond in the Delay box. A summary of the iterations is displayed in the left column. The macro is executed when the Iteration button is clicked.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Chapter 5. SPI Master Communications 5.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the SPI Master Communications mode. SPI data and commands can be entered using a Basic Communications window or by creating Script Commands. It is assumed that the user is familiar with the SPI protocol. For more information see: An SPI tutorial is available on the Microchip Technology web site.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide Menu Bar – Select PICkit Serial Analyzer > Select Communications Mode > SPI Master 5.5 CONFIGURATING SPI COMMUNICATIONS MODE Once the communications mode has been selected, it is configured from the Configuration Wizard or menu bar. Configuration Wizard – Select PICkit Serial Analyzer > Run Configuration Wizard from the menu bar Menu Bar – Select PICkit Serial Analyzer > Configure Communications Mode The Configure Mode window will open.
SPI Master Communications SPI BIT RATE Select the desired SPI bit rate by selecting the radio button for the desired range and then selecting the bit rate using the slider. FIGURE 5-2: SPI CONFIGURE COMMUNICATIONS MODE – ADVANCED VIEW EVENT MARKERS • • • • • • • • • • Abrt Mac Exe – Enable event marker: abort ‘macro’ execution Macro Loop – Enable event marker: top of ‘macro’ loop Mac Lp 65536 – Enable event marker: ‘macro’ loop count overflow (i.e.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 5.6 COMMUNICATIONS: BASIC OPERATIONS The SPI Basic Operations window can be opened by selecting: • Communications: Basic Operations from the tool bar, or • Communications > Basic Operations from the menu bar The SPI Basic Operations window is shown in Figure 5-3. The Basic Operations window is organized into five columns. Individual columns are enabled by clicking on the Enable check box.
SPI Master Communications FIGURE 5-4: 5.6.1 SPI BASIC OPERATIONS Basic Communications – Serial EEPROM Example Figures 5-5 through 5-7 demonstrates how to communicate with a 25LC020A SPI serial EEPROM. Refer to the 25LC020A Data Sheet (DS21833) for a detailed explanation of its SPI communications. Before data can be written to the 25LC020A, the write enable (WREN) latch must be set. This requires that CS be enabled, command 0x06 transmitted, and CS disabled. Figure 5-5 shows only Group 0 enabled.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 5-6: SEEPROM EXAMPLE – WRITE BYTES Figure 5-7 shows how to read data from the 25LC020A. Groups 0 and 1 are disabled, and Groups 2 and 3 are enabled. This example shows how data is transmitted and received in one transaction (Chip Select, CS, active) between Groups. Clicking on the Execute button will send the Read command (0x03) and memory address (0x00) of Group 2 followed by a Read Ten Bytes command in Group 3.
SPI Master Communications FIGURE 5-8: 5.7.1 SPI SCRIPT BUILDER Script Commands The left most column contains the Script Commands as shown in Figure 5-9. • Script Name – Enter the name of the script • Save Script – Saves the script • Execute Script – Executes (performs) the script displayed in the Script Detail column • Clear Script – Clears the Script Detail column • Del User Scripts – Deletes scripts from the User Scripts column.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 5-10: 5.7.3 SPI SCRIPT BUILDER – EXAMPLE SCRIPTS Example Scripts Script Detail The third column contains Script Detail as shown in Figure 5-11. This column is used to create the script or view an existing script. More information about creating a customer script is discussed in Section 5.7.5 “Creating A Script”.
SPI Master Communications FIGURE 5-12: SPI SCRIPT BUILDER – USER SCRIPTS User Scripts 5.7.5 Creating A Script Scripts are created by placing the cursor into the Script Detail column and right clicking. A local menu will be displayed as shown in Figure 5-13. Select from the choice of commands or script macro commands. The sequence of macro commands are executed from top to bottom. Macro commands are entered by right clicking in the box and selecting from the local menu as shown in Figure 5-13.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 5-13: TABLE 5-2: SPI SCRIPT BUILDER – CREATING A SCRIPT SPI SCRIPT MACRO COMMAND Macro Command 5.8 Command Abbreviation Description SPIBITRATE [BR] Set Bit Rate. Next byte is the scaler, followed by the pre-scaler. SPIDATIN [DI] Input data. Next byte is the byte count. SPIDATOUT [DO] Output data. Next byte is the byte count, followed by the data.
SPI Master Communications FIGURE 5-14: 5.8.1 SPI SCRIPT EXECUTE Assignable Buttons User created scripts will be displayed in the central SPI Scripts column. To assign a script to a button, click on the script name and drag it to the desired Assignable Buttons in the right column. The script will be executed once each time the button is clicked. The Assignable Buttons can be cleared by clicking on the Clear Buttons button. 5.8.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide NOTES: DS51647A-page 48 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Chapter 6. USART Asynchronous Communications 6.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the USART Asynchronous Communications mode. USART Asynchronous data and commands can be entered using a Basic Communications window or by creating Script Commands. It is assumed that the user is familiar with the USART Asynchronous protocol.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 6.4 SELECTING COMMUNICATIONS MODE The USART Asynchronous Communications mode is selected from the Configuration Wizard or menu bar. Configuration Wizard – Select PICkit Serial Analyzer > Run Configuration Wizard from the menu bar Menu Bar – Select PICkit Serial Analyzer > Select Communications Mode > USART Asynchronous 6.
USART Asynchronous Communications CAUTION The USB port current limit is set to 100 mA. If the target plus PICkit Serial Analyzer exceeds this current limit, the USB port will turn off. The target may be powered externally if more power is required. USART BAUD Enter the desired USART symbol rate (Baud) in the text box.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 6.6 COMMUNICATIONS: BASIC OPERATIONS The USART Asynchronous Operations window can be opened by selecting: • Communications: Basic Operations from the tool bar, or • Communications > Basic Operations from the menu bar The USART Asynchronous Basic Operations window is shown in Figure 6-3. There are two basic communications commands, Read and Write. Data can be transmitted to the target device as 7-bit ASCII or 8-bit byte.
USART Asynchronous Communications FIGURE 6-4: 6.7.1 USART ASYNCHRONOUS SCRIPT BUILDER Script Commands The left most column contains the Script Commands as shown in Figure 6-5. • Script Name – Enter the name of the script • Save Script – Saves the script • Execute Script – Executes (performs) the script displayed in the Script Detail column • Clear Script – Clears the Script Detail column • Del User Scripts – Deletes scripts from the User Scripts column.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 6.7.2 Example Scripts The second column contains Example Scripts as shown in Figure 6-6. These can be studied to learn how to create or to edit custom scripts. To load the example script into the Script Detail column, either double click or right click and select from the local menu. FIGURE 6-6: USART ASYNCHRONOUS SCRIPT BUILDER – EXAMPLE SCRIPTS Example Scripts 6.7.3 Script Detail The third column contains Script Detail as shown in Figure 6-7.
USART Asynchronous Communications FIGURE 6-7: 6.7.4 USART ASYNCHRONOUS SCRIPT BUILDER – SCRIPT DETAIL Script Detail User Scripts The fourth column contains User Scripts as shown in Figure 6-8. User scripts that are created, named, and saved are displayed in the User Scripts column. To load a user script from the User Scripts column into the Script Detail column, the user can double click or right click and select from the local menu.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide The sequence of macro commands are executed from top to bottom. Macro commands are entered by right clicking in the box and selecting from the local menu as shown in Figure 6-9. Macro commands are entered according to the sequence of events as defined by the USART Asynchronous protocol. Studying the example scripts is a good way to learn the sequence of events. The example scripts can also be modified and saved under a different name.
USART Asynchronous Communications TABLE 6-2: 6.8 USART SCRIPT MACRO COMMANDS (CONTINUED) USCLKPOLRST [CR] Reset CLOCK POLARITY bit USINIT [I_] Initialize USART controller USRESET [RE] Reset USART controller.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 6.8.2 Iteration Scripts can be executed a user defined number of times at a specified interval of time. Figure 6-11 shows an example. A script named TX_Data has been assigned to the Iteration button in the left column. The number of iterations is entered in the Iterations box and the delay in milliseconds in the Delay box. A summary of the iterations is displayed in the left column. The macro is executed when the Iteration button is clicked.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Chapter 7. USART Master Synchronous Communications 7.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the USART Synchronous Master Communications mode. USART Synchronous Master data and commands can be entered using a Basic Communications window or by creating Script Commands. It is assumed that the user is familiar with the USART Synchronous protocol. For more information see: • USART, AUSART, or EUSART chapter of the PIC microcontroller data sheet of interest 7.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 7.5 CONFIGURING USART SYNCHRONOUS MASTER COMMUNICATIONS MODE Once the communications mode has been selected, it is configured from the Configuration Wizard or menu bar. Configuration Wizard – Select PICkit Serial Analyzer > Run Configuration Wizard from the menu bar Menu Bar – Select PICkit Serial Analyzer > Configure Communications Mode The Configure Mode window will open.
USART Master Synchronous Communications USART BAUD Enter the desired USART symbol rate (Baud) in the text box. FIGURE 7-2: USART SYNCHRONOUS MASTER CONFIGURE COMMUNICATIONS MODE – ADVANCED VIEW EVENT MARKERS • • • • • • • • • • • Abrt Mac Exe – Enable event marker: abort ‘macro’ execution Macro Loop – Enable event marker: top of ‘macro’ loop Mac Lp 65536 – Enable event marker: ‘macro’ loop count overflow (i.e.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 7.6 COMMUNICATIONS: BASIC OPERATIONS The USART Asynchronous Operations window can be opened by selecting: • Communications: Basic Operations from the tool bar, or • Communications > Basic Operations from the menu bar The USART Synchronous Master Basic Operations window is shown in Figure 7-3. There are two basic communications commands, Read and Write. Data can be transmitted to the target device as 7-bit ASCII or 8-bit byte.
USART Master Synchronous Communications FIGURE 7-4: 7.7.1 USART SYNCHRONOUS MASTER SCRIPT BUILDER Script Commands The left most column contains the Script Commands as shown in Figure 7-5.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 7-6: USART SYNCHRONOUS MASTER SCRIPT BUILDER – EXAMPLE SCRIPTS Example Scripts 7.7.3 Script Detail The third column contains Script Detail as shown in Figure 7-7. This column is used to create the script or view an existing script. More information about creating a customer script is discussed in Section 7.7.5 “Creating a Script”.
USART Master Synchronous Communications User Scripts can be deleted by right clicking and selecting Delete Script from the local menu. FIGURE 7-8: USART SYNCHRONOUS MASTER SCRIPT BUILDER – USER SCRIPTS User Scripts 7.7.5 Creating a Script Scripts are created by placing the cursor into the Script Detail column and right clicking. A local menu will be displayed as shown in Figure 7-9. Select from the choice of commands or script macro commands.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 7-9: TABLE 7-2: USART SYNCHRONOUS MASTER SCRIPT BUILDER – CREATING A SCRIPT USART SCRIPT MACRO COMMANDS Macro Command DS51647A-page 66 Command Abbreviation Description USDATATX [TX] Transmit data. Next byte is the byte count, followed by the data. USDATARX [RX] Receive data. Next byte is the byte count.
USART Master Synchronous Communications 7.8 SCRIPT EXECUTE The Script Execute window is shown in Figure 7-10. Once scripts are created using the Script Builder, they can be assigned to buttons in the Script Execute window. This makes a convenient window to execute multiple scripts either individually or iteratively. Script executing will be logged in the Transactions window. FIGURE 7-10: 7.8.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide NOTES: DS51647A-page 68 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Chapter 8. User Defined Templates 8.1 INTRODUCTION User Defined Templates extend User Scripts by interpreting the data read from the target device and displaying it in a human readable form. The conversion formula is: EQUATION 8-1: CONVERSION FORMULA Read Value * Slope + Offset = Display Value For example, an 8-bit ADC value is read, and we desire a displayed value in voltage, 0 to 5 Volts. The 8-bit ADC value (read value) can be 0 to 256 decimal.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE 8-1: PARAMETER TEMPLATE Create the Parameter Template by filling in the boxes. Each line is a single parameter, a value read converted to value displayed. Each line will be displayed as a button that will execute the individual parameter in the My Templates window. • Parameter – Enter a parameter name. This name will be displayed next to the button that will execute this parameter in the My Templates window.
User Defined Templates 8.4 MY TEMPLATES When the User Defined Parameter file has been saved, it will be displayed under the User Defined Templates > My Templates on the menu bar, as shown in Figure 8-2. Note: The User Defined Parameter file (*.udp) must be stored in the same directory as the PICkit Serial Analyzer executable (by default C:\Program Files\Microchip\PICkit Serial Analyzer). Otherwise it will not be displayed under the My Templates menu selection.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide NOTES: DS51647A-page 72 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Chapter 9. PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Firmware 9.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter explains the internal operations of the PICkit™ Serial Analyzer firmware. The source code is available on the PICkit Serial Analyzer CD-ROM at D:\PICkit Serial Analyzer\Firmware. 9.2 HIGHLIGHTS This chapter discusses: • • • • • 9.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide EXEC manages the interface with the host. The data stream sent to PICkit™ Serial Analyzer from the host is encoded with ECMD TAGs and the data stream returned to the host from PICkit™ Serial Analyzer uses EDATA TAGs. Likewise, the COMM controller utilizes another set of predefined TAG(s) - CCMD TAGs (outgoing scripts) and CDATA TAGs (returning data). EXEC has no knowledge of COMM TAG(s) but simply transports data blindly between the host and COMM using EXEC TAG(s).
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Firmware TABLE 9-3: STATUS BLOCK TAG Bytes 9.4 Definition 0-3 EXEC section 4-11 Generic COMM section 12-19 Protocol specific communication section EXEC The EXEC module will directly decode the data stream from the host. The list of different commands is shown in Table 9-4. Every data stream from the software to the PICkit™ Serial Analyzer begins with one of the following EXEC command TAG bytes.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide TABLE 9-5: TAG BYTE 0x01 COMMAND CODES CMD Description 0x00 Master Reset: EXEC Reset, COMM Reset (idled) 0x01 COMM initialization: COMM is initialized as defined by CONTROL_BLOCK 0x02 Request EXEC_STATUS_PACKET (Ref.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Firmware TAG bytes 0x03, 0x04 and 0x05 write data bytes to their respective script buffers. In the current architecture, Script Buffer 1 (CBUF1) is used to store communication commands that will be fetched and executed by the COMM block. So, TAG byte 0x03 is used to delineate data that is to be sent to the script buffer including communication protocols to be sent to the unit under test. TAG bytes 0x04 and 0x05 are typically not used.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide TABLE 9-9: EXEC TAG (EDATA) BYTES (CONTINUED) TAG/EDATA LEN 0x87 N+2 0x88 2 Name Description CBUF3_DATA Data from CBUF3 PACKET_ID 0 TAG 1 Configuration byte 2 : N+1 Data: from CBUF3 Packet number 0 TAG 1 Data: arbitrary packet ID# TAG byte 0x80 means the transaction is over. TAG byte 0x81 signifies that the following data is the firmware version. 0x82 signifies that the data following is the control block (CONTROL_BLOCK).
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Firmware . TABLE 9-11: COMM SCRIPT COMMAND TAG BYTES TAG/CCMD LEN 0x00 – 0x0F 16 RESERVED Reserved 0x10 3 Wait-1 Wait for time interval 0x12 0x13 0x15 2 2 3 Name LED1 LED2 TIMEOUT_AB0_SET Description 0 TAG 1 Time (LSB) 2 Time (MSB) [res: 409.6 ms, max: 26.843 sec] Configure LED1 0 TAG 1 LED Configuration byte Configure LED2 0 TAG 1 LED Configuration byte Set time-out AB0 0 TAG 1 Time-out value (LSB) 2 Time-out value (MSB) [res: 409.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide TABLE 9-12: COMM SCRIPT DATA TAG BYTES TAG/CDATA LEN 0x00 – 0x0F 16 RESERVED RESERVED 0x10 2 DATA_BYTE Data byte follows 0x11 0x12 0x13 N+2 2 3 Name DATA_BYTES EVENT_MACRO_LOOP EVENT_TIME Description 0 TAG 1 data Data bytes follow 0 TAG 1 Byte count (N) 2 Data N+1 Data Macro loop count milestone message 0 TAG 1 Loop number Time marker for previous event 0 TAG 1 Time LSB 2 Time MSB [res: 409 usec, max: 26.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Firmware TABLE 9-13: Byte COMM SCRIPT CONTROL BLOCK Bit Description COMM: GENERAL 8 7:0 9 7:0 COMM mode: 00: IDLE 01: I2CM 02: SPI-M 04: USART-A 05: USART-SM COMM control bits 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7:0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 1 = Enable event markers – global 1 = Enable event markers – time stamp n/a n/a 1 = Enable PULLUPS 1 = VSRC: On 1 = VSRC: variable 1 = Abort macro execution Bit flags 1 = Event marker enable: macro loop 1 = Event marker enable: macro loop 65536 1
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide TABLE 9-14: Byte COMM SCRIPT STATUS BLOCK Bit Description COMM: GENERAL 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 9.6 7:0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7:0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 COMM status: error Time-out AB0 Time-out AB1 COMM initialization error VSRC fault Data error (e.g., unrecognized TAG, missing data, etc.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Firmware TABLE 9-16: Byte I2CM CONTROL BLOCK Bit Description I2 COMM: CM 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide TABLE 9-17: Byte I2CM STATUS BLOCK Bit Description I2 COMM: CM 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 7:0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7:0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 Bit flags: error status WCOL error SSPOV error Composite error Bit flags: info status BIT RATE CODE currently in use The I2CM TAG/CCMND bytes are used by the host (software) to describe an I2C transaction in ‘script’ form.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Firmware TABLE 9-18: TAG/CCMD I2CM ‘CMD’ TAG BYTES LEN Name Description 0x80 1 I2 CM_INIT Initialize master 0x81 1 I2CM_START Issue I2C™ Start 0 0 2 TAG TAG 2 0x82 1 I CM_STOP Issue I C™ Stop 0x83 1 I2CM_RESTART Issue I2C™ Restart 0 0 0x84 N+2 2 I CM_WRITE_BYTES TAG TAG Write bytes 0 TAG 1 byte count (N) 2 data byte N+1 data byte 0x85 2 2CM_READ_BYTES I 2CM_READ_BLOCK Read bytes – ACK all bytes 0 TAG 1 byte count (N) 0x86 1 I Read block –
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide The script (above) is interpreted as follows. TAG 0x81 instructs the COMM module to generate an I2C ‘Start’ bit on the I2C bus. TAG 0x84 indicates 2 bytes will be transmitted following the start – 0xA8 and 0x01. The first byte is the I2C slave address (with write/read bit Reset) and a data/command byte of 0x01. The COMM module does not place any significance on the value of the data bytes but merely transmits them ‘blindly’ – as instructed.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Firmware 9.7 SPI COMMUNICATIONS SPI is a 4-wire serial protocol that uses data in, data out, clock and Chip Select pins. It is a very basic protocol using a clock edge to capture data. The CONTROL_BLOCK is used to enable SPI event markers, set the bit rate and configure transaction/protocol options.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide TABLE 9-22: FOSC Pre-Scale Code Pre-Scale Value Scale Code Scale Value Total Scale Value 0x00 0x00 0x01 0x01 0x02 0x02 8 8 32 32 128 128 0x00 0xFF 0x00 0xFF 0x00 0xFF 1 256 1 256 1 256 8 2048 32 8192 128 32768 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz TABLE 9-23: Byte BIT RATE CODES Bit Rate 2.500 MHz 9.766 kHz 0.625 MHz 2.441 kHz 0.156 MHz 0.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Firmware TABLE 9-24: SPI ‘CMD’ TAG BYTES TAG/CCMD LEN 0x80 1 SPI_MODE_IDLE 0x81 2 SPI_INIT_MODE 0x83 3 SPI_BITRATE 0x84 2 SPI_DATAIO_IN 0x85 N+2 SPI_DATAIO_OUT 0x86 N+2 SPI_DATAIO_INOUT 0x87 1 SPI_SDO_IN 0x88 1 SPI_SDO_OUT 0x89 1 SPI_RESET 0x8A 1 SPI_INIT 0x8B 1 SPI_CS_ON 0x8C 1 SPI_CS_OFF TABLE 9-25: Name Description Set to IDLE 0 TAG Initialize SPS controller as per DATA 0 TAG 1 Configuration bits (ref section x.x.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 9.8 USART COMMUNICATIONS Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receive Transmit (USART) protocol is a standard 2-wire serial communication. In Asynchronous mode, there is a transmit line and a receive line. In Synchronous mode, the transmit line becomes the clock line and the receive line becomes the bidirectional data line. In Asynchronous mode, 8 bits are framed by a Start and Stop bit. A ninth bit can be included to use as a parity bit.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Firmware TABLE 9-28: Byte USART CONTROL BLOCK Bit Description COMM: USART 16 17 7:0 7:0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7:0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 18 19 20 21 22 23 TABLE 9-29: Clock polarity (default) 1 = high-low at beginning of bit cell, 0 = low-high 1 = 9-bit word length (default) 1 = Async receive enable 1= 1= 1= 1= 1= 1 = Event marker enable: read byte 1 = Event marker enable: write byte 1 = Event marker enable: status error 1 = Event marker enable: break tx 1= 1= 1= 1= B
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide TABLE 9-30: Byte USART STATUS BLOCK Bit Description COMM: USART 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 DS51647A-page 92 7:0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7:0 7:0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 7:0 Bit flags: error status FERR – framing error OERR – overrun error INIT error (bad “mode”) Composite error Clock polarity (default) 1 = high-low at beginning of bit cell, 0 = low-high 1 = 9-bit word length (default) 1 = Async receive enable 1= 1= 1= 1= 1= 1= BRG (BAUD) default (LSB) BRG (BAUD)
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Firmware TABLE 9-31: USART ‘CMD’ TAG BYTES TAG/ CCMD LEN 0x80 1 USART_INIT 0x81 1 USART_RESET 0x82 N+2 0x83 2 USART _DATA_ARCV 0x84 1 USART_DATA_SRCV_ENABLE 0x85 1 USART_DATA_SRCV_DISABLE 0x86 1 USART_BREAK_XMT 0x87 2 USART_BREAK_DATA_XMT 0x88 3 USART_BAUD 0x89 1 USART_SCKP_SET 0x8A 1 USART_SCKP_RST 0x8B 1 USART_9BIT_SET 0x8C 1 USART_9BIT_RST © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide TABLE 9-32: USART ‘DATA’ TAG BYTES TAG/ CDATA LEN 0x80 2 0x81 0x82 0x83 2 2 1 Name USART_EVENT_BYTE_TX USART_EVENT_BYTE_RX USART_EVENT_STATUS_ERR USART_EVENT_BREAK_TX Description BYTE transmit 0 TAG 1 data BYTE received 0 TAG 1 data Status error 0 TAG 1 error byte BREAK transmitted 0 DS51647A-page 94 TAG © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Chapter 10. PICkit™ Serial Analyzer DLL 10.1 INTRODUCTION Custom software programs can be created by accessing the Dynamically Linked Library (DLL), PICkitS.dll, with the software language of your choice. All of the functionality to create tag byte scripts that will be converted to protocol scripts is built into the DLL and is very easy to use. Any programming language that can access functions from a DLL can be used.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide 10.3.2 PICkitS.Basic.Configure_PICkitSerial(int p_mode, bool p_reset) Returns: True if successful, False if not Inputs: p_mode: the communications mode where: 0 = IDLE 1 = I2CM 2 = SPI-M 3 = SPI-S 4 = USART-A 5 = USART-SM 6 = USART-SS 7 = I2CS 8 = 12CBBM 9 = 12CSBBM p_reset: whether or not to perform a Reset of the PICkit™ Serial after changing modes Note: 10.3.3 PICkitS.Basic.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer DLL 10.3.7 PICkitS.Basic.Reset_Control_Block() Returns: True if successful, False if not Inputs: None Description: Attempts to clear status flags set during a read or write error by issuing cold then warm Resets while preserving control block contents. Issue this function call after a read or write failure. 10.3.8 PICkitS.Basic.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide Description: Attempts to perform I2C Write command using above parameters. If successful, p_num_bytes_to_write bytes are written to the UUT beginning at p_start_data_addr. Regardless of success or failure, the PICkit™ status packet is updated after the write attempt and stored for retrieval by the function Get_Status_Packet. 10.3.11 PICkitS.Basic.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer DLL 10.4 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE The following is an example of creating a Visual Basic® .NET program using the dll to read an I2C device. 1. 2. 3. 4. In Solution Explorer, if References is not shown, press the Show All Files button. Right click on references in solution explorer, browse to the PICkitS.dll and add it. Double click the form to create Sub Form1_Load. Add following to form1_load: PICkitS.Basic.Initialize_PICkitSerial() PICkitS.Basic.Configure_PICkitSerial_For_I2C() 5.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide PICkitS.Basic.Send_I2CRead_Cmd(Slave_Addr, Word_addr, 1, Return_Data, Return_String) TextBox_Result.Text = Return_Data(0).ToString() 12. 13. 14. 15. DS51647A-page 100 Build the project by pressing F6. Fix any typos and rebuild if necessary. Press the Run button to execute the program. Enter the slave address and the word address to read one byte of data. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Chapter 11. Troubleshooting 11.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes questions and answers to common problems associated with using the PICkit™ Serial Analyzer and how to resolve them. 11.2 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS PICkit™ Serial Analyzer could not be found Question I am receiving the error message, “PICkit™ Serial Analyzer could not be found” in the Transactions window, but the PICkit™ Serial Analyzer is plugged in.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide Microsoft® Windows® 95/98/NT Question Can I run on Windows® 95/98/NT? Answer No. These operating systems either do not support USB or have drivers that are not compatible. DS51647A-page 102 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Appendix A. PICkit Serial Analyzer Schematics A.1 INTRODUCTION This appendix contains the PICkit Serial Management hardware diagrams. FIGURE A-1: PICkit™ SERIAL ANAYLZER SCHEMATIC (SHEET 1 OF 2) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide FIGURE A-2: DS51647A-page 104 PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER SCHEMATIC (SHEET 2 OF 2) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit Serial Analyzer Schematics FIGURE A-3: SILKSCREEN FIGURE A-4: TOP COPPER FIGURE A-5: BOTTOM COPPER © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide NOTES: DS51647A-page 106 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
PICkit™ SERIAL ANALYZER USER’S GUIDE Appendix B. 28-Pin Demo Board I2C™ Demonstration Firmware B.1 INTRODUCTION The 28-Pin Demo Board I2C™ demonstration firmware communicates with the PICkit™ Serial Analyzer using the I2C serial protocol. The PICkit Serial Analyzer will be the I2C Master and the 28-Pin Demo Board will be the I2C Slave device. The 28-Pin Demo board is programmed to emulate an I2C Real-Time Clock (RTC) and Serial EEPROM. B.2 HIGHLIGHTS This chapter discusses: • • • • • B.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide TABLE B-1: FIRMWARE MODULES MODULE B.5 DESCRIPTION adc.asm ADC service – measuring channel AN0, connected to potentiometer RP1, and post results to register in shared memory device.asm Basic device (microcontroller) configuration ee_util.asm EEPROM Read/Write routines exec.asm “Executive” feature set – provides functionality for test and demonstration of PICkit™ Serial Analyzer and 28-Pin Demo Board i2c_slave_pksd.
28-Pin Demo Board I2C™ Demonstration Firmware I2C™ WRITE BYTE(S) FIGURE B-2: SLAVE-ADR [W] S A DATA WORD-ADR DATA A DATA A A P Read Byte(s) with Word Address – The word address is set to begin at a given value and incremented sequentially during the transaction.
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide TABLE B-3: REAL-TIME CLOCK (RTC) WORD ADDRESSES (CONTINUED) 0x08 RTC_YEARS 00-99 year, coding: BCD 0x09 RTC_ALARM_MIN 00-59 minute of alarm, coding: BCD bit 7: enable 0x0A RTC_ALARM_HOUR 00-23 hour of alarm, coding: BCD bit 7: enable 0x0B RTC_ALARM_DAY 0x0C RTC_ALARM_WEEK 00-06 weekday of alarm bit 7: enable 0x0D (not assigned) 0x0E (not assigned) 0x0F (not assigned) B.6.
28-Pin Demo Board I2C™ Demonstration Firmware TABLE B-4: REG TABLE B-4 EXECUTIVE (EXEC) WORD ADDRESSES NAME DESCRIPTION 0x00 EXEC_STATE State of executive state controller bit 7 == 1: force state controller to one of eight “entry points” specified by bits[2:0] 0x01 EXEC_ADC_CH0 ADC results of CHANNEL AN0 (potentiometer RP1) 0x02 EXEC_RTC_SECS binary value representation of RTC “SECONDS” 0x03 EXEC_STATUS state of communications connector pins: bit 0: PIN 1 (AUX1) bit 1: PIN 4 (SDA) bit 2: PIN 5
PICkit™ Serial Analyzer User’s Guide B.7 FUNCTIONS B.7.1 Ping-Pong Display The PING-PONG display is useful in testing the four LEDs which are illuminated individually and in sequence as seen below. The following pattern is executed at a 100-millisecond step interval. FIGURE B-6: B.7.
28-Pin Demo Board I2C™ Demonstration Firmware B.7.3 ADC Display The ADC Display begins by displaying hex values 0x0A, 0x0D and 0x0C in sequence to signify “ADC” test. After the opening display sequence, the LEDs displays the Most Significant 4 bits of the ADC result measuring channel AN0 (potentiometer RP1). As RP1 is manually turned from one extreme to the other, the LED display should range from binary 0000 to 1111. The firmware must be forced from this mode by command or Reset. B.7.
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