® Using ProLink Software with Micro Motion Transmitters ® Instruction Manual November 1999
® Using ProLink Software with Micro Motion Transmitters ® Instruction Manual For technical assistance, phone the Micro Motion Customer Service Department: • In the U.S.A., phone 1-800-522-6277, 24 hours • Outside the U.S.A., phone 303-530-8400, 24 hours • In Europe, phone +31 (0) 318 549 443 • In Asia, phone 65-770-8155 Copyright ©1992, 1999, Micro Motion, Inc. All rights reserved.
Contents 1 Before You Begin .............................. About the ProLink® program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uses of the ProLink® program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . File location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The ProLink® kit and system requirements . . . . . . . . . Customer service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1 1.2 1.
Contents continued 4 File Menu: Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Print setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Select, edit, or create a ticket definition file . . . . . . . . . Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transmitter connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents continued 7.5 Informational indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Transmitter Initializing" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Calibration In Progress" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zero indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analog Fixed indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Frequency Output Fixed" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Burst Mode" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents continued 10 Configure Menu: Transmitter Outputs . . . . . . . 107 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RFT9739 outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IFT9701/IFT9703 outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RFT9712/RFT9729 outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency/pulse output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency/pulse output scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents continued 14 Calibrate Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auto zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diagnosing zeroing failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Programming auto zero for RFT9739 . . . . . . . . . . . . Convergence limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zero time . . . . .
Contents continued Appendixes Appendix A How to Specify the ProLink® Product . . . . . . . . . . Appendix B Uploading and Downloading Configuration Files with a Model 268 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix C Temperature Coefficients for Flow and Density . . Appendix D ASCII Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix E Transmitter Configuration Worksheets . . . . . . . . . Appendix F Flowmeter Calibration Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents continued Figure 7-1 Figure 7-2 Figure 7-3 Figure 7-4 Figure 8-1 Figure 8-2 Figure 9-1 Figure 9-2 Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Figure 9-5 Figure 9-6 Figure 10-1 Figure 10-2 Figure 10-3 Figure 11-1 Figure 11-2 Figure 11-3 Figure 12-1 Figure 13-1 Figure 14-1 Figure 14-2 Figure 14-3 Figure 14-4 Figure 14-5 Figure 14-6 Figure 14-7 Figure 14-8 Figure 14-9 Figure 14-10 Figure 14-11 Using ProLink ® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters Status window for RFT9739 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents continued Figure 14-12 Temperature Slope Calibration dialog box . . . . . . 150 Figure 14-13 Connecting a reference device to a transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Figure 14-14 Milliamp output trim: setting output to 4 mA . . . . . 153 Figure 14-15 Milliamp output trim: enter measured low output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Figure 14-16 Milliamp output trim: enter measured high output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents continued Table 9-1 Table 9-2 Table 9-3 Table 9-4 Table 9-5 Table 9-6 Table 9-7 Table 9-8 Table 9-9 Table 9-10 Table 9-11 Table 10-1 Table 10-2 Table 11-1 Table 11-2 Table 11-3 Table 12-1 Table 14-1 Table 14-2 Table 14-3 Table 14-4 Table 14-5 Table 15-1 Table 15-2 Table 16-1 Using ProLink ® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters Mass flow measurement units for process variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mass total and mass inventory measurement units for process variables . .
x Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
Before You Begin About the ProLink® program Getting Started 1.1 Before You Begin 1 This manual explains how to use the Micro Motion® ProLink™ software program under the Microsoft® Windows® graphical environment for IBM-compatible personal computers. Before using this instruction manual, the reader should be familiar with Microsoft Windows. The ProLink program provides communication between a personal computer and Micro Motion RFT9739, IFT9701, IFT9703, RFT9712, and RFT9729 transmitters.
Before You Begin continued The ProLink® kit and system requirements Uses of the ProLink® program While using the ProLink program, press F1 at any time for on-line help.
Before You Begin Before You Begin continued Customer service Table 1-1. ProLink® compatibility Transmitter/communicator ProLink® software requirement Getting Started RFT9739 Version 3.6 ProLink version 2.4 RFT9739 Version 3, 3.5 ProLink version 2.3 RFT9739 Version 2 ProLink version 2.1 RFT9739 earlier than version 2 Any ProLink version IFT9701, IFT9703 ProLink version 2.
4 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
Getting Started Overview Depending on the transmitter model, communication with the flowmeter uses the Bell 202 and/or RS-485 communication standards. The PC Interface adaptor, shown in Figure 2-1, converts Bell 202 or RS-485 signals from the flowmeter to and from the RS-232-C standard used by personal computers. Getting Started 2.1 Before You Begin 2 Installing the ProLink program requires the following four steps: Figure 2-1. PC Interface adaptor File Menu: Database 1.
Getting Started continued Communication standards 2.2 Communication standards Switches and jumpers on the transmitter determine the communication standard used by the transmitter. Micro Motion configures each transmitter's default communication settings at the factory. Depending on the transmitter model, transmitters can communicate using HART and/or Modbus ® protocol, using the Bell 202 or RS-485 standard. Communication configuration for the ProLink program and transmitter must be the same.
Wiring to the transmitter 2.3 Wiring to the transmitter Wiring connections to RFT9739, IFT9701, IFT9703, RFT9712, and RFT9729 transmitters are shown on the following pages. The configured communication standard (Bell 202 or RS-485) determines how the transmitter and PC Interface adaptor are wired together.
Getting Started continued Wiring to the transmitter Figure 2-2.
Before You Begin Getting Started continued Wiring to the transmitter Figure 2-3.
Getting Started continued Wiring to the transmitter Figure 2-4. Bell 202 hard-wiring to transmitters or multidrop networks CN2 DCS or PLC with internal resisitor (Note 2) CN2 RFT9739 rack-mount B14 B16 RFT9729 R2 D30 Z30 R3 (Note 3) Receive Transmit Power Low Batt AC Adaptor 485 202 Off 485 202 A B R1 (Note 1) 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 19 18 17 16 15 14 P 26 25 24 23 22 21 S 4–20mA RFT9739 field-mount IFT9701 IFT9703 RFT9712 Notes for Figure 2-4 1.
Before You Begin Getting Started continued Wiring to the transmitter Figure 2-5.
Getting Started continued Connecting to the PC and power source 2.4 Connecting to the PC and power source Follow these instructions to install the PC Interface adaptor: 1. Plug the AC/DC power converter into the adaptor. Or, if desired, install a 9-volt battery (not included) in the battery compartment on the back of the adaptor (see Figure 2-1, page 5). • Battery life is approximately 11 hours when the transmitter operates at 38.4 kilobaud.
Installing the software 2.5 Installing the software The ProLink kit comes with one 3½-inch diskette, which contains the operating files for the software. Because the ProLink installation/setup program decompresses files during installation, ProLink software cannot be installed by copying files from the diskette to the hard drive. Run the ProLink installation/setup program to install the ProLink software on the personal computer hard drive. To install the ProLink program: 1.
Getting Started continued Installing the software Installation Location dialog box When the Installation Location dialog box appears as shown above, enter the desired directory pathname, then click OK. The installation/setup program creates the directory. As ProLink program files are copied into the chosen directory, a "thermometer" indicates the percentage of the installation that has been completed.
Before You Begin Getting Started continued Installing the software Modify/Copy CONFIG.SYS dialog box Getting Started Select an option, then click OK. • Select Add/Change to add the HART or Modbus device driver to the CONFIG.SYS file in the root directory on the hard drive. • Select Copy to copy the CONFIG.SYS file to the ProLink directory before adding the appropriate device driver. File Menu: Database After the user specifies a Windows program group, the Modify or Copy CONFIG.
Getting Started continued Installing the software After ProLink software installation is completed, the ProLink Setup icon enables switching of protocols used by the ProLink program. To change the protocol used by: • The ProLink program, see Section 2.8, page 22 • An RFT9739 transmitter, see the RFT9739 instruction manual Communications Port dialog box After the installation/setup program establishes the protocol that the ProLink program will use, the Communications Port dialog box appears as shown above.
Before You Begin Getting Started continued Installing the software Modify/Copy .INI files dialog box Getting Started Select an option, then click OK: • Select Add/Change to add the communication port and display parameters to the SYSTEM.INI and WIN.INI files in their default directories on the hard drive. • Select Copy to copy the SYSTEM.INI and WIN.INI files to the ProLink directory before adding the communication port and display parameters.
Getting Started continued Start-up 2.6 Start-up To run the ProLink program, select the MMI program group, then click on the ProLink icon. In Windows 95, click the Start button, select Programs, then select the MMI program group and click the ProLink icon. The ProLink application window and Connect dialog box will be displayed, as shown below.
Before You Begin Getting Started continued Connecting to the transmitter To connect to the transmitter using its HART tag name (HART protocol only): 1. Select Tag Name. 2. Enter the transmitter tag name. 3. Click OK. Getting Started To view a list of available transmitters: 1. Select Poll Network. 2. Click Poll. 3. The network will be polled, and a drop-down list of available transmitters is displayed, including addresses and HART tag names. Select a transmitter, then click OK.
Getting Started continued Connecting to the transmitter Table 2-2.
Before You Begin Getting Started continued Connecting to the transmitter Table 2-2.
Getting Started continued Communication options Table 2-3. Additional ProLink troubleshooting information Symptom Windows® hourglass symbol does not disappear Cause Windows 3.
Communication options Software communication options After software installation is completed, communication protocols, communication ports, and time source may be changed with the ProLink installation/setup program. Communication options may then be changed using the Configure Communications dialog box. Getting Started To change the configured ProLink communication setup: 1.
Getting Started continued Communication options 6. Open the Windows Program Manager, open the MMI program group, then double-click the ProLink icon to run the ProLink program. Windows 95 users select Programs from the Start menu, then select MMI (or the program group containing ProLink), then select ProLink from the cascading menus. 7. Open the File menu, then choose Comm Options. The Communication Options dialog box appears as shown in Figure 2-7. Figure 2-7. Configure Communications dialog box 8.
Exit • Exit To exit the ProLink program, open the File menu, then choose Exit. The Exit ProLink dialog box appears, as shown below. File Menu: Database 2.9 Getting Started With the ProLink software configured for Modbus protocol, choose Modbus ASCII or Modbus RTU. - If Modbus RTU (default) is chosen, the ProLink program will use the RTU data transmission mode (8 data bits). - If Modbus ASCII is chosen, the ProLink program will use the ASCII data transmission mode (7 data bits).
26 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
File Menu: Database Overview The Transmitter Database dialog box, shown in Figure 3-1, page 28, enables storage, retrieval, transfer, and editing of transmitter configurations. To open the Transmitter Database dialog box, open the File menu, then choose Database. The Transmitter Database dialog box operates in the connect mode and the offline mode. The mode determines the tasks that the user can perform. The user can remove a configuration file from the database at any time.
File Menu: Database continued File selection Figure 3-1. Transmitter Database dialog box 3.2 28 File selection Use the Directory list box, Transmitter Configuration Files list box, and File Name text box to select a file, then choose Load, Send, Offline, Save, Upload, or Remove to transfer, edit, or erase the selected file. Directory list box The Directory list box lists directories on a specified hard drive or floppy diskette. To change directories, click the Directory list box.
Before You Begin File Menu: Database continued Database command buttons Figure 3-2. Change Database Directory dialog box Getting Started The Transmitter Configuration Files list box displays transmitter configuration files in the active directory. Each file contains a partial or complete configuration for an RFT9739, IFT9701, IFT9703, RFT9712, or RFT9729. Select a filename from the Transmitter Configuration Files list box. The selected filename appears in the File Name list box.
File Menu: Database continued Offline, save, and upload commands 3.4 Offline, save, and upload commands Before choosing Offline, Save or Upload, open the File menu, then choose Disconnect. • Choose Offline to edit an existing configuration file. • Choose Save to save a configuration to the hard drive or to a diskette.
Before You Begin File Menu: Database continued Load command 3.5 Load command Before choosing the Load command: 1. Open the File menu, then choose Connect. 2. Set the flow loop for manual operation. File Menu: Database After loading is completed, the user can access the configuration with the ProLink program. Figure 3-3. File Overwrite dialog box Send command Before choosing the Send command: 1. Open the File menu, then choose Connect. 2. Set the flow loop for manual operation. 3.
File Menu: Database continued Remove command To send a configuration file to the transmitter: 1. Open the File menu, then choose Connect. 2. Select the desired transmitter, then click OK. 3. Reopen the File menu, then choose Database. 4. Use the Transmitter Database dialog box to select the configuration file to be sent to the transmitter, then choose Send. 3.7 Remove command The user can erase (remove) configuration files with the ProLink program in the connect or offline mode.
File Menu: Print Overview The File menu includes several commands used for retrieving process information from one or more devices on a multidrop network and sending the information to a printer or to an ASCII file. If the information goes to a file, the data in the file can be imported into spreadsheets, databases, word processors, and other software applications. 4.2 Print setup Open the File menu, then choose Print Setup.
File Menu: Print continued Print setup Figure 4-1. Print Setup/Ticket Builder dialog box Select, edit, or create a ticket definition file The Ticket File text box shows the ticket definition file name.To select, edit, or create a ticket definition file, other than the displayed definition: 1. Click the Ticket File text box. The ticket File Name dialog box appears as depicted in Figure 4-2. 2.
Print setup Destination Destination options enable the ticket to go to a printer or to an ASCII text file. If the ticket will go to a file, the user may name the ASCII text file that will receive the data specified by the ticket definition. Transmitter connections To add a device to the ticket definition file: 1. Choose Add in the Transmitter Connections frame. The Add Transmitter Tag dialog box appears as shown in Figure 4-3.
File Menu: Print continued Print setup 2. At the Add Transmitter Tag dialog box, use the Tag Name option buttons to select a device. If a device other than the connected transmitter [CurCon] is selected, enter the polling address or HART tag name in the text box. A device cannot be added to the ticket definition file if a device with the same tag name already exists in the file. 3.
Print setup In the Print Setup/Ticket Builder dialog box, the Fields on Ticket list box shows parameters listed with alphanumeric codes. • The polling address or tag name to the left of the decimal point identifies the device that returns the parameter. • The label to the right of the decimal point identifies the parameter. Identify a parameter returned from an RFT9739 that has the HART tag name ELITEFLO. The Fields list box includes the following parameter: ELITEFLO.
File Menu: Print continued Print Click an option button to choose a separator. If Other is chosen, the user can enter text as ASCII printable characters, and can also enter ASCII decimal codes for nonprintable characters such as a carriage return (013) or line feed (010). The ASCII character set is listed in Appendix D, page 181. Book Ends indicate the beginning and end of each print interval. Enter characters for each book end as ASCII printable characters and/or ASCII decimal codes.
Before You Begin File Menu: Print continued Interval print Figure 4-5. Typical ticket printed using print command 4.4 Interval print To toggle the Interval Print command ON or OFF, open the File menu, then choose Interval Print. • If a checkmark appears beside the command line when the File menu opens, choosing Interval Print toggles interval printing OFF. • If the command line appears without a checkmark when the File menu opens, choosing Interval Print toggles interval printing ON.
File Menu: Print continued Update rate 4.5 Update rate Update Rate controls how often the ProLink program prints tickets and updates on-line values of variables displayed in the View windows. See Chapter 6 (page 47). • The Window Update Rate is the number of seconds the program waits before updating values displayed in the View windows. • The Ticket Print Rate is the number of seconds the program waits between each interval print.
Before You Begin File Menu: Print continued Print file 4.6 Print file To print a file: 1. Open the File menu, then choose Print File. The Print File dialog box appears as shown in Figure 4-8. 2. Select a file type from the drop-down list. 3. Select a drive and directory, then select a file to be printed. 4. When the desired file is listed in the File Name text box, choose Print to send the file to the connected printer.
42 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
File Menu: Error and Change Log Files Error logging An error log is a record of transmitter configuration changes, data entry errors, faults, and changes in the operating condition of the flowmeter. With error logging toggled ON, the ProLink program reports the selected errors whenever they occur. Getting Started 5.1 Before You Begin 5 Figure 5-1 depicts a typical error log file. Figure 5-1. Typical error log file To set up an error log, open the File menu, then choose Error Log File.
File Menu: Error and Change Log Files continued Change logging Error log options Use the Error Log Option check boxes to set the options for the error log file. A check box indicating an active option contains an "X". Click check boxes to toggle options ON or OFF. Error log on ON: The ProLink program reports errors whenever they occur. If the user opens the File menu with error logging toggled ON, a checkmark appears beside the Error Log File command line.
Before You Begin File Menu: Error and Change Log Files continued Change logging Figure 5-3. Typical change log file PM XMTR_1 .Dens_A= 0.00110 PM XMTR_1 .Dens_B= 0.09980 PM XMTR_1 .Flow_Cal=0000.75.13 PM XMTR_1 .SlugLow= 0.0050 PM XMTR_1 .SlugHigh= 0.1000 PM UPDATE: Completed Successfully PM XMTR_1 .Vol_Flow_Unit=USgpm PM XMTR_1 .Visc_Unit=cP PM XMTR_1 .DP_Unit=psi PM XMTR_1 .Mass_Flow_Unit=kg/hr PM XMTR_1 .Meter_Direction=Bi-Directional PM UPDATE: Completed Successfully PM XMTR_1 .
Change log options Use the Change Log check boxes to set the options for the change log file. A check box indicating an active option contains an "X". Click check boxes to toggle options ON or OFF. Change log on ON: The ProLink program reports configuration changes and data entry errors whenever they occur. If the user opens the File menu with change logging toggled ON, a checkmark appears beside the Change Log File command line. OFF: The program does not report configuration changes or data entry errors.
View Menu: Variables Overview The View menu opens windows rather than dialog boxes. Open the View menu to read process variables, outputs, and flowmeter status indicators. • Choose Process Variables to read values of process variables. • Choose Output Levels to read output levels and corresponding output variables. 6.
View Menu: Variables continued Process variables window Figure 6-1. Process variables window for RFT9739 Figure 6-2. Process variables window for IFT9701/IFT9703 Figure 6-3.
Output levels window 6.
View Menu: Variables continued Copying displayed values to other software applications Figure 6-5. Output Levels window for IFT9701 or IFT9703 Figure 6-6. Output Levels window for RFT9712/9729 nch 6.4 Copying displayed values to other software applications Values from display boxes in the Process Variables and Output Levels windows can be copied or linked to spreadsheets, databases, word processors, and other software applications.
Copying displayed values to other software applications To copy or link text from the ProLink window: move the mouse pointer to the desired value. When the pointer changes to a cross hair (+), click the mouse to copy the value. A Copy/Link dialog box appears as depicted in Figure 6-7. Choose OK to copy the value. Getting Started Figure 6-7.
52 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
View Menu: Status Overview The Status window indicates operating conditions. When used with tools such as a digital multimeter (DMM), the transmitter diagnostic LED, and fault output levels, the Status window facilitates flowmeter characterization, calibration, testing, and troubleshooting. Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables To open the Status window, open the View menu, then choose Transmitter Status.
View Menu: Status continued Overview Table 7-1. Status indicators Status indicator pages Status indicator pages 0 deg cal failed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 200 deg cal failed . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Analog 1 fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64, 69 Analog 1 saturated . . . . . . . . . . 64 Analog 2 fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64, 69 Analog 2 saturated . . . . . . . . . . 64 Analog input error . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Analog output fixed . . . . . . . . . . 64, 69 Analog output saturated . . . .
View Menu: Status View Menu: Status continued Overview Figure 7-2. Status window for IFT9701/IFT9703 Configure Menu: Characterize Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables Figure 7-3.
View Menu: Status continued Fault outputs 7.2 Fault outputs If a flowmeter failure occurs, transmitters produce fault outputs. Model RFT9739, IFT9701, IFT9703, RFT9712, and RFT9729, produce downscale or upscale outputs to indicate a fault. In addition, a Version 2 or earlier RFT9739 also has last measured value and internal zero fault levels.
Critical indicators Transmitter failure indicators If one or more of the following indicators switches ON, a transmitter failure has occurred: • "Transmitter Failure" • "(E)EPROM Checksum" • "RAM Error" • "RTI Failure" • "0 Deg Cal Failure" • "200 Deg Cal Failure" Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables If a master reset is performed on the transmitter, Not Configured switches ON to indicate the flowmeter requires complete characterization and reconfiguration.
View Menu: Status continued Critical indicators To troubleshoot these status indicators, follow these steps: 1. Wiring problems are often incorrectly diagnosed as a faulty sensor. At initial startup of the transmitter, always check the following: a. Proper cable, and use of shielded pairs b.
View Menu: Status View Menu: Status continued Critical indicators Figure 7-4. Test Point Diagnostics dialog box Configure Menu: Characterize Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables Table 7-3.
View Menu: Status continued Critical indicators Table 7-4. Nominal resistance and voltage ranges for flowmeter circuits Notes • Temperature sensor value increases 0.38675 ohms per °C increase in temperature. • Nominal resistance values will vary 40% per 100°C. However, confirming an open coil or shorted coil is more important than any slight deviation from the resistance values presented below.
View Menu: Status View Menu: Status continued Critical indicators Table 7-6.
View Menu: Status continued Operational indicators "Analog Input Error" and "Pressure Input Failure" Analog Input Error applies only to versions 2.0 and higher RFT9739 transmitters.
View Menu: Status View Menu: Status continued Operational indicators Table 7-7. Troubleshooting operational failures Frequency Saturated • Flow rate driving RFT9739 output from FREQ+ and RETURN terminals to 0 or 15 kHz • Flow rate driving RFT9712 or RFT9729 frequency/pulse output to 0 or 11,520 Hz Flow rate driving IFT9701 or IFT9703 pulse output to 0 or 7200 Hz for versions 1.
View Menu: Status continued Operational indicators To program slug flow limits, follow these steps. For more information, see Section 8.5, page 81. 1. Open the Configure menu, then choose Characterize. 2. In the Characterize Sensor dialog box, at the Low and High text boxes in the Slug Flow Limits frame, enter the desired slug flow limits in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). 3. Click OK. In some applications, slug flow typically occurs for short periods of time.
Operational indicators • Given: An RFT9739 is configured to measure temperature in degrees Celsius (°C). The milliamp output is configured so that 20 mA represents 80°C. The milliamp output goes out of range (high) at 20 mA. Solution: Change the span of the milliamp output. Increase the temperature indicated by the output at 20 mA to 100°C. Frequency output saturated If Frequency Output Saturated switches ON, open the View menu, then choose Output Levels to open the Output Levels window.
View Menu: Status continued Informational indicators Example: Given: An RFT9739 is configured to indicate flow rate in pounds per minute (lb/min). The frequency/pulse output has been scaled so that 100 Hz = 1 lb/min. The frequency/pulse output goes out of range at 15 kHz. Problem: When the process flow rate exceeds 150 lb/min, the frequency/pulse output is saturated.
Informational indicators Transmitter Initializing switches ON to indicate transmitter self-calibration in progress at start-up or after power cycling. "Calibration In Progress" Calibration in Progress switches ON if the user performs a density calibration or auto zero. • For information about density calibration, see Section 14.4, page 138. • For information about auto zero, see Section 14.2, page 133 and Section 14.3, page 136.
View Menu: Status continued Informational indicators Table 7-8.
Informational indicators Analog Fixed indicators Analog 1 Fixed or Analog Output Fixed switches ON if the user assigns a polling address other than 0 to the transmitter for HART communication in a Bell 202 multidrop network. The output remains fixed at 4 mA until the user assigns a polling address of 0 to the transmitter. For RFT9739 transmitters using the RS-485 standard, the primary milliamp output remains active. For more information about polling addresses, see Section 11.2, page 121.
View Menu: Status continued Informational indicators Event indicators With flow, density, temperature, pressure, or assigned to an RFT9739, RFT9712, or RFT9729 event, Event 1 or Event 2 switches OFF or ON whenever the process variable crosses the setpoint. With mass total or volume total assigned to an event, Event 1 or Event 2 switches ON and OFF according to the low or high configuration of the alarm. • With a low alarm, Event 1 or Event 2 switches ON when the user resets the totalizer.
Configure Menu: Characterize Configure Menu: Characterize 8.1 View Menu: Status 8 Overview CAUTION Failure to set control devices for manual operation before characterization could cause transmitter output error. Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables Before opening the File, Configure, Calibrate, or Applications menus, set process control devices for manual operation.
Configure Menu: Characterize continued Overview To open the Characterize Sensor dialog box, open the Configure menu, then choose Characterize. The Characterize Sensor dialog box appears as depicted in: • Figure 8-1 for an RFT9739 • Figure 8-2 for an IFT9701, IFT9703, RFT9712, or RFT9729 Values entered during sensor characterization override existing flow, density, temperature, and viscosity factors, and change the flowmeter calibration.
8.2 Flow calibration factor The flow calibration factor describes a particular sensor's sensitivity to mass flow. Testing conducted in the Micro Motion flow calibration laboratory determines the precise value of the flow calibration factor for each sensor. (For an RFT9739, IFT9701, IFT9703, RFT9712, or RFT9729 that is shipped without a sensor, the default value — which must be changed — is 1.00005.13).
Configure Menu: Characterize continued Flow calibration factor Table 8-1. Temperature coefficients for flow Sensor model Coefficient CMF010HP, high pressure 2.88 CMF010M, stainless 4.26 CMF010N, Inconel® 2.79 CMF025M, stainless 4.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Characterize continued Flow calibration factor Example: Given: A D100 sensor with 316L stainless steel flow tubes, originally calibrated with an RE-01, has a sensitivity factor of 44.5. Solution: The first five digits of the flow calibration factor are calculated from the RE-01 flow sensitivity factor, as follows: 44.5 ⋅ 1.507 = 67.062 Configure Menu: Characterize Problem: The RE-01 has been replaced by an RFT9739.
Configure Menu: Characterize continued Flow calibration factor Sensor or transmitter replaced in the field If the sensor or transmitter is replaced in the field, the user must re-characterize the transmitter by programming the new sensor flow calibration factor into the transmitter. (For an RFT9739, IFT9701, IFT9703, RFT9712, or RFT9729 that is shipped without a sensor, the default value — which must be changed — is 1.00005.13).
3. For a Version 3.0, 3.5, and 3.6 RFT9739, ensure the mass-flow meter factor is 1.0000. To check the meter factor, open the Configure menu, then choose Meter Factors to open the Meter Factors dialog box. Change the mass-flow meter to 1.0000 if any other value is displayed. Configure Menu: Characterize 4. Enter the flow calibration factor (eight digits and two decimal points) into the FlowCal text box.
Configure Menu: Characterize continued Density factors for RFT9739 10. Multiply the meter factor from step 8. This is the mass-flow meter factor. Record the meter factor. by the first five digits of the current flow calibration factor. This is the first five digits of the new flow calibration factor. Mass-flow meter factor 11. Open the Configure menu, then choose Characterize to open the Characterize Sensor dialog box. Enter the new flow calibration factor in the FlowCal text box.
Density characterization for RFT9739 If the sensor and transmitter were ordered together as a Coriolis flowmeter, they are factory calibrated. No additional characterization or calibration is necessary. Characterization is required if either the sensor or RFT9739 is replaced. CAUTION Configure Menu: Characterize If the sensor or RFT9739 is replaced in the field, the user must re-characterize the sensor by programming new density factors into the transmitter.
Configure Menu: Characterize continued Density factor for IFT9701/IFT9703 and RFT9712/RFT9729 Table 8-2. Methods for determining RFT9739 density factors Use the same method for all six density factors Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 Density factor This method is preferred. If possible, use this method. This method is acceptable if D1 and D2, or K1 and K2 are not listed on the sensor tag. This method is acceptable if Method 2 is not possible.
The last three digits and decimal point are the density temperature coefficient, which represents the percent change in the elasticity of the flow tubes around the bending axis, and the corresponding change in tube period, per 100°C. If the sensor and transmitter were ordered together as a Coriolis flowmeter, the density calibration factor was programmed into the transmitter at the factory and does not need to be changed.
Configure Menu: Characterize continued Temperature factor for RFT9739 Example: Vaporization of the process liquid sometimes causes slug flow in a liquid flow stream in which the density of the liquid should remain above 0.9000 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). To detect density below the specified density of the process liquid due to vaporization, set the low slug flow limit at a density above 0.9000 g/cc.
• • The digits before the placeholder "T" represent the slope of the linear output. The digits after the placeholder "T" represent the temperature offset, or the difference between the actual flow tube temperature and the temperature indicated by the output when Tmeasured indicates a temperature of 0°C. 1. Ensure the value shown in the TempCal text box reads "1.00000T0000.0". 2. Pump a process fluid through the sensor at the lowest temperature measured during the application.
Configure Menu: Characterize continued Temperature factor for RFT9739 8.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Characterize continued Temperature factor for RFT9739 Example: Given: • • • Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables Problem: Determine the temperature calibration factor. Follow these steps: Configure Menu: Characterize • The measured temperature of the low-temperature process fluid is 20.0°C (T1 = 20). The Process Variables window indicates a temperature of 20.1°C when the flow tubes contain the low-temperature process fluid (T2 = 20.1).
Configure Menu: Characterize continued Pressure compensation with RFT9739 8.7 Pressure compensation with RFT9739 A Version 2 or Version 3 RFT9739 can compensate for the effect of pressure on sensor flow tubes. Pressure effect is defined as the change in sensor flow sensitivity due to process pressure change away from calibration pressure. Sensors that are affected by pressure are listed in Table 8-4, page 87.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Characterize continued Pressure compensation with RFT9739 Table 8-4. Pressure correction factors Correction factor for density (DensFact) 0.00001 0.0000031 0.000001 0.00001 0.000006 –0.000001 –0.0000002 — — — If the process pressure is relatively stable, the user can establish pressure compensation by adjusting flow and density calibration factors. In most applications, these calibration factors do not require adjustment for pressure correction.
Configure Menu: Characterize continued Pressure compensation with RFT9739 Example: Given: A CMF300 sensor will operate at 100 psig. After being calibrated for flow at 20 psig, the sensor has a flow calibration factor of 697.624.75. Problem: Apply pressure compensation by calculating a new flow calibration factor using the CMF300 pressure correction factor. Solution: Flow cal factornew = 697.62 ∗ [1 + (0.0006)(0.01)(100 -20)] = 697.62 ∗ (1.00048) = 697.95 The new flow calibration factor is: 697.95 4.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Characterize continued Pressure compensation with RFT9739 Example: Given: After being calibrated at the factory at 20 psi, a D300 sensor operating at 220 psig indicates a process density of 0.9958 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). Configure Menu: Characterize Problem: Determine the density offset and the corrected density. Solution: Density offset= 0.00001 * 220 = 0.0022 Densitycorrected = 0.9958 + 0.0022 2.
Configure Menu: Characterize continued Pressure compensation with RFT9739 Example: Given: An RFT9739 is connected to a D300 sensor with 316L stainless steel flow tubes. The flowmeter indicates a density of 0.9958 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc), which has been corrected to 0.9980 g/cc. The first five digits of the density calibration factor are 09615, and the second five digits are 13333. Problem: Adjust the second five digits of the density calibration factor to compensate for pressure.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables Configure Menu: Characterize 9.1 View Menu: Status 9 Overview CAUTION Failure to set control devices for manual operation during configuration could cause transmitter output error. Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables Before opening the File, Configure, Calibrate, or Applications menus, set process control devices for manual operation.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Overview Figure 9-1. Configure Transmitter Variables dialog box for RFT9739 Figure 9-2. Configure Transmitter Variables dialog box for IFT9701/IFT9703 Figure 9-3.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Flow units To open the Configure Transmitter Variables dialog box, open the Configure menu, then choose Transmitter Variables. The Configure Transmitter Variables dialog box appears, as depicted in: • Figure 9-1 for an RFT9739 • Figure 9-2 for an IFT9701 or IFT9703 • Figure 9-3 for an RFT9712 or RFT9729 9.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Flow units Table 9-1.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Flow units Table 9-4. Density measurement units for process variables RFT9739 X X X X X IFT9701 X IFT9703 X RFT9712 X X X X X RFT9729 X X X X X Configure Menu: Characterize Units grams/cubic centimeter kilograms/cubic meter pounds/gallon pounds/cubic foot specific gravity units X Indicates units are available Table 9-5.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Flow units Table 9-7. Volume total and volume inventory measurement units for process variables Units gallons liters imperial gallons cubic feet cubic meters oil barrels SPECIAL X Indicates units are available RFT9739 X X X X X X X IFT9701 X X X X X X IFT9703 X X X X X X RFT9712 X X X RFT9729 X X X X X X X RFT9712 RFT9729 Table 9-8.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Flow units 2. Open the Configure menu, then choose Special Units to open the Configure Special Units dialog box, depicted in: • Figure 9-4 for an RFT9739 • Figure 9-5 for an RFT9712 or RFT9729 Configure Menu: Characterize Figure 9-4. Configure Special Units dialog box for RFT9739 Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables Figure 9-5. Configure Special Units dialog box for RFT9712/RFT9729 Configure Menu: Transmitter Outputs 3.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Flow units d. Select an appropriate time unit for conversion. For example, fortnights easily convert to minutes. e. Determine how many special time units are in the selected standard time unit. For example, there are 336 hours in 1 fortnight. f. Divide the value from step 3c by the value in step 3e to determine the units conversion. For example, 8/336. g. Take the inverse of the value from step 3f to determine the conversion factor.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Flow units To establish a special unit of mass for measuring a gas: 1. In the Configure Transmitter Variables dialog box, select SPECIAL as the mass flow unit, then click OK. Configure Menu: Characterize CAUTION The meter should not be used to measure the actual volume of gases.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Density units Figure 9-6. RFT9739 for Gas 6. If desired, enter text for the flow total unit of measure in the Tot Text text box. If the transmitter has a display, this text appears in the flow total screen. For example, enter SCF. 7. Choose OK. 9.3 Density units The transmitter can measure and indicate density in any of the standard density units listed in Table 9-4, page 95.
Density units From the operating density (fluid density at line conditions) and operating temperature of a given petroleum fluid, the standard density (density at 60°F or 15°C) can be determined directly from API thermal expansion tables or by using API equation API-2540: View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued ρ o = ρ s × [ ( – α )∆T ( 1 + 0.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Temperature and pressure units If a density unit other than degrees API is selected, the RFT9739 calculates gross volume at line conditions. Any standard engineering units for gross volume can be selected for standard volume.
Flow cutoffs If the transmitter is an RFT9739 measuring viscosity, the flow cutoff should be greater than the flow rate at which the process achieves the maximum turndown pressure drop specified for the DP cell (the minimum pressure drop that the DP cell can accurately measure). For maximum turndown ratings of individual DP cells, refer to manufacturer's specifications. Given: The RFT9739 is configured to calculate viscosity in centistokes.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Flow direction 9.6 Flow direction Open the Direction list box under Flow to configure milliamp outputs, the frequency/pulse output, and internal totalizers for flow direction. The option that is chosen (forward, reverse, or bi-directional), determines how the outputs and totalizers will react when fluid flows through the sensor.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Internal damping Table 9-10. Software versions and dates for NAMUR compliance 9.7 Internal damping Milliamp outputs NAMUR (configurable) NAMUR NAMUR NAMUR Fieldbus Old MMI standard NAMUR Old MMI standard Software version All 3.8 and higher 1.3 and higher 1.3 and higher Not applicable Not applicable 3.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables continued Internal damping The damping value is the filter coefficient that approximates the time required for the output to achieve 63% of its new value in response to a step change at the input. The actual time depends on many factors, including sensor type and density of the process fluid. The transmitter rounds down the chosen damping value to the nearest available programmed filter coefficient.
View Menu: Status 10 Configure Menu: Transmitter Outputs Configure Menu: Characterize 10.1 Overview CAUTION Failure to set control devices for manual operation before characterization could cause transmitter output error. Configure Menu: Transmitter Variables Before opening the File, Configure, Calibrate, or Applications menus, set process control devices for manual operation.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Outputs continued Overview Figure 10-1. Configure Outputs dialog box for RFT9739 Figure 10-2. Configure Outputs dialog box for IFT9701/IFT9703 Figure 10-3.
RFT9739 outputs The IFT9701 and the IFT9703 have a 4-20 mA output and a pulse output: • The milliamp output can indicate mass or volume flow rate. • The pulse output can indicate mass or volume flow rate. RFT9712/RFT9729 outputs The RFT9712 and RFT9729 have a 4-20 mA output, a frequency/pulse output, and a flow direction output: • The milliamp output can indicate flow, density, or temperature. • The frequency/pulse output can indicate mass flow rate or volume flow rate.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Outputs continued Frequency/pulse output Table 10-1. RFT9739 Frequency/pulse variables and output Variable Frequency/pulse output Mass Flow A frequency proportional to the mass flow rate Mass Total* A given number of pulses per mass flow unit Volume Flow A frequency proportional to the volume flow rate Volume Total* A given number of pulses per volume flow unit *Not available with RFT9739 software versions 3.0-3.5.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Transmitter Outputs continued Frequency/pulse output Example 2: Scaling the pulse output to represent volume flow total: Given: The RFT9739 frequency/pulse output represents volume total. Configure Menu: Characterize Problem: Scale the pulse output so that 3000 pulses represents an accumulated volume (a volume flow total) of 150 cubic meters. Solution: • Enter a value of 3000 into the Frequency text box. • Enter a value of 150 into the Rate text box.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Outputs continued Milliamp outputs Example: Given: The RFT9739 frequency/pulse output goes to a totalizer with a specified pulse width requirement of 50 milliseconds. The maximum frequency input to the totalizer is 10 pulses per second. Problem: The RFT9739 maximum frequency output exceeds the totalizer specifications. Solution: Since 50 milliseconds equals 0.05 seconds (50 * 0.001 = 0.05), the totalizer pulse width requirement is 0.05. Enter a value of 0.
Range limits Use the 4 mA and 20 mA text boxes to program the range of process variables assigned to milliamp outputs. The range represents values of the variable at 4 mA and 20 mA if the output produces a 4-20 mA current, or at 0 mA and 20 mA if the output produces a 0-20 mA current. If the configuration applies to an RFT9739, RFT9712, or RFT9729, enter flow cutoffs for milliamp outputs into the Cutoff text boxes.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Outputs continued Milliamp outputs Example: Given: The primary milliamp output from an RFT9739 indicates mass flow, and has programmed limits of zero flow at 4 mA, and 100 grams per minute (g/min) at 20 mA. Problem: Configure the output to go to 4 mA when the mass flow rate goes below 2.00 g/min. Solution: Enter a value of 2.00 into the Cutoff text box under Milliamp 1. An output of 4.32 mA indicates a mass flow rate of 2.00 g/min.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Transmitter Outputs continued Fault indicators for RFT9739 Example: Given: Primary milliamp and frequency/pulse outputs indicate the mass flow rate. Solution: Enter a value of 2.00 into the Damp text box under Milliamp 1. The RFT9739 damps the frequency/pulse output at a filter coefficient of 0.8 second. After rounding down to the nearest programmed coefficient of the secondary filter, the RFT9739 damps the primary milliamp output at approximately 0.8 + 1.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Outputs continued Slug duration for RFT9739 Configuring fault indicators for a Version 2 or earlier RFT9739 If the RFT9739 is a Version 2 or earlier model, open the Fault Indicator list box to select from four fault indicators for milliamp outputs and the frequency/pulse output from the RFT9739. On field-mount transmitters, regardless of the fault indicator that is chosen, the transmitter diagnostic LED blinks 4 times per second to indicate a fault condition.
10.6 Control output from RFT9739 The RFT9739 control output produces a digital signal level, which has a 15 V OFF state and a 0 V ON state. The control output can indicate flow direction, transmitter zeroing in progress, faults, event 1 or event 2. View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Transmitter Outputs continued Control output from RFT9739 Open the Control list box to select a control output variable.
118 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Transmitter Information 11.1 Overview The Transmitter Information dialog box provides information about the transmitter and sensor. Some information is entered by the user and can be changed; some fields are read-only. • • • Figure 11-1 for an RFT9739 Figure 11-2 for an IFT9701 or IFT9703 Figure 11-3 for an RFT9712 or RFT9729 Record transmitter information in the appropriate Transmitter Configuration Worksheet, shown in Appendix E, page 183.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Information continued Overview Figure 11-1. Transmitter Information dialog box for RFT9739 Figure 11-2. Transmitter Information dialog box for IFT9701 or IFT9703 Figure 11-3.
Transmitter database 11.2 Transmitter database The transmitter database area of the Transmitter Information dialog box contains text boxes for entering the HART tag, transmitter serial number, polling address, configuration date, a description and message, and display boxes that show the transmitter serial number and the software revision level.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Information continued Pressure input for RFT9739 Config and Calib Registers For custody transfer applications, security event registers enable the user to determine whether the configuration or calibration of the RFT9739 has been changed. • Security event register display boxes will only be displayed if the transmitter is a Version 3 RFT9739. • Regardless of the transmitter security mode, the security event registers count changes to the parameters listed in Table 11-1.
Pressure input for RFT9739 Pressure compensation If the RFT9739 is configured for pressure compensation, flowmeter measurement will not be compensated for pressure during a pressure input failure. Analog input pressure compensation The RFT9739 accepts the 4-20 mA signal for gauge pressure values from a pressure cell. See the RFT9739 instruction manual for pressure input wiring instructions. • The user must set values represented by the input at 4 mA and 20 mA, as described in Section 10.3, page 112.
Configure Menu: Transmitter Information continued Burst control for RFT9739 and RFT9712/RFT9729 Modbus pressure compensation The Modbus-compatible host controller downloads pressure values to the RFT9739 by writing an integer that represents gauge pressure to input register 40007, or by writing an IEEE 754 floating point value that represents pressure to register pair 20257-20258. The user must configure the RFT9739 for pressure compensation, as described in Section 8.7, page 86.
Sensor database for RFT9739 and RFT9712/RFT9729 The burst mode can be enabled or disabled by the user with the appropriate button in the ProLink Transmitter Information dialog box. The burst option (Burst On/Off) cannot be changed during off-line configuration. View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Transmitter Information continued Table 11-2.
126 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
View Menu: Status 12.1 Overview Assigning Event 1 or Event 2 to an RFT9739 output changes the function of the output. If associated with an event, a milliamp output or the control output functions as an event indicator. An event indicator operates in ON/OFF states. It switches from one state to the other when the process reaches a programmed setpoint.
Configure Menu: Events continued Configuring event parameters Figure 12-1. Configure Events dialog box Process variables Any process variable, including a mass or volume total or inventory, can control the state of an event indicator. To select a process variable for an event, open the Event 1 or Event 2 variables list box. When outputs function as event indicators, the transmitter periodically compares the measured value of the assigned process variable against the setpoint.
View Menu: Status Configure Menu: Events continued Configuring event parameters Example: Given: Event 1 has been assigned to the control output, and temperature has been assigned to the event. The output controls a normally-closed electronic valve (the valve is closed when no power is supplied from the control output). Solution: With temperature assigned to the Event 1, a high alarm switches ON when temperature goes above the setpoint.
Configure Menu: Events continued Current levels for milliamp events Event setpoints Any value of the assigned process variable can serve as the setpoint at which the event switches states. Enter the setpoint into the Setpoint text box under Event 1 or Event 2. • Before establishing the setpoint for any process variable, assign a process variable to the event as instructed on page 128.
13.1 Overview Meter factors adjust the flowmeter measurement without modifying calibration factors. Meter factors perform the following operation on flowmeter measurements: Calibrate Menu Configure Menu: Meter Factors Configure Menu: Meter Factors 13 Corrected measurement = Meter factor ⋅ Uncorrected measurement Meter factors can be entered for mass flow, density, or volume flow, only when connected to a Version 3.0 RFT9739 transmitter.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors continued Entering meter factors Some applications, such as custody transfer, require that the flowmeter measurement be checked against a reference (proved) on a periodic basis. Meter factors are useful for validating the stability of a flowmeter's measurements over time. After meter factors have been determined and entered, flowmeter measurements are corrected.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Calibrate Menu 14.1 Overview Calibration and trim account for performance variations in individual sensors, transmitters, and peripheral devices. When a transmitter and sensor are ordered together as a Coriolis flowmeter, they are factory calibrated to produce highly accurate measurements of mass flow, fluid density, and flow tube temperature. However, the ProLink program supports field calibration, thereby enabling sensors and transmitters to be interchanged.
Calibrate Menu continued Auto zero 4. Open the Calibrate menu, then choose Auto Zero. The Flow Calibration dialog box will be displayed, as depicted in: • Figure 14-1 for an RFT9739 • Figure 14-2 for an IFT9701 or IFT9703 • Figure 14-3 for an RFT9712 or RFT9729 5. Make sure flow through the sensor is completely stopped, then choose Zero. The transmitter begins zeroing. • The indicator in the lower right corner of the Flow Calibration dialog box blinks to indicate transmitter zeroing is in progress.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Calibrate Menu continued Auto zero Figure 14-1. Flow Calibration dialog box for RFT9739 Calibrate Menu Figure 14-2. Flow Calibration dialog box for IFT9701/IFT9703 Test Menu Applications Menu Figure 14-3.
Calibrate Menu continued Programming auto zero for RFT9739 Diagnosing zeroing failure If zeroing fails, indicators in the Status window switch ON. To view the Status window, open the View menu, then choose Transmitter Status. • The Calibration Failure indicator switches ON • If the transmitter is an RFT9739, RFT9712, or RFT9729, the Zero Too Noisy, Zero Too High, or Zero Too Low might also switch ON.
Zero time To program the zero time for the RFT9739, enter the desired number of measurement cycles into the Zero Time text box (see Figure 14-1, page 135). Record the zero time in the appropriate Flowmeter Calibration Record in Appendix F, page 189. Example: Problem: Because the process does not allow flow to be stopped for the amount of time usually required for auto zeroing, the RFT9739 needs to zero in 10 or fewer seconds.
Calibrate Menu continued Density calibration 14.4 Density calibration Density calibration adjusts the factors that are used by the transmitter to calculate density. Fluid density, calculated by the transmitter, is inversely proportional to the square of the sensor tube frequency. The ProLink program supports three types of density calibration: one-point, two-point (or dual-point), and third-point.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Calibrate Menu continued Density calibration Table 14-1. Minimum flow rate for third-point calibration Test Menu During density calibration, write values in the appropriate Flowmeter Calibration Record, shown in Appendix F, page 189. Follow these steps to perform a density calibration for an RFT9739: Applications Menu Density calibration for RFT9739 Minimum flow rate lb/min kg/h 2.
Calibrate Menu continued Density calibration 2. Perform a two-point, one-point, or three-point density calibration: • To perform a two-point density calibration for an RFT9739, follow the procedures in steps 3 and 4. • If performing a one-point density calibration, follow either step 3 or step 4. • The third-point density calibration procedure is described in step 5. 3. To perform the low-density calibration: a. Fill the sensor with a low-density fluid, such as air. b. If possible, shut off the flow.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Calibrate Menu continued Density calibration Table 14-2. Density of air Density in g/cc at: 10°C 50°F 15°C 59°F 20°C 68°F 25°C 77°F 30°C 86°F 35°C 95°F 40°C 104°F 45°C 113°F 50°C 122°F 25.14 (850) 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 26.62 (900) 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 28.10 (950) 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 29.57 (1000) 0.0012 0.0012 0.
Calibrate Menu continued Density calibration Table 14-3. Maximum flow rates for Micro Motion sensors ELITE® BASIS® Model D Model DH Model DL Model DT Sensor model CMF010 CMF025 CMF050 CMF100 CMF200 CMF300 CMF400 F025 F050 F100 F200 D6 D12 D25 D40 D65 D100 D150 D300 D600 DH6 DH12 DH25 DH38 DH100 DH150 DH300 DL65 DL100 DL200 DT65 DT100 DT150 lb/min 0.25 5 15 62 200 625 1250 5 15 62 200 0.125 0.25 1.5 2.75 18 50 175 435 1560 0.125 0.25 1.5 3 50 175 435 15 50 215 18 50 87 Maximum flow rate kg/h 6.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Calibrate Menu continued Density calibration Figure 14-5. Density Point 2 Calibration dialog box for RFT9739 Calibrate Menu Table 14-4. Density of water Temperature Density Temperature Density °F °C g/cc °F °C g/cc °F °C g/cc 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 0.0 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.9 0.9998 0.9998 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 1.0000 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 13.3 13.9 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.7 17.2 0.9994 0.9992 0.9992 0.9991 0.9991 0.9989 0.9989 0.
Calibrate Menu continued Density calibration c. If possible, shut off the flow. Otherwise, pump the fluid through the sensor at the lowest flow rate allowed by the process. To ensure stable density, make sure the fluid in the flow tubes remains completely free of gas bubbles during the calibration. d. With the process under no-flow or low-flow conditions, open the View menu, then choose Process Variables. Read the density of the process fluid, taking note of the value for use in step 5g. e.
Calibration Record, shown in Appendix F, page 189. Follow these steps to perform a density calibration for an IFT9701 or IFT9703: 2. Perform a two-point or one-point density calibration: • To perform a two-point density calibration for an IFT9701 or IFT9703, follow the procedures in steps 3 and 4. • If performing a one-point density calibration, follow either step 3 or step 4. b. If possible, shut off the flow. Otherwise, pump the fluid through the sensor at the lowest flow rate allowed by the process.
Calibrate Menu continued Density calibration Figure 14-7. Density Point 1 Calibration dialog box for IFT9701/IFT9703 4. To perform the high-density calibration: a. Fill the sensor with a high-density fluid, such as water. b. If possible, shut off the flow. Otherwise, pump the fluid through the sensor at the lowest flow rate allowed by the process. To ensure stable density, make sure the fluid in the flow tubes remains completely free of gas bubbles during the calibration. c.
Density calibration for RFT9712/RFT9729 During density calibration, write values in the appropriate Flowmeter Calibration Record, shown in Appendix F. Follow these steps to perform a density calibration for an RFT9712 or RFT9729: a. Open the Configure menu, then choose Transmitter Variables. b. In the Configure Transmitter Variables dialog box, open the density units list box, then select g/cc as the density unit. Calibrate Menu 1.
Calibrate Menu continued Temperature calibration for RFT9739 Figure 14-10.Density Point 2 Calibration dialog box for RFT9712/RFT9729 4. To perform the high-density calibration: a. Fill the sensor with water. b. If possible, shut off the flow. Otherwise, pump the water through the sensor at the lowest flow rate allowed by the process. To ensure stable density, make sure the fluid in the flow tubes remains completely free of gas bubbles during the calibration. c. Open the Calibrate menu, then choose Density.
During temperature calibration, write values in the appropriate Flowmeter Calibration Record, shown in Appendix F. Temperature calibration is not recommended, and will require complete recalibration of the flowmeter for flow, density, and viscosity measurement. To calibrate the flowmeter for temperature: Calibrate Menu Temperature calibration, performed while process fluid flows through the sensor at line conditions, adjusts the slope and offset of the equation used for calculating flow tube temperature.
Calibrate Menu continued Temperature calibration for RFT9739 Figure 14-11.Temperature Offset Calibration dialog box 3. To perform the temperature slope calibration: a. Pump a process fluid through the sensor at the highest temperature measured during the application. b. Wait approximately five minutes for the flow tube temperature to stabilize. c. Use a highly accurate thermometer, temperature sensor, or another device to measure the temperature of the process fluid. d.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Calibrate Menu continued Milliamp output trim 4. Recalibrate the flowmeter: a. Perform the flow calibration procedure described in Section 8.2, page 73. Calibrate Menu b. Perform the density calibration procedure described in Section 14.4, page 138. c. Perform the viscosity calibration procedure described in Section 14.5, page 148. 14.6 Milliamp output trim For trimming, milliamp outputs require a reference device such as a digital multimeter (DMM).
Calibrate Menu continued Milliamp output trim Figure 14-13.Connecting a reference device to a transmitter Connecting to an individual Bell 202 transmitter Micro Motion Transmitter PC Interface Adaptor Reference device Connecting to a Bell 202 multidrop network PC Interface Adaptor Reference device DCS or PLC with internal resisitor Micro Motion Transmitter Note for Figure 14-13. Do not use these diagrams to wire the transmitter, PC Interface adaptor, DCS or PLC.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Calibrate Menu continued Milliamp output trim Figure 14-14.Milliamp output trim: setting output to 4 mA Calibrate Menu 2. Choose OK to set the output at the 0 mA or 4 mA level. Figure 14-15.Milliamp output trim: enter measured low output Applications Menu 4. When the Compare Output Trim dialog box appears, choose Yes if the reference device indicates approximately 4 mA.
Calibrate Menu continued Milliamp output trim Figure 14-16.Milliamp output trim: enter measured high output 7. When the dialog box appears, choose Yes if the reference device indicates approximately 20 mA. If the reference device indicates an output level that is not acceptably close to 20 mA, choose No, then repeat step 6. 8. After completing the milliamp output trim, choose Yes to enable the output to produce a varying current.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors 15 Test Menu Calibrate Menu 15.1 Overview CAUTION Failure to set control devices for manual operation before characterization could cause transmitter output error. Before opening the File, Configure, Calibrate, or Applications menus, set process control devices for manual operation. Test Menu Whenever a dialog box such as the one depicted below appears, isolate the transmitter from devices that used transmitter outputs for process control, then choose Yes.
Test Menu continued Milliamp output testing 15.2 Milliamp output testing Connect a reference device such as a digital multimeter (DMM) to the transmitter terminals listed in Table 15-1, then perform the milliamp output test procedure as described below. If HART over Bell 202 is being used, and the output being trimmed is the primary milliamp (mA) output, before performing the milliamp output test procedure: • Connect a 600 ohm resistor in series to the mA output terminals of an IFT9701 or IFT9703.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Test Menu continued Frequency/pulse output testing Figure 15-1. Test Milliamp Outputs dialog box Calibrate Menu To view the Status window, open the View menu, then choose Transmitter Status. After checking indicators in the Status window, reopen the Test menu and complete the milliamp output test. Table 15-2. Frequency/pulse output terminals Frequency/pulse output testing requires a frequency counter.
Test Menu continued Test point diagnostics for Version 3 RFT9739 Performing the frequency/pulse output test To perform a frequency/pulse output test: 1. Open the Test menu, then choose Frequency/Pulse Output Test. The dialog box shown in Test Frequency Outputs dialog box then appears. 2. Enter the desired output level, in Hz, into the Set Output To text box. • For an RFT9739, enter any frequency from 0.1 to 15,000 Hz • For an IFT9701 or IFT9703 with software version 1.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Test Menu continued Test point diagnostics for Version 3 RFT9739 Figure 15-3. Test points dialog box Calibrate Menu When the sensor is disconnected from an RFT9739, the following values go to zero: • Drive gain • Left and right pickoff signals • Live zero The live zero flow value is for diagnostic purposes only. If the mass flow rate drops below the flow cutoff, internal totalizers will stop counting, whether or not the user is reading live zero flow.
160 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Applications Menu 16.1 Overview The Applications menu enables the user to control the transmitter internal totalizers. The Application Builder command is designed as an enhancement to the ProLink software program. 16.2 Totalizer control For an RFT9739, RFT9712 or RFT9729, the Totalizer Control command enables the user to reset, start, or stop the internal totalizers.
Applications Menu continued Totalizer control Figure 16-1. Totalizer Control dialog box for RFT9739 and RFT9712/RFT9729 Figure 16-2. Totalizer Control dialog box for IFT9701/IFT9703 Display boxes indicate the flow rate and accumulated total. • For an RFT9739, the displayed flow rate and total are in the mass flow units selected by the user in Section 9.2, page 93.
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Applications Menu continued Application builder RFT9739 • Choose Start to start the internal totalizers. • Choose Stop to stop the internal totalizers. • Choose Reset to reset the mass and volume total to 0.00. Totalizer functions can be disabled, depending on the RFT9739 security mode. See Table 16-1. For more information about security modes, refer to the RFT9739 instruction manual.
164 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
Configure Menu: Meter Factors Help Menu 17.1 Overview Open the Help menu to get help using the ProLink program. The commands in the Help menu provide access to hundreds of topic files, which help explain how to use the program. ProLink software also features context-sensitive help, which provides immediate information about the task the user is performing. To get help at any time, press F1. 17.2 Index Test Menu Help topics can be accessed from the index or by using search, browse, and jump functions.
Help Menu continued Keyboard The ProLink Help main index consists of index headings. Each heading provides access to another index, which lists specific topics. To choose a heading from the main index, click the desired index heading. Choosing a heading leads to an index that lists specific topics. To choose a topic, click the desired topic. Figure 17-2 depicts an on-screen display of a ProLink help topic. Figure 17-2. Typical ProLink Help display 17.
17.6 Getting around in Help Choose the Contents button to return to the ProLink Help main index. From there, choose any heading to access an index of specific topics, then choose a topic. Search Choose Search to display an alphabetical listing of words and subjects that have related Help topics. Choosing Search produces a Help directory list box such as the one shown in Directory list box for search function in Help.
Help Menu continued Glossary of terms Jumping from one Help topic to another In ProLink Help, highlighted text lets the user jump from one topic to another. To choose a jump, click the desired highlighted text. Most highlighted text is listed in the glossary of terms at the ProLink Help main index (see Section 17.7). 17.7 Glossary of terms 168 The glossary of terms is a special help topic file, which defines terminology used in the ProLink program.
Appendix A How to Specify the ProLink Product ® ProLink kit Product number ProLink kit with 110V AC/DC power converter English software PCI1EW French software PCI1FW German software PCI1GW Individual components Personal Computer Interface adaptor 110V AC/DC power converter 220V AC/DC power converter Bell 202 cable with Minigrabber® connectors 25-pin/9-pin RS-232 converter PCINTERFACE PCIADAPTER115 PCIADAPTER220 PCICOMMCORD PCIPINCONN ProLink kit with 220V AC/DC power converter English software PCI2EW
170 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
Appendix B Uploading and Downloading Configuration Files with a Model 268 B.1 If for any reason the transmitter cannot be connected to a personal computer, a configuration file can be created using the ProLink program, then transferred to the transmitter using a Model 268. Uploading files This procedure is for an RFT9739 or RFT9729. The IFT9701, IFT9703, Version 3.x 9739, and 9712 transmitters are not supported by the Model 268.
Uploading and Downloading Configuration Files with a Model 268 continued Uploading files To switch to HART protocol (required by the Model 268): 1. Run the ProLink setup program as instructed in Chapter 2 (page 5). 2. Follow the on-screen instructions to switch from Modbus to HART protocol. 3. After switching to HART protocol: a. If the CONFIG.SYS file was copied into the ProLink directory, copy it back into the root directory. b. Reboot the computer to activate changes made to the CONFIG.SYS file.
Uploading and Downloading Configuration Files with a Model 268 continued Uploading files Figure B-1. Upload to 268 dialog box 3. Follow the step-by-step instructions in the dialog box. • At each step, the Model 268 key that the user should press appears highlighted in the illustration. • After reading the on-screen instructions at each step, advance to the next step by clicking the highlighted key in the illustration. 4. As the configuration uploads, the message "UPLOADING" appears.
Uploading and Downloading Configuration Files with a Model 268 continued Downloading a configuration to a transmitter B.2 Downloading a configuration to a transmitter After the Model 268 has been uploaded, the configuration file can be downloaded to a target transmitter. Table B-1, page 171 lists Model 268 software compatibility with Micro Motion transmitters. CAUTION Failure to enter calibration factors could cause measurement error.
Uploading and Downloading Configuration Files with a Model 268 continued Downloading a configuration to a transmitter 5. Press F1 (OFLN Data). 6. Press F3 (Recall) to recall the source configuration from the offline memory (OFLN Mem). 7. When the display warns that recalling the offline memory will erase the work registers, press F4 (Proceed). 8. Press F4 (Send Data) to send the source configuration to the target transmitter.
176 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
Appendix C Temperature Coefficients for Flow and Density CAUTION Entering incorrect flow and density temperature coefficients can cause measurement error. Do not enter flow and density temperature coefficient values that are listed in the instruction manual. Make sure flow and density temperature coefficients entered into the transmitter and peripheral device are equivalent to the coefficients on the sensor serial number tag. C.
Temperature Coefficients for Flow and Density continued Density temperature coefficient Table C-1. Temperature coefficients for flow Stainless steel sensor model Coefficient D (except D600) 5.13 D600 4.70 DL 5.13 CMF 4.75 F025 4.65 F050 4.77 F100 4.32 F200 4.29 Hastelloy® sensor model 178 D 3.15 DT 3.15 CMF 2.
Temperature Coefficients for Flow and Density continued Density temperature coefficient Table C-2. Temperature coefficients for density Stainless steel sensor model Coefficient D (except D600) 4.44 D600 4.70 DL 4.44 CMF 4.44 F025 4.39 F050 4.36 F100 and F200 4.25 Hastelloy® sensor model D 2.75 DT 2.75 CMF010 CMF025 3.10 CMF050 and CMF100 3.00 CMF200 2.95 CMF300 2.90 CMF400 2.
180 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
Appendix D Decimal code 000 NUL 001 SOH 002 STX 003 ETX 004 EOT 005 ENQ 006 ACK 007 BEL 008 Back Space 009 Horizontal Tab 010 Line Feed 011 VT 012 Form Feed 013 Carriage Return 014 SO 015 SI 016 DLE 017 DC1 018 DC2 019 DC3 020 DC4 021 NAK 022 SYN 023 ETB 024 CAN 025 EM 026 SUB 027 ESC 028 FS 029 GS 030 RS 031 US 032 Space 033 ! 034 " 035 # 036 $ 037 % 038 & 039 ' 040 ( 041 ) 042 * 181 ASCII Character Set Decimal code 043 + 044 , 045 046 .
182 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
Appendix E Transmitter Configuration Worksheets The following worksheets, shown in this appendix, should be used for recording transmitter data during configuration.
Transmitter Configuration Worksheets continued Model RFT9739 Configuration Worksheet Date _________________________ Characterize (Chapter 8) FlowCal_______________ TempCal_______________ ViscCal_______________ FlowFact*_______________ DensFact*_______________ FlowCal Pressure*_______________ Dens A_______________ Dens B_______________ Temp Coeff_______________ K1_______________ K2_______________ K3*_______________ Slug Flow Low_______________ Slug Flow High_______________ *Only for RFT9739 with softw
Transmitter Configuration Worksheets continued Model RFT9739 Configuration Worksheet (continued) Transmitter Outputs (Chapter 10) Frequency variable_______________ Freq_______________ Rate_______________ Max Pulse_______________ Fault Indicator_______________ Slug Duration_______________ Milliamp 1 variable_______________ 4 mA (0 mA)_______________ 20 mA_______________ Cutoff_______________ Damp_______________ Milliamp 2 variable_______________ 4 mA (0 mA)_______________ 20 mA_______________ Cutoff_____
Transmitter Configuration Worksheets continued Model IFT9701 / IFT9703 Configuration Worksheet Date _________________________ Transmitter Information (Chapter 11) Transmitter Database Tag_______________ Serial #_______________ Date_______________ Comm Addr_______________ Desc_________________________ Msg_________________________ _________________________ Burst Control _ On _ Off Sensor Database Serial #_______________ Type_______________ Flange_______________ Material_______________ Liner_______________
Transmitter Configuration Worksheets continued Model RFT9712 / RFT9729 Configuration Worksheet Date _________________________ Meter Factors (Chapter 13) Mass Flow Volume Flow Density _______________ _______________ _______________ Characterize (Chapter 8) FlowCal_______________ DensCal_______________ Slug Flow Low_______________ Slug Flow High_______________ Transmitter Variables (Chapter 9) Mass Flow Unit_______________ Mass Flow Cutoff_______________ Flow Direction_______________ Flow Damping_______
188 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
Appendix F Flowmeter Calibration Records The worksheets shown in this appendix should be used for recording transmitter data during calibration.
Flowmeter Calibration Records continued Model RFT9739 Calibration Record Date _________________________ Auto Zero (Chapter 14) Convergence limit_______________ Zero time_______________ Density Calibration (Chapter 14) First Point (Air) Line-condition density__________ g/cc Second Point (Water) Line-condition density__________ g/cc Third Point Line-condition density__________ g/cc Viscosity Calibration (Chapter 14) Slope calibration Line-condition viscosity_______________ Offset calibration Line-condit
Flowmeter Calibration Records continued Model IFT9701 / IFT9703 and RFT9712 / RFT9729 Calibration Record Date _________________________ Milliamp Output Trim (Chapter 14) Reference current at ±4 mA Reference current at ±20 mA Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters _________ mA _________ mA 191
192 Using ProLink® Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
Index Page numbers in bold indicate illustrations.
Index continued fault 53, 56, 109, 115–117, 122, 137 FD 78–80 field-flow calibration 76 field-mount 8 File menu 18 flange 2, 119, 125 flow 2, 8–10, 31, 53, 56–57, 61–62, 67, 70–72, 114 slug, 59 flow calibration 61, 73, 75–78, 88, 134–135 factor 71, 73, 78, 87–88 flow cutoff 102, 113 flow direction 91, 104, 117 flow rate 49, 61–63, 65, 73, 78, 86, 93, 96, 104, 109, 112–113, 117, 138, 144–148, 162 mass 47, 61, 73, 93, 109, 159 maximum 142 minimum 139 volume 47, 61, 93, 109 liquids 95 flow totalization 81 fl
Index continued mA 6, 8–10, 20, 49, 56, 62–64, 69, 86, 104, 109, 112–113, 116, 121–125, 130, 151–153, 155–157 mass 93, 96, 109–110, 131 inventory 47, 94, 128 total 47, 70, 94, 163 totalizer 129 mass flow 47, 65, 73, 76, 109, 112–113, 131, 133 cutoffs 102 gas 93 rate 73, 93, 102–103, 109, 112, 159 special unit gas 98–99 liquid 96 total 109 transmitter variable 91 unit 76, 93–94, 162 master reset 56–57, 70 Menu bar 19 meter factor 77, 132 density 131–132 mass 131–132 volume 131–132 meter factors 132 milliamp
Index continued rack-mount 9 range 2, 60, 62, 64, 112–113 recalibration 149 remote 73 resistor 8–11, 156 RFT9712 6–7, 15, 18, 20–21, 24, 27, 29–30, 56 Calibrate menu 135–136, 147–148 Configure menu Characterize 72, 76, 80–81, 90 Meter Factors 131 Transmitter Information 120, 124–125 Transmitter Outputs 108–109, 113 Transmitter Variables 92–93, 97, 105 Test menu 155–156 Totalizer Control 161–163 View menu Status 55–56 Variables 47–50 RFT9729 6–7, 15, 18, 20–21, 24, 27, 29–30, 56 Calibrate menu 135, 147–148 C
Index continued temperature 47, 49, 64, 101–102, 109, 112–114, 128, 133 calibration 138, 148–149 RFT9739 148–149 calibration failed 56 characterization 82 correction 101 critical indicators 56 damping 105 event indicator 70 factor RFT9739 82 measurement units 94–95 offset RFT9739 83 offset calibration 150 operating 101 overrange 61 reference 98–99 sensor 133 sensor failure 57 sensor value 60 slope calibration 150 transmitter variable 91 tube flow 133 temperature slope calibration 150 terminal 21 terminal d
Index continued Window menu 18 Wire 60 wire 58–59 wiring 7–11, 20–21 diagrams 7 Z zero 40, 56, 61–64, 66–68, 71, 77, 81–82, 102–103, 109, 113, 116–117, 122, 124, 133–134, 136–137, 158–159, 161 zero in progress 117 198 Using ProLink ™ Software with Micro Motion® Transmitters
Visit us on the Internet at www.micromotion.com Micro Motion Europe Micro Motion Asia Groeneveldselaan 8 3903 AZ Veenedaal The Netherlands Tel +31 (0) 318 549 549 Fax +31 (0) 318 549 559 1 Pandan Crescent Singapore 128461 Republic of Singapore Tel (65) 777-8211 Fax (65) 770-8003 Micro Motion Inc. USA Worldwide Headquarters 7070 Winchester Circle Boulder, Colorado 80301 Tel (303) 530-8400 (800) 522-6277 Fax (303) 530-8459 © 1992, 1999, Micro Motion, Inc. All rights reserved P/N 3005661, Rev.