HP 3000 MPE/iX Computer Systems Using HP 3000 MPE/iX: Fundamental Skills Tutorial ABCDE HP Part No. 32650-90871 Printed in U.S.A.
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Preface This rst edition of Using HP 3000 MPE/iX: Fundamental Skills Tutorial is a replacement for the training course, Using the 900 Series HP 3000: Fundamental Skills, which was printed in separate modules. This self-paced course has hands-on exercises now contained in one booklet. There are six study modules composed of a number of lessons. Other chapters contain setup information and module solutions. A glossary of terms is included.
Contents 1. Begin Here What Is This Course? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intended audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How Should This Course Be Used? . . . . . . . . . Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Course essentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Is This Training About? . . . . . . . . . . . Module topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Another solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The SHOWJOB command . . . . . . . . . . . User-de ned commands and command les . . . Lesson 3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson 4 Mistakes and Corrections . . . . . . . . Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Error messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correcting an error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reenter the command . . . . . . . . . . . Backspace over the error . . . . . . . . . . The REDO command . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Module 2: Computer Overview Challenge Test . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson 1 Computer Hardware . . . . Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . Peripherals . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson 1 Exercises . . . . . . . . Lesson 2 Software . . . . . . . . . Operating system . . . . . . . . . Sample programs . . . . . . . . . The command interpreter program . Lesson 2 Exercises . . . . . . . . Lesson 3 The Keyboard . . . . . . . The return key . . . . . . . . . . Backspace key . . . . . . . . . . Numeric keys . . . . . .
Lesson 2 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson 3 Editing a Text File . . . . . . . . . . Open an EDIT/3000 le for editing . . . . . . Sending a le to the printer . . . . . . . . . Identifying your document . . . . . . . . Problems? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adding lines of text: ADD . . . . . . . . . Adding lines in the middle of a text le: ADD Erase a line: DELETE . . . . . . . . . . . Renumbering lines: GATHER ALL . . . . . . Moving lines: GATHER . . . . . . . . . . . Renumbering lines . . . . .
MPE/iX command security and capabilities Logon security . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson 2 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson 3 File and Group Security . . . . . File security in your Home group . . . . File Security in PUB . . . . . . . . . . File security in other groups . . . . . . Lesson 3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson 4 Changing Groups . . . . . . . . Logging on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the CHGROUP command . . . . . CHGROUP and your home group . . . . Lesson 4 Exercises . . .
Releasing le security with the RELEASE command Copying from another group . . . . . . . . . . . Default names in copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . Default group name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Default le name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy and change le name . . . . . . . . . . . Group to group security: what works . . . . . . . Reinstating system security to a le . . . . . . . . The SECURE command . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conserving disk space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson 6 Exercises . . . .
Lesson 4: Changing Groups . . . . . . . Lesson 5: Changing User Passwords . . . Solutions to Module 5 Working With Files . Challenge Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson 1: Displaying Quali ed File Name Lesson 2: Renaming Files . . . . . . . . Lesson 3: Storing Seldom-Used Files . . . Lesson 4: Deleting Files . . . . . . . . . Lesson 5: Displaying File Contents . . . . Lesson 6: Copying Files . . . . . . . . . Solutions to Module 6 Command Files . . . Challenge Answers . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figures 3-1. 3-2. 3-3. 3-4. 5-1. 5-2. 6-1. 6-2. A Typical Computer System . . . . . . . . . HP 2392 or HP 700/92 Keyboard . . . . . . . Video Screen at Logon . . . . . . . . . . . Softkey Function Display . . . . . . . . . . Elements of Account Structure . . . . . . . Files in Groups in an Account . . . . . . . . PUB and Your Home Group: Relaxed Security . Other Groups: Strict Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 . 3-7 . 3-13 . 3-14 . 5-5 . 5-6 . 6-21 .
1 Begin Here What Is This Course? Intended audience Using HP 3000 MPE/iX: Fundamental Skills Tutorial is a self-paced training tool for all users who are new to the HP 3000 family of computers. Lessons emphasize hands-on use that acts as the foundation for all other training in this series. This training course was written for all users who log on and use a 900 Series HP 3000 computer. The users include end users (non-data-processing professionals), system operators, system managers, and programmers.
Procedure Materials list Course essentials Note References What Is This Training About? 1-2 Begin Here Use each module challenge test to decide which lessons you should cover in that module. Begin each selected lesson by reading the lesson introduction. Try out the examples, and do all the exercises in that lesson. The exercises at the end of each lesson reinforce the important concepts presented in the lesson. The Using HP 3000 MPE/iX: Fundamental Skills Tutorial course consists the book and a tape.
Organization of the account structure. Ample means for maintaining system security. Command les (user-created commands). Module topics Module 1: Communicating with Your Computer This module teaches you how to communicate with your HP 3000. This includes the process of logging on and o , the execution of several useful MPE/iX commands, and the online Help Facility. These lessons are essential for all new users of the HP 3000 system.
Other Information Conventions Solutions to all exercises of this course can be found in the chapter, \Solutions Guide." The Glossary provides you with a glossary of general usage terms. Read this important information before you begin to do the modules. These modules use instructions and di erent typefaces to clarify what to read and what to do.
2 Module 1: Communicating with Your Computer Module 1 introduces some basic commands and how to use them: Lesson 1 Logging On and O Lesson 2 Sessions and Jobs|What Are They? Lesson 3 Entering Commands Lesson 4 Mistakes and Corrections Lesson 5 The History Stack Lesson 6 Communicating with Other Users Lesson 7 More Information Lesson 8 Online Help Challenge Test Challenge your current computer skills by taking the following Challenge Test.
9. Which command allows you to transmit a terminal screen message to another user on the system? 10. Name two resources from which you can get more information about HP 3000 commands. 11.
Lesson 1 Logging On and O Lesson 1 presents logging on and logging o . the command to log on: HELLO the command to log o : BYE what to do if you have problems logging on or o Logging on Logging on identi es you to the computer. It also starts the communication between you and the computer. If you have problems in the logon process, refer to \Any Problems?" at the end of this lesson, or ask for help from someone who is familiar with the computer.
Your logon identity Note Logging on to the HP 3000 Talk to your account manager or your system manager to get your logon identity and your passwords, if any. Write your logon identity on a piece of paper. Your passwords are con dential. Do not write them down. Memorize them. Look for the 4Return5 key on your keyboard. On some keyboards it might be labeled 4Enter5. Suppose that your logon identity is FRED.MERTZ. (Substitute your real logon identity.) Here is how to log on to your MPE/iX system.
Note Your system management can change the colon prompt to something else. If you have questions about the prompt(s) on your terminal screen, talk to someone in your system management|or talk to someone who has used the system for a while. The prompt and the cursor The prompt tells you that the computer is waiting for your next instruction. The cursor (a _ or a small square of light) shows you where the next letter or number that you enter is going to appear on the screen.
Lesson 1 Exercises Note Answers can be found in the Solutions Guide booklet, which contains the answers to all the exercises in this course. 1. What do you call the process that initiates a working session on the HP 3000 using the HELLO command? 2.
Lesson 2 Session and Jobs| What Are They? Lesson 2 presents sessions and jobs. Once you are logged on, you can work with your HP 3000 computer in two ways: in a session by submitting a job Sessions Logging on is the way you that begin any interaction with your MPE/iX system. A session begins the moment you that log on (HELLO) and ends when you log o (BYE). MPE/iX is an interactive system. This means that what you enter is acted upon immediately by the computer.
Disadvantages of using a job If an error occurs while a job is running, the job may stop running. Then you have to study your job listing in order to discover what went wrong. Running a job is often called batch processing. You will hear it called a batch job, too. Lesson 2 Exercises 1. What are the two ways of \working" with the HP 3000 computer? 2. In the space provided, indicate with an \S" for Session or a \J" for Job which of the following statements best describes each. a.
Lesson 3 Entering Commands Understanding commands Executing a command The SHOWTIME command Lesson 3 presents entering commands and getting information from the computer. how to execute commands commands to get information: get the current time and date: SHOWTIME get information about your session: SHOWME get information about sessions and jobs: SHOWJOB Commands are the instructions that you give the computer.
:SHOWME USER: #S118,JOHN.SMITHERS,MYGROUP (NOT IN BREAK) RELEASE: A.21.13 MPE/iX HP31900 A.43.11 USER VERSION A.21.
This logical device number tells your MPE/iX system where le listings are to be sent during your current session. In this instance, it is shown as 107, the same number as your terminal. Your LDEV number, session number, and logon identity are important. Knowing what version is on your system helps your system operator or system manager to help you with any di culties. $STDLIST LDEV Basic keyboard use Some commands may require that you know a few basic techniques for controlling your terminal.
The SHOWJOB command The SHOWJOB command displays the identities of sessions and jobs currently logged on to the computer. Enter: SHOWJOB4Return5 Your screen will display something like this: JOBNUM STATE IPRI JIN JLIST INTRODUCED JOB NAME #S116 #S118 #S119 #J13 EXEC 101 EXEC 107 EXEC QUIET 109 EXEC 10S FRI FRI FRI FRI DONNA.HOLLAND JOHN.SMITHERS LEDGER.ACCNTNG DONNA.
Lesson 3 Exercises 1. Which command displays the current date and time to your terminal screen? 2. Which command allows you to get current information regarding your present job or session? 3. Study the following: :showme USER: #S23,ETHEL.MERTZ,PUB (NOT IN BREAK) RELEASE: X.21.13 MPE/iX HP31900 A.43.11 USER VERSION X.21.
Lesson 4 Mistakes and Corrections Mistakes Lesson 4 presents error messages and correcting command errors. mistakes and error messages correcting errors reenter the command use backspace 4 5 to edit the command use the REDO command to edit the command Are you still logged on? If you are not, log on again (HELLO your logon identity 4Return5). What if you make a mistake while entering a command? Make a mistake. Enter: SHOWHOB4Return5 Your screen looks like this: :SHOWHOB UNKNOWN COMMAND NAME.
Press the backspace key three times 4 54 54 5 (or as many times as it takes to place the cursor directly on the second letter \H.") HOB may still appear on the screen, but it has been erased from your terminal's memory. The letters \H," \O," and \B" would not be sent to the computer if you were to press 4Return5. In e ect, you have reduced the entry to SHOW. When the cursor is on H, type JOB. Press 4Return5. These two methods are best used for short commands.
Cancels the e ect of the previous D, I, or R subcommand. These subcommands can be entered in uppercase or lowercase letters. Use the spacebar and backspace ( ) to place the cursor exactly under the place where you want to start your corrections. U Correcting commands with REDO Correcting with REDO follows a pattern of steps: STEP 1. STEP 2. STEP 3. STEP 4. STEP 5. Make one correction on the line. Press 4Return5. Pressing 4Return5 once displays the line again for another correction.
Note The t mark is used here to represent pressing the spacebar one time. Insert H between S and O this way: tIH Return 4 5 Now your screen should show the following: :REDO COWEM RS SOWEM IH SHOWEM _ Now replace EM with ME this way: ttttRME Return 4 5 At this point your screen should show: :REDO COWEM RS SOWEM IH SHOWEM RME SHOWME _ The word SHOWME should be on the screen, properly spelled.
At this point, you have one of three choices: 1. Continue to edit with D, R, or I, or 2. Press 4Return5 once to execute the SHOWME, or 3. Press U4Return5 again. Perform the third choice now by entering: U4Return5 SHOWTIME returns to the screen canceling all of the previous REDO subcommands. Press 4Return5 to execute SHOWTIME.
Lesson 4 Exercises 1. The following error message appears on your screen: UNKNOWN COMMAND NAME. (CIERR 975) Choose from the list below the meaning of this message (more than one answer may apply): a. The HP 3000 does not identify what has been entered. b. Your logon is not identi ed by the HP 3000. c. You may have misspelled a command name. d. Your keyboard is locked. 2.
Lesson 5 The History Stack Note Lesson 5 presents reexecuting and editing commands in the history stack. The history stack is a portion of the computer's memory where the computer records your most recent commands. It keeps them there for you to reuse or correct. Having to reenter a complex command line could be tedious. The LISTREDO command displays the commands in the history stack. The DO command reexecutes commands in the history stack.
Command history and the LISTREDO command LISTREDO displays past commands. Enter: LISTREDO4Return5 Here is how your screen looks: :LISTREDO 1) CHOWMM 2) SHOWTIME 3) SHOWJOB 4) LISTREDO All of the commands you issued, including the LISTREDO command itself, are stored in the history stack. They appear in the order you entered them. The DO command If you want to reexecute a command in the history stack without editing, use the DO command: Typing DO4Return5 reexecutes the most recent command.
:LISTREDO 8) H !!Commands A through G!! 9) I !!(1 through 7) have "fallen"!! 10) J !!out of the history stack.!! 11) K !!They are no longer available!! 12) L !!to REDO or DO.!! 13) M 14) N !!The history stack continues!! 15) O !!recording commands in the!! 16) P !!absolute order in which!! 17) Q !!they were executed.!! 18) R 19) S !!Here the 8th command is!! 20) T !!the "oldest" and the 27th!! 21) U !!is the most recent.
Notice that the commands you that have issued have stacked up, one after the other. HELLO never appears in the command line history stack. Note The DO and REDO commands work only with those commands still kept in the history stack. If the history stack contains commands 8 through 27, attempting REDO 3 produces an error message: INVALID NUMERIC INDEX INTO THE REDO STACK (CIERR 9073) Lesson 5 Exercises 1. The command history stack is: a.
Lesson 6 Communicating with Other Users Lesson 6 presents commands to communicate with other users. commands that send messages: TELL TELLOP blocking and unblocking messages: SET;MSG= blocks or unblocks messages the Quiet mode. Sending and receiving messages Note Sending a message to another user You can send messages to other users on your system and receive messages from them: To send a message to another user on your system, use the TELL command.
TELL S116 A NOTE TO YOU.4Return5 or to her logon identity (often|but not always|a person's name): TELL NORMA.DESMOND CAN YOU GET ME THE JAMES FILE?4Return5 Use either method to send a message to your partner. Note What the receiver sees You cannot send a message to a job. The person who receives the message sees something like this on the screen: FROM/S118 MILDRED.
0 SUSP JOBFENCE= 7; JLIMIT= 60; SLIMIT= 60 In this example, both NORMA.DESMOND and LEDGER.ACCNTNG have used the SET command to block messages from appearing on their terminals. Both users' terminals are now in Quiet mode. Your terminal should be in Quiet mode. Does SHOWJOB con rm this? If you try to send a message to someone whose terminal is in Quiet mode, you get a message from the system: S116 NORMA.DESMOND NOT ACCEPTING MESSAGES.
FROM/S581 CONSOLE.SYS/SYSTEM BACK UP AT 8:00 PM. On the lookout At any time, the operator can deliver a terminal screen message to all users logged on to the system. These messages usually contain important information regarding your use of your MPE/iX system. Warning messages The system operator can send you an urgent message at any time. A warning message appears on the screen no matter what. Using SET;MSG=OFF does not block a warning message from the operator.
Lesson 6 Exercises Note For the following exercises, arrange with a fellow user on your system to send messages back and forth with you. This user must know how to execute the TELL and SET commands. 1. List on your screen all of the users who are currently working on your HP 3000 system. 2. Identify your partner for this exercise from this list. Send that user the following message (use your own name); This is a test. Please send name a reply message. Wait for a response. 3.
Lesson 7 More Information Logon problems Lesson 7 presents useful sources of information. Sometimes things simply do not go the way that you that expect. One day when you try to log on, you may get this message: CAN'T INITIATE NEW SESSIONS NOW The most likely explanation is that the system operator or system manager has reduced the job/session limit on your system. The operator or manager can restrict the number of jobs and sessions that the computer can accept.
Lesson 7 Exercises 1. Give a reason why you would see the message CAN'T INITIATE NEW SESSION NOW on your terminal screen. 2. List two resources where you can get information regarding HP 3000 commands that you are likely to use.
Lesson 8 Online Help Lesson 8 presents the online help facility: information on your terminal screen about the MPE/iX commands how to study MPE/iX command syntax on your own The online help facility The help facility contains almost all of the references of the MPE/iX Commands Reference Manual (32650-60002). Because it is online, help gives you its information on your terminal screen. The command to start the help facility is HELP.
Getting around in help Suppose that you want to learn about the REDO command. Start the help facility again. HELP4Return5 The help prompt at the lower left corner of your screen tells you that the help facility is waiting for your instruction. Enter: REDO4Return5 What happens? You will see this on the screen: :REDO Allows the user to edit and reexecute any command still retained in the command line history stack.
Enter: REDO EXAMPLE4Return5 If you enter REDO4Return5, you can press 4Return5 to jump forward to PARMS. Press 4Return5 again and jump forward to OPERATION, and then to EXAMPLE. A nal press of 4Return5 takes you to the next command entry. Try looking up a command (SHOWJOB, for instance). Then press 4Return5 one or more times to see how it works.
> COMMANDS ...or just new to computers Press 4Return5. Use 4Return5 to \page" forward. You may wish to spend a few minutes to skim the text. To leave HELPSTUDY and stay in the help facility, enter the name of any command that you want to look up. Enter HELPMENU to go back to the very beginning of the help facility. When you are ready to leave the help facility, do this: E4Return5 Lesson 8 Exercises 1. Which HP 3000 command allows you to get online reference to all commands on the system? 2.
3 Module 2: Computer Overview Module 2 introduces hardware, software, and the keyboard: Lesson 1 Computer Hardware Lesson 2 Software Lesson 3 The Keyboard Lesson 4 Any Problems? Challenge Test Challenge your current computer skills by taking the following Challenge Test. Use your test results to select those lessons that you should study and those that you skip. 1. What is hardware? 2. What are peripherals? 3. What is software? 4. What is MPE/iX? 5. Give the meaning of the abbreviation MPE. 6.
Lesson 1 Computer Hardware Lesson 1 presents the physical parts of the computer. the computer hardware the computer peripherals the system console Computers consist of hardware and software components: Hardware The physical equipment: integrated circuit boards, disk drives, terminals (the screen and keyboard together), tape drives, printers, and plotters. Software The programs that instruct the hardware to do something (Lesson 2).
Information on a disk drive can be retrieved quickly. Tape Drives Information that is not accessed frequently but must be kept for a long time is stored on magnetic tapes. Tape drives are used to store information from the disk onto the tape. The computer takes longer to retrieve information from a tape. The advantage of tape lies in safely keeping backup copies of vital information or programs.
Figure 3-1. A Typical Computer System Lesson 1 Exercises 1. What is the name of the central unit of the computer? 2. Name four peripherals that make up a basic HP 3000 system. 3.
Lesson 2 Software Lesson 2 presents the computer software (programs). the operating system other programs on the system the command interpreter Software are the programs that control everything the computer does for you. The software makes the computer run and determines whether the computer acts as a text processor, graphic artist, o ce manager, or performs any of the hundreds of tasks that a computer can do for you.
The command interpreter program Lesson 2 Exercises The command interpreter, or CI, is a special program whose primary purpose is to read what you enter on your terminal, determine whether you have entered a valid command, and determine what to do about it. If you can log on, the CI is already at work, just waiting for you to issue commands. The CI interprets your command and performs an action. If it can't carry out your command, it gives you a message to that e ect.
Lesson 3 The Keyboard Note Lesson 3 presents some of the special keys on the terminal keyboard and how they are used. The terminal keyboard appears similar to the keyboard of an electric typewriter. Yet, only the arrangement of the alphabetic keys is identical. This module does not attempt to de ne every key on the keyboard. Instead, it concentrates on those keys that are of most immediate value to the new user and those that may di er on various terminals.
The return key If you are accustomed to using a typewriter, you will discover that the 4Return5 key on a computer behaves quite di erently. On some terminals, this key is labeled 4Enter5. On a typewriter, 4Return5 advances the paper one line and returns the carriage (or the typing element) to start a new line. The 4Return5 key on a computer does much more than it does on a typewriter. Sometimes labeled 4Enter5, the 4Return5 key is the keyboard's main communicator with the computer.
You can press 4Return5 to enter the letters that remain (those to the left of the cursor). Numeric keys The number keys (4 1 5, 4 2 5, 4 3 5, 4 4 5, and so on, above the letter keys and across the top of the keyboard) work the way they do on a typewriter. There are three keys that are likely to cause confusion for some users who are accustomed to typewriters or who have never used a computer: lower case \L": The \l" key cannot be used to represent the number 1 (one) on the computer. They are not the same.
4Next5 Note Function keys Other special keys 3-10 Module 2: Computer Overview (If there is one) moves the cursor down by one screenful of material|the cursor goes to row one, column one of the next screenful of text. The material seems to go up. Labeled 4Pg Dn5 or 4Page Down5 on some keyboards. You will not use the arrow keys for any of the modules in this tutorial. The arrow keys are recognized by some programs and not by others.
Key 4Clear Display5 4Clear Line5 4CTRL5 4Del/Esc5 4Delete Char5 4Delete Line5 4Extended Char5 4Insert Char5 4Insert Line5 4Menu5 4Next5 4Prev5 4Print/Enter5 4Reset/Break5 4Select5 4STOP5 4User/System5 Note Lesson 3 Exercises Table 3-1. Other Special Keys Function Clears the screen (and its memory) of anything displayed below and to the right of the cursor position. Erases characters from the cursor position to the end of the line. Used with some special commands.
Lesson 4 Any Problems? 3-12 Lesson 4 presents sources of information and some hints for solving common terminal problems. Sometimes things don't go as expected. Sources of information Two places provide detailed information about the way your terminal works: The documentation or instructions that came with your particular terminal. Other people. Often they are the fastest route to an answer.
Terminal on but not responding Changing modes with the softkeys Note You can type on the keyboard. Letters and numbers appear on the screen, but it looks as though the computer is not responding. The terminal is probably in the wrong mode. The terminal has two working modes: Local In local mode, your terminal is completely on its own. It does not interact with the computer. What you type appears on the screen, but none of it goes to the computer for processing. This is sometimes called standalone mode.
Note that these boxes correspond to the 4f15 through 4f85 keys of your keyboard in gure 2-3. Note Some keyboards may have an additional set of function keys running vertically on the left side; some have twelve function keys instead of eight. For this exercise, focus on the function keys 4f15 through 4f85 running horizontally across the top of your keyboard.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx REMOTE MODE* 33333333333333333333 If it does, your terminal is already in remote mode and is ready to communicate with the computer. Do not do anything more. Or is the asterisk missing? xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx REMOTE MODE 33333333333333333333 If the asterisk is missing, you are in local mode|the terminal is cut o from the computer. You do not want that. Press the key labeled 4f45.
Note Unless there is very good reason for doing so, do not change the con guration of your terminal without rst getting advice from your account manager or your supervisor. Without knowing the e ect of the changes you are making, you could con gure your terminal in a way that makes it completely unworkable for you. You can recover from con guration mistakes, but it's a nuisance. Is the terminal locked up? Sometimes the terminal screen seems to \freeze up.
Hard reset If a soft reset does not work, a hard reset may. Press 4Shift5 and 4CTRL5 simultaneously. While you hold them down, press 4Reset/Break5. Try that now. Did the screen clear? Did you nd the cursor in the upper left corner of the screen? Press 4Return5 to get the system prompt back. Turn the terminal o If a soft reset and a hard reset have no e ect, turn o the terminal and turn it back on.
Table 3-2. Soft Reset Versus Hard Reset EFFECT HARD SOFT RE- RESET SET Unlocks a hung terminal Clears the screen Can erase terminal memory Does not erase any of your work You stay logged on Not the same as logging o Lesson 4 Exercises X X X X X X X X X 1. Match the following terminal key(s) with the function(s) listed below. Numeric Keypad Cursor Control Keys Function Keys 4Break5/4Reset5 Keys a.
1. Can be used to Unlock your keyboard. 2. Destroys information on your screen. 3. Does not destroy information on your screen. 4. The \gentle" way of regaining control of a hung terminal. 5. After this has been performed, the user still remains logged on. 6. Should not be used as a means of logging o . Hard Soft Re- Reset set 3. In which mode is your terminal when it is communicating directly with the HP 3000? 4.
4 Module 3: Creating Text Files Module 3 introduces the tool for creating and editing les. Lesson 1 Using EDIT/3000 Lesson 2 File Names Lesson 3 Editing a Text File Lesson 4 More About EDIT/3000 Challenge Test Challenge your current computer skills by taking the following Challenge Test. Use your test results to select those lessons that you should study and that that you may skip. 1. What do you type to start the text editor program that runs on the HP 3000? 2.
Lesson 1 Using EDIT/3000 Lesson 1 presents the EDIT/3000 editing program the command to start the EDIT/3000 program: EDITOR' *the EDIT/3000 command to end the EDIT/3000 program: END the EDIT/3000 command to start writing: ADD the EDIT/3000 command to stop writing: // what the EDIT/3000 prompt tells you the EDIT/3000 command to save a text le: KEEP What is EDIT/3000? The text editor EDIT/3000 is a Hewlett-Packard subsystem that comes bundled with your MPE/iX operating system.
RUN EDITOR.PUB.SYS When the editor starts, your screen should look something like this: :EDITOR HP32201A.07.17 EDIT/3000 THU, SEP 15, 1988, 3:34 PM (C) HEWLETT-PACKARD CO. 1985 /_ Notice that the MPE/iX system prompt has disappeared. Instead, the editor provides its own prompt, the slash (/). When the editor prompt ( / ) and the cursor are alone on a blank line, the editor is in command mode. In command mode, you can issue EDIT/3000 commands, but you cannot create lines of text.
Note You cannot enter EDIT/3000 commands again until you return to the command mode. That comes a little later, in the section called \Stop Writing (//)". The editor provides the number of the next line that you type. Since you have started a new le, the rst line number is 1. Typing lines Note You are now ready to begin typing. When typing in text, remember the following: Type the way that you would on a typewriter. EDIT/3000 will accept up to 72 characters on a line.
/ADD 1 2 3 4 5 6 EDIT/3000 is a hard-working program. Your operator would call it an entire subsystem of your computer operating system. It has dozens of its own commands, some of them quite elaborate. It even uses three REDO subcommands that you used in module 1. _ Notice that the cursor is on an empty line. You are now ready to change back to command mode. If you were to change back to command mode while the cursor was at the end of line ve, you would lose line ve.
LIST 2/44Return5 This tells the computer to show you lines 2 through 4. You should see lines 2, 3, and 4 scroll into view. Note The editor recognizes the words \ rst" and \last". LIST FIRST4Return5 displays the rst line of your le. LIST LAST4Return5 displays the last line of your le. Saving a le: KEEP So far your text exists only in the editor's workspace. In order to keep text permanently, you must save the le on disk. The command to save or keep a le permanently is KEEP.
The editor knows that a version of DOCUMENT already exists on the computer disk. It assumes that the le you are keeping is a new version of the same le, so it asks: \Do you want to purge (erase) the old version on the disk and replace it with the new version you are keeping?" In this case, the computer is waiting for you to answer YES or NO to its question. If you answer YES to the PURGE OLD? inquiry, the editor destroys the older version of the le on the disk and replaces it with your new version.
The editor now saves the most recent version of the le (and in doing so destroys the older version). If you want to keep two versions of the le, you have to save one version with one name and the other version with another name. Finally, exit the editor. Enter: END4Return5 Note Getting a listing of les: LISTFILE You will be using this le, DOCUMENT, again in later lessons.
6. What EDIT/3000 subcommand terminates the ADD subcommand? 7. Consider the following scenario: You have just created a new le, which you try to save under the name MYFILE1. The following message appears on your terminal screen: DOCUMENT ALREADY EXISTS - RESPOND YES TO PURGE OLD AND KEEP NEW PURGE OLD? Would you answer yes or no to do the following: a. Instruct the editor program to write over your old le MYFILE1 and save the one that you have just created. b.
Lesson 2 File Names File naming conventions Lesson 2 presents the concept of le names. understanding valid (acceptable) le names understanding invalid (unacceptable) le names MPE/iX is very strict about the le names it accepts. A valid (acceptable) le name: Table 4-1.
A troublesome character Although it is possible to put the slash character (/) in a le name, the slash has a special function in le names. Caution Invalid le names Do not put a slash (/) in a le name. Putting a slash (/) in a le name tells the computer to put a lockword on that le. If you do that accidentally, you might have di culty getting to the le later. The concept of \locking" les is a separate topic not covered in this course but discussed in the 900 Series HP3000: Advanced Skills course.
4-12 Text Files e. FRED**8 f. The_Quick_Brown_Fox g.
Lesson 3 Editing a Text File Open an EDIT/3000 le for editing Note Lesson 3 presents the commands that permit you to do the following: open an editor le for editing: TEXT print an editor le: LIST edit a line: MODIFY add new lines to the end of a text le: ADD add new lines in the middle of a text le: ADD erase a line of text le: DELETE renumber lines: GATHER ALL move lines: GATHER clear the le from the editor's workspace: DELETE ALL Using the editor, you have learned to create and save les.
If your printer is busy, your le might take a while to print. It may take a few more moments before the editor prompt (/) reappears on the screen. Its reappearance tells that you the le is on its way to the line printer. Note On its way to the line printer: The printer can handle only one le at a time. If other people have sent les to the printer|especially if they are long les|your le might have to wait in line to be printed.
//4Return5 Your screen is probably cluttered, but your display should show this: /LIST ALL 1 EDIT/3000 is a hard-working program. Your operator would 2 call it an entire subsystem of your computer operating system. 3 It has dozens of its own commands, some of them quite 4 elaborate. It even uses three REDO subcommands that you 5 used in module 1. 6 The ADD command adds lines at the end of an existing file. /ADD 7 Remember that corrections have to be made one step at a time.
The editor would let you start typing on line 6.001 and then on 6.002 and then on 6.003, and so on. When you got to line 6.009, the editor would increment the line count to 6.01. Using increments of 0.001, the editor could add as many as 999 new lines between line 6 and line 7. If you need still more lines, you can use the GATHER ALL command to renumber the lines. Then add lines where you want them. Erase a line: DELETE Make sure you are in command mode.
Moving lines: GATHER The GATHER command lets you move one or more lines from one place to another. Enter this: GATHER 7 TO 1.14Return5 You will see this: /GATHER 7 TO 1.1 7 => 1.1 The editor displays the number of the line being moved and shows the line number where it will appear (line 1.1). Use LIST ALL4Return5 to verify that line 7 has been moved to line 1.1 and that line 7 has disappeared. You should see this: 1 1.1 2 3 4 5 6 8 EDIT/3000 is a hard-working program.
Save the le. Enter: KEEP4Return5 The editor already knows the name of the le, so you do not have to specify a le name this time. (If you speci ed a di erent le name| KEEP DOCFILE|the editor would know that you wanted to keep your work under a new le name.) So you should see this on the screen: DOCUMENT DOCUMENT ALREADY EXISTS - RESPOND YES TO PURGE OLD AND KEEP NEW PURGE OLD? Enter: YES4Return5 Editing a text line: MODIFY Use the MODIFY command to edit lines of text.
Then type the following line, exactly as shown, to the end of the DOCUMENT le: SAVE is used to save alll or prt of the work file.4Return5 //4Return5 Now, enter the following: MODIFY 94Return5 Using the D, I, and R commands of MODIFY, correct the line above to read as follows: KEEP is used to save all or part of the work file. Follow the editing step by step. /MODIFY 9 9 SAVE is used to save alll or prt of the work file. RKEEP4Return5 9 KEEP is used to save alll or prt of the work file.
If you wish, you can use KEEP DOCUMENT to save to disk the workspace version of the DOCUMENT le that you have been editing throughout this module. As soon as you do that, the two versions are identical|until you begin more editing on the workspace version; however, if you want to clear the workspace without saving your editing changes, enter: DELETE ALL4Return5 This erases everything in the editor's workspace memory area, but the le that is kept on disk is unchanged.
10. Renumber the lines of your le. 11. Study the following text line: Mary will be coming ovr for dinner. If you were to modify this line, which subcommands would you use to make the following corrections? a. Change \Mary" to \Geno". Mary will be coming ovr for dinner. b. Correctly insert the \e" in \ovr" so that it reads \over." Geno will be coming ovr for dinner. c. Delete the word \coming." Geno will be coming over for dinner. 12.
Lesson 4 More About the Editor Lesson 4 presents these useful text-related tasks: the command to join les together: JOIN executing MPE/iX commands from within the editor using the 4BREAK5 key to suspend a program or command EDIT/3000 safety les ( K les) and how to recover them Joining les together: JOIN When you are editing one le, you can add the contents of another le to the le you are working on by using the JOIN command. This process is often called appending.
Did you enter a colon (:) ahead of the LISTFILE command? You must do it that way. It will look something like this on the screen: /:LISTFILE FILENAME DOCUMENT DRAFT DRAFT2 K1901102 / Note LISTFILE is not an editor command, but an MPE/iX command. Putting a colon (:) ahead of the command tells the editor to execute an MPE/iX command. Not all MPE/iX commands can be executed from within a program, and not all programs allow you to execute MPE/iX commands.
7 8 This is the second line of DRAFT. This is the last line of DRAFT. In this exercise, you did not specify where to put DRAFT, so the editor made the assumption that you wanted to put it at the end (appending). Keep the joined le of DRAFT and DRAFT2 as a le named NEWDRAFT. KEEP NEWDRAFT4Return5 Clear the editor's workspace by entering DELETE ALL4Return5 Joining in the middle By specifying a line number with JOIN, you can add one le from the disk anywhere in the body of the le you are working on.
While I pondered weak and weary4Return5 Note the line number that you are on (6) and remember that you are still in the Add mode. Locate the 4Break5 key on your keyboard and press it. Your screen should look like this: /ADD 4 Once upon a midnight dreary 5 While I pondered weak and weary 6 4Break5 : You won't see 4Break5 on the screen. Note Notice that the system prompt has returned. Pressing 4Break5 forces the suspension of the editor. You can now communicate directly with the MPE/iX system.
continue typing a line signal the start of a new line by pressing 4Return5 To continue typing a line, enter this: Another line came back, ready for more editing.4Return5 This line becomes line 6, because you were on line 6 when you broke o line editing with 4Break5. You cannot see the line number yet, but do you see that the editor is now ready for you to type line 7? Now, type the following on line 7, but do not press 4Return5 at the end of the line. I am going to type another sentence now.
PROGRAM ABORTED PER USER REQUEST. (CIERR 989) : If you now try RESUME4Return5 RESUME will not work. You will see this on the screen: :RESUME COMMAND ONLY ALLOWED IN BREAK. (CIERR 1686) :_ By executing ABORT, you have stopped the editor in its tracks. The only way to get back to the editor now is to start it all over again. Caution Do not use ABORT to end programs. An ill timed ABORT can destroy information that you might want to keep.
What the numbers mean All seven digits following the K have a meaning. They tell you when the le was created. If an emergency arises (if the power goes out, for instance), look at the clock. Note the time. Table 4-3. The K Numbers What they mean K1901052 K1901052 The last four digits (1052) tell you that the time (24-hour style) when you created the le. This one was created at 10:52 A.M.
Note Lesson 4 Exercises If your management treats K les as temporary les, your operator probably erases them from the disk regularly. If so, examine any K les that appear in your group. Decide whether to recover them (with a new name) or whether to let your operator purge them. 1. Suppose that you have two disk les, one named FILE1, the other FILE2. Assume that FILE1 is in the editor's workspace. a. What would you type at the editor prompt to join FILE2 to the end of FILE1? b.
d. K0152300 Note 4-30 Text Files Have you taken a break to relax? This might be a good time.
5 Module 4: The Account Structure Module 4 introduces the MPE/iX account structure. Lesson 1 The MPE/iX Account Structure Lesson 2 Security and the Account Structure Lesson 3 File and Group Security Lesson 4 Changing Groups Lesson 5 Changing User Passwords Note Challenge Test To make the fullest use of this module, you need at least two groups other than PUB. You learn about groups and accounts in this module. This module uses two groups called MYGROUP and OTHERGRP.
5. TRUE or FALSE. All users on the HP 3000 have unlimited access to all of the system commands. 6. From which group does the system's security allow you to read, change, or save any le, regardless of where you are logged on? 7. Which MPE/iX command allows you to easily move from group to group in an account? 8.
Lesson 1 The MPE/iX Account Structure What is an account structure? Lesson 1 presents the MPE/iX account structure. understanding the account structure the four elements of the account structure the four elements of a logon the PUB group the SYS account The MPE/iX account structure performs several functions. Anyone can log on and successfully use the HP 3000 without knowing about these functions, but you will be more e ective in your work if you understand the account structure.
If you think of the computer as a ling room, then each separate cabinet in the ling room is comparable to a separate account within the computer system. Users Users are people like yourself who use the computer. In a sense, users do not have a place in the account structure (cabinet). Instead, they are the people (more accurately, the user names) who have the key to an account (cabinet). A user name is the key to a particular account (cabinet).
Figure 5-1. Elements of Account Structure The following gure represents another way of looking at accounts, les, and groups.
Figure 5-2. Files in Groups in an Account Elements of your logon Note There are four logon elements: user name (required at logon) account name (required at logon). group name (optional) session name (optional) Like le names, these names must start with a letter and contain no more than eight characters in all. In the following examples, the comma (,) and the period (.)|called delimiters|are important. You do not have to end one logon session (with BYE), before starting another.
Group names Before you can work on a le, you must log on to the account and group in which the le is found. To log on to a particular group, add a comma and the group name at the end of your logon identi er: HELLO username.acctname,group Log on to MYGROUP, using your user and account name. Example: HELLO username.acctname,MYGROUP4Return5 Note If there is a group password assigned, you are prompted for it. Execute SHOWME to check your user identity: SHOWME4Return5 Now, log on to the OTHERGRP group.
Logon requirements These are the minimum requirements for logging on: A user name and an account name. The user name and account name must be separated by a period. The session name and group name are optional. The user, account, and group names may each be protected by a password. If you specify a session name, you must put a comma (,) after the session name, to separate it from the user name.
but are using two di erent groups instead, you have to keep the di erence in mind and adjust accordingly. Discovering your home group To discover your home group, log on using just your user name and account name. Then enter SHOWME to nd out what group you are in. Do that now, using your own user name and account name: HELLO username.accountname4Return5 You are now in your home group.
Lesson 1 Exercises 1. Give three reasons why there is an account structure on the MPE/iX system. 2. What four elements make up the MPE/iX account structure? 3. Given the following logon identities, correctly identify each session name, user name, group name, and account name. a. HELLO norma.desmond,sunset b. hello bob,carol.ted,alice c. HELLO MGR.MKTG d. hello emily.kado,pres e. HELLO BLDG214,john.doe,audit 4.
Lesson 2 Security and the Account Structure MPE/iX command security and capabilities Lesson 2 presents the security provisions of the MPE/iX operating system: command security and capabilities logon security le security group security MPE/iX provides several levels of security to ensure that your work remains private. There are more than 200 MPE/iX commands. You can use most of them, but not all of them. Some commands are restricted to certain users.
Table 5-1.
ENTER ACCOUNT PASSWORD: ENTER ACCOUNT PASSWORD: ENTER ACCOUNT PASSWORD: INCORRECT PASSWORD. (CIERR 1441) MPE XL: Passwords do not appear on the screen when you enter them in response to a password prompt. You get an error message if you attempt to log on to an account or group that does not exist: MPE XL:HELLO JOHN.SMITHERS,TRAINING ACCT/USER EXIST, GROUP NAME DOESN'T. (CIERR 1436) You also get an error message if you attempt to log on as a user who doesn't exist: MPE XL:HELLO BETSY.
Lesson 3 File and Group Security Note Lesson 3 presents the MPE/iX security provisions for les and groups. le security in your home group le security in the PUB group le security in other groups MPE/iX protects les by restricting access to them. With only the default set of capabilities, you cannot log on to one group and use a le that is located in another group. Some exceptions exist: The le you want to work with has been released with the RELEASE command.
HELLO username.acctname,OTHERGRP4Return5 Get into the editor again: EDITOR4Return5 Try to text in REPORT: TEXT REPORT4Return5 The problem is that REPORT is in the PUB group, and you are now in OTHERGRP. MPE/iX assumes that the le that you want to work on is in your current logon group. To tell MPE/iX that REPORT is in another group, you need to specify the REPORT le with a partly quali ed le name. A partly quali ed le name is the le name plus a period plus the name of the group in which the le resides.
This prevents unauthorized changes to the original le in its original group (the PUB group in this case), however, it is possible to save the le in the group to which you are logged on. Now try saving the le as REPORT, without the PUB quali er: K REPORT.OTHERGRP4Return5 REPORT has now been kept in your OTHERGRP group as a new File security in other groups le. Stricter security applies to any group that is not PUB or your home group. Log back on to your PUB group.
c. All users of an account can alter any le in the PUB group and save those les back to the PUB group. d. If you are logged on to a group other than your home group, you can read a le in your home group.
Lesson 4 Changing Groups Logging on Lesson 4 presents the CHGROUP command: changing groups by logging on changing groups with the CHGROUP command There are two ways to change the group that you are accessing. At the colon prompt, use HELLO to log on again and specify the group that you want to be in. At the colon prompt, use the CHGROUP command and specify the group that you want to be in. Logging on to another group certainly works, but it is time-consuming and uses a lot of system resources.
CHGROUP and your home group If you execute CHGROUP without specifying another group, you are switched automatically to your home group. This time enter: CHGROUP4Return5 Enter: SHOWME4Return5 You should be logged on to your home group (MYGROUP). Note Lesson 4 Exercises Have you noticed the parallel? Both CHGROUP and HELLO default to your home group if you do not specify a group. 1. Name the two methods of changing groups from within your account? 2.
Lesson 5 Changing User Passwords Lesson 5 presents the PASSWORD command: changing your user password Your user password The very rst time that you tried to log on to you MPE/iX computer, you probably had to enter your user password in order to log on successfully. That user password already existed, because your system manager or your account manager assigned that password to your user name.
The change does not become e ected until you log o and log back on again. If the password you enter this second time is di erent from the password you entered in the step before this, the computer assumes that you made a mistake, stops the password changing process, and gives you a message: NEW PASSWORD IS NOT CONSISTENT. (CIERR 2503) PASSWORD WAS NOT CHANGED. :_ In this case, the old, existing user password|whatever it was| remains the same.
6 Module 5: Working with Files Module 5 introduces common tasks needed for using les. Lesson 1 Displaying Quali ed File Names Lesson 2 Renaming Files Lesson 3 Storing Seldom-Used Files Lesson 4 Deleting Files Lesson 5 Displaying File Contents Lesson 6 Copying Files Challenge Test 1. To refer to a le in another group, a le needs to be quali ed with what? 2. To refer to a le in another group and in another account, a le needs to be quali ed with what? 3.
9. Which MPE/iX command removes all of the security provisions of a le to allow a le to be copied by another user? Which MPE/iX command restores security provisions to a le? 10.
Lesson 1 Displaying Quali ed File Names Note Lesson 1 presents displaying le names. accessing les from other groups displaying le names on the screen: LISTFILE using wildcard characters to display quali ed le names to the screen Many of the lessons in this module refer to les that were created in module 3 of this tutorial. Accessing les in other groups and accounts A time may come when you need to use a le that resides in another group or account.
When to use the fully quali ed le name How much of the fully quali ed le name you need to use depends upon where the le is found and how you logged on. Table 6-1. Quali ed File Names You need Simple le name alone lename.groupname lename.groupname. accountname File name and logon| the di erences If You are logged on to the group in which the le is found. You are logged on to the same account but in a di erent group from the one in which the le is found.
The patterns Examine the two patterns together (the extra spaces are for clarity only). LOGON: session , user . account , group FILE NAME: le . group . account Recall that a session name and a group name are optional in a logon identi er. Those optional elements are always set o from the user name and account name by a comma ( , ). So. . . . JJ,ROTOR.CAD |is a session name tied to a logon identi er. ROTOR.CAD,DESIGN|is a logon identi er tied to a group name. JJ,ROTOR.
You will see the names of all of the les in your home group that begin with the letter \D." The @ symbol The @ Symbol (4Shift5425 on your keyboard) is the symbol for all combinations of letters. The symbol @ is called a wildcard character. In some card games, a \wild card" can take on any legitimate value that the player wants. In MPE/iX, @ can represent anywhere from zero to eight characters and take on all of the possible letter and number values (A - Z and 0 9).
Note For the next example, be ready to use 4BREAK5. What happens if you enter this? LISTFILE @.@.@4Return5 You should see all the le names in all the groups in all the accounts on your MPE/iX system|and that could be many les. To stop the display, press the 4BREAK5 key. To restrict the search to some account, such as SYS, you could specify: LISTFILE @S.PUB.SYS You would see all of the le names ending in the letter \S" that are found in the PUB group of the SYS account.
The LISTFILE command has other features, not covered here. If you are interested in nding out what those features are, refer to the help facility.
Lesson 1 Exercises 1. In each of the following instances, what le name would you supply to refer to the le, FILE1? a. You are logged on to the same group and account where FILE1 resides. b. You are logged on to the TEST group in the PROG account and FILE1 resides in the PAYROLL group of the ACCT account. c. You are logged on to your home group (not PUB) in the MYACCT account and FILE1 resides in the PUB group of the same account. d.
Lesson 2 Renaming Files Lesson 2 presents renaming les. the command to give a new name to a le: RENAME To rename the le called DOCUMENT in your home group, rst make sure you are logged on to your home group. You must also be the creator of the le in order to perform a le name change. Enter: CHGROUP4Return5 Then do this: RENAME DOCUMENT,ADOCONE4Return5 Note Notice the punctuation. The comma ( , ) has to be there.
Lesson 3 Storing Seldom-Used Files Lesson 3 Exercises More than likely you will be aware of the les that you use every day or every week. You are likely to forget about les that you used last month, or the month before, that that you have not used at all this month. Those les take up space on the computer's disk. Although the computer has a lot of disk space, the space is not endless. Look over the les in your group every now and then. Identify those les that you do not use any more or only seldom use.
Lesson 4 Deleting Files The PURGE command Lesson 4 presents deleting les. the command to erase a le: PURGE recovering from an accidental le erasure The PURGE command erases a le. It erases only one le at a time. If you want to erase ve les, you need to use the PURGE command ve times. Make sure that you are in the home group of your account. Recall from module 4 that the LISTUSER command shows which group is designated as your home group.
If you created the le before that last backup but you modi ed it after the last backup, you can restore the earlier version of the le; however, the modi cations are lost. For this exercise, suppose the following: Your system operator regularly backs up les on the system every day at 6:00 P.M. You made changes to MYFILE yesterday (Monday). Today is Tuesday, 11:00 A.M. You have been working on MYFILE all morning. You accidentally erased MYFILE ve minutes ago.
Lesson 4 Exercises 1. Delete the le MAPLE from your account. Check to see if you were successful. 2. Consider the following scenario: In your o ce, the backup of les is done daily after 5:00 P.M. It is now 3:00 P.M. on Friday. You have just completed updating a le called STATUS. For the past week, you have been updating this le daily. While purging other les from your account, you accidentaly purged the STATUS le. Which one of the following statements is true? a.
Lesson 5 Displaying File Contents Displaying an entire le Displaying selected lines Note Lesson 5 presents the command to display the contents of text les. the command to display the contents of a text le: PRINT Up to now you have used the editor to see a le, but you can display the contents of a text le on the screen without starting the editor to text in the le and list it. You should be in MYGROUP.
Lesson 6 Copying Files Using the COPY command Lesson 6 presents the commands needed to copy les. the command to copy a le: COPY the command to remove system security for a le: RELEASE the command to restore system security for a le: SECURE conserving disk space To copy a le, use the COPY command, specifying the name of the le that you want to copy and the name that you want the new, identical copy to have. First you must be in the group in which the le is found. Enter: LISTFILE DOCUMENT.
Note A few commands such as COPY permit you to use a somewhat simpler command line. Those MPE/iX commands with an alternative, simpler syntax are noted in the help facility. Copy to an existing le You used COPY the rst time to create a new le, a duplicate of the source le. Suppose that you now try to copy the le ANEWDOC back to the original called DOCUMENT. The source becomes the destination, and the destination becomes the source of the COPY operation.
More practice with COPY Make sure that you are in your home group. Enter: CHGROUP4Return5 Note Recall that les can be locked. A le that has been locked with a lockword cannot be copied by anyone who does not know how to unlock the le. The topic of locked les is covered in the tutorial 900 Series HP3000: Advanced Skills. Do this: Use LISTFILE to nd the le names in the group that you are in, in the PUB group, and in some OTHERGRP (your third group).
Copying from another group To copy a le from another group to the group that you are in: You must know the quali ed name of the le that you want to copy. You must be the account manager of the account in which both groups reside. or The owner of the le that you want to copy must release that le for you with the RELEASE command. or Group security must be organized to allow you access to the group. Do this: COPY DOCUMENT.
Default le name MPE/iX also assumes when you copy a le from another group that you want the le in your current group to have the same name. COPY TEST.OTHERGRP puts a copy of TEST into MYGROUP. The copy created in MYGROUP is also called TEST. Copy and change le name You can use COPY to copy a le from one group to another group and give it a new name in the destination group. Do this: COPY TEST.OTHERGRP,TEST24Return5 The computer puts a copy of TEST from OTHERGRP into MYGROUP and calls the copy TEST2.
Figure 6-1. PUB and Your Home Group: Relaxed Security Files in the PUB group are available to users in other groups, unless those les have been protected in some special way (by a lockword, for instance). All of the les in your home group are available to you (the user). Notice, though, that you cannot push a le to the PUB group (keep a le into the PUB group while working in MYGROUP) unless you have account manager capability, or unless you have security access to that group.
Figure 6-2. Other Groups: Strict Security Files cannot be read (looked at) or copied from a non-PUB, non-home group, unless those les are released, or unless you have account manager capability, or unless you have access to that group. Similarly, you cannot push a le into another group unless you have account manager capability, or unless you have security access to that group.
Table 6-2. You Are in PUB SAVE OR FILE LOCATED READ FILE ERASE IN IN ORIGINAL LOCATION PUB MYGROUP OTHERGRP Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Table 6-3. You Are in MYGROUP (Your Home Group) SAVE OR FILE LOCATED READ FILE ERASE IN IN ORIGINAL LOCATION PUB MYGROUP OTHERGRP Yes Yes No No Yes No Table 6-4.
Get into OTHERGRP. CHGROUP OTHERGRP4Return5 Enter this to reinstate the security on TEST: SECURE TEST4Return5 This action ensures that no unauthorized access of your le can occur. You can use LISTFILE to discover the kind of security that is in e ect for a le. Do this: LISTFILE TEST,34Return5 Do you get a screenful of information? Much of the information in this display is intended for advanced users. Look in the right column, where it says SECURITY IS ON. This tells you that TEST has not been released.
Lesson 6 Exercises 1. a. Using the le ACORN, which was created in an earlier exercise, make a copy of the le and call it PINE. Make editing changes to the le PINE so that it now looks di erent. Save the le again as PINE. b. Try to copy the le PINE to the le ACORN. Answer NO to the prompt and look at the le ACORN. What happened? c. Try copying the le again. Answer YES to the prompt and look at the le ACORN. What happened? 2.
7 Module 6:Command Files Module 6 introduces MPE/iX command les. Lesson 1 Using Command Files Lesson 2 Naming Con icts Challenge Test 1. What is a command le? 2.
Lesson 1 Using Command Files Lesson 1 presents creating and using command les.
Suppose that you created a command le that has this one line: LISTFILE @.PUB What would this command le do? This command le would list all of the les in the PUB group of your account. If this le were to be kept as PUBLIST, look at how many keystrokes that you would save each time this command le was executed. Create and execute this command le, PUBLIST. Command les that execute other command les One command le can call upon and execute another command le.
Lesson 1 Exercises 1. Create one command le called P5 that lists the last ve commands in your command line history stack. Be sure that you have at least ve commands in your command line history stack. Execute the command le P5. 2. Use the editor to create a 10-line le. Save it as FOREST. Create a command le called PRF that prints the rst four lines of the FOREST le to your screen. Execute it. 3. Create a command le called CG that puts you into the OTHERGRP group of your account when executed. Execute it.
Lesson 2 Naming Con icts Note Discovering a name duplication One day you will probably create a command le and keep it with a name you like, only to discover that the computer executes something entirely di erent when you enter the name of the command le. File names within a group must be unique. But identical le names may exist in di erent groups. If your command le has the same name as an MPE/iX command, the computer might execute that other command and not the command le that you created.
:SHOWVAR Displays specific variable names and their current values, (NEW) SYNTAX :SHOWVAR [varid][,varid] ... [,varid] Enter: HELP PS4Return5 Something like the following appears on the screen if your proposed le name matches the name of another executable le on the system. :HELP PS USER DEFINED COMMAND FILE: PS.ETHEL.MERTZ PR st Try it. Something like this appears on the screen if your proposed le name matches a program le (or subsystem/utility) on the system. HELP sort 4Return5 PROGRAM FILE: SORT.
Using XEQ along with your command le name does avoid potential naming con icts, but renaming your command le to avoid naming con icts also avoids any confusion over the purpose of two identically named, executable les. Lesson 2 Exercises 1. If you had a command le called RUNIT, what would you type at the system to execute it? 2.
8 Solutions Solutions to Module 1 Communicating With Your Computer Challenge Answers Is Your Answer . . . ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. HELLO BYE Jobs and sessions (batch and interactive) SHOWTIME SHOWME SHOWJOB REDO A list of the last 20 commands entered in a user session. 9. TELL or TELLOP 10. MPE/iX Commands Reference Manual; online help facility. 11. HELP Lesson 1: Logging On and O If Not, Start With . . . Lesson 1. Lesson 1. Lesson 2. Lesson 3. Lesson 3. Lesson 3. Lesson 4. Lesson 5. Lesson 6.
Lesson 2: Sessions and Jobs|What Are They? 1. Jobs and Sessions or Batch and Interactive 2. a. S b. J c. S d. J Lesson 3: Entering Commands 1. SHOWTIME 2. SHOWME 3. a. ETHEL.MERTZ b. 8:09 A.M. c. 103 d. 10:48 A.M. e. 159 f. Saturday, June 11, 1988 4. SHOWJOB Lesson 4: Mistakes and Corrections 1. a, c 2. a. Lesson 5: The History Stack SHOWMW rE b. SOWTIME iH c. SHOWTIME dd d. SHJOB iOW 1. A b. 2. LISTREDO 3. Answers will vary.
If you misspell a command, the misspelled command is added to the history stack as is|in its misspelled state, for example| command line 8. 4. a, b, c 5. Commands 26-45 are displayed. 6. LISTREDO REDO REDO 2 (or any other line number) DO DO 3 (or any other line number) Lesson 6: Communicating with Other Users 1. 2. SHOWJOB TELL #S12 (or whatever Session Number your partner is)This is a test. Please send JoAnn a reply message. 3. A similar message appeared on your screen: S12 FRED.
Solutions to Module 2 Computer Overview Challenge Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 8-4 Is your Answer . . . ? If Not, Start With . . . Hardware is the physical equipment of a computer system. Peripherals are hardware connected to and controlled by the computer. Programs that instruct the hardware to do something are known as software. MPE/iX is the operating system on the 900 Series HP 3000. MPE means multiprogramming executive.
Lesson 3: The Keyboard 1. Information entered is a set of characters|nothing is sent to the computer until 4Return5 or 4Enter5 is pressed. 2. Although the characters may still remain visible on the terminal screen, the 4Back Space5 key ( ) \erases" characters from terminal memory as it spaces backwards over them. Lesson 4: Any Problems? 1. Numeric Key Pad - d Cursor Control Keys - c Function Keys - a 4Break/Reset5 - b 2. Your table should have these check marks: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Solutions to Module 3 Creating Text Files Challenge Answers Did You Answer . . . ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Lesson 1: Using EDIT/3000 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Lesson 2: File Names 8-6 Solutions EDITOR. Starts with an alpha character; limited to 8 alphanumeric characters; no special characters. ADD, TEXT, LIST, MODIFY, DELETE, GATHER. 4Break5. RESUME ABORT Created while working on a text le, \K" les are safety les. If Not, Start With . . . Lesson 1. Lesson 2. Lesson 3. Lesson 4. Lesson 4. Lesson 4.
Lesson 3: Editing a Text File 1. Get into the editor. Add 20 lines of text. Exit ADD with //. Keep FILEA. 2. LIST ALL 3. LIST 5/15 4. LIST ALL, OFFLINE 5. LIST 15/20, OFFLINE 6. DELETE 1/3 or D 1/3 7. You can perform a DELETE ALL to delete your current le, which contains your most recent revisions. You will lose all of your changes. You can then retrieve the original FILEA using T FILEA, which allows you to start editing the FILEA again. 8. GATHER 3 to 6.1 9. GATHER 16/20 to .1 10. GATHER ALL 11. a.
Solutions to Module 4 The Account Structure Challenge Answers Is Your Answer . . . ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Lesson 1: The MPE/iX Account Structure User; account; group; les Session, user, account and group ASTA,NICK.CHARLES,NORA PUB False Your home group CHGROUP PASSWORD 1. Security; billing; organization 2. Users; accounts; groups; les 3. a. HELLO norma.desmond,sunset ^ ^ ^ user.account,group b. hello bob,carol.ted,alice ^ ^ ^ ^ session,user.account,group c. HELLO MGR.MKTG ^ ^ user.account d.
7. HELLO USER1.PROG,TEST 8. hello bill.payroll,exempt 9. The PUB group in all accounts is a public domain group. Any user assigned to the same account would have access to the les in this group unless the les were lockword protected. Lesson 2: Security and the Account Structure 1. You do not have the user capability (in this case, AM, account manager) to use this MPE/iX command. 2. Three times for each password. Lesson 3: File and Group Security 1. a. False.
Solutions to Module 5 Working With Files Challenge Answers Is Your Answer . . . ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. File name plus group name. File name plus group and account names. LISTFILE A@ RENAME Files take up valuable disk space on the computer; therefore, seldom-used les should be stored on a magnetic tape. 6. PURGE 7. PRINT 8. COPY 9. RELEASE; SECURE 10. Your system manager. Lesson 1: Displaying Quali ed File Name 8-10 Solutions 1. a. FILE1 b. file1.payroll.acct c. FILE1.PUB d. file1.pub.sys 2. LISTFILE 3.
Lesson 2: Renaming Files 1. Get into the editor. Keep one le as OAK and the other as MAPLE. 2. You get the following error message; RENAME FAILED DUE TO FILE SYSTEM ERROR, NOT RENAMED (CIERR 373) 3. RENAME oak,acorn LISTFILE acorn or LISTFILE Lesson 3: Storing Seldom-Used Files 1. Files take up disk space on the system. If your le needs to be archived and it is a le that is relatively inactive, you should have the le stored to a magnetic tape as a good housekeeping practice.
Solutions to Module 6 Command Files Challenge Answers Is Your Answer . . . ? 1. A text le that can contain MPE/iX commands, program le names, or names of other command les, that can be executed. 2. Lesson 1: Using Command Files XEQ If Not, Start With . . . Lesson 1 Lesson 2 1. The command le P5: LISTREDO -5 P5 2. The le called PRF should consist of one line. PRINT FOREST;start=1;end=4 or PRINT FOREST;END=4 Type the following to execute it: PRF 3.
SH 5. Example: A command le called SM: SHOWME Type the following to execute it: SM 6. Example: A le called SHOW: SH SM To execute it enter: SHOW Lesson 2: Naming Con icts 1. RUNIT 2. Use the MPE/iX command, XEQ plus the command le name.
Glossary This glossary de nes terms found in the Fundamental Skills and Advanced Skills courses. Terms that appear only in the Advanced Skills course are identi ed by the notation (AS) following the de nition. abort A procedure that terminates a program or session if an irrecoverable error, mistake, or malfunction occurs, or if the system manager requests termination. access codes Access codes are assigned by the system manager to accounts.
ASCII attribute backreference backup batch processing binary Boolean byte capability Glossary-2 graphics, database management, and data communication programs. American Standard Code for Information Interchange: ASCII is the standard method of representing character data (seven data bits plus one that can be used for parity). This method was established by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to achieve compatibility between data devices during an exchange of information.
Capabilities are assigned to accounts, groups, and users to provide system security and access to the operating system. Account capabilities are assigned by the system manager when the account is created. The account manager then assigns capabilities to groups and users within the account. carriage-control Carriage control characters determine such characters (CCTL) things as double spacing, vertical line spacing, and page ejects.
con guration console continuation character cursor database default delimiter dereferencing device device le directory Glossary-4 The way in which a computer and peripheral devices are programmed to interact with each other. A terminal, usually designated logical device 20, given unique status by the operating system. The operator uses the console to monitor and manage jobs, sessions and resources, respond to requests, and communicate with other user terminals.
disk drive echo editor environment le error listing error message execute explicit dereferencing expression FCOPY le directory may also contain information such as le size, creation date, modi cation dates, creator, or security information. (AS) A peripheral device that reads information from and writes information to the disk. To display on the terminal screen data being typed on the keyboard. If echo is turned o , the computer receives the data but nothing appears on the screen.
le equation le name formal le designator fully quali ed le name function keys group group librarian capability hard reset Glossary-6 A method of equating a le name to a device or another le. The MPE/iX FILE command is used to establish the relationship of the le to the device. Generally used to direct the input or output of a program, job, or session to a particular device by referencing the device class, such as TAPE or LP.
hardware header Help facility hexadecimal history stack home group HP Desk IF-THEN-ELSE statement implicit dereferencing All the physical components of the computer including the CPU cabinet, tape drives, disk drives, terminals, and other peripherals. The rst page printed when output is directed to a line printer. It contains the session name (if designated), session number, logon identi cation, day of the week, date, and time. It corresponds to the trailer printed as the last page of the output.
WHILE commands. input priority integer integer value interactive job jobfence job le job limit job listing Glossary-8 See also explicit dereferencing. (AS) A number in the range of 1 (lowest priority) to 14 (highest priority) assigned to input jobs. The input priority can be assigned by the system (default is 8) or by the user. Jobs with an input priority less than or equal to the system jobfence (default 7) are deferred.
job number keyboard keyword K le laser printer LDEV number line editor line printer link listing local mode lockword A system assigned identi cation number given to each job when it is submitted for processing. A keyboard is attached to a terminal and used to input data to communicate with the system. A word assigned a speci c meaning by the operating system, a subsystem, computer language, or utility.
logical device number An LDEV number is assigned to all peripherals of a computer system and is used for identi cation purposes. log o A method of terminating a session. To log o MPE/iX, enter the BYE or EXIT command. log on A method of initiating a session. To log on to MPE/iX, enter the HELLO command and a valid user and account name, plus a group name if necessary, and any required passwords. log on identity A security device used to verify users to the system.
octal $OLDPASS online operating system optional parameter outclass priority outfence output priority overwrite paging When referenced as an output le, the associated write request is accepted by MPE/iX but no physical output is actually performed. $NULL can be used to discard unneeded output from an executing program. (AS) Octal is a base eight number system in which digits 0 through 7 are used. One octal digit can be represented by three binary digits.
parameter partly quali ed le name password path peripheral permanent le printer program programmer prompt PUB group PUB.SYS queue Glossary-12 full screen (\page") of information rather than having the data scroll. A value passed to a procedure, which then uses it in calculations or to determine operations within the procedure. A designation identifying the group in which a le resides. A partly quali ed le name may be used to access a le in another group of the account to which you are logged on.
produced by a program is generally stored on disk in a queue until a printer becomes available. As each output is printed, the next job in priority is selected and processed. quiet mode When a session is running in quiet mode, messages sent from other jobs or sessions are not displayed on the terminal screen. Warning messages from the system console override quiet mode and are displayed on the terminal screen. record A collection of data treated as a unit, residing in a le.
security session session limit session name session number softkeys soft reset software SORT-MERGE/XL source code spool le Glossary-14 MPE/iX provisions to protect the system from unauthorized use. The most basic level of security includes organizing les into groups and users into accounts, both of which may be assigned a password. Security also refers to the ability to read, write, append, lock, save, and execute les.
spooling standalone $STDIN $STDLIST STORE subsystem stream string value subcommand subsystem syntax device or spooled to an output device. Spool les may be in any of the following states: either OPEN, ACTIVE, READY, CREATE, PRINT, DEFER, SPSAVE, PROBLM, DELPND, or XFER. These states describe di erent stages of the spooling process depending upon whether the le is an input or an output spool le. (AS) A method of managing jobs.
SYS account A special account on the 900 Series HP 3000 that is included with the system when it is rst installed. It contains all of the les for system-supported subsystems, utility programs, and compilers. system console See console. system-de ned les Files de ned by MPE/iX and made available to all users. They indicate standard input or output devices, special temporary les, and les opened for output that do not perform an actual write operation.
the session name (if speci ed), session number, log on identi cation, day of the week, date, and time. It corresponds to the header printed as the rst page of a document. truncate To cut o or shorten data. If too many characters appear on a line they may not all be recognized by the system or printed as output. user A person logged on to the computer. Each user is identi ed by a user and account name. A user logs on to a session, and can access les in the logon group.
Warn message welcome message WHILE loop wildcard character word word processor Glossary-18 A message sent from the system console to all users. A WARN message interrupts all sessions on the system, including those running in quiet mode. A message created by the system operator that is displayed each time that a user logs on to the system. It usually contains a greeting and important system information. A statement used to determine what action occurs.
Index A ABORT, 4-26 B BACKSPACE, 3-8 backspacing, 2-14 backups, 3-3, 6-12 batch job, 2-8 batch processing, 2-8 blocking messages, 2-24, 2-25 BREAK, 4-24, 4-26 BYE, 2-3, 2-5 C capabilities, 5-11 change user password, 5-20 changing groups, 5-18 changing modes, 3-13 characters alphanumeric, 4-10 special, 4-10 characters, special slash (/), 4-10 underbar ( ), 4-10 CHGROUP, 5-18, 5-19 command ABORT, 4-26 BYE, 2-3, 2-5 CHGROUP, 5-18, 5-19 accessing les, 6-3 account manager, 2-4, 3-12 accounts, 3-12, 5-3 acc
CONSOLE, 2-26 COPY, 6-16, 6-17, 6-19, 6-20 correcting, 2-15 correcting errors, 2-14 CTRL Q, 2-11 CTRL S, 2-11 editing, 2-14 entering, 2-9 EOD, 6-15 executing, 2-9 HELLO, 2-3, 2-5 HELP, 2-31 LISTFILE, 6-3, 6-5 LISTREDO, 2-20, 2-21 LISTUSER, 5-9, 5-11 NEWACCT, 5-12 PRINT, 6-15 PURGE, 6-12 REDO, 2-14, 2-15, 2-16, 2-22 reentering, 2-14 RELEASE, 6-16, 6-18 RENAME, 6-10 RESUME, 4-25 SECURE, 6-16, 6-23 SET, 2-25 shortening, 7-2 SHOWJOB, 2-9, 2-11, 2-12 SHOWME, 2-9 SHOWTIME, 2-9 STORE, 6-11 TELL, 2-24, 2-26 TELLOP
continue a program, 4-25 conventions, le names, 4-10 conventions, le naming, 4-10 conventions, logon, 1-4 COPY, 6-16, 6-17, 6-19, 6-20 copying les, 6-16 correcting commands, 2-14, 2-15, 2-16 CPU, 3-2 creating command les, 7-2, 7-3 CTRL Q, 2-11 CTRL S, 2-11 cursor, 3-8, 4-2, 4-5 cursor control keys, 3-9 D data processing, 3-5 date, 4-25 default le names, 6-19 default logon group, 5-8 DELETE, 4-16 delete a character, 4-18 DELETE ALL, 4-19 deleting les, 6-12 delimiter, comma, 6-4 delimiters, 5-6 destination
LIST, 4-5, 4-13 MODIFY, 4-13, 4-18 TEXT, 4-13 edit a line, 4-13, 4-18 edit mode, 4-3 editors, line EDIT/3000, 4-4 electronic mail, 3-5 elements of account structure, 5-6 ENTER, 3-8 entering commands, 2-9 :EOD, 6-15 erase a line, 4-13, 4-16 erasing les, 6-12 error messages, 2-14 examples, help, 2-32 executing command les, 7-3 executing commands, 2-9 external devices, 3-2 F Index-4 le copy, 6-19 destination, 6-16 source, 6-16 target, 6-16 le names, 4-1 conventions, 4-10 default, 6-19 display, 6-6 displayi
function keys, 3-10 G groups, 5-4 H hard reset, 3-17, 3-18 hardware, computer, 3-2 header, 4-14 HELLO, 2-3, 2-5 HELP, 2-31 help facility, 2-29, 2-31 HELPSTUDY, 2-33 history stack, 2-21 history stack, command line, 2-20 home group, 5-1, 5-8, 5-9 hung terminal, 3-16 I identi er, logon, 4-14 identity, logon, 2-3, 2-4, 5-6 identity, session, 2-12 identity, user, 5-7 information on terminal screen, 2-31 insert a character, 4-18 interactive processing, 2-7 interactive system, 2-7 J job les, 2-7 job limit,
function, 3-10 INSERT CHAR, 3-11 INSERT LINE, 3-11 MENU, 3-11 NEXT, 3-11 numeric, 3-9 PREV, 3-11 PRINT/ENTER, 3-11 RESET/BREAK, 3-11 Return, 3-8 SELECT, 3-11 STOP, 3-11 USER/SYSTEM, 3-11 keywords, help, 2-32 K les, 4-27, 4-28 K numbers, 4-28 L Index-6 launch a job, 2-7 leave EDIT/3000, 4-7 line numbers, 4-4 line printer, 4-13 line printer (LP), 3-3 LIST, 4-13 LISTFILE, 4-8, 6-3, 6-5, 6-6 listing, 4-14 listing le in EDIT/3000, 4-22 listing o ine, 4-13 LISTREDO, 2-20, 2-21 LISTUSER, 5-9, 5-11 local mode, 3
M main logon security, 5-12 security:logon, 5-12 main system account, 5-8 manager account, 2-4 system, 2-4 messages, send and receive, 3-5 mistakes, 2-14 mode changing, 3-13 local, 3-13 remote, 3-13 terminal, 3-13 moving lines, 4-13, 4-17 MPE/iX operating system, 3-5 Multi-Programming Executive (MPE), 3-5 N name duplication, 7-5 naming con icts, 7-5 NEWACCT, 5-12 number LDEV, 2-11 session, 2-11 numbers, line, 4-4 numeric keypad, 3-9 O online, 2-9 calendar, 2-9 online, help, 2-31 online tutorial, HELPST
answers, 8-4, 8-6, 8-8, 8-10, 8-12 questions, 2-1, 3-1, 8-6, 8-10 pretest, answers, 8-1 print, 4-13 PRINT, 6-15 printer, line, 4-13 printers, 3-3 printing an editor le, 4-13 program le, 7-6 programs, 3-2, 3-5 prompt, 4-6 EDIT/3000, 4-2 MPE XL, 4-2 PUB group, 5-3, 5-8, 5-9 pull le, 6-20 PURGE, 4-7, 6-12 purge a le, 4-7 purging a le, 6-12 push le, 6-20 Index-8 Q qualifying les, 6-3 questions, pretest, 2-1, 3-1, 8-6, 8-10 queue, 4-13 quiet mode, 2-24, 2-26 R receive messages, 3-5 receiving messages, 2-24
S safety les, 4-27 saving a le, 4-6 schedule a job, 2-7 scrolling, 2-11, 3-8, 4-5 SECURE, 6-16, 6-23 security command, 5-11 le, 5-11, 5-14 group, 5-11 logon, 5-11 violation, 5-15 security, le, 5-16 sending a le to the line printer, 4-13 sending messages, 2-24 send messages, 3-5 session, 5-7 identi er, 5-7 identity, 2-12 number, 2-24 starting, 2-5 sessions, 2-7 SET, 2-25 shortening commands, 7-2 SHOWJOB, 2-9, 2-11, 2-12 SHOWME, 2-9 SHOWTIME, 2-9, 4-25 softkeys, 3-10 soft reset, 3-16, 3-18 software, 3-2, 3-5
system prompt, 2-5 Index-10 T tape drives, 3-3 target le, 6-16 TELL, 2-24, 2-26 TELLOP, 2-24, 2-26 terminal con guration, 3-15 locked, 3-16 terminals, 3-2 Hewlett-Packard 2392 series, 3-7 Hewlett-Packard 700/92 series, 3-7 HP 150, 3-7 HP Vectra, 3-7 TEXT, 4-13 time, 4-25 trailer, 4-14 typing lines, 4-4 U unblocking messages, 2-24, 2-26 understanding commands, 2-9 unlocking les, 4-10 user password, 5-20 user-de ned commands, 2-12 user password change, 5-20 users, 5-4 using command les, 7-2 V verifying
