Operating Manual

217216
Literature and references
1. Industrial Radiology: Theory and Practice (English)
R. Halmshaw. Applied Science Publishers Ltd. London and New Jersey, 1982.
2. Niet-destructief onderzoek. ISBN 90-407-1147-X (Dutch)
W.J.P. Vink. Delftse Universitaire Pers.
3. Die Röntgenprüfung, Band 7 ISBN 3-934225-07-8 (German)
The X-ray Inspection Volume 7 ISBN 3-934255-22-1 (English translation)
Both compiled by Dr.Ing. M. Purschke. Castell-Verlag GmbH
4. Handbook of radiographic apparatus and techniques. (English) Publication for the IIW
by the Welding Institute, Abington, Cambridge, England.
5. Radiographic film systems: brochure issued by GE Inspection Technologies.
6. Home page : www.geinspectiontechnologies.com
Acknowledgements
Figures 9-5 and 4-17, as well as table 2-9 were copied with the publisher’s consent from
reference book [2] “Niet-destructief Onderzoek” by W.J.P. Vink, Delftse Universitaire Pers.
Röntgen Technische Dienst bv (Applus RTD NDT & Inspection since 2006) Rotterdam
consented to the use of a number of their illustrations and graphs. Furthermore they
supplied ample information for chapter 16 concerning application of the CR method and
standards related to digital radiography.
* Illustrations marked with * are used by courtesy of Oceaneering Inspection Division.
** Nanofocus is a registered trademark of Phoenix X-ray Systems, a division of GE inspection
Technologies. Phoenix also provided ample information and illustrations for chapter 17
concerning magnification, X-ray microscopy and CT techniques.
*** TomoCAR is the trademark of 3D CT equipment, a mutual development of Applus
RTD and BAM Berlin. Applus RTD holds the patent.
Appendices: tables and graphs
Table 1-3. Overview of new and old units.
* disintegrations per second C = Coulomb = A.s
** RBE = Relative Biological Effect J = Joule
A = Ampère
See chapter 3
Table 2-11. Rule-of-thumb values for the selection of X-ray tube voltage.
See chapter 11.
Material kV
Steel 100 kV + 8 kV/mm
Aluminium 50 kV + 2 kV/mm
Plastics 20 kV + 0.2 kV/mm
SI –units Formerly used Conversion
Designation of quantity Name Unit Name Unit Old to SI
Designation Designation
Activity (A) Becquerel 1/s* Curie Ci 1 Ci = 37 GBq
(Bq)
Ionization dose Coulomb (C) C/kg Röntgen R 1 R=2.58 x 10
-4
C/kg
Ionization dose rate Coulomb (C) C/kg.s R/s
Ampère (A) or A/kg
Absorbed energy Gray J/kg Rad Rad 1 Rad = 0.01 Gy
dose (D) (Gy)
Equivalent dose (H) Sievert J/kg Rem Rem 1 Rem = 0.01 Sv
H=D x RBE** (Sv)