GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference
RECORD OF REVISIONS Revision Date of Revision A 8/99 B 8/00 C 11/06 D E F G H 2/07 10/07 05/08 08/08 12/09 190-00140-60 Rev. H Description Initial Release Revised and Redrawn Changed to 8 inch x 8.5 inch format. Added TERRAIN, Additional Features section, and misc. changes Updated per Main SW v5.02 Updated per Main SW v5.03 Removed Proximity Advisory info from Section 10 Converted format of figures to accommodate printing process Added Section 10.
COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2009 Garmin Ltd. or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. This manual reflects the operation of Main System Software version 5.03 or later. Some differences may be observed when comparing the information in this manual to other software versions. Garmin International, Inc., 1200 East 151st Street, Olathe, Kansas 66062 USA p: 913.397.8200 f: 913.397.8282 Garmin AT, Inc., 2345 Turner Road SE, Salem, Oregon 97302 USA p: 503.391.3411 f: 503.364.2138 Garmin (Europe) Ltd.
TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION. .......................................... 1-1 1.1 Accessories and Packing List.................................. 1-1 1.2 Key and Knob Functions.......................................... 1-2 1.3 Takeoff Tour................................................................ 1-5 SECTION 2: NAV PAGES ................................................... 2-1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Main Page Groups.....................................................
WARNINGS, CAUTIONS, AND NOTES WARNING: Navigation and terrain separation must NOT be predicated upon the use of the terrain function. The Terrain feature is NOT intended to be used as a primary reference for terrain avoidance and does not relieve the pilot from the responsibility of being aware of surroundings during flight. The Terrain feature is only to be used as an aid for terrain avoidance and is not certified for use in applications requiring a certified terrain awareness system.
WARNINGS, CAUTIONS, AND NOTES WARNING: Use the GPS 400, Weather Data Link Interface, TIS, and TERRAIN at your own risk. To reduce the risk of unsafe operation, carefully review and understand all aspects of the GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide documentation and the Flight Manual Supplement. Thoroughly practice basic operation prior to actual use.
WARRANTY AVIATION LIMITED WARRANTY All Garmin avionics products are warranted to be free from defects in materials or workmanship for: two years from the date of purchase for new Remote-Mount and Panel-Mount products; one year from the date of purchase for new portable products and any purchased newly-overhauled products; six months for newly-overhauled products exchanged through a Garmin Authorized Service Center; and 90 days for factory repaired or newly-overhauled products exchanged at Garmin in lieu of
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Accessories and Packing List Congratulations on choosing the finest, most advanced panel mount IFR navigation/communication system available. The GPS 400 represents Garmin’s commitment to provide accurate, easy-to-use avionics. Before installing and getting started with the GPS 400, please check to see that the package includes the following items. If any parts are missing or damaged, please contact a Garmin dealer immediately.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 Key and Knob Functions Experiment with the unit and refer to the reference sections for more information. Data is entered using the large and small knobs. Experiment with them to become efficient at entering data. This greatly reduces the amount of time spent operating the GPS 400 in flight. The GPS 400 is designed to make operation as simple as possible. The key and knob descriptions (Figure 1-1) provide a general overview of the primary function(s) for each key and knob.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Left-hand Knob (1, 3) – See Appendix A for NavData and TERRAIN Data Card insertion and removal. (2) Power Knob – Controls unit power, turn clockwise to turn the unit on. Right-hand Keys and Knobs (4) CLR Key – Used to erase information, remove map detail, or to cancel an entry. Press and hold the CLR Key to immediately display the Default NAV Page.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION NOTE: When the GPS 400 displays a list of information that is too long for the display screen, a scroll bar appears along the right-hand side of the display (Figure 1-3). The scroll bar graphically indicates the number of additional items available within the selected category. To scroll through the list, press the small right knob to activate the cursor, then turn the large right knob.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.3 Takeoff Tour After becoming familiar with the basics, some suggested reading within this Pilot’s Guide includes: Overview • Flight plan features - Section 4 The Garmin GPS 400 provides the pilot accurate navigational data, along with non-precision and precision approach certification in the IFR environment.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION The Database Versions Page (Figure 1-5) appears next, which shows the current database information on the NavData Card and Terrain Data cards. Database information highlighted in yellow indicates the database is not within its effective dates. The NavData database is updated every 28 days and must be current for approved instrument approach operations. Information on database subscriptions is available inside the GPS 400 package.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Viewing the Checklists Page: 1) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Go To Chklist?’ (Figure 1-9) and press the ENT Key. Figure 1-7 Fuel Flow Selected The Instrument Panel Self-test Page includes selections to set fuel on board (FOB) to full capacity and access the Checklists Page. This allows the pilot to quickly set fuel to full limits and display any checklists that have been entered, such as start up or takeoff checklists.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Satellite Status Page Viewing a system message: The Satellite Status Page (Figure 1-10) appears as the GPS 400 attempts to collect satellite information. An ‘Acquiring’ status is displayed on the Satellite Status Page, and the signal strengths of any satellites received appear as ‘bar graph’ readings. This is a good indication that the unit is receiving signals and a position fix is being determined.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Page Groups Page Groups NAV Group WPT Group AUX Group NRST Group see Section 2 see Section 6 see Section 8 see Section 7 Table 1-1 Page Groups The bottom right corner of the screen (Figure 1-12) indicates which page group (Table 1-1) is currently being displayed (NAV, WPT, AUX, or NRST), the number of pages available within that group (indicated by square icons), and the placement of the current page within that group (indicated by a highlighted square icon).
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Map Page After the GPS 400 acquires satellites and computes a position, the Map Page (Figure 1-13) appears automatically. Desired Track Map Display Map Range Present Position Data Fields To change the map range, press the up arrow (to zoom out) or the down arrow (to zoom in) of the RNG (map range) Key. The current map range is depicted in the lower left corner of the Map Display.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 5) Press the ENT Key to confirm the identifier. The ‘Activate?’ function field is highlighted (Figure 1-15). The Default NAV Page displays a graphic course deviation indicator (CDI), the active leg of the flight plan (as defined by the current ‘from’ and ‘to’ waypoints), and six user-selectable data fields.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION NAV/COM Page From the Default NAV Page, simply turn the small right knob until the NAV/COM Page (Figure 1-19) is displayed. Departure, Enroute, or Arrival Airport Frequency List Displaying the frequency list for the desired flight plan or direct-to airport: 1) Press the small right knob to activate the cursor on the airport identifier field (in the GPS Window).
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION IFR Procedures 4) Once the direct-to or flight plan is confirmed, the whole range of instrument procedures is available to the pilot. Departures (SIDs), arrivals (STARs), and non-precision and precision approaches are stored within the NavData Card and are available using the PROC (procedures) Key. Displaying the Procedures Page: Press the PROC Key (Figure 1-21).
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Nearest (NRST) Pages Displaying the NRST pages: The NRST Page Group provides detailed information on the nine nearest airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections, and user-created waypoints within 200 nm of the current position. In addition, pages are also provided to display the five nearest center (ARTCC/FIR) and Flight Service Station (FSS) points of communication, plus alert the pilot to any nearby special-use or controlled airspaces.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Viewing additional information for a nearby airport: Selecting a nearby airport as a direct-to destination from the Nearest Airport Page: 1) Press the small right knob to activate the cursor. 1) Press the small right knob to activate the cursor. 2) Turn the large right knob to select the desired airport from the list. 2) Turn the large right knob to select the desired airport from the list.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Nearest (NRST) Airspace Page The last page in the NRST Page Group, the Nearest Airspace Page (Figure 1-27), provides information for up to nine controlled or special-use airspaces near or in the flight path. Airspace information appears on this page based on the same criteria used for airspace alert messages: • If the projected course will take the aircraft inside an airspace within the next ten minutes, the message ‘Airspace ahead -- less than 10 minutes’ appears.
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Flight Plans (FPL) The GPS 400 lets the pilot create up to 20 flight plans, with up to 31 waypoints in each flight plan. Flight plans are created, edited, and activated using the FPL Key. The FPL Page Group includes two pages: the Active Flight Plan Page and the Flight Plan Catalog Page (Figures 1-29 and 1-30). The Active Flight Plan Page provides information and editing features for the flight plan currently in use (referred to as ‘flight plan 00’).
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 7) Repeat steps 5 and 6 until all waypoints for the flight plan have been entered (Figure 1-32). Figure 1-32 Enter Flight Plan Waypoints Once the flight plan is created, it may be activated from the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu. Activating the flight plan places it into ‘flight plan 00’ (a copy of it still resides in the original catalog location) and replaces any flight plan which currently exists in ‘flight plan 00’.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES SECTION 2: NAV PAGES 2.1 Main Page Groups The GPS 400’s main pages are divided into four separate page groups: NAV, WPT, AUX, and NRST (Table 2-1). Each page group is comprised of multiple pages. The page groups are selected using the large right knob. The individual pages are selected using the small right knob.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES 2.2 NAV Page Group 2.3 Default NAV Page The NAV Page Group includes seven pages (Figure 3-2). While viewing any NAV page, turn the small right knob to select a different NAV page. The pilot may find this selection process convenient to cycle between the Default NAV Page and the Map Page, two of the most frequently used pages.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES NOTE: The GPS 400 always navigates TO a waypoint unless the OBS switch is set (preventing automatic waypoint sequencing), or the aircraft has passed the last waypoint in the flight plan. Directly below the CDI appears the active leg of the flight plan, or the direct-to destination when using the Direct-to Key. This automatically sequences to the next leg of the flight plan as the aircraft reaches each interim waypoint.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Selecting a different data item for any data field: 1) 4) Starting with the Default NAV Page, press the MENU Key to display the Default NAV Page Menu (Figure 2-4). Turn the small right knob to display the list of available data items (Figure 2-6). Continue turning the small right knob to select the desired data item from the list.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Restoring Factory Settings 2.4 Map Page All data field settings can be quickly returned to their original factory settings. The second NAV page is the Map Page (Figure 2-8), which displays the present position using an airplane symbol, along with nearby airports, NAVAIDs, userdefined waypoints, airspace boundaries, lakes, rivers, highways, and cities.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES The symbols in Table 2-3 are used to depict the various airports and NAVAIDs on the Map Page: Symbol Description Airport with hard surface runway(s); (primary runway shown) Airport with soft surface runway(s) only Private Airfield Heliport VOR VOR/DME DME Localizer Intersection VORTAC TACAN NDB Locator Outer Marker Table 2-3 Map Page Symbols Selecting a map range: 1) Press the up arrow of the RNG Key to zoom out to a larger map area.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES The ‘Setup Map?’ option (described in Section 2.4) allows the pilot to define the maximum range at which each map feature appears. This provides the pilot with complete control to minimize screen clutter. The pilot can also quickly remove items from the map using the CLR Key. Quickly decluttering the Map Display: Press the CLR Key momentarily (as often as needed) to select the desired amount of map detail.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES When the target pointer is placed on an object, the name of that object is highlighted (even if the name wasn’t originally displayed on the map). This feature applies to airports, NAVAIDs, user-created waypoints, roads, lakes, rivers, almost everything displayed on the map except route lines. When an airport, NAVAID, or user waypoint is selected on the Map Page, information about the waypoint can be reviewed or the waypoint can be designated as the directto destination.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Airspace Information on the Map 2) When a special-use or controlled airspace boundary appears on the Map Display, the pilot can quickly retrieve information (such as floor/ceiling limits and controlling agency) directly from the map. Press the ENT Key to display an options menu (Figure 2-15).
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Map Setup Table 2-4 lists the settings available for each group: Many of the GPS 400’s functions are menu driven. Each of the main pages has an options menu, allowing customization of the page to the pilot’s preferences and/or selection of special features which specifically relate to that page. A Map Page Menu (Figure 2-16) provides additional settings to customize the Map Page and additional features related specifically to the Map Page.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Changing map orientation: 1) From the Map Page Menu, turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Setup Map?’ (Figure 2-16) and press the ENT Key. 2) Turn the small right knob to select ‘Map’ (Figure 2-17) and press the ENT Key. c) Select ‘Track up’ (Figure 2-18) to adjust the top of the Map Display to the current track heading. Figure 2-18 Orientation Window 5) Figure 2-17 Map Setup Window 3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the ‘Orientation’ field.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Automatic Zoom The automatic zoom feature automatically adjusts the map range from 2000 nm through each lower range, stopping at 1.0 nm when approaching the destination waypoint. Enabling/disabling automatic zoom: 1) From the Map Page Menu, turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Setup Map?’ and press the ENT Key.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Displaying airspace boundaries, highways, roads, railroad lines, track log data, active flight plan course lines, and lat/long grid lines: 1) From the Map Page Menu, turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Setup Map?’ and press the ENT Key. 2) Turn the small right knob to select the appropriate group name (per Table 2-2) and press the ENT Key. 3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the zoom field for the desired feature.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Turning the data fields off/on: 3) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Data Fields Off?’ (or ‘Data Fields On?’) and press the ENT Key. Turn the small right knob to select the desired type of data (Figure 2-24) to appear on this field and press the ENT Key. Selecting Desired On-Screen Data ‘Change Fields?’ allows the pilot to choose the data displayed on the four user-selectable data fields along the right-hand side of the Map Page.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES 2.5 TERRAIN Page Red Terrain (Warning - Terrain Above or Within 100’ Below Aircraft Altitude) Heading Indicator GPS-derived MSL Altitude NOTE: The TERRAIN Page does not appear on GPS 400 units that are not properly equipped with or configured for TERRAIN. See Section 9 for a full description of TERRAIN functions. TERRAIN Page To display the TERRAIN Page, select the NAV Page Group and turn the small right knob until the TERRAIN Page is displayed (Figure 2-26 and 2-27).
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Displaying a 360˚ view: 1) Select the TERRAIN Page and press the MENU Key. 2) Select ‘View 360˚?’ (Figure 2-28). Aviation information such as airports, VORs, and other NAVAIDs can be turned on or off from the TERRAIN Page. Showing or hiding aviation data: 1) Select the TERRAIN Page and press the MENU Key. 2) Select ‘Show (or Hide) Aviation Data’ (Figure 2-30) and press the ENT Key.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Inhibit Mode TERRAIN Symbols TERRAIN has an inhibit mode that deactivates the FLTA/PDA visual alerts. Pilots should use discretion when inhibiting TERRAIN and always remember to enable the system when appropriate. See Section 9.3 for more information on TERRAIN alerts. Inhibit TERRAIN: 1) Select the TERRAIN Page and press the MENU Key. ‘Inhibit Terrain?’ is selected by default (Figure 2-31). NOTE: See Section 9.2 for a complete description of TERRAIN symbology.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES 2.6 NAV/COM Page The NAV/COM (navigation communications) Page (Figure 2-34) provides a list of the airport communication and navigation frequencies at the departure, enroute, and arrival airports. The NAV/COM Page makes selection of the frequencies needed along the flight plan quick and convenient. If there is no active flight plan with a departure airport, the NAV/COM Page displays the frequencies for the airport nearest the departure position.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Scrolling through the list of frequencies: 1) 2) Activate the cursor, if not already active, by pressing the small right knob. Turn the large right knob to move the cursor through the list of frequencies. If there are more frequencies in the list than can be displayed on the screen, a scroll bar along the right-hand side of the screen (Figure 2-36) indicates which part of the list is currently being displayed.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES 2.7 Position Page The Position Page displays the present position (by default, in latitude and longitude) and altitude. The Position Page (Figure 2-39) also displays the current track, ground speed, time, and a reference waypoint field. These fields are user-selectable to configure the page to the pilot’s own preferences and current navigation needs.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES 5) Press the ENT Key to select the desired data item and return to the Position Page. 6) Press the small right knob momentarily to remove the cursor from the page. 4) Turn the small right knob to display the list of available waypoint types (Figure 2-43). Continue turning the small right knob to select the desired data item from the list.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES 6) Press the ENT Key to select the desired type and return to the Position Page. 7) To select between ‘bearing FROM’ or ‘bearing TO’ to the reference waypoint, turn the small right knob to select the desired bearing reference (Figure 2-45) and press the ENT Key. Restoring Factory Settings A ‘Restore Defaults?’ option allows the pilot to reset all data fields to their original factory default settings.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES 2.8 Satellite Status Page The Satellite Status Page provides a visual reference of GPS receiver functions, including current satellite coverage, GPS receiver status, and position accuracy. The Satellite Status Page (Figure 2-47) is helpful in troubleshooting weak (or missing) signal levels due to poor satellite coverage or installation problems.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Each satellite has a 30-second data transmission that must be collected (hollow signal strength bar, see Figure 2-48) before the satellite may be used for navigation (solid signal strength bar, see Figure 2-47). Once the GPS receiver has determined the current position, the GPS 400 indicates position, track, and ground speed on the other navigation pages. The GPS receiver status field (Figure 2-46) also displays the messages listed in Table 2-5 under the appropriate conditions.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES 2.9 Vertical Navigation Page AL IC G VI NA IO N O PR TIME AND DISTANCE TO PROFILE AT VER TIC AL LE CURRENT ALTITUDE AND POSITION FI 3 2 RT 1 VE The GPS 400’s Vertical Navigation Page (the last NAV page, see Figure 2-49) allows the pilot to create a threedimensional profile which guides the pilot from the present position and altitude to a final (target) altitude at a specified location.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES 4) Turn the small right knob to select ‘Above Wpt’ (AGL) or ‘MSL’, (Figure 2-52) and press the ENT Key. ‘Above Wpt’ uses the altitude of a destination airport as stored in the Jeppesen NavData Card. ‘MSL’ lets the pilot set a specific target altitude for any waypoint category: airport, VOR, NDB, intersection, or user waypoint.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES With the profile set, the vertical speed required (VSR) is displayed on the Vertical Navigation Page. Expect the following to occur when using the vertical navigation feature: Disabling/Enabling the vertical navigation (VNAV) messages: 1) Press the MENU Key to display the Vertical Navigation Page Menu (Figure 2-55). • At one minute prior to reaching the initial descent point, a message ‘Approaching VNAV Profile’ occurs.
SECTION 2 NAV PAGES Blank Page 2-28 GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference 190-00140-60 Rev.
SECTION 3 DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION SECTION 3: DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION 3.1 Overview The GPS 400’s direct-to function provides a quick method of setting a course to a destination waypoint. Once a direct-to is activated, the GPS 400 establishes a point-topoint course line (great circle) from the present position to the selected direct-to destination. Navigation data on the various NAV pages provides steering guidance until the direct-to is cancelled or replaced by a new destination.
SECTION 3 DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION Selecting a Destination by Facility Name or City 3) In addition to selecting a destination by identifier, the Select Direct-to Waypoint Page (Figure 3-4) also allows the pilot to select airports, VORs, and NDBs by facility name or city location. If duplicate entries exist for the entered facility name or city, additional entries may be viewed by continuing to turn the small right knob during the selection process. See Section 6.1, Duplicate Waypoints for more information.
SECTION 3 DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION Selecting a direct-to destination from the active flight plan: 1) Press the Direct-to Key. The Select Direct-to Waypoint Page appears, with the waypoint identifier field highlighted. 2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the flight plan (FPL) field (Figure 3-6). Selecting the Nearest Airport as a Direct-to Destination The Select Direct-to Waypoint Page always displays the nearest airports (from the present position) in the NRST field.
SECTION 3 DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION Shortcuts 2) Shortcuts are available when using the Direct-to Key, allowing the pilot to bypass the use of the small and large right knobs to enter the destination waypoint’s identifier. A direct-to can be performed from any page displaying a single waypoint identifier (such as the WPT pages for airports and NAVAIDs), or from pages that display a list of waypoints (e.g., the Nearest Airport Page).
SECTION 3 DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION Selecting a Direct-to destination from the Map Page Direct-to destinations may also be selected from the Map Page. If no airport, NAVAID, or user waypoint exists at the desired location, a waypoint named ‘+MAP’ is automatically created at the location of the panning pointer. Selecting a direct-to destination from the Map Page: 1) From the Map Page, press the small right knob to display a panning pointer.
SECTION 3 DIRECT-TO NAVIGATION Specifying a Course to a Waypoint 4) When performing a direct-to, the GPS 400 sets a direct great circle course to the selected destination. The course to the destination can also be manually defined using the ‘CRS’ course field on the Select Direct-to Waypoint Page. Turn the small and large right knobs to select the desired course (Figure 3-14) and press the ENT Key. Manually defining the direct-to course: 1) Press the Direct-to Key.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS SECTION 4: FLIGHT PLANS The GPS 400 lets the pilot create up to 20 different flight plans, with up to 31 waypoints in each flight plan. The Flight Plan Page Group consists of two pages (Active Flight Plan Page, Figure 4-1, and Flight Plan Catalog Page, Figure 4-2), accessed by pressing the FPL Key. The flight plan pages allow the pilot to create, edit, and copy flight plans. 4.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS 4) A blank Flight Plan Page appears for the first empty storage location (Figure 4-4). Use the small and large right knobs to enter the identifier of the departure waypoint and press the ENT Key. Figure 4-5 Flight Plan Page 5) Use the small and large right knobs to enter the identifier of the new waypoint and press the ENT Key (Figure 4-6). Figure 4-4 Flight Plan Page 5) Repeat step 4 to enter the identifier for each additional flight plan waypoint.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS Deleting a waypoint from an existing flight plan: A one-line user comment may be added to any flight plan, which is displayed on the Flight Plan Catalog Page, next to the flight plan’s number. By default, as the flight plan is being created, the comment shows the first and last waypoints in the flight plan. 1) Press the FPL Key and turn the small right knob to display the Flight Plan Catalog Page. 2) Press the small right knob to activate the cursor.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS Activating Flight Plans Inverting Flight Plans Once a flight plan is defined through the Flight Plan Catalog Page (using the steps outlined previously in this section), it may be activated for navigation. Activating the flight plan places it into ‘flight plan 00’ and overwrites any previous information at that location. After travelling along a flight plan, the pilot may wish to reverse the route for navigation guidance back to the original departure point.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS Copying Flight Plans Deleting Flight Plans To save a flight plan currently located in ‘flight plan 00’, be sure to copy it to an open catalog location (1-19) before the flight plan is cancelled, overwritten, or erased. Once finished with a flight plan, it can easily be deleted from the Flight Plan Catalog Page or the Active Flight Plan Page.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS Flight Plan Catalog Options The options (some covered on the preceding pages) available for the Flight Plan Catalog Page are listed in Table 4-1.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS Crossfilling flight plans between two 400/500-Series Garmin units: 1) 4) If ‘Manual’ is selected: Turn the large right knob to select the ‘Transfer’ field, then turn the small right knob to select the type of information to transfer between units (active flight plan, flight plan, all user waypoints or a single user waypoint). When ‘Flight Plan’ or ‘User Waypoint’ is selected, a second field appears to the immediate right of the ‘Transfer’ field.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS Deleting all flight plans: 1) Select the ‘Delete All Flight Plans?’ option from the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu (Figure 4-16) and press the ENT Key. Sorting the catalog listing by number or comment: Select the ‘Sort List By Number?’ or ‘Sort List By Comment?’ option (whichever is currently displayed) from the Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu (Figure 4-18) and press the ENT Key. Figure 4-16 Flight Plan Catalog Page Menu 2) A confirmation window appears (Figure 4-17).
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS 4.2 Active Flight Plan Page Active Flight Plan Options The Active Flight Plan Page provides information and editing functions for ‘flight plan 00’, the flight plan currently in use for navigation. Once the pilot has activated a direct-to or flight plan, the Active Flight Plan Page shows each waypoint for the flight plan (or a single waypoint for a direct-to, Figure 4-19), along with the desired track (DTK) and distance (DIS) for each leg.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS Menu Option Activate Leg* Crossfill Copy Flight Plan Invert Flight Plan Delete Flight Plan Select Approach* Select Arrival* Select Departure* Remove Approach* Remove Arrival* Remove Departure* Closest Point of FPL* Change Fields* Restore Defaults* Description Activates/reactivates the flight plan and selects the highlighted leg as the ‘active leg’ (the leg which is currently used for navigation guidance) Allows the pilot to transfer the active flight plan between two 400/500-seri
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS The data fields for DTK and DIS are user-selectable and may be changed to display cumulative distance (CUM) to each waypoint, estimated time of arrival (ETA), estimated time enroute (ETE), or enroute safe altitude (ESA). Changing a data field on the Active Flight Plan Page: 1) 2) With the Active Flight Plan Page displayed, press the MENU Key to display the Active Flight Plan Page Menu. Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Change Fields?’ (Figure 4-21) and press the ENT Key.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS Selecting an approach for a direct-to or flight plan destination airport: 1) 3) Choose the ‘Select Approach?’ option from the Active Flight Plan Page Menu (Figure 4-24) and press the ENT Key. A second window appears listing available transitions (Figure 4-26) for the approach. Turn the small right knob to highlight the desired transition waypoint and press the ENT Key.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS Selecting an arrival for a direct-to or flight plan destination airport: 1) 3) Select the ‘Select Arrival?’ option from the Active Flight Plan Page Menu (Figure 4-27) and press the ENT Key. A second window appears listing available transitions (Figure 4-29) for the arrival. Turn the small right knob to highlight the desired transition waypoint and press the ENT Key.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS Removing an approach, arrival, or departure from the active flight plan: 1) Select the ‘Remove Approach?’, ‘Remove Arrival?’, or ‘Remove Departure?’ option from the Active Flight Plan Page Menu (Figure 4-30) and press the ENT Key. 2) A window appears with the reference waypoint field highlighted. Use the small and large right knobs to enter the identifier of the reference waypoint and press the ENT Key.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS Shortcuts 3) A number of shortcuts are available to save time when using the Active Flight Plan Page. These shortcuts speed the process of removing approaches, departures, and arrivals, and aid in selecting a specific flight plan leg for navigation guidance. On the preceding page, options to remove approaches, departures, and arrivals were introduced.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PLANS The ‘Activate Leg?’ option is discussed previously in this section, which allows the pilot to specify which leg of the flight plan is used for navigation guidance. A shortcut also exists for this operation, using the Direct-to Key. Activating a specific leg of the active flight plan: 1) Press the small right knob to activate the cursor and turn the large right knob to highlight the desired destination waypoint (Figure 4-36).
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES SECTION 5: PROCEDURES 3) 5.1 Approaches, Departures, and Arrivals The GPS 400 allows the pilot to fly non-precision and precision approaches to airports with published instrument approach procedures. All available approaches are stored on the Jeppesen NavData Card, and are automatically updated when the new card is inserted into the GPS 400. Subscription information for NavData cards is included in the GPS 400 package.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES 5) 6) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Load?’ or ‘Activate?’ (approaches only) and press the ENT Key. ‘Load?’ adds the procedure to the flight plan without immediately using it for navigation guidance. This allows the pilot to continue navigating the original flight plan, but keeps the procedure available on the Active Flight Plan Page for quick activation when needed.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Another Procedures Page option allows the pilot to activate the final course segment of the approach. This option assumes the pilot will receive vectors to the final approach fix (FAF) and provides guidance to intercept the final course, before reaching the FAF. Activating the approach, with vectors to final: 1) Press the PROC Key to display the Procedures Page. 2) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Activate Vector-To-Final?’ (Figure 5-7) and press the ENT Key.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES 4) Select Destination ‘Select’ and ‘Load’ the approach Activate the full approach or vectors-to-final, as appropriate. In some scenarios, it may be more convenient to immediately activate the approach and skip the load process outlined in the preceding step 3. The GPS 400 provides both options. Approaches with Procedure Turns ‘Activate’ the approach DO NOT USE FOR NAVIGATION The procedure turn portion of an approach is stored as one of the legs of the approach.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES The steps required to set up and fly the approach are detailed below (refer to Figure 5-9 for the following steps): 1) Prior to departing KFDK, the destination (KLYH) is selected using the Direct-to Key or by creating a flight plan terminating at Lynchburg Regional. 2) While enroute to KLYH, view the ATIS frequency from the list on the NAV/COM Page (Section 2.6 and Figure 5-10). The ATIS frequency may be used to tune an external COM transceiver.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Flying the Procedure Turn Figure 5-14 CDI Scale at 1.0 nm 2) DO NOT USE FOR NAVIGATION Several miles prior to reaching the IAF (LYH), the pilot may wish to review the approach sequence. Press the FPL Key to display the Active Flight Plan Page. Press the small right knob, and then turn the large right knob to review each segment of the approach (Figure 5-15). When finished, press the FPL Key again to return to the previous page.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Refer to Figure 5-17 for the following steps: 6) Course guidance is provided relative to the outbound leg from the FAF. No guidance through the procedure turn itself is given. The procedure turn is displayed on the Map Page and indicated as the active leg on the Default NAV Page and the Active Flight Plan Page. The CDI needle starts moving to the right.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES 11) After crossing the FAF, the destination sequences to the MAP (‘RW03’, the runway threshold, see Figure 5-19). Fly toward the MAP. Figure 5-20 ‘SUSP’ Annunciation Flying the Missed Approach Figure 5-19 Sequence to MAP NOTE: When viewing the Map Page, note that the final course segment is displayed in magenta (the active leg of the flight plan always appears in magenta) and a dashed line extends the course beyond the MAP.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES 30° of the inbound course). This allows the pilot to use standard timing (typically one minute) to fly the inbound and outbound legs of the hold. The OBS Key is used to initiate the missed approach, as follows (refer to Figure 5-21 for the following steps): 1) Press the OBS Key. The missed approach holding point (MAHP; in this case ‘SWARM’ intersection) is automatically offered as the destination waypoint (Figure 5-22).
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Flying an Approach with a Hold 3) Starting where the previous example left off, assume weather conditions resulted in a missed approach at Lynchburg Regional. The pilot has decided to divert to Farmville Regional (KFVX) instead (refer to Figure 5-25 for the following steps). Press the ENT Key twice. This time, the pilot selects the GPS runway 21 approach into Farmville Regional. The GPS runway 21 approach begins with a holding pattern at the IAF, BODRY intersection.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Figure 5-29 Active Flight Plan Page Figure 5-31 ‘HOLD TEARDROP’ Annunciation 9) As mentioned in the missed approach example, the Default NAV Page displays a timer during the holding pattern (Figure 5-32). The timer can be used to fly the one minute outbound portion of the holding pattern. (The holding pattern is displayed on the Map Page and indicated as the active leg on the Default NAV Page and the Active Flight Plan Page.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES NOTE: If the pilot needs to lose extra altitude or speed by going around the holding pattern again, press the OBS Key to manually suspend waypoint sequencing before crossing the holding waypoint the second time. If this waypoint has already been passed, re-activate the holding pattern using the steps described in Section 5.2. Refer to Figure 5-33 for the following steps.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES 13) When approaching the FAF, a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 209°’) appears in the lower right corner (Figure 5-35). Make any course adjustments necessary for the final course segment (FAF to MAP). 15) When approaching the MAP, a waypoint alert (‘APPRCHING WPT’) appears in the lower right corner. 16) After crossing the MAP, ‘SUSP’ appears above the OBS Key (Figure 5-36), indicating that automatic sequencing of approach waypoints is suspended at the MAP.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Flying a DME Arc Approach The GPS overlay for a DME arc approach uses additional Jeppesen-provided waypoints to define the arc. These waypoints are indicated by ‘D’ as the first letter in the waypoint name. This is followed by three numbers which indicate the radial the waypoint lies on. The last letter indicates the radius of the arc.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Figure 5-42 Procedures Page Figure 5-40 Approach Window 5) DO NOT USE FOR NAVIGATION When approaching the IAF (D258G), a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 353°’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen (Figure 5-43). As the distance (DIS) to the IAF approaches zero, the alert is replaced by a turn advisory (‘TURN TO 353°’).
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES 7) The next point in the approach is an intermediate fix, labeled ‘D025G’. When approaching this intermediate fix, a waypoint alert (‘NEXT DTK 205°’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen (Figure 5-44). As the distance to this fix approaches zero, the alert is replaced by a turn advisory (‘TURN TO 205°’). Dial this course into the CDI (or HSI) using the OBS knob. Refer to Figure 5-45 for the following steps.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES 10) After crossing the FAF, the destination sequences to the MAP (‘RW22’, the runway threshold). With the needle centered, fly toward the MAP, observing the altitude minimums dictated by the approach plate. When viewing the Map Page, note that the final course segment is displayed in magenta (the active leg of the flight plan always appears in magenta) and a dashed line extends the course beyond the MAP (Figure 5-47).
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Selecting ‘VECTORS’ from the Transitions Window: 1) Select Billard Municipal (KTOP) as the destination, using the Direct-to Key, or as the last waypoint in a flight plan. 2) Press the PROC Key and select the ‘VOR 22’ approach using the steps outlined in Section 5.1. 3) From the Transitions Window, select ‘VECTORS’ (Figure 5-49). 3) From the Transitions Window, select ‘D258G’ as the IAF (Figure 5-50). Also, select ‘Load?’.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES DO NOT USE FOR NAVIGATION Figure 5-53 Heading of 025° 4) ATC instructs the pilot to turn right to a heading of 115° (Figure 5-54). Figure 5-52 Terminal Mode In this example, we’ll assume ATC vectors result in a rectangular course to intercept final, as follows (refer to Figure 5-52 for the following steps): 1) Within 30 nm of KTOP, the GPS 400 switches from enroute mode to terminal mode and the CDI scale transitions from 5.0 to 1.0 nm, full scale deflection.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Figure 5-58 Waypoint Alert DO NOT USE FOR NAVIGATION Figure 5-56 Approach Mode Refer to Figure 5-56 for the following steps. 6) At 2.0 nm from the FAF (TOP VOR), the GPS 400 switches from terminal mode to approach mode (Figure 5-57). CDI scaling is tightened from 1.0 to 0.3 nm, full scale deflection. 8) After crossing the FAF, the destination sequences to the MAP (‘RW22’).
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Course From Fix Flight Plan Legs Palmdale (CA) AF Plant 42 VOR/DME or GPS Rwy 25 Certain approach, departure, and arrival procedures in the Jeppesen database contain course from fix flight plan legs. The GPS 400 is able to load these legs into the flight plan along with the rest of the procedure data, and provide navigation along these legs. There are three different types of course from fix legs: Figure 5-60 Active Flight Plan Page 190-00140-60 Rev.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Figure 5-62 Default NAV Page 8) When approaching the MAP, a waypoint alert (‘APPRCHING WPT’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen. 9) After crossing the MAP, ‘SUSP’ appears above the OBS Key, indicating that automatic sequencing of approach waypoints is suspended at the MAP. If a missed approach is required, use the OBS Key to initiate the missed approach sequence, as outlined below. Figure 5-63 Map Page 3) At 13.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Course from fix to altitude legs show the specific target altitude on the Active Flight Plan Page (Figure 5-64) and the Default NAV Page (Figure 5-65). The missed approach sequence for the Palmdale VOR/DME RWY 25 approach includes a course from fix to altitude leg.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES 3) Fly the outbound course. The Map Page depicts the flight path extending indefinitely from PMD VOR (Figure 5-67). The distance (DIS) on the Default NAV Page, the Map Page, and the Active Flight Plan Page increases, indicating the distance back to PMD VOR. 6) When approaching PMD VOR (the missed approach holding point), an alert message in the lower right-hand corner of the screen recommends the holding pattern entry procedure (‘HOLD PARALLEL’).
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES Course from fix to manual sequence legs appear on the Active Flight Plan Page and the Map Page with ‘man seq’ in place of a waypoint identifier. An example of this type of course leg appears in the COASTAL ONE DEPARTURE from Westfield, Massachusetts (Barnes Municipal). The example leg corresponds to the departure leg from Barnes Municipal and appears (as in Figure 5-69) on the Active Flight Plan Page and the Default NAV Page: COASTAL ONE DEPARTURE (CSTL1.
SECTION 5 PROCEDURES 3) Fly the outbound course. Once cleared to sequence to the next leg, press the OBS Key. Confirm that ‘SUSP’ no longer appears directly above the OBS Key. An alert (‘NEXT DTK 186°’) appears in the lower right corner of the screen (Figure 5-72) to provide guidance to the next waypoint (HFD VOR). The actual desired track (DTK) depends on the ground speed and distance from HFD VOR. Figure 5-72 Waypoint Alert 4) 5-26 5.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES SECTION 6: WPT PAGES Quickly selecting a WPT page: 1) From any page, press and hold the CLR Key to select the Default NAV Page (skip this step if already viewing any of the main pages.) 2) Turn the large right knob to select the WPT Page Group. ‘WPT’ appears in the lower right corner of the screen. 3) Turn the small right knob to select the desired WPT page. 6.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES Entering a waypoint identifier: 1) Select the desired WPT page and press the small right knob to activate the cursor. 2) Turn the small right knob to select the first character of the waypoint’s identifier. 3) Turn the large right knob to select the next character field. 4) Turn the small right knob to select the desired character. 5) Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the identifier is selected, then press the ENT Key. 6) To remove the flashing cursor, press the small right knob.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES Duplicate Waypoints Once the identifier, facility name, or location is entered, all six airport pages display information for the selected airport. When entering an identifier, facility name, or location, the GPS 400’s Spell’N’Find feature scrolls through the database, displaying those waypoints matching the characters that have been entered to that point.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES 6.2 Airport Location Page The Airport Location Page (Figure 6-8) displays the latitude, longitude, and elevation of the selected airport. The Airport Location Page also displays facility name and location, as well as fuel availability, available approaches, radar coverage, and airspace type.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES 6.3 Airport Runway Page The Airport Runway Page (Figure 6-9) displays runway designations, length, surface type, and lighting for the selected airport. A map image of the runway layout and surrounding area is also displayed on the Airport Runway Page. The map image range appears in the lower left corner and is adjustable using the RNG Key. For airports with multiple runways, information for each runway is available.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES Adjusting the range of the map image: 1) Press the down arrow of the RNG Key to display a smaller map area. 2) Press the up arrow of the RNG Key to display a larger map area. The following descriptions and abbreviations are used on the Airport Runway Page: • Type - Usage type: Public, Heliport, Military, or Private • Surface - Runway surface types include: Hard, Turf, Sealed, Gravel, Dirt, Soft, Unknown, or Water 6.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES Figure 6-15 Restriction Information Page Figure 6-13 Frequency Highlighted 3) To remove the flashing cursor, press the small right knob. Some listed frequencies may include designations for limited usage, as follows: • ‘TX’ - transmit only To return to the Airport Frequency Page, press the ENT Key.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES 6.5 Airport Approach Page 3) The Airport Approach Page (Figure 6-16) shows the available approach procedures for the selected airport. Where multiple initial approach fixes (IAFs) and feeder routes are available, that information may also be displayed. A map image provides a layout diagram for each approach and transition. Airport Identifier, Symbol, and Type Turn the small right knob to display a window of available approaches for the selected airport (Figure 6-17).
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES NOTE: Not all approaches in the database are approved for GPS use. When selecting an approach, a ‘GPS’ designation to the right of the procedure name indicates the procedure can be flown using the GPS receiver. Some procedures do not have this designation, meaning the GPS receiver may be used for supplemental navigation guidance only. ILS approaches, for example, must be flown by tuning the external VLOC receiver to the proper frequency and following the CDI or HSI.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES 6.6 Airport Arrival Page 3) The Airport Arrival Page (Figure 6-21) shows the available Airport Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) procedures for the selected airport. Where multiple transitions or runways are associated with the arrival procedure, that information may also be displayed. A map image provides a layout diagram for each arrival, transition, and runway.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES 7) Turn the small right knob to display a window of available runways (Figure 6-24). Continue turning the small right knob to select the desired runway. ‘ALL’ may appear in the runway field, indicating the arrival procedure applies to all runways. For airports with parallel runways, ‘B’ may appear at the end of the runway designation to indicate the arrival procedure applies to both runways.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES 6.7 Airport Departure Page The Airport Departure Page (Figure 6-26) shows the available Airport Standard Instrument Departure (SID) procedures for the selected airport. Where multiple runways or transitions are associated with the departure procedure, that information may also be displayed. A map image provides a layout diagram for each departure, runway, and transition.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES Airport Departure Page Options 6.8 Intersection Page The following option is available for the Airport Departure Page, by pressing the MENU Key: Load into Active FPL? allows the pilot to load the selected departure into the active flight plan. This is identical to loading a departure procedure from the Procedures Page, as described in Section 5.1. The Intersection Page (Figure 6-30) displays the latitude, longitude, region, and country for the selected intersection.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES 6.9 NDB Page 6.10 VOR Page The NDB Page displays the facility name, city, region/country, latitude, and longitude for the selected NDB (Figure 6-31). The NDB Page also displays the frequency and a weather broadcast indication (if applicable). As mentioned in Section 6.1, NDBs may be selected by identifier, facility name, or location (city). The VOR Page (Figure 6-32) displays the facility name, city, region/country, magnetic variation, latitude, and longitude for the selected VOR.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES 6.11 User Waypoint Page Creating User Waypoints In addition to the airport, VOR, NDB, and intersection information contained in the Jeppesen NavData Card, the GPS 400 allows the pilot to store up to 1,000 userdefined waypoints. The User Waypoint Page (Figure 6-33) displays the waypoint name (up to five characters long), identifier, radial from two reference waypoints, and distance from one reference waypoint, along with the user waypoint’s latitude/longitude position.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES 3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the position field at the bottom of the page. Creating a new user waypoint by referencing an existing waypoint: 4) Use the small and large right knobs to enter the position coordinates for the new waypoint (Figure 6-36). 1) With the User Waypoint Page displayed, press the small right knob to activate the cursor. 2) Use the small and large right knobs to enter a name for the new waypoint and press the ENT Key.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES 7) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Create?’ (Figure 6-38) and press the ENT Key. Creating User Waypoints from the Map Page The Map Page and panning target pointer (Section 2.4, Map Panning) provide a quick means of saving the present position as a user-defined waypoint. Capturing and saving the present position as a user waypoint: 1) Figure 6-38 ‘Create?’ Highlighted 8) With the Map Page displayed, press the small right knob to activate the panning function.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES 3) 4) A four-digit name is automatically assigned to the waypoint. To change this name, turn the large right knob to highlight the name field, then use the small and large right knobs to select a new name. Press the ENT Key to accept the selected name. The cursor moves to the ‘Create?’ action field. Press the ENT Key to save the new waypoint.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES Modifying a user waypoint by changing reference waypoint information: 1) With the User Waypoint Page displayed, press the small right knob to activate the cursor. 2) Use the small and large right knobs to enter the name of the desired waypoint and press the ENT Key. 3) Turn the large right knob to highlight the first reference waypoint (REF WPT) field, to change the reference waypoint.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES User Waypoint Page Options The following User Waypoint Page options are available by pressing the MENU Key: ‘View User Waypoint List?’ displays a list of all user waypoints currently stored in memory. Viewing a list of all user waypoints: 1) From the User Waypoint Page, press the MENU Key to display the User Waypoint Page Menu. 2) Turn the large right knob to highlight ‘View User Waypoint List?’ (Figure 6-45) and press the ENT Key.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES User Waypoint List The User Waypoint List (Figure 6-48) allows the pilot to review, modify, rename, or delete a selected user waypoint, or to delete all user waypoints currently stored in memory. The top of the page shows the number of waypoints used and available memory. Renaming a user waypoint from the User Waypoint List: 1) Select the User Waypoint List, as described in this section. 2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the desired user waypoint.
SECTION 6 WPT PAGES Deleting a user waypoint from the User Waypoint List: 1) Select the User Waypoint List, as described in this section. 2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the desired user waypoint. 3) Press the CLR Key to display a ‘delete waypoint’ confirmation window (Figure 6-51). Deleting all user waypoints from memory: 1) Select the User Waypoint List, as described in this section. 2) Press the MENU Key to display a menu for the User Waypoint List (Figure 6-52).
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES SECTION 7: NRST PAGES Quickly selecting a NRST page: 1) 7.1 NRST Page Group Section 2.1 introduced the GPS 400’s main page groups (Table 7-1)—NAV, WPT, AUX, NRST—and described each page in the NAV group. This fourth page group (NRST) provides detailed information for the nine nearest airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections, and user waypoints within 200 nm of the current position.
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES Not all nine nearest airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections, or user waypoints can be displayed on the corresponding NRST page at one time. The Nearest Airport Page displays detailed information for three nearest airports, with a scroll bar along the right-hand side of the page indicating which part of the list is currently being viewed. The Nearest Airspace Page displays detailed information for up to three special use or controlled airspace alerts.
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES Navigating to a Nearby Waypoint 2) The NRST pages can be used in conjunction with the GPS 400’s direct-to function to quickly set a course to a nearby facility, and can provide navigation to the nearest airport in case of an in-flight emergency. Press the Direct-to Key to display the select Direct-to Waypoint Page (Figure 7-6).
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES 7.2 Nearest Airport Page The Nearest Airport Page displays the identifier, symbol, bearing, and distance to the nine nearest airports (within 200 nm of the present position). For each airport listed, the Nearest Airport Page also indicates the best available approach, common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF), and the length of the longest runway (Figure 7-8).
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES 5) To view additional WPT pages for the selected airport (including the Airport Runway Page and the Airport Frequency Page) press the small right knob to remove the flashing cursor. Turn the small right knob to display the additional WPT pages (Figure 7-11). When finished, press the small right knob to return the flashing cursor to the screen. 7.
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES 7.4 Nearest NDB Page 7.5 Nearest VOR Page The Nearest NDB Page (Figure 7-13) displays the identifier, symbol, bearing, distance, and frequency to the nine nearest NDBs (within 200 nm of the present position). To view additional information for a nearby NDB, start from the nearest NDB Page and follow the preceding steps 2 through 4.
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES 7.6 Nearest User Waypoint Page The Nearest User Waypoint Page (Figure 7-16) displays the name, bearing, and distance to the nine nearest user waypoints (within 200 nm of the present position). Waypoint Identifier and Symbol Bearing To and Distance To Figure 7-15 Nearest VOR Page 4) Press the ENT Key to display the VOR Page for the selected VOR.
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES 7.7 Nearest Center (ARTCC) Page The Nearest Center Page (Figure 7-17) displays the facility name, bearing to, and distance to the five nearest ARTCC points of communication (within 200 nm of the present position). For each ARTCC listed, the Nearest Center Page also indicates one or more frequencies. Frequency(ies) ARTCC Name Bearing To and Distance To 7.
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES 7.9 Nearest Airspace Page The last page in the NRST group, the Nearest Airspace Page (Figure 7-21) alerts the pilot to as many as nine controlled or special use airspaces near or in the flight path. Alerts are provided according to the following conditions: • If the aircraft has entered an airspace, the message ‘Inside Airspace’ appears (Figure 7-20). The Nearest Airspace Page shows ‘Inside of airspace’.
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES Once an airspace alert message appears, detailed information concerning the specific airspace is provided on the Nearest Airspace Page (Figure 7-21). The Nearest Airspace Page displays the airspace name, status (‘Ahead’, ‘Ahead < 2nm’, etc., as described on the preceding page), and a time to entry (if applicable).
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES The Airspace Page displays (and airspace alert messages are provided for) the following airspace types (Figures 7-25, 7-26, and 7-27): • Alert • Caution • Class B • Class C • Class D • CTA • Danger • MOA • Prohibited • Restricted • TMA • Training • TRSA • Unspecified Figure 7-25 Airspace Page for Class C Airspace • Warning The bottom right-hand corner of the Airspace Page displays the floor and ceiling limits of the airspace.
SECTION 7 NRST PAGES Blank Page 7-12 GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference 190-00140-60 Rev.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES SECTION 8: AUX PAGES Quickly selecting an AUX page: 1) 8.1 AUX Page Group Section 2.1 introduced the GPS 400’s main page groups (Table 8-1)—NAV, WPT, AUX, NRST—and described each page in the NAV group. The third page group (AUX) allows the pilot to change unit settings. The AUX pages (Figure 8-1) also provide trip planning, fuel planning, density altitude, true airspeed, and winds aloft calculations.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 8.2 Flight Planning Page 2) The Flight Planning Page (Figure 8-4) provides access (via menu options) to fuel planning, trip planning, density altitude/true airspeed/winds aloft calculations, and a ‘Crossfill’ function to transfer flight plans/user waypoints to a second GPS 400. When a menu option is selected, the corresponding page appears providing additional information and features.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES The Flight Planning Page Options are listed in Table 8-2. Option Fuel Planning Description When equipped with fuel flow (FF) and/or fuel on board (FOB) sensors, this option displays current fuel conditions along the active direct-to or flight plan. The pilot may also manually enter fuel flow, ground speed (GS) and (in some instances) fuel on board figures for planning purposes.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Flight Planning Page: Fuel Planning 3) Performing fuel planning operations: 1) Select ‘Fuel Planning’ from the Flight Planning Page, using the steps described in Section 8.2. 2) The current fuel planning ‘mode’ is displayed at the top of the page (Figure 8-7): ‘POINT TO POINT’ or ‘FPL’ (for a flight plan). To change the mode, press the MENU Key to display the Fuel Planning Page Menu (Figure 8-8) for the other mode, then press the ENT Key to accept the other mode.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 5) If the fuel management system does not enter the data automatically, turn the large right knob to highlight the fuel on board (FOB) field (Figure 8-11). • RNG - Range (distance) • ENDUR - Flight endurance, or total available flight time Figure 8-12 REQ Highlighted Figure 8-11 FOB Highlighted 6) Use the small and large right knobs to enter the amount of fuel on board. Press the ENT Key when finished. 7) The flashing cursor moves to the fuel flow (FF) field.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Fuel planning figures can be entered and displayed based upon one of three possible configurations: 3) • No fuel sensors connected - In this instance fuel flow is manually entered and is used to calculate fuel on board. When fuel flow or fuel on board is manually entered, the figures are retained the next time the page is displayed (with fuel on board continuously recalculated). • Fuel flow sensor installed, but no fuel on board sensor - Fuel on board is manually entered.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 5) Turn the large right knob to highlight the departure time (DEP TIME) field. 6) Use the small and large right knobs to enter the departure time. Press the ENT Key when finished. Departure time may be entered in local or UTC time, depending upon unit settings, see Section 8.4, Setup 1 Page: Date/Time. 7) The flashing cursor moves to the ground speed (GS) field. Use the small and large right knobs to enter the ground speed. Press the ENT Key when finished.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 4) The flashing cursor moves to the barometric pressure (BARO) field. Use the small and large right knobs to enter the barometric pressure (altimeter setting). Press the ENT Key when finished. 5) The flashing cursor moves to the total air temperature (TAT) field. Use the small and large right knobs to enter the temperature. Press the ENT Key when finished. 6) The flashing cursor moves to the aircraft heading (HDG) field.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES • Automatic Operation: If both units are set to automatic, a change in the active flight plan of one unit is also be seen in the other. Initiating a direct-to to a waypoint on one unit also initiates a direct-to to the same waypoint on the other unit. If one unit is set for automatic crossfill and the other is set for manual crossfill, then only the auto unit automatically sends data to the manual unit. In this configuration, the auto unit could be thought of as the master unit.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES • Active Flight Plan - Transfer the active flight plan to/from a second 400/500-series Garmin unit in a dual unit installation. This option is the default when selecting ‘Crossfill’ from the Active Flight Plan Page. 8) The flashing cursor moves to the ‘Initiate Transfer?’ confirmation field (Figure 8-26). Press the ENT Key to transfer the selected data. • Flight Plan - Transfer any stored flight plan to/from a second 400/500-series unit, by selecting the flight plan by number.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 4) The flashing cursor moves to the type field under the new message (Figure 8-27). Turn the small right knob to display a window of available options (Figure 8-28): Event, One Time, Periodic. Press the ENT Key to select. Figure 8-27 Type Field Highlighted Editing a scheduled message: 1) Select ‘Scheduler’ from the Flight Planning Page, using the steps described at the beginning of this section. 2) The flashing cursor highlights the first message field.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 8.3 Utility Page 2) The Utility Page (Figure 8-29) provides access (via menu options) to checklists, a count down/up timer, trip timers, trip statistics, RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring) prediction, sunrise/sunset time calculations, software versions, database versions, and terrain database version information. When a menu option is selected, the corresponding page appears providing additional information and features.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES • RAIM Prediction - Predicts if GPS coverage is available for the current location or at a specified waypoint at any time and date. Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) performs checks to ensure that the GPS 400 will have adequate satellite geometry during the flight. RAIM availability is near 100% in Oceanic, Enroute, and Terminal phases of flight.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Utility Page: Checklists Executing a checklist: 1) Creating a checklist: 1) Select ‘Checklist’ from the Utility Page (Figure 8-33), using the steps described at the beginning of this section (8.3). Press the ENT Key to display a list of checklists. With the Checklists Page displayed (Figure 8-34), turn the large right knob to select the desired checklist and press the ENT Key.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Inserting a checklist step into an existing checklist: 1) With the Checklists Page displayed, turn the large right knob to select the desired checklist and press the ENT Key. 2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the existing checklist entry which immediately follows the new checklist step. 3) Turn the small and large right knobs to enter the new checklist step. Press the ENT Key when finished.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 4) For a count down timer, turn the large right knob to highlight the time field. Use the small and large right knobs to enter the count down time—in hours, minutes, and seconds. Press the ENT Key when finished. 4) Press the ENT Key when finished. 5) To reset the departure time, turn the large right knob to highlight ‘Reset?’ and press the ENT Key.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Utility Page: Trip Statistics Utility Page: RAIM Prediction Resetting trip statistics readouts: Predicting RAIM availability: 1) 1) Select ‘Trip Statistics’ from the Utility Page (Figure 8-40), using the steps described at the beginning of this section.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 3) The flashing cursor moves to the arrival date field. Use the small and large right knobs to enter the date for which the pilot wants to determine RAIM availability. Press the ENT Key when finished. 4) The flashing cursor moves to the arrival time field. Use the small and large right knobs to enter the time for which the pilot wants to determine RAIM availability. Press the ENT Key when finished. 5) The flashing cursor moves to ‘Compute RAIM?’ (Figure 8-44).
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 4) Press the ENT Key to calculate sunrise and sunset times for the selected location and date (Figure 8-47). Utility Page: Database Versions The Database Versions Page (Figure 8-49) displays the navigation database type and version information as well as the land database type and version. This page is for information purposes only—no user functions are available from this page.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 8.4 Setup 1 Page The Setup 1 Page provides access (via menu options) to airspace alarms, CDI scale adjustment, an arrival alarm, units of measure settings, position formats, map datums, and settings for local or UTC time display. When a menu option is selected, the corresponding page appears providing access to the various unit settings. Selecting a menu option from the Setup 1 Page: 1) Press the small right knob momentarily, to activate the flashing cursor (Figure 8-51).
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES CDI Scales and Corresponding Flight Phases: Oceanic CDI Scale/Flight Phase: Auto (oceanic) RAIM Protection: 4.0 nm ±5.0 nm or Auto (enroute) 2.0 nm 1.0 nm 0.3 nm ±1.0 nm or Auto (terminal) ±0.3 nm or Auto (approach) Enroute Table 8-3 CDI Scales Terminal Approach Figure 8-54 CDI Scales During approach operations the CDI scale gradually ramps down even further, to 0.3 nm. This transition normally occurs within 2.0 nm of the final approach fix (FAF).
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES • ‘Position/Map Datum’ - Configures position readout information to the desired position format. The map datum used in the GPS 400 is WGS 84. Note that using a map datum that does not match the charts can result in significant differences in position information. When using the paper charts for reference only, the GPS 400 still provides correct navigation guidance to the waypoints contained in the database, regardless of datum differences.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 4) To change the altitude buffer, turn the large right knob to highlight the ‘Altitude Buffers’ field (Figure 8-57). Use the small and large right knobs to enter the desired buffer distance. Press the ENT Key when finished. Setup 1 Page: CDI Scale/Alarms Changing the CDI scale: 1) Select ‘CDI/Alarms’ from the Setup 1 Page (Figure 8-58), using the steps described at the beginning of this section.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Setting the arrival alarm and alarm distance: 1) Select ‘CDI/Alarms’ from the Setup 1 Page, using the steps described at the beginning of this section. 2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the ‘On’/’Off’ field (directly below ‘Arrival Alarm’). 3) Turn the small right knob to select ‘On’ or ‘Off’, as desired (Figure 8-60). Press the ENT Key to accept the selection.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Setup 1 Page: Position Format/Map Datum Changing the units of measure: 1) 2) Select ‘Units/Mag Var’ from the Setup 1 Page, using the steps described at the beginning of this section. Changing the position format: 1) Turn the large right knob to highlight the desired units of measure category (Figure 8-63). Select ‘Position Format/Map Datum’ from the Setup 1 Page (Figure 8-64), using the steps described at the beginning of this section.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Setup 1 Page: Date/Time Viewing the map datum: 1) 2) Select ‘Position Format/Map Datum’ from the Setup 1 Page, using the steps described at the beginning of this section. The WGS 84 map datum is displayed, this field cannot be changed. Displaying local time or UTC: 1) Select ‘Date/Time’ from the Setup 1 Page, using the steps described at the beginning of this section. 2) The flashing cursor highlights the time format field (Figure 8-67).
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Setting the local time: Restoring Factory Settings 1) Select ‘Date/Time’ from the Setup 1 Page, using the steps described at the beginning of this section. 2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the time offset field (Figure 8-68). When making changes to any Setup 1 Page option, a ‘Restore Defaults?’ menu selection allows the pilot to restore the original factory settings (for the selected option only).
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 8.5 Setup 2 Page The Setup 2 Page (Figure 8-70) provides access (via menu options) to display adjustments, parameters which define the nearest airport search, and configuration of displayed data fields. When a menu option is selected, the corresponding page appears providing access to the various unit settings.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Setup 2 Page: Display Changing the display contrast: Changing the backlighting intensity: 1) Select ‘Display’ from the Setup 2 Page (Figure 8-73), using the steps described at the beginning of this section (8.5). 1) Select ‘Display’ from the Setup 2 Page, using the steps described at the beginning of this section. 2) Turn the large right knob to highlight the contrast mode field (Figure 8-75).
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Setup 2 Page: Nearest Airport Criteria Setting the minimum runway length and runway surface: 1) Select ‘Nearest Airport Criteria’ from the Setup 2 Page, using the steps described at the beginning of this section. 2) The flashing cursor highlights the runway surface field (Figure 8-76). Turn the small right knob to select the desired surface.
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES Abbreviation BRG CTS DIS DTK ESA ETA FLOW GS MSA TKE TRK VSR WPT XTK Data Type Bearing Course To Steer Distance Desired Track Enroute Safe Altitude Estimated Time of Arrival Total Fuel Flow Ground Speed Minimum Safe Altitude Track Angle Error Track Vertical Speed Required Active Waypoint Cross Track Error Table 8-4 Setup 2 Page: Auxiliary Configuration Configuring the Auxiliary Data Field: 1) Select ‘Data Field Configuration’ from the Setup 2 Page, using the steps described at the beg
SECTION 8 AUX PAGES 3) Selecting ‘Config Fields’ configures the upper, middle, and lower data fields to display user selectable data information. Selecting ‘Traffic’ configures the upper and middle data fields to display thumbnail traffic information (Figure 8-82). Press the ENT Key to accept the Auxiliary Configuration selection. Restoring Factory Settings When making changes to any Setup 2 Page option, a ‘Restore Defaults?’ menu selection restores the original factory settings (for the selected option).
SECTION 9 TERRAIN SECTION 9: TERRAIN NOTE: Not all GPS 400 units are equipped with or configured for TERRAIN. See the 400-series Installation Manual (190-00140-02) for TERRAIN configuration information. 9.1 Introduction Garmin TERRAIN is a non-TSO-C151b-certified terrain awareness system incorporated into GPS 400 units to increase situational awareness and aid in reducing controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
SECTION 9 TERRAIN TERRAIN Alerting Baro-Corrected Altitude TERRAIN uses information provided from the GPS receiver to provide a horizontal position and altitude. GPS altitude is derived from satellite measurements. GPS altitude is converted to a mean sea level (MSL)-based altitude (GPS-MSL altitude) and is used to determine TERRAIN alerts.
SECTION 9 TERRAIN 9.2 TERRAIN Page NOTE: If an obstacle and the projected flight path of the aircraft intersect, the display automatically zooms in to the closest potential point of impact on the TERRAIN Page. See Section 2.5 for a complete description of the TERRAIN Page and its operation. TERRAIN Symbols The symbols and colors in Figure 9-1 and Table 9-1 are used to represent obstacles and potential impact points on the TERRAIN Page.
SECTION 9 TERRAIN 9.3 TERRAIN Alerts TERRAIN Alerts are issued when flight conditions meet parameters that are set within TERRAIN software algorithms. TERRAIN alerts typically employ either an ADVISORY or a CAUTION alert severity level, or both. When an alert is issued, visual annunciations are displayed. Annunciations appear in a dedicated field in the lower left corner of the display (Figure 9-2). Annunciations are color-coded according to Table 9-2.
SECTION 9 TERRAIN Table 9-2 shows the possible TERRAIN alert types with corresponding annunciations.
SECTION 9 TERRAIN Table 9-3 shows system status annunciations that may also be issued: TERRAIN Page Annunciation Alert Type Pop-Up Alert TERRAIN System Test Fail None TERRAIN Alerting is disabled None No GPS position or excessively degraded GPS signal None System Test in progress None System Test pass None None Table 9-3 Additional System Annunciations Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance The Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance (FLTA) alert is used by TERRAIN and is composed of: • Reduced Required
SECTION 9 TERRAIN Premature Descent Alerting TERRAIN Inhibit A Premature Descent Alert (PDA) is issued when the system detects that the aircraft is significantly below the normal approach path to a runway (Figure 9-5). PDA alerting begins when the aircraft is within 15 nm of the destination airport. PDA alerting ends when the aircraft is either: TERRAIN also has an inhibit mode that deactivates the FLTA/PDA visual alerts.
SECTION 9 TERRAIN TERRAIN Not Available Alert TERRAIN requires a 3-D GPS navigation solution along with specific vertical accuracy minimums. Should the navigation solution become degraded or if the aircraft is out of the database coverage area, the annunciation ‘TER N/A’ is generated in the annunciation window and ‘TERRAIN NOT AVAILABLE’ is generated on the TERRAIN Page (Figure 9-8).
SECTION 9 TERRAIN 9.4 Database Information for TERRAIN General Database Information Garmin TERRAIN uses terrain and obstacle information supplied by government sources. The data undergoes verification by Garmin to confirm accuracy of the content, per TSO-C151b. However, the displayed information should never be understood as being allinclusive. Pilots must familiarize themselves with the appropriate sectional charts for safe flight.
SECTION 9 TERRAIN Database Updates Terrain/Obstacle Database Areas of Coverage Terrain/obstacle databases are updated periodically with the latest terrain and obstacle data. Visit the Garmin website to check for newer versions of terrain/obstacle databases (compare database cycle numbers to determine if a newer version is available). Updated terrain data cards may be obtained by calling Garmin at one of the numbers listed in the front of this document.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES SECTION 10: ADDITIONAL FEATURES CAUTION: The Weather Data Link and TIS information contained in this section is not intended to replace the documentation that is supplied with the GDL 49, the GDL 69(A) Data Link, and the GTX 330 Transponder. CAUTION: TIS is not intended to be used as a collision avoidance system and does not relieve pilot responsibility to ‘see and avoid’ other aircraft.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES TIS displays up to eight traffic targets within 7 nautical miles horizontally from 3000 feet below to 3500 feet above the requesting aircraft (Figure 10-1). 3,500 ft 7.0 nm 3,000 ft Not to Scale Figure 10-1 TIS Coverage Volume TIS Operational Procedures TIS warns the user with voice and visual traffic advisories when it predicts an intruder to be a threat. The user should not start evasive maneuvers using information from the GPS 400 display or on a traffic advisory only.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES comes between the transponder antenna (usually located on the underside of the aircraft) and the ground-based radar antenna, the signal may be temporarily interrupted. Other limitations and anomalies associated with TIS are described in the AIM, Section 1-3-5. TIS is unavailable at low altitudes in many areas of the U.S., particularly in mountainous regions.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES TIS Audio Alerting The TIS audio alert is generated when the number of Traffic Advisories (TA) on the GPS 400 display increases from one scan to the next. For example, when the first TA appears on the TIS display, the user is alerted audibly. As long as a single aircraft remains on the TIS display, no further audio alert is generated. If a second (or more) TA appears on the display, a new audio alert is sounded.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Traffic Page Altitude Deviation Altitude Trend Traffic Type Traffic Ground Track Vector Figure 10-4 Traffic Symbol Components Traffic Type Description Traffic This symbol (solid yellow circle) is generated Advisory (TA) when an intruder aircraft approaches on a course that projects to intercept (defined by a 0.5 nm horizontal radius and a relative altitude of ± 500 ft) the pilot’s current course within 34 seconds.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES • DATA FAIL - ‘DATA FAIL’ is displayed when data is being received from GTX 330 (Figure 10-7), but there was a failure detected in the data stream. The pilot should see the installer for corrective action. Figure 10-9 ‘No Data’ Message Figure 10-7 ‘Data Fail’ Message • FAILED - ‘FAILED’ is displayed when the GTX 330 has indicated it has failed (Figure 10-8). The pilot should see the installer for corrective action.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Figure 10-11 Traffic Removed Banner • UNAVAIL - When a 60 second period elapses with no data, TIS is considered to be unavailable. This state is indicated by the text ‘UNAVAIL’ (Figure 10-12). The pilot should be aware that ‘UNAVAIL’ could indicate a TIS coverage limitation due to a line-of-sight situation, a low altitude condition, or a result of flying directly over the radar site providing coverage (cone of silence).
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Traffic Page Display Range Various display ranges can be selected for optimal display of TIS traffic information. TRAFC LBL - Allows the user to select at what map range the altitude trend arrow and altitude deviation indicator appear. Changing the display range on the Traffic Page: Press the RNG Key to zoom through the range selections which are: 12/6 nm, 6/2 nm, and 2 nm. Map Page TIS traffic is displayed on the Map Page (Figure 10-15) in addition to the Traffic Page.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Thumbnail Traffic on Map Page The Map Page can display traffic in a thumbnail format in any of the top three data fields on the right-hand side of the Map Page. Displaying Thumbnail Traffic on the Map Page: 1) Turn the small right knob to select the Map Page. 2) Press the MENU Key to display the Page Menu. 3) 4) Turn the small right knob to select ‘Change Fields?’ and press the ENT Key. Select one of the top three configurable fields.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Power-Up Test 2) Turn the small right knob to select ‘OPER?’. The TIS interface performs an automatic test during power-up. 3) Press the ENT Key to confirm. • If the system passes the power-up test, the Standby Screen appears on the Traffic Page.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES 10.2 GTS 8XX Traffic Systems System Description Introduction All information in this section pertains to the display and control of the Garmin GPS 400/GTS 8XX interface, refer to the 400/500 Series Display Interfaces Pilot’s Guide Addendum (190-00140-10) when interfacing with non-Garmin products WARNING: The GTS 8XX interface is intended for advisory use only to aid the pilot in visually acquiring traffic.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Pilots should be aware of TAS/TCAS system limitations. If an intruder transponder does not respond to interrogations due to antenna shading or marginal transponder performance, it will not be displayed, or display may be intermittent. Pilots should remain vigilant for traffic at all times when using TAS/TCAS systems for non-transponder equipped airplanes or unresponsive airplanes.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Aural Alerts A TA consists of a displayed traffic symbol (solid yellow circle) and an aural alert. The aural alert announces “traffic”, followed by the intruder aircraft’s position, altitude relative to own aircraft (“high”, “low”, or “same altitude”), and distance from own aircraft; e.g. “traffic, 12 o’clock, high, 3 miles”. Figure 10-21 Standby Mode Self-Test The GTS 8XX automatically performs a self-test upon power up.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Switching Between Standby and Operating Modes The unit must be in operating mode for traffic to be displayed. The ability to switch out of standby into operating mode on the ground is especially useful for scanning the airspace around the airport before takeoff. Operating Mode is confirmed by the display of ‘OPER’ in the upper righthand corner of the Traffic Page (Figure 10-23).
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Altitude Display Mode Note: Confirmation is not required, the mode is changed immediately when using the small right knob. The GTS 8XX has four altitude display modes (Figure 10-24); Normal (±2,700 ft), Above (-2,700 ft to +9,000 ft), Below (-9,000 ft to +2,700 ft), and Unrestricted (±9,900 ft). The GTS 8XX continues to display up to 30 intruder aircraft within its maximum surveillance range, regardless of the altitude display mode selected.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Traffic Warning Window Configuring Traffic Data on the Map Page When the unit is not on the traffic page and the GTS issues a Traffic Advisory, the Traffic Warning Window (Figure 10-26) is displayed, which shows a small thumbnail map. When the Traffic Warning Window is displayed, press the ENT Key to display the Traffic Page, or press the CLR Key to return to the previous page. Traffic is only displayed on the Map Page if aircraft heading data is available.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES 10) Return to the Map Page by pressing the CLR Key. Thumbnail Traffic on Map Page Traffic in a thumbnail format can be displayed in any of the three data fields on the right side of the Map Page (Figure 10-29). Displaying Thumbnail Traffic on the Map Page Highlighting Traffic Data Using Map Panning Another map page function is panning, which allows changing the map beyond its current limits without adjusting the map scale.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES 10.3 Weather Data Link Interface This section is written for: • Garmin GPS 400 Main System Software Version 5.01 and later • GDL 49 Main Software Version 2.03 and later • GDL 69/69A Main Software Version 2.14 and later Some differences in operation may be observed when comparing the information in this manual to earlier or later software versions.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Weather Products NEXRAD Limitations The following weather products are available for display on the GPS 400 unit via the Weather Data Link interface: • NEXRAD Data • Graphical METAR Data • Text-based METAR Data • Graphical Temperature/Dewpoint Data • Graphical Wind Data NEXRAD Description WSR-88D weather surveillance radar or NEXRAD (NEXt generation RADar) is a Doppler radar system that has greatly improved the detection of meteorological events such as thunderstorms, torn
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES NEXRAD Intensity Colors are used to identify the different NEXRAD echo intensities (reflectivity) measured in dBZ (decibels of Z). Reflectivity (designated by the letter Z) is the amount of transmitted power returned to the radar receiver. The dBZ values increase as returned signal strength increases. Precipitation intensity is displayed on the GPS 400 units using colors represented by the dBZ values listed in Table 10-6.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Requesting NEXRAD Data NEXRAD data can be requested from the Data Link Page or the Map Page. Requesting NEXRAD data from the Data Link Page: 1) Select the Data Link Page from the AUX Page Group. 2) Press the small right knob to activate the cursor. ‘NexRad Request’ is highlighted (Figure 10-31). Figure 10-31 Data Link Page (GDL 69) 3) Press the ENT Key. The NEXRAD Request Page (see Figure 10-32) is displayed.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES • Auto Request (GDL 49 Only) - This field is used to set the time interval for the GDL 49 to automatically send a NEXRAD data request. The time options are OFF, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 30 min, 45 min, and 1 hour. When an auto request time is selected, the first request is sent after the specified time has elapsed from when the field was set (as opposed to immediately sending a request). Requesting NEXRAD data from the Map Page: 1) Select the Map Page.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Weather Page To display NEXRAD Data on the Weather Page: 1) Select the NAV Weather Page (Figure 10-34) using the small and large right knobs. When the GPS 400 unit is configured with the Data Link interface, the Weather Page is the third page in the NAV Page Group (it is the fourth page if a traffic sensor is also configured).
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Map Page When NEXRAD data is received, it is displayed on the Map Page, in addition to the Weather Page and the Default NAV Page. Customizing NEXRAD Data on the Map Page The pilot can customize NEXRAD data on the Map Page by using the Page Menu. Customizing the Map Page: 1) Go to the Map Page in the NAV Page Group. 2) Press the MENU Key and select ‘Setup Map?’ from the page menu.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES The pilot may use the ‘NEXRAD Off?’ and ‘NEXRAD On?’ fields in the Page Menu (Figure 10-36) to turn off the display of NEXRAD data from the Map Page. Once the Airport Location Page is displayed, enter the identifier for the desired airport. Press the MENU Key.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Data Link Request Log Page (GDL 49 Only) Sending Position Reports (GDL 49 Only) The Data Link Request Log Page (Figure 10-38) is used to display the data that was requested. When a request is received, a check mark is placed in the box. The Data Link allows for accurate location tracking of the aircraft by sending the aircraft’s position manually or automatically to the EchoFlight website (www.EchoFlight. com) for use by third-party EchoFlight customers.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES • • Auto Request - This field is used to set the time interval for the system to automatically send the position. The time options are OFF, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 30 min, 45 min, and 1 hr. When an auto request time is selected, the first report is sent after the specified time has elapsed from when the field was set (as opposed to immediately sending a report).
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES NOTE: Textual METARs can only be requested by identifier or by flight plan (if the flight plan contains a METAR station identifier). • Center - This field allows the pilot to specify reference points for the request. The following five options are available for the ‘Center’ field: ♦ Current Position - Request METAR data from the aircraft’s current position. ♦ Look Ahead - Request METAR data ahead of (along) the current route.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Requesting graphical or textual METARs from the Map Page: Displaying graphical METARs on the NAV Weather Page 1) Select the Map Page. 2) Press the MENU Key. The Map Page Options Menu is displayed (Figure 10-44). Once received, graphical METAR data is displayed on the NAV Weather Page. Figure 10-44 Map Page Menu 3) Select ‘Request METAR’ and press the ENT Key. The METAR Request Page is displayed.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Weather Legend Page The symbology unique to Graphical METAR, Winds, and Temperature/Dewpoint data is displayed on the Weather Legend Page. The Weather Legend is accessed from the Weather Page. NOTE: All METAR, Wind, and Temp-Dewpoint symbols are depicted at the end of this section.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Entering an identifier: 1) 2) 2) Select the Data Link Page. Highlight ‘TEXTUAL METAR’ and press the ENT Key. Press the small right knob. The upper left hand corner data field flashes. 3) Turn the small right knob and scroll through the list of four letter identifiers. Turn the small right knob and select ‘TEMP/ DP’. 4) Press the small right knob. The Temperature/ Dewpoints are displayed on the NAV Weather Page.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Monitoring the Data Link SAT ID/CONNECTIVITY FIELD The Data Link Status Page provides an indication of the integrity of the Data Link. The Data Link Page allows the pilot to monitor the system and determine the possible cause of a failure. View the Data Link Status Page: 1) From the AUX Page Group, select the Data Link Page. 2) Highlight ‘Data Link Status’ and press the ENT Key. 3) The Data Link Status Page (Figure 10-47) is displayed.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES The GDL 69 Datalink Status Page shows the following fields: • Sat ID/Connectivity - This field shows the current activation status and signal strength of the XM Satellite Radio weather service. Table 10-10 lists the messages that may be shown in the Sat ID field. Table 10-11 lists the messages that may be shown in the Sat Connectivity field. SAT ID FIELD MESSAGE DESCRIPTION ‘--’ GDL 69/69A - GPS 400 interface communications not yet established.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES Standard Aviation Forecast Abbreviations METAR Graphics The standard aviation forecast abbreviations are listed in Table 10-12.
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES The symbol in Figure 10-48 indicates the ceiling at KMWM is marginal VFR, with heavy snow and low IFR visibility. The data age is 31-60 minutes old. Ceiling and Visibility - Flight Rules VFR Marginal VFR IFR Low IFR (green bars) (green bars) (yellow bars) (yellow bars) Winds Wind Vector - The wind vector indicates the direction of the surface wind to the nearest 30˚ increment (e.g. 30˚, 60˚, 90˚, 120˚, etc.).
SECTION 10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES To interpret wind speed, add the values of each of the wind speed barbs. In Figure 10-49, there are two long barbs (10 knots each) and one short barb (5 knots each). Thus, the total wind speed is 25 knots. Adding the gust offset to this figure gives winds gusting to 36 knots. Thus, the symbol in Figure 10-49 indicates the surface wind at KFRM is coming from a direction of 300° at a speed of 25 knots, gusting to 36 knots or greater. The data age is 11-20 minutes old.
SECTION 11 – FAULT DETECTION AND EXCLUSION SECTION 11: FAULT DETECTION AND EXCLUSION Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE) is incorporated in the Garmin GPS 400 main and GPS software version 3.00 and higher. FDE algorithms provide a basis for approval per the requirements for “GPS as a Primary Means of Navigation for Oceanic/Remote Operations”, FAA Notice N8110.60. The oceanic flight phase is used by the GPS 400 when the aircraft is more than 200 nm from the nearest airport.
SECTION 11 – FAULT DETECTION AND EXCLUSION 11.2 Pre-Departure Verification of FDE Since FDE is based upon the exclusion of “bad” satellites, it is necessary to ensure there will be an adequate number of satellites in the GPS constellation that are still able to provide a navigation solution. An FDE prediction must be performed prior to departure for a flight involving: • Oceanic/Remote operation where GPS is to be the sole source of navigation per FAA Notice 8110.60. • U.S.
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS SECTION 12: MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, AND NAV TERMS 12.1 Messages The GPS 400 uses a flashing ‘MSG’ annunciator at the bottom of the screen (directly above the MSG Key) to alert the pilot of any important information or warnings. While most messages are advisory in nature, warning messages may require pilot intervention. When the ‘MSG’ annunciator flashes, press the MSG Key to display the message. Press the MSG Key again to return to the previous page.
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS Message Approaching VNAV profile Arrival at waypoint [waypoint name] Cannot navigate locked FPL Can’t change an active waypoint Can’t delete an active or FPL waypoint Check unit cooling Data card failure Data transfer cancelled (crossfill is busy) Data transfer cancelled (data invalid) Data transfer cancelled (version mismatch) Data transfer error, please re-transmit Data transfer is complete 12-2 Description The aircraft is within one minute of reaching t
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS Message Description The pilot has modified one or more approaches, departures, or arrivals from their original published form. When the NavData Card is replaced (database update), manually verify Database changed, the changes in the new database. This message occurs each time a flight plan containing validate user modified a modified procedure (generated from a prior database version) is activated.
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS Message Description The GPS 400 has detected a failure in its GPS receiver. The GPS receiver may still be usable, GPS needs service but the unit should be returned (at the earliest convenience) to a Garmin dealer for service. GPS stored data was Satellite almanac, ephemeris and time data have been lost due to a memory battery failure, lost system reset, or data expiration (data over six months old).
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS Message No basemap data available Not receiving input data on 429 Channel 1 Not receiving input data on 429 Channel 2 Not receiving input data on 232 Channel 1 OBS key stuck Poor GPS coverage Power down and reinitialize RAIM is not available RAIM not available from FAF to MAP waypoints RAIM position warning Scheduler message -[user entered text] Searching the sky 190-00140-60 Rev.
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS Message Select auto sequence mode Set course to [###]° Steep turn ahead Stored data was lost Terrain Terrain configuration conflict Terrain configuration has changed Terrain has failed Timer has expired Traffic device needs service Unit configuration has changed Description The OBS Key was pressed, disabling auto sequencing of waypoints (in a flight plan or instrument procedure).
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS Message Waypoint memory is full 190-00140-60 Rev. H Description All 1000 user waypoint locations in the GPS 400’s memory have been used. Delete unwanted waypoints to make room for new entries.
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS 12.
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS G/S Glideslope Lrg Large gl Gallons lt Liters GPS Global Positioning System GS Ground Speed °M Degrees Magnetic m Meters HDG Heading mb Millibars of Pressure hg Inches of Mercury Med Medium HUL Horizontal Uncertainty Level MHz Megahertz HWY Highway mi Statute Miles MOA Military Operations Area ID Identifier mph Statute Miles Per Hour ig Imperial Gallons mpm Meters Per Minute ILS I
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS P.
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS 12.3 Navigation Terms The following navigation terms are used on the GPS 400 and in this Pilot’s Guide. Refer to Figures 12-1 and 12-2 for graphic representation of navigation terms.
SECTION 12 – MESSAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, & NAV TERMS Term EPE (estimated position error) ESA (enroute safe altitude) ETA (estimate time of arrival) ETE (estimated time enroute) FF (fuel flow) FOB (fuel on board) GS (ground speed) Description A measure of satellite geometry quality and additional factors, expressed as a horizontal position error in feet or meters The recommended minimum altitude within ten miles, left or right, of the desired course on an active flight plan or direct-to The estimated time at w
APPENDIX A DATA CARD USE Appendix A: Data Card Use The Jeppesen NavData Card, and the Terrain Data Card (if applicable) supplied with the GPS 400 can be installed or removed when the GPS 400 is on or off. If the NavData Card is not present when the unit is turned on, a ‘No Jeppesen Aviation Database - Limited to user defined waypoints’ message appears on the Database Confirmation Page.
APPENDIX A DATA CARD USE To remove the NavData or Terrain data card (Figure A-2): A-2 1) Gently press on the tab—using a slight upward motion—at the front center of the data card. This partially deploys the swing arm handle. 2) Rotate the swing arm handle upward (and outward) until it locks into place, perpendicular to the face of the GPS 400 unit.
APPENDIX B SPECIFICATIONS Appendix B: Specifications GPS PERFORMANCE Receiver: PHYSICAL Unit Size: 6.25’W x 11.00’D x 2.65’H (159 mm x 279 mm x 67 mm) Unit Weight: Once per second, continuous 4.9 pounds installed (2.2 kg) Accuracy: Position - 15 meters (49 ft) RMS Velocity - 0.1 knot RMS steady state 11-33 Vdc (-0X version) 13.8/27.
APPENDIX B SPECIFICATIONS Blank Page B-2 GPS 400 Pilot’s Guide and Reference 190-00140-60 Rev.
APPENDIX C TROUBLESHOOTING Appendix C: Troubleshooting Q&A This section is designed to answer some of the common questions regarding the GPS 400’s capabilities and operation. If there is a problem operating the unit, read through this appendix and refer to the reference section noted. If the answer to a particular question is not covered here, use the index to find the appropriate section elsewhere in this manual.
APPENDIX C TROUBLESHOOTING What happens when I select an approach? Can I store a flight plan with an approach, departure, or arrival? When loading an approach, departure, or arrival into the active flight plan, a set of approach, departure, or arrival waypoints is inserted into the flight plan—along with a header line describing the instrument procedure (Figure C-2).
APPENDIX C TROUBLESHOOTING NORMAL (no ‘OBS’ annunciator) Automatic sequencing of waypoints Change in HSI does not affect CDI deflection Always navigates ‘TO’ the active waypoint Must be in this mode for final approach course OBS Manual sequencing- ‘holds’ on selected waypoint Manually select course to next waypoint from HSI Indicates ‘TO’ or ‘FROM’ waypoint Cannot be set for final approach course or published holding patterns C-1 Automatic vs Manual Sequencing When OBS mode is active, the GPS 400 allows
APPENDIX C TROUBLESHOOTING When should I use the OBS key to return to auto sequencing, and what happens when I do? How do I skip a waypoint in an approach, departure, or arrival? The most common application for using the OBS Key is the missed approach. The GPS 400 suspends automatic waypoint sequencing (indicated by a ‘SUSP’ annunciation directly above the OBS Key; see Figure C-4) when the aircraft crosses the missed approach point (MAP).
APPENDIX C TROUBLESHOOTING When does turn anticipation begin, and what bank angle is expected? When does the CDI scale change, and what does it change to? The GPS 400 smooths adjacent leg transitions based upon a nominal 15º bank angle (with the ability to roll up to 25º) and provide three pilot cues for turn anticipation: If ‘Auto’ mode is selected for the CDI setting, when leaving the departure airport the CDI scale is set to 1.
APPENDIX C TROUBLESHOOTING Why does my CDI not respond like a VOR when OBS mode is active? Unlike a VOR, the CDI scale used on GPS equipment is based on the cross-track distance to the desired course, not an angular relationship to the destination (Figure C-8). Therefore, the CDI deflection on the GPS is constant regardless of the distance to the destination, and does not become less sensitive when further away from the destination. For more information on the CDI scale, see Section 8.4.
INDEX A Abbreviations 6-4, 6-6, 6-7, 6-13, 6-14, 6-15, 12-8 Accessories 1-1 Activate an existing flight plan in reverse 4-4 Activate leg 4-11, 4-16, C-4 Activate the approach 5-4, 5-10, C-6 Activating flight plans 4-3 Active flight plan options 4-9, 4-11–4-14 Active leg 1-11, 2-3, 4-10, 5-7, 5-8, 5-11, 5-13, 5-17, 5-18, 5-21, 5-26, C-4 Airport Approach Page 6-8, 6-9, C-1 Airport Arrival Page 6-10 Airport Departure Page 6-12 Airport Frequency Page 6-6 Airport Location Page 6-2, 6-4, 7-4 Airport Runway Page 6
INDEX E I ENT Key 1-3 EPE (estimated position error) 2-23, 2-24, 11-1, 12-8 ETA (estimated time of arrival) 2-3, 4-11, 8-3, 8-7, 12-8, 12-12 ETE (estimated time enroute) 1-11, 2-3, 4-11, 8-3, 8-7, 12-8, 12-12 IFR procedures 1-13 Insert the data card A-1 Instrument Panel Self-Test Page 1-6 INTEG annunciator C-1 Intersections 1-10, 1-14, 6-1, 7-1, 7-2, 7-5 Intersection Page 6-13 Inverting flight plans 4-4 IOI (imminent obstacle impact) 9-5 ITI (imminent terrain impact) 9-5 F FDE (fault detection and exclu
INDEX METAR 10-18, 10-34 Missed approach 3-1, 5-3, 5-8–5-11, 5-13, 5-17, 5-20, 5-22, 5-23, 5-24, 5-26, 12-5, C-1, C-4, C-5, C-6 Mode S 10-1 MSA (minimum safe altitude) 2-3, 2-20, 12-9, 12-12 MSG Key 1-4 N NAV/COM Page 1-9, 1-12, 2-18, 2-19 NAVAID iv, 2-10, 2-21, 12-9 NavData Card 1-6, 1-13, 2-26, A-1, A-2 Navigation terms 1-10, 1-11, 2-14, 12-11 NAV Page Group 1-5, 2-2 NDB 1-10, 2-6, 2-21, 2-26, 5-3, 6-2, 6-4, 6-14, 6-15, 6-16, 6-19, 7-1, 7-3, 7-6, 12-9 NDB Page 6-14 Nearest airport criteria 8-28, 8-30 Nea
INDEX Setup 2 Page 8-28, 8-29, 8-32 Shortcuts 3-4, 4-15 SIDs 1-13, 11-2 Signal strength 1-8, 2-23, 2-24 Sky view 2-23 Software/database version 8-12 Sort list 4-6, 4-8, 8-15 Specifications B-1 Squelch 12-10 STARs 1-13, 11-2 Sunrise/sunset times 8-18 SUSP annunciation 5-8, 5-11, 5-13, 5-17, 5-20, 5-22–5-26, 12-1, C-3, C-4 Symbols 2-3, 2-5, 2-6, 2-17, 6-14 U T W Target pointer 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 6-17 TAS (Traffic Advisory System) 10-18 TCAS 10-11 Temp-Dew Point Ranges 10-36 Terms (Nav) 12-1 TERRAIN i, 1-9, 2-
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