User Guide

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At the end of 45 seconds, start a standard-rate turn to the
right. Continue the turn for one minute, or until the head of the
course arrow is 45 degrees to your right (there’s a handy index
mark on the HSI at that position). Your position, if you need to
report it to ATC, is now “procedure turn inbound.”
You can set the heading bug to your new heading as a
reminder. This is a good time to start slowing the airplane for the
approach by extending the first notch of flaps. Continue to main-
tain 1500 feet and watch the left-right needle of the HSI (the cen-
ter portion of the course arrow).
When it unpins, just keep its upper end under the lubber
line and you’ll find yourself turning smoothly to the inbound final
approach course. Once you’re established, try to avoid “chasing
the needle.” Instead, if the needle deflects to one side or the other,
make a small heading correction in that direction, then hold it
until the needle recenters; then remove half of that correction and
wait to see what happens, repeating the process as necessary.
Continue to scan all the instruments, returning often to the artifi-
cial horizon. As the glideslope needle starts down from the top of
the instrument, get ready to lower the landing gear; do so when
the glideslope is about a dot above the center.
Just as you fly a heading, using the HSI needle for correc-
tions, once you start the descent, fly a steady vertical speed
(around 600-700 fpm down, depending on your airspeed), using
the glideslope needle to tell you when to make very small pitch
corrections. The division between earth and sky on the artificial
horizon is called the “horizon bar,” and we’re talking here in
terms of no more than one bar width-often less than that.
Adjust power and/or add more flap as necessary to maintain
your desired airspeed and rate of descent on the glideslope. As
before, when the runway becomes visible, continue to “hold what
you’ve got” until the end passes beneath the nose, then smoothly
reduce power, raise the nose to the horizon, and touch down.
ONE MORE TIME
Taxi back for takeoff. This time, we’re going to fly the
approach by hand. Leave the #1 nav radio set to the ILS, and the
course arrow set to the inbound course.
Let’s try a short-field takeoff, too. Extend the flaps to the first
notch and line up on the runway. Check that the emergency pump
is on and apply full power.
This time, start to raise the nose at 70 knots. You may note
that the left-swinging tendency is stronger at this low speed. As the
airplane lifts off, accelerate to 80 knots and maintain this, while
retracting the gear, until all local obstacles are cleared. Now con-
tinue the acceleration; bring the flaps up as the speed passes
through 90 knots; you may have to make a slight pitch change
and trim adjustment. Accelerate to 125 knots and set climb power
of 35 in. Hg/2500 RPM/32 gph.
At 1000 feet, start a right turn to the reciprocal heading of
the ILS, and continue about 15 degrees beyond it. Notice that the
HSI gives you an “at a glance” overhead view of the navigation
picture: you’re off to the side of the ILS (with the center of the
course arrow deflected to your right), closing in on it at a shallow
angle. The head of the course arrow is pointing toward the bot-
tom of the instrument, so you can continue to “fly toward the
needle” even though you’re heading away from the airport,
“backwards” to the ILS. As the needle begins to center, turn left
until the course arrow is pointed straight down. For a very smooth
intercept, just keep the end of the deflected needle on the bottom
of the lubber line, and you’ll automatically make a gentle turn
until everything is centered.
Level off at 1500 feet and set cruise power. We’re now head-
ed outbound on the ILS, and to reverse our course, we’re going to
perform a maneuver called a “procedure turn.” To ensure doing it
far enough away from the airport, wait until the glideslope pointer
has risen all the way to the top of the instrument before starting it.
While tracking outbound on the ILS, set the orange heading
bug 45 degrees to your left. As the glideslope needle reaches the
top of the scale, begin a standard-rate left turn until you’ve lined
up on the heading bug. As you roll wings level at the end of this
turn, start a stopwatch.
Flight Instruction
Flight Instruction