HP-UX Reference (11i v1 00/12) - 5 Miscellaneous Topics, 7 Device (Special) Files, 9 General Information, Index (vol 9)

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glossary(9) glossary(9)

libraries, in which case the linkage tables are initialized by the dynamic loader. Position-

independent code is generated when the +z or +Z compiler option is speciﬁed.

privileged groups

A privileged group is a group that has had a setprivgrp (see getprivgrp(2)) operation

performed on it, giving it access to some system calls otherwise reserved for the superuser.

See appropriate privileges.

process An invocation of a program, or the execution of an image (see image). Although all com-

mands and utilities are executed within processes, not all commands or utilities have a

one-to-one correspondence with processes. Some commands (such as cd) execute within a

process, but do not create any new processes. Others (such as in the case of ls | wc

-l

) create multiple processes. Several processes can be running the same program, but

each can be different data and be in different stages of execution. A process can also be

thought of as an address space and single thread of control that executes within that

address space and its required system resources. A process is created by another process

issuing the fork(2) function. The process that issues fork(2) is known as the parent pro-

cess and the new process created by the fork(2) as the child process.

process 1 See init.

process group

Each process in the system is a member of a process group. This grouping permits the

signaling of related processes. A newly created process joins the process group of its crea-

tor.

process group ID

Each process group in the system is uniquely identiﬁed during its lifetime by a process

group ID, a positive integer less than or equal to

PIC_MAX.Aprocess group ID cannot

be reused by the system until the process group lifetime ends.

process group leader

A process group leader is a process whose process ID is the same as its process group ID.

process group lifetime

A period of time that begins when a process group is created and ends when the last

remaining process in the group leaves the group, either due to process termination or by

calling the setsid(2) or setpgid(2) functions.

process ID Each active process in the system is uniquely identiﬁed during its lifetime by a positive

integer less than or equal to

PID_MAX called a process ID. A process ID cannot be

reused by the system until after the process lifetime ends. In addition, if there exists a pro-

cess group whose process group ID is equal to that process ID, the process ID cannot be

reused by the system until the process group lifetime ends. A process that is not a system

process shall not have a process ID of 1.

process lifetime

After a process is created with a fork(2) function, it is considered active. Its thread of con-

trol and address space exist until it terminates. It then enters an inactive state where

certain resources may be returned to the system, although some resources, such as the

process ID are still in use. When another process executes a wait(), wait3(),or

waitpid() function (see wait(2)) for an inactive process, the remaining resources are

returned to the system. The last resource to be returned to the system is the process ID.

At this time, the lifetime of the process ends.

program A sequence of instructions to the computer in the form of binary code (resulting from the

compilation and assembly of program source).

prompt The characters displayed by the shell on the terminal indicating that the system is ready

for a command. The prompt is usually a dollar sign ($) for ordinary users (% in the C shell)

and a pound sign (#) for the superuser, but you can redeﬁne it to be any string by setting

the appropriate shell variable (see sh(1) and related entries). See also secondary prompt.

quit signal The SIGQUIT signal (see signal(2). The quit signal is generated by typing the character

deﬁned by the teletype handler as your quit signal. (See stty(1), ioctl(2), and termio(7).)

The default is the ASCII FS character (ASCII value 28) generated by typing Ctrl-\. This

signal usually causes a running program to terminate and generates a ﬁle containing the

‘‘core image’’ of the terminated process. The core image is useful for debugging purposes.

Section 9−−16 − 15 − HP-UX Release 11i: December 2000

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