Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 2 Introduction 3 Principles and Operation of Gold Capacitors 4 2.1 What are Electric Double Layer Capacitors? 4 2.2 Construction and Principles of Operation 5 2.3 Equivalent Circuit 6 2.4 Electrical Characteristics 8 2.5 Features 10 Product Types & Selection Method for Gold Capacitors 12 3.1 Gold Capacitor Series 12 3.2 Construction, Features and Applications 13 3.3 Applications and Recommended Series 16 3.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Introduction Electric Double Layer Capacitors were first developed by the Central Research Laboratory of Panasonic in 1972, then marketed and sold on a worldwide basis in 1978. Because these capacitors function like a battery, they are ideally suited for applications requiring a secondary power source such as a back-up energy source for microprocessors and solar batteries. Compared to other capacitors and batteries, Gold Capacitors are very new.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Principles and Operation of Gold Capacitors 2-1 What are Electric Double Layer capacitors? In general, capacitors have a dielectric sandwiched between two opposing electrodes. An aluminum electrolytic capacitor, as an example, uses an aluminum oxide film, while a tantalum capacitor uses tantalum oxide film as a dielectric.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Principles and Operation of Gold Capacitors We have also products available that have greater capacitance to comply with the following requirements: • For loading a large amount of current in a short time, (e.g. solenoid absorption of hot-water gas heaters and protection of HDD head requesting several mA to several 100mA of current. • Load for lighting equipment.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Principles and Operation of Gold Capacitors 2-3 Equivalent Circuit The equivalent circuit used for conventional capacitors can also be applied to Gold Capacitors. In an electric double layer capacitor, the electric double layer is formed on the surface of the activated carbon that is in contact with the liquid electrolyte. As shown in Fig.5. Because the activated carbon particles are used as electrodes, each carbon layer (Fig.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Principles and Operation of Gold Capacitors The resistance values can increase or decrease depending on the distance between the current collectors, speed or ions, contact resistance between the activated carbons, etc. The equivalent circuit of an electric double layer capacitor is shown by the parallel R-C combinations (Fig.7). R1, R2 and Rn are the internal resistance of the activated carbons.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Principles and Operation of Gold Capacitors 2-4 Electrical characteristics of Electric Double Layer capacitor 2-4-1 Electrostatic capacitance The electrostatic capacitance of an electric double layer capacitor basically varies similarly as that of a battery under the same use or test conditions and it is commonly referenced as the Effective Capacitance. This is commonly referenced to as the Effective Capacitance.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Principles and Operation of Gold Capacitors (3) 2-4-2 Internal Resistance The equivalent circuit of an electric double layer capacitor consists of many small capacitors having various internal resistance values. Normally, the values of these resistors would be expressed in DC values.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Principles and Operation of Gold Capacitors 2-4-5 Discharging Characteristics Self discharge characteristics The self discharge characteristics of an electric double layer capacitor are shown in equation (5). (5) where RL is insulation resistance With a fully charged capacitor, the amount of voltage that is lost at the terminals is equal to the amount caused by the self-discharge leakage current.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Principles and Operation of Gold Capacitors The area of activated carbon is approximately 2500 cm2/gram and the thickness of a double layer is less than a molecule. From this, it can be readily seen that the capacitance of an electric or double layer capacitor is several times greater than of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Product Type & Selection Method of Gold Capacitors Product Type & Selection Method of Gold Capacitors Capacitance Range Series Capacitance Code 223 333 473 104 224 334 684 105 155 O O O O O O 205 335 475 106 226 306 506 706 O O O O O O O* O* EN 3.3V SG 5.5V SD 5.5V O O O O SE 5.5V O O O O NF 5.5V O O O O O O F 5.5V 474 O O O O HW 2.3V Capacitance code: 223=0.022F, 104=0.1F, 106=10F O O *EN224=0.2F * = 2.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Product Type & Selection Method of Gold Capacitors 3-2 Construction, features and applications of each type 3-2-1 Coin type Basic Construction The structural drawing of a Coin type Gold capacitor is shown in Fig.16. The activated carbon used as the electrode is solidified in powder activated carbon. This activated carbon is connected with the cover and the case through a conductive point.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Product Type & Selection Method of Gold Capacitors 3-2-2 F & NF series Basic Construction Both the F and NF series capacitors are constructed with 2 or 3 coin style cells series, connected with a spring plate. (Fig.18) Features The maximum operating temperature of the F series o Gold Capacitor is 85 C, which is suitable for products used in relatively high temperatures ( e.g. car audio etc.).
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Product Type & Selection Method of Gold Capacitors 3-2-4 HW series Basic Construction The HW Series are constructed from activated carbon particles, mixed with a binder then deposited on aluminum foil strips. Lead wires are then connected. The foil strips are wound together with a separator and inserted into aluminum case. Electrolyte is then added, the case is sealed with a rubber packing and finally sleeved (Fig.23).
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Product Type & Selection Method of Gold Capacitors 3-3 Applications and Recommended Series Typical Applications and recommended series Recommended Series Application Mobile Phone Component Real-Time Clock Back-up EN PDA Real-Time Clock Back-up DSC Real-Time Clock Back-up EN, SD DVD Recorder Real-Time Clock and Channel Back-up SD, SG Digital TV Real-Time Clock and Channel Back-up SD, SG, NF PC, Server Real-Time Clock and Channel Back-up F Mobile Phone Base Sta
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Product Type & Selection Method of Gold Capacitors 3-4 How to Select a Gold Capacitor 3-4-1 Estimated initial back-up time Back-up time for Gold capacitors decrease with use and over time. Especially, when the applied current is large or operating conditions are severe (e.g. high temperature). Initial back-up time should be considered with enough margins. Avoid setting the minimum back-up time.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Operating Techniques of Gold Capacitors Operating Techniques of Gold Capacitors 4-1 Life design 4-1-1 Useful life Gold capacitors have a useful life-time similar to that of aluminum electrolytic capacitors. The life of a Gold Capacitor is largely dependent on the operating temperature, humidity, applied voltage, current and backup time requirements. Therefore, the life of a Gold Capacitor is determined based on the back-up time set by the customer.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Operating Techniques of Gold Capacitors Expected life The expected life is calculated as follows: Expected life = Guaranteed life x Temperature factor x Voltage factor = 1000(h) x 22.6 x 1.1 = 24800(h) = 2.8years The back-up time is about 38 hours. Humidity factor The life-time of Gold Capacitors is largely dependent on humidity. If a Gold Capacitor is to be used in high humidity conditions, please contact your local technical representative for assistance.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Operating Techniques of Gold Capacitors 5. External sleeve External sleeve is not intended to ensure electrical insulation, therefore, capacitors should not be used in an environment that requires electrical insulation. 6. Heat stress during soldering Excessive heat stress may result in the deterioration of the electrical characteristics of the capacitor, loss of vacuum, and electrolyte leakage due to the rise in internal pressure.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Operating Techniques of Gold Capacitors 7. Connecting Capacitors in Series: Taking into consideration the possibility of an imbalance of voltage across the capacitors, one needs to make sure that the voltage applied to each capacitor will not exceed the maximum operating voltage. If the voltage balance breaks down, an over voltage condition may result.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Operating Techniques of Gold Capacitors 15. Please arrange circuit design for preventing impulse or transitional voltage. Do not apply voltage, which exceeds the full rated voltage when the capacitors receive impulse voltage, instantaneous high voltage, high pulse voltage etc. 16. Do not store capacitor under any of the environment conditions listed below. • At high temperature and high humidity. • Where the capacitor is in contact with water, salt water or oil.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Operating Techniques of Gold Capacitors 4-3 Check List when Ordering Product When ordering Electric Double Layer Capacitors, please provide the following information: GOLD CAPACITOR CHECK LIST Application Charging Conditions Charging Voltage Charging Time (Max.Min.) Charging Current (Balanced Resister, If any) Discharging Conditions Back Up Current (Max. Min. Typical.) Minimum Holding Voltage Required Back Up Time Back up for xxx (RTC, SRAM Etc.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data •Charging characteristics •Self-discharging versus charging time •Influence of ambient temperature vs. self-discharging •Discharge characteristics •Influence of ambient temperature vs.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data Charging Characteristics Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. Ask factory for technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Whenever a doubt about safety arises from this product, please contact us immediately for technical consultation.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data Self-Discharging Characteristics Versus Charging Time Note: If charging time is brief, complete charge is not attained, and initial voltage due to internal charge is increased. Influence of Ambient Temperature vs. Self-Discharging Note: At self-discharge, the terminal voltage drop is affected by ambient temperature. This means the self-discharge current increases as ambient temperature rises.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data Discharge Characteristics Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. Ask factory for technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Whenever a doubt about safety arises from this product, please contact us immediately for technical consultation.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data Influence of Ambient Temperature vs. Discharging Note: Voltage drops faster as ambient temperature rises. This occurs because the rise in ambient temperature causes a self-discharge current to be added to the applied current. Note: At low temperatures, ion movement for the formation of electric double layers becomes slow and the time required to complete charging is longer.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data Current Characteristics Initialization of test samples: Samples shall be measured after applying 5.5V for 2hours 300Ω resistance (20±10°C, 65±10% not being wetted with dew) and discharging in short circuit condition for 12 to 24hours. Series NF (n =20) Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. Ask factory for technical specifications before purchase and/or use.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data Relationship between Discharge Current and Capacitance Change Note: Capacitance changes at life test vary based on applied current (measuring current). The longer the life, the less the applied current. Relationship between Applied Voltage and Capacitance Change Note: Capacitance changes at the life test vary from applied voltage. The lower the voltage, the smaller capacitance becomes.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data Relationship between Ambient Temperature and Capacitance Change Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. Ask factory for technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Whenever a doubt about safety arises from this product, please contact us immediately for technical consultation.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data Reliability and Temperature Characteristics Data 32 Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. Ask factory for technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Whenever a doubt about safety arises from this product, please contact us immediately for technical consultation.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. Ask factory for technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Whenever a doubt about safety arises from this product, please contact us immediately for technical consultation.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data 34 Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. Ask factory for technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Whenever a doubt about safety arises from this product, please contact us immediately for technical consultation.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. Ask factory for technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Whenever a doubt about safety arises from this product, please contact us immediately for technical consultation.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Gold Capacitors Characteristics Data 36 Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. Ask factory for technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Whenever a doubt about safety arises from this product, please contact us immediately for technical consultation.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Storage Capabilities Storage Capabilities of a Gold Capacitor T=C (V0 - V1) / (I + IL) Capacitor’s voltage V0 GC Lower limit voltage for memory backup Real time clock or memory V1 Backup time Time Example: V0 = 2.5V, V1 = 1.8V, I = 10uA, C = 0.2F T = 0.2 ( 2.5 –1.8 ) / (10 e-6 + 0.2x10-6) = 0.14/10.2x10-6 = 13,725 seconds = 3.
Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Storage Capabilities Comparison with Batteries Environment Cycle Life (Charge & Discharge) Operating Temperature Capacity Electric Double Layer Capacitors Friendly Secondary Batteries Harmful Infinite Thousands of times -25 to +85°C 1 -10 to +60°C 20 1. RoHS compliant. 2. No recycling is required. 3. Stable charge and discharge cycle - Capacitor lifetime is not affected by the amount of charging/dischargin cycles because there is no chemical reaction. 4.
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Gold Capacitors Technical Guide Product Specifications 44 Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. Ask factory for technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Whenever a doubt about safety arises from this product, please contact us immediately for technical consultation.
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