03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 4 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 11 Introduction to the Mission Editor .......................................................................... 175 Chapter 2 Quick Start..........................................................................................................................
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 6 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Defense Visual Information Center - Department of Defense INTRODUCTION Welcome to Flanker 2.0! This simulation is the result of a great amount of effort, by many people from all over this planet. A development team in Russia, a publisher with staff located in the United States and the United Kingdom, testers located in Canada, Scandinavia, Asia, the Balkans, all over Europe, and just about every point in between.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 2 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 The program, though, quickly began to experience problems. The second prototype, number T-102, suffered control system failure, and the pilot was killed during ejection. By 1979, additional prototypes were flying, but the program was failing to meet its performance requirements. Drag was higher than expected, engine performance was low, fuel consumption was too high, and heavy avionics in the nose decreased stability.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual FLAN K E R 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 4 2. 0 CHAPTER 2 Quick Start Defense Visual Information Center - Department of Defense QUICK START The main menu provides several options for becoming airborne. The three quickest ways to takeoff are via the Instant Combat, Training, and Mission menu modes. Installation You must install Flanker 2.0 game files to your hard drive and have the Flanker 2.0 CD in your CDROM drive to play this game.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 6 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 In addition to the basic system requirements, the game requires that DirectX 6.1 be installed to your hard drive. The option to install DirectX 6.1 appears during the game installation. At the end of installation, you are prompted to register Flanker 2.0 electronically. For network play, you need a DirectPlay compatible network adapter. Flanker 2.0 utilizes Microsoft DirectX sound and video drivers.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 8 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Key Commands Now that you’re in the cockpit you need to know the basic controls. The following table shows the key commands necessary to control the simulation. PROGRAM CONTROL 2-3: The Training Mission Screen Missions Mode From this menu you can review and load all saved missions available in the game, including pre-defined missions that come with the simulator as well as those you’ve added.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 10 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 ..
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 12 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 CLOSE AIR COMBAT MODE KEY ACTION KEY ACTION Shift-F8 Target View – Your Aircraft to Target ; (Semicolon) Move radar/EOS scan zone DOWN while in BVR F9 Ship View , (Comma) Move radar/EOS scan zone LEFT while in BVR Alt-F9 Landing Signal Officer (LSO) View .
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 14 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 EXTERNAL VIEW CONTROL THE MAIN MENU KEY ACTION Key Pad 1 Move viewpoint down and left The main Flanker 2.0 menu provides access to five modes of play, an options screen and a reference encyclopedia. This section describes each of these items.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 16 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 • Automatic target lock on: This option means that when the mission starts with your radar locked onto an enemy target. • Realistic radar mode: In Instant Combat, the radar is defaulted to a simplified mode. You simply manoeuvre your aircraft in the direction of the enemy and select the TAB key (assuming you do not have the automatic target lock on option selected) to lock onto the target.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 18 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 • Not all items in the mission may be viewed. In some cases the person who made the mission may have Hidden units to add an element of surprise. • Once you are done looking at your mission, select the Start mission button (Ctrl+F) or to record the mission as a track (Ctrl+R). • For more detailed information, see Chapter 10 on the Editor. Options Flanker 2.0 is designed for a wide range of computers.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 20 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Input The input menu lets you select what devices you have connected to your computer: joystick, thrust controller, secondary thrust controller (for dual throttle control), and/or rudder pedals. Joystick: Select this option if you are using a joystick. If you do select this option, then the keyboard commands for your basic flight options (right, left, up, down arrows, etc.) will not function.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 22 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Selecting Noise Reduction brings up the Noise Reduction menu and allows you to change the Step and Accuracy on the X, Y, Z and R axis for your controller in each of the configuration modes. Select the Enable Noise Reduction box and then adjust the Step and Accuracy as desired. Move the controller to measure the noise. If you want to re-measure it, select the Re-measure key.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 24 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Network Play Network play allows you and your friends to fly together either via local area network or over the internet, and supports both IPX and TCP/IP protocols. Details on hosting and connecting to multiplayer hosts are provided in Chapter 11. • Have no other programs running while playing the game. You may want to even disable some applications that begin at startup. See the readme for more details.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 26 CHAPTER 3 Cockpit Defense Visual Information Center - Department of Defense The cockpit of the Su-27 can be divided into two main sections: the Instrument Panel and the Head Up Display (HUD). The panel contains most of the flight instruments. The HUD displays the main navigational and combat information; its detailed description is given below in a separate section.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 28 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Flight Instrumentation Combined G Meter & AOA Indicator This instrument is located in the upper left corner of the Instrument Panel. The scale of the AOA Indicator (left side of the instrument) has uniform marks in the range from -20° to 40°. The red mark on the scale marks the maximum operational angle of attack. On the right side of the instrument is the G-Load scale uniformly marked every 2 Gs from -4 to +10g.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 30 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Slats Indicator Variometer The Slats (or leading edge flaps) Indicator is to the left of the Radio Altimeter. The white portion of the bar indicates the position of the slats. The lower the white needle, the farther the slats are released.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 32 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Afterburner Engaged Indicators The Afterburner Engaged Indicators are right above the RPM indicator. They are highlighted when the afterburner lights and engine RPM exceeds 100%. The word AJHC on the indicators (pronounced “fors”) which is short for “forsazh) denotes “afterburner” in Russian.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 34 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Jet Pipe Temperature Indicators Combat Instrumentation The two indicators located to the right of the HSI show jet pipe temperature of gases at the turbine exhaust of both AL-31F engines. Each indicator consists of two circular scales, the large scale ranging from 0 up to 1000° Celsius and showing the temperature in hundreds of degrees.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 36 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Active Jamming Indicator Chaff/Flare Counter Below the MFD is the Chaff/Flare Counter, which shows how many APP-50 combined chaff and flare dispensers remain at your disposal. The initial value of the counter is 32 for the Su-27 and 51 for the Su-33. The counter reads zero if the chaff/flare deployment system is damaged or you’ve run out of dispensers. Pressing the ALT-Q toggles the continuous dispenser on or off.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 38 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 RUSSIAN DESIGNATIONS YFD (NAV) SUBMODES: VFHY (MARSH) DJPD (VOSV) GJC (POS) YFD (DVB) SUBMODES: J
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:49 AM Page 40 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 NAVIGATION VFHI (ENR) - Enroute Submode The navigation modes are your primary means of finding your way around the simulated battlefield. There are four navigation submodes. The VFHI (ENR) submode is the primary navigation submode, enabling the pilot to fly the predetermined mission flight profile. Select it by pressing the 1 key while in the initial NAV or Piloting mode.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 42 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Required Airspeed Required Altitude ILS Bars Steering Cue Distance to Approach Point Return Mode Selected 4-4: The DJPD (RTN) - Return Submode You select the DJPD (RTN) submode by pressing the 1-key twice from the initial NAV mode. You may cycle through the available runways and their IAFs by pressing the ~ key. 4-3: Reading the VFHI (ENR) Submode instrumentation In figure 4.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 44 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 When flying towards the IAF, the wide arrow on the HSI always indicates he bearing from the beacon to the selected airfield and normally is the same as the runway heading. Figure 4-5 illustrates the readings of the HSI and the MFD for three aircraft with different positions relative to the approach beacon. Aircraft 1 is 10km from the beacon and flying a heading of 135, on track to the IAF.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 46 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Radar Cross Section (RCS) of the target, or the size of the reflecting surface of the target, has a substantial impact on radar detection performance. In general, large targets reflect more radar energy, so a B-52 can be detected farther away than an F-16.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 48 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 AIR-TO-AIR COMBAT Air-to-Air Mode Summary During an attack on an airborne target the pilot usually goes through the following steps: search, locate, track, identify, and attack. He can accomplish these steps both with and without the radar and/or the Electro-Optical System (EOS) .
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 50 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 LD< – J
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 52 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 ..
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 54 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 When tracking a target in Attack Mode, manoeuvre your aircraft so that the Aiming Reticle stays close to the HUD centre datum. This eases your work load when the target is not very visible and prevents the target from breaking the lock. Remember, if you use the EOS, the flashing of the Shoot Cue with a frequency of 1 Hz warns you that the system is not measuring the range to the target.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 56 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Track and Lock Sub Mode Selected BVR Mode Selected Step5. Lock onto the target To lock onto the selected TWS contact, press the Tab Key. If the lock parameters are met (aspect angle, Radar Cross Section, distance, speed, etc.), the radar (or the EOS) switches to Attack Mode. The Autotrack Cue (A) appears above the Radar Cue or the EOS Cue. To lock onto a target if you have an AWACS datalink, select the Tab key.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 58 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 60 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 IKTV (HMTD) Helmet Mode Step 3. Lock onto the target. This is also a Close Air submode that, while visually similar to the Boresight submode, is very different. This sub-mode can be activated by selecting the 5 key. The Helmet-Mounted Target Designation (HMTD) system frees the pilot from having to boresight his enemy by slaving the radar and the EOS to the helmet-mounted sight.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 62 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Using the GSh-301 Cannon Aiming Reticle Regardless of the combat mode selected, (BVR, CAC, LMA, or Helmet), you can enable your GSh-301 cannon at any time by pressing the C key. Depending on whether or not the radar (EOS) has been locked onto the target, the gunnery with the cannon can be performed: • with targeting from the radar or the EOS • without assistance from the radar or the EOS.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 64 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 PTVKZ (GRND) Air-to-Ground Mode In A2G Mode the Miech-33 radar scans ground surface within the limits of its field of search of angular dimensions of 120°x120° in a range of 3-150 km. The maximum size of the scan zone along the flight path is limited both by the maximum deflection angle of the radar antenna (60°) and by its inclination angle with respect to the horizon (3°).
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 66 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Information on the HUD is similar to that of the Scan Mode. The MFD shows an enlarged synthesized image of the terrain with the Narrow Search Area (NSA) frame (see below) in the center. Again, the number in the lower left-hand corner of the MFD shows distance to the center of the scan zone. (center of the NSA frame).
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 68 CHAPTER 5 Ground School Defense Visual Information Center - Department of Defense If you have no flight simulator expertise or if you have any difficulties piloting the Flanker, this chapter is just what you need. In this chapter we’ll not take too close a look at the theory of flight, but we shall give you the minimum of information necessary to understand the terminology and the description of techniques and nuances of piloting.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 70 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Slip angle is another important angle describing aircraft motion. This angle characterizes the asymmetry of airflow passing over the aircraft. This angle sometimes may coincide with the yaw angle. The difference between these two angles is illustrated in the figure below. Figure 5-3: Slip Angle All three aircraft are flying in the vertical plane in knife edge.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 72 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Increasing AOA too much, though, will disrupt the airflow over the wing and reduce the amount of lift being generated. This is called a stall. A stall can occur at any altitude, airspeed, and flight attitude. An aircraft travelling at 1000 km/hr will stall if the pilot exceeds critical AOA. The pilot wants to maximize the amount of lift being generated, and subsequently tries to increase AOA.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 74 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 h G-load Limits The FLCS of the Flanker limits positive and negative Gs to +8.5 and -2.5, respectively. However, the aircraft can be flown to +9 and -3 Gs and has design structural limitations of +15 and -5 Gs (though the aircraft’s systems will surely be damaged of such high G-loads). Corner Speed Corner speed is the airspeed which produces the highest turn rate with the smallest turn radius.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 76 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 About this time, I realize that the ground is coming up awfully fast. I realize that with this speed, I can’t physically handle the g-load necessary for a safe turn. My turn radius is too large and I smack right into the ground. In this case, I blew the energy management by converting my altitude (potential energy) into too much speed (kinetic energy). My turn performance suffered and I crashed.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 78 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Table 5-1: Single-Engine Takeoff Success Probabilities Based on Gross Weight VEHICLE WEIGHT PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS Under 20,000kg Good 20,000kg to 25,000kg Remote over 25,000kg Extremely Unlikely 9. After reaching 1,500m, evaluate the situation. If possible, execute a 1.2g turn back to the airbase and land (Use 330 km/hr as the minimum approach speed). 10. If speed drops below 250km/hr, eject immediately.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 80 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Instrument Landing System After you have reached the approach beacon the navigation system automatically switches to Landing mode, evidenced by the HUD switching from DJPD to GJC (LANDING) and the aircraft’s Instrument Landing System (ILS) activating. The operating mode of the navigation system depends on the information being received from the landing systems of a chosen airfield.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 82 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 A visual approach and landing should be usually made according to the following procedure (see the figure below). Taxiing If necessary, release the stick and wheel brakes, and taxi along the runway using the rudder pedals. Retract the air brake and flaps.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 84 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 DJPD navigation mode places your aircraft about 7 to 8km from the ship, flying at an altitude of approximately 700m and an airspeed of 350 to 400km/hr. Once in GJC mode, lower the gear, drop the flaps, extend the hook, then turn to center the ILS course deviation bar on the HUD. Proceeding directly toward the carrier, extend the speed brake to help control airspeed.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 86 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 h If the aircraft stalls or airspeed falls well below the glideslope, eject immediately! Ctrl+E 3 times! Stalls and Spins As explained earlier, a stall occurs when AOA increases to the point of disrupting airflow over the wing. This situation will not cease until AOA is reduced. If significant yaw is present during the stall, a departure from controlled flight called a spin may occur.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 88 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Aerobatics A testament to the quality of its design, the Su-27 and subsequent variants have substantial aerobatic capabilities. While the combat effectiveness of some of the more exotic manoeuvres remains a topic of debate, such performances are crowd favorites at airshows around the world.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 90 CHAPTER 6 Weapons Defense Visual Information Center - Department of Defense INTRODUCTION TO FLANKER WEAPONS From somewhat modest beginnings in WWI, airpower quickly gained acceptance and thoroughly changed the nature of combat.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 92 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Using Radar or Electro-Optical System (EOS) Targeting Fortunately, the radar and EOS simplify the task of aerial gunnery by accurately measuring the range to the target and providing helpful cues on the HUD. Locking a target in Close Air Combat or Helmet Mounted Sight modes greatly improves the chances of hitting the target. Once the target has been locked, extra cues appear on the HUD.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 94 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 What happens if the target’s wingspan is greater than (or less than) 15m? The funnel specifically represents a wingspan of 15m; against larger or smaller targets you’ll have to estimate the difference. For example, a large target like a Tu-95 has a wingspan of roughly 50m and will overlap the funnel.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 96 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 aircraft in the world can turn fast enough and accelerate fast enough to escape. That same missile, though, may be unable to catch an aircraft performing a 6.5g drag turn 25km away. The target may also attempt to “beam” the missile by turning toward the missile to place the inbound missile at either the 3 o’clock or 9 o’clock position, then maintaining a sufficient turn to keep the missile there.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 98 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 To home, a missile needs a device that will receive radiation from a target (sense it) and track the target. This device, known as a seeker, is located in the nose of the missile. However, semi-active homers may include a rear receiver for reception of information from the illuminating platform. Active homers contain a transmitter and receiver generally located forward.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 100 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 antenna, all other factors being equal, the tracking range of the aircraft radar greatly surpasses that of the missile. Therefore, semi-active homing is possible at considerably greater distances than active homing. That is why active homing is frequently used in a combination with inertial guidance or semi-active homing and sometimes passive homing.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 102 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Long Range Missiles R-33E / AA-9 Amos The R-33E (USA/NATO designation: AA-9/’Amos’) designed by the Vympel OKB is a long range guided missile with an operating range up to 160 km. The missile employs inertial control and semi-active radar guidance on the terminal segment of flight. The R-33E is used to intercept aircraft and cruise missiles, that is why it is the principal missile of the MiG-31 Foxhound.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 104 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 The R-77 can be effectively used against highly manoeuvreable aircraft, cruise missiles, AAMs and SAMs, strategic bombers, helicopters (including helicopters in hover mode). It can destroy targets moving in any direction and at any aspect angle, in daytime and at night, in good or bad weather. Its guidance system is resistant to ECM and is capable of tracking targets against ground and water clutter.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 106 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 AIR-TO-GROUND WEAPONS While the Su-27 was originally designed as an air-to-air interceptor, the carrier-based multi-role Su-33 carries a wide variety of air-to-ground ordnance including missiles, unguided rockets, and free-fall bombs. In this chapter we examine the different weapons, their capabilities, and their intended roles.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 108 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Kh-25 / AS-9 Karen This missile can be launched from a beam or drum launcher. After the launch, the Kh-55 flips out the wings and lowers the engine from its body, then descends to an altitude of about 100 meters. Typically, the pilot can launch the Kh-55 missile at a range of 50-250 km and at altitudes of 20012000 m. The missile’s trajectory can be corrected by the satellite.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 110 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 6- 14: Kh-59 Flight Profile The Kh-31P uses an integral powerplant fitted with a combined solid-propellant/ramjet engine developed by the OKB Soyuz (Union). The combustion chamber of the mid-flight ramjet engine houses a solid-propellant booster which, after the Kh-31P leaves the aircraft, accelerates the missile to the ramjet sustainer minimum ignite speed (about 1000 km/h).
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 112 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Anti-ship missiles Kh-31A / AS-12 Kegler As the name implies, anti-ship missiles are designed for use against naval vessels. Anti-ship missiles must generally fly relatively long ranges, survive defenses designed specifically to down incoming missiles, and do substantial damage to the target.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 114 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Kh-65 6-17: The Kh-35 Launch Envelope and Flight Profile The construction of the Kh-65 (NATO and USA designations are unknown) anti-ship missile is similar to that of the Kh-55. The Kh-65 can destroy ships such as cruisers or destroyers using targeting data relayed from the launch platform. The missile can engage targets stand-off, without the launching aircraft entering into the ships air defence area.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 116 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 The table below contains the main characteristics of various types of Russian air-to-ground missiles. Bombs < Bombs are used for destroying comparatively large and fortified targets. After the release the bomb either follows a ballistic trajectory (free-fall bombs), or moves under control of its guidance system (guided bombs).
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 118 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 OFAB-250 Blast-fragmentation Bomb The OFAB-250 is a 250kg blast-fragmentation bomb (OFAB stands for Blast Fragmentation Aviation Bomb in Russian) that combines the effects of both the general purpose and fragmentation bombs. The blast creates a cloud of small fragments and shrapnel. This weapon is effective against personnel and lightly armored vehicles.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 120 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 RBK-500 Cluster Bomb KAB-500KR/L TV/IR Guided Bomb Cluster bomb dispensers are actually thin-walled casings containing small-sized fragmentation, antitank, incendiary, concrete-piercing bomblets. Each bomblet weighs up to 25kg. The KAB-500 guided blast bomb (KAB stands for Controlled Aviation Bomb in Russian) employs TV or IR homing.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 122 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Unguided Rockets The table below contains specification of some popular bombs: TYPE CARRIER (#) WEIGHT, KG WARHEAD WEIGHT, KG WARHEAD TYPE FAB-250, OFAB-250, PB-250 Su-33 (12), Su-24 (18), Su-25 (10), MiG-27 (8), MiG-29 (8), Tu-95 (60) 250 230 blast blast-fragm. blast-fragm.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 124 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 S-8 Rocket The S-8 is a medium-caliber, unguided rocket (80-mm in diameter) placed into the twenty-canister B-8 rocket pod. The S-8 has an effective range of 2000m. The margin of error is roughly 0.3% of launch range; rockets fired at a range of 2000m hit within a circle of 6m in diameter. The S-8 is normally deployed with a shaped-charge fragmentation warhead effective against soft targets.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 126 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 The table below contains specification for various types of unguided rockets: TYPE CARRIER (#) RANGE, KM WEIGHT, KG WARHEAD TYPE S-8B MiG-27 (80), MiG-29 (80), Su-24 (120), Su-25 (160), Su-33 (120) 2.2 15.2 concrete-piercing S-13OF/S-13T MiG-27 (20), MiG-29 (20), Su-24 (30), Su-25 (40), Su-33 (30) 2.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 128 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 • The tailerons are located at the rear of the aircraft and provide the pilot with the ability to change the angle of pitch. • The white tailcone located between the two engine nacelles reduces drag and is used to store the braking parachute and the chaff/flare dispenser. • Currently moving on the back portion of the wing are the differential flaps or flaperons.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 130 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Take Off Landing These missions start the user on the ground, ready for takeoff. This category lets users practice landings. Light Takeoff: This mission reviews the steps to perform a light take-off. A light payload is a takeoff weight of less than 22,000 kilograms. Automatic Landing (with the the autoland option turned on): This mission reviews the steps to perform an automatic landing.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 132 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Aerobatics • As the nose goes past 70∞ nose up, return the stick to neutral. These missions allow you to practice standard manoeuvres. • With the aircraft returning to level flight, add power as the nose comes to 30∞ pitch up angle. Roll • While maintaining an airspeed of 400 to 800 kilometers per hour, smoothly pull back on the stick until you have a nose up pitch angle of about 13 degrees.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 134 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Carrier Practice basic carrier operations with your Su-33. Carrier Take-Off • To engage the flaps you would select the F key. The configuration display will show green below the aircraft figure when they are engaged. • Increase the throttle to afterburner. By pressing the Page Up key or the Plus (+) key on your number pad. • Rotate by smoothly pulling back on the stick.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 136 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Close Air Combat (CAC) mode: The CAC mode is used to acquire and engage visual targets at ranges of 25 kilometers or less. • Press the 3 key to select this mode. A band will appear in the center of the HUD. Your objective is to manoeuvre your aircraft to place the target in that band. Longitudinal Aiming Mode: The longitudinal aiming mode is used to acquire and engage visual targets using the seeker on a missile.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 138 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Anti-Ship Learn the basics for successfully attacking ships. CHAPTER 8 Anti-Ship: Emergency Procedures • Selecting the 7 key will place you in the Air to Ground mode. This is the mode that is used to engage ships. • Selecting the I key to turns the radar on. • The MFD is in scan mode. Use the vertical control keys to move the scan zone up and down. The vertical scan controls are the semi-colon (;) and period (.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 140 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 • Landing gear is still deployed at a high airspeed – The warning light flashes at 1Hz and is accompanied by a warning beep. Both alarms cease when you retract the landing gear. • Some onboard equipment has failed or taken battle damage – Check the instrument panel for individual warnings or failure indicators, such as a failed engine, failed hydraulic system, or malfunctioning radar.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 142 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 SYSTEM FAILURES Flight Control System Failure Eventually, all mechanical items, even modern, high-tech jet fighters, eventually break down especially when constantly exposed to enemy fire. Knowing how to respond to common failures will help you bring a damaged jet home safely. The MWS monitors many of the aircraft systems.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 144 CHAPTER 9 Tactics Defense Visual Information Center - Department of Defense STRATEGY AND TACTICS OVERVIEW Modern technology has completely revolutionized the battlefield in less than a century. Aircraft in particular have advanced from little more than motor-powered kites to modern combat jets in just a few decades.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 146 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 An AAA shell consists of a warhead, an impact fuse that detonates at the moment of contact with the target, and a “time fuse” which detonates after a particular flight time. The target is generally destroyed by the fragments produced by the warhead on detonation. Land-based systems, like the ZSU-23-4 Shilka (pronounced ‘shil-ka’) employ mutli-barreled cannons, off-road mobility, and high rate of fire.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 148 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Beam-rider guidance Combined guidance Semi-active, beam-rider guidance is somewhat similar to command guidance along the line of sight between the target and the tracking radar, except that the missile guidance system is designed to seek and follow the center of the guidance beam automatically, without specific correction instructions from the launching platform.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 150 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 • • • • Long-range (> 100 km). Medium-range (20 to 100 km). Medium-and-short range (10 to 20 km). Short-range (< 10 km). The position of the lower boundary of the engagement envelope depends on the radar’s ability to detect and track low-flying targets and on the ability of the SAM to fly at low altitude without crashing into the ground.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 152 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 remain discreet. All tactical detection systems rely on line-of-sight between the sensor and the target. Laser, radar, optical, and IR detection and tracking systems cannot penetrate hills and other such obstacles. Such nap-of-the-earth (NOE) flight is very effective, but is also very dangerous. At high speed and low altitude, the slightest mistake can result in an immediate crash.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 154 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Fight Missiles With Aspect Most modern missiles fly lead as opposed to pure-pursuit paths to the target. That means each time the target changes course, the missile changes course as well. A lead-pursuit missile will attempt to hold a constant lead angle enroute to the target and appear to remain stable on your canopy relative to the horizon.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 156 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Flying a steady flight path followed by a high-g break turn at the last second before missile impact probably won’t work. When the missile realizes it’s overshooting the target, it will detonate and (depending on the missile’s blast radius) seriously damage your aircraft. Instead, make the missile work all the way and give it a generous number of chaff/flare decoys to sort through.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 158 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 “counter” enemy movements. Air combat is a fluid, dynamic, constantly changing environment. Rather than thinking “he did a split-S, so I’ll counter with a high yoyo,” pilots instead consider where they need to point their aircraft in order to employ their weapons. They then execute the appropriate manoeuvre to adjust their lift vector and bring their aircraft into a firing position.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 160 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 modern HUD and “shoot” cues, may be able to achieve the appropriate lead, but manoeuvreing in-plane with the target aircraft greatly increases your chances of scoring a hit. How do you manoeuvre into the target’s plane of motion? By matching the target’s wings.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 162 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 HUD Symbology For A Locked Kh-29te The Kh-29 Aiming Reticle When using the Kh-29te, an aiming reticle appears in the HUD, indicating where the missile’s onboard seeker is looking. Steering the seeker head with the scan zone controls moves the aiming reticle around the HUD. The MFD displays the view seen by the missile’s seeker. The seeker provides three levels of magnification, 2x, 8x, and 32x.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 164 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Using Antiradar Missiles. Antiradar missiles home in on the radar emissions of ground and sea-based transmitters, such as early warning radars, SAM guidance radars, and air traffic control radars. The Kh-31p antiradar missile can engage all types of SAM radar systems without requiring the launching aircraft to enter the SAMs launch zone. Target detection begins with the SPO-15 RWS detecting an emission source.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 166 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 By manoeuvreing the aircraft, place the aiming reticle directly over the target designator. If you are within the weapon’s minimum and maximum launch ranges, the shoot cue appears. If you are outside of the weapon’s effective range, the reject cue appears. When using the cannon, it fires 25 rounds per salvo.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 168 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Aeronautical Mode If the location of the CCIP pipper is outside of the bomb’s flight envelope, the shoot cue will not appear and you can not immediately release the weapon. In this case, pressing the trigger will engage the Aeronautical Mode. letting the onboard computer decide when to drop the weapon. The CCIP pipper is replaced by the aiming reticle. Keep the aiming reticle aligned in the center of the HUD.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 170 CHAPTER 10 Crimea Defense Visual Information Center - Department of Defense WHY CRIMEA? The Flanker version you have bought introduces the Crimea as the theatre of play. For many centuries this small peninsula on the Black Sea has been a focus of interest, and its past and present political situation are the main reasons why we have chosen it as the combat zone. The geography of the Crimea is also well suited for flight simulation.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 172 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Geography In the north the Crimea is connected with the Kharkov Region by the Perekop isthmus. The Kerch strait connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov separates the Crimea from Russia. Sivash - a series of shallow gulfs separated from the sea by a lowland sand spit - stretches along the whole of the north-eastern coast.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 174 CHAPTER 11 Introduction to the Mission Editor Defense Visual Information Center - Department of Defense 11-1: The Mission Editor Screen INTRODUCTION TO THE MISSION EDITOR The mission editor is the heart and soul of Flanker 2.0. This is where almost everything happens. You can build mission and campaigns here. You can start multi-player games here. You can edit mission and track files.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 176 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 MENUS MENU File Edit MENU ITEM New Mission Open Mission Save Save As Exit Undo Redo Delete Classify Mission Options HOT KEY MEANING Ctrl+N Ctrl+O Ctrl+A Create a new mission Open an existing mission Save the active mission to disk Save the mission under another name Quit the program Undo the last editing change Re-install the last edit cleared with the Undo command.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 178 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Planning Toolbar Panning The Planning Toolbar down the left-hand side contains buttons for scaling the map, placing aircraft, ships, SAMs, radars, and other objects. If you are interested in a particular area, which is beyond what’s on screen you can shift the map in the desired direction.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 180 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 WORKING WITH OBJECTS When planning existing missions or building new ones, you will be placing aircraft, ships, SAM systems, possibly static objects and designing aircraft routes. In our terminology, all the above are objects. Some of them are active objects (ships, aircraft, radars, SAM systems), whereas other objects are static (automobiles, tanks, fuel trucks...).
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 182 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 After selecting a unit you can invoke a shortcut menu, by pressing the right mouse button. This menu which lists operations available for the object. A typical shortcut menu is shown below. While planning a mission, you might want to move a group of objects the same distance or delete them. To include an object into a group, click it while holding down the Control key.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 184 CHAPTER 12 Planning Your Mission Defense Visual Information Center - Department of Defense PLANNING YOUR MISSION Missions If you want to create a mission from beginning to end fully using the resources of all sides taking part in the hostilities, you will find all necessary information in Chapter 13, “Building new missions”.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 186 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Loading and Saving Missions Description To load a combat mission, select File, Open Mission. First, select the All Flanker Missions class in the List files of type field, for example. This will display a list of all missions of that class which reside in the current directory. Select the desired mission from the list. The Title field may change to show the brief message related to the selected mission.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 188 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 personnel of EWR stations. One or another skill level specified for an object will dictate its tactics. Our program allows you to specify for each active object one of the following skill levels: Average, Good, High, Excellent.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 190 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Ground Alert Intercept Ground attack In many circumstances GAI usually proves to be preferable and more flexible for the organization of air defense than CAP. When taking part in a GAI mission, the aircraft is on alert duty on the runway with warmed-up engines. On receiving AWACS targeting data the aircraft takes off and effects an assisted intercept.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 192 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Pilot mission COMBINED ARMS ARMY TANK ARMY Here the combat task is usually formulated very particularly, for example, strike a particular ground target or intercept an enemy fighter. We recommend that you begin mastering the Mission Editor from the Pilot mission class as it is the simplest.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 194 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Turkey CHAPTER 13 A NATO member, Turkey has not always agreed with the U.S. on military policy, often restricting the usage of U.S. planes stationed there. Perhaps as a result of constant friction with Greece, Turkey has continued to modernize its military, acquiring F-16s along side F-4 Phantoms.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 196 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 A realistic battlefield recreation, whether a stand-alone mission or part of a user-built campaign, requires the most thought. Keep the following few hints in mind: Now select the “New Aircraft” button again. The Airgroup Planning menu will appear. • Ensure that each side uses the appropriate hardware and units in the appropriate rules.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 198 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Assigning a Payload Expand the “Payload” bar and customize the payload for this flight group. Select a weapons package from the “Weapons” pull-down menu and select fuel quantity from the “Fuel” pulldown menu. The full weapons loadout will be shown in the loadout window. The weight of the fuel and weapons will be calculated and displayed next to the maximum take-off weight.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 200 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 For Ground-Attack, Runway Attack, Anti-radar, Anti-ship, CAS (Close Air Support) and Pinpoint Strike missions, you can assign the group to attack a specific surface target. A surface target can be anything on the surface, including ships, static objects, buildings, bridges, etc. You can use either the Object or Coordinates option in the Select Target menu to designate a target.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 202 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 7. Repeat steps 2-4 until you set up all the objects of the given class. All units comprising a SAM system are placed individually. Note that you cannot place launchers farther than 1000 meters from their radar. If the units are not placed properly, the SAM system will fail to work.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 204 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Wind Wind seems to have the most effect on landings (see Chapter 3, “Piloting the Flanker” on how to land the Flanker in crosswind). You can specify the wind speed (km/h) and its direction at two characteristic altitudes: 50 metres and 1000 metres. The maximum permissible values are 54 km/h and 100 km/h, respectively Turbulence Atmospheric turbulence is the movement of downgoing and upgoing airstreams causing bumps.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 206 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Specifying skills A mission is ended in the following events: This is where you can set skill levels for both the player-controlled aircraft and AI aircraft. The Skill limits area sets the range of skills possible for AI aircraft, when the player selects the “Random” as the AI aircraft’s skill. Survivability is where the damage that an AI aircraft can take is set. This is for all AI aircraft in the game.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 208 CHAPTER 14 Campaigns Defense Visual Information Center - Department of Defense CAMPAIGNS Flanker 2.0 comes with a multi-phased campaign and can be found by selecting the Campaign button on the main menu. Campaigns initially play just like missions. At the end of the first phase in a campaign (select the Ctrl+Q key to end the phase), you will get an option to go onto the next phase.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 210 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Ukraine 1 x MiG-29s Escort task 1 x A-50 AWACS task All aircraft start in the air. Your mission is to destroy the A-50 and the MiG-29. After you build the mission, save it. 9. Select the initial phase again. 10. Select the Phase Conditions radio button. Your menu should look like this: 2. Then select Campaign, Phases. 14-2: Phases menu Notice that it is Phase Condition 1 of 2 and that the Next phase is Phase 2 11.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 212 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 12. Select the “+” to the left of Enemy Military Equipment to expand the section. You will now need to adjust Phase 2 and 3 to fit the tasks and forces that were outlined above. 13. Select the A-50. 1. Select Phase 2 in the Phase box in the Status Bar at the bottom of the editor screen. 14. Select the box to the right of “How many” and write in the number 1. 2.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 214 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 As you can see, by changing one mission condition, we have doubled the possible situations that the player would be faced with following the Initial Phase. 7. Select OK. The Edit Conditions menu will close and you will see your wingman being destroyed appear on the Mission Conditions menu. The steps to build in this mission condition is a follows: 8. Repeat steps 4 and 5 above. 1.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 216 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 1. Select Phase 2 in the Phase box in the Status Bar at the bottom of the editor screen. CHAPTER 15 2. Select Campaign, Mission Conditions. Multiplay 3. Select “” in the Condition set box by using the arrow to the right of the box. You can only add objects when “” is selected. Adding an object will add it to all of the conditions within this phase. 4.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 218 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 2. Select the “Flight” menu 11. You will be placed in the cockpit of your aircraft with the world frozen. You may switch views (only when the message panel is closed), send messages via the chat window, and wait for other players to connect. After all players have joined, press the S key to un-pause and start the session. 3. Select “Network Play.” The network setup dialog box will appear. 4.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 220 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 GUEST OPTIONS Communication Channels Guests are any players joining a session created by a host. Guests may not control the status of other players, but they may control what messages they receive from other players. A “channel” represents a communication connection between two players. A channel may have three states: Joining A Multiplayer Session 1.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 222 CHAPTER 16 Understanding SAMs And Countermeasures Defense Visual Information Center - Department of Defense Although our program is an aircraft simulation, you will soon find that not only enemy aircraft haunt you. Both Russian and Ukraine air defense (PVO) units, PVO Ground Forces and Navy have extensive anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) and surface-to-air missile launchers (also known as SAMs or SAM sites) in service.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 224 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 AAA of Ground Forces ZSU-23-4 Shilka The ZSU-23-4 Shilka (pronounced 'shil-ka') is a cannon anti-aircraft system mounted on an armored tracked chassis. It has high off-road capabilities and is intended for destroying lowflying airborne targets while static or in motion and in all weather conditions. The armament of the Shilka consists of four 23-mm cannons mounted on a rotary turret.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 226 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 If a SAM is guided by the ground facilities (see the figure below), the latter are responsible for detecting the target, measuring its coordinates and those of the SAM. After processing the coordinates the control post forms encoded guidance instructions and transmits them to the missile by radio data link, which is susceptible to jamming.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 228 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Combined guidance The Kub (Cube) SAM system (SA-6A 'Gainful') is an example of a system with combined guidance. This system employs radio command guidance on the initial part of the missile trajectory and homing when closing in on the target. This provides high accuracy at long range.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 230 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Long-range SAMs S-300PMU The S-300PMU employs inertial guidance in mid-course with commands from the 36N6E engagement radar and in the terminal phase semiactive track-via-missile mode. The 36N6E radar illuminates the target and the missile's onboard passive radar seeker receives a reflected signal. The SAM then relays this signal through an ECM-resistant data link to the control post computer.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 232 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 The Buk employs the 9M38M SAM with a single-stage solid-propellant rocket motor, semiactive radar seeker, radar proximity fuse, and 70-kg warhead. The SAM normally flies at Mach 3. Each launcher transports 4 SAMs which blast off from the rotary inclined launcher and hit targets with a kill probability of 0.7 to 0.9.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 234 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Klinok The Klinok (Blade) (USA/NATO designation SA-N-9 ‘Gauntlet’) is an autonomous all-weather shipborne SAM system intended for self-defense of military and civilian ships from massed attacks of low-flying antiship missiles, piloted and pilotless aircraft flying at low and medium altitudes. The system is installed on the Udaloy class destroyers and can simultaneously hit up to four targets.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 236 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 The Igla employs the 9M39 missile is fitted with a 1.2-kg warhead and a IR-homing system. The SAM allows one to down airborne targets flying at speeds of up to 1260 km/h at ranges of 5005000 meters and at altitudes of 10-3500 meters. A single-stage solid-propellant rocket motor allows the SAM to travel at an average cruising speed of 2000 km/h. The target destruction probability is about 0.4.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 238 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 A-50 AWACS aircraft In early 1980s the Vega Scientific Production Association designed the Shmel (Bumble-bee) electronic complex.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 240 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 MISSILE DEFENSE Missiles, be it AAMs or SAMs, pose a serious threat to your aircraft. The philosophy of successful missile defense is based on the concepts of passive defense measures, which include avoidance of zones of potential threat, and active defense measures, such as ECM jamming, chaff and flares, and evasive manoeuvreing. Counter-radar manoeuvres are of vital importance before flying into detection areas.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 242 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 You should also take into account the fact that altitude has an important effect on missile range and effectiveness. In general, the range of both jet- and rocket-powered vehicles increases when they are operating at higher altitudes. Typically, missile range at 20,000 ft above mean sea level can be expected to be about double the sea-level value.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 244 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 In the figure above, the radar detection zone in the absence of jamming is marked by 1. In the case of barrage jamming the detection zone is smaller (2). And if the aircraft employs point-type (directional) jamming (3) it can close in to the radar at a maximum distance without being acquired.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 246 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 RUSSIAN ALPHABET To increase survivability, the Flanker is fitted with 51 upward-firing APP-50 chaff/flare dispensers, which are located in the tail boom (see the figure above) and contain 96 chaff cartridges or flares. The dispensers are deployed by pressing the Q key. In so doing, two decoy flares and one chaff cartridge are released.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 248 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 GLOSSARY Automatic Control System (ACS) - When engaged these modes of flight take control of many of the necessary input functions a pilot must do. Also called Autopilot. AAA - Anti-Aircraft Artillery. Automatic Control System Failure Indicator - Illumination indicates malfunction of the Autopilot or Altitude Stabilisation modes of the ACS. AAM - Air-to-Air missile.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 250 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Closure Rate - The rate at which one aircraft is approaching another. IFF - Identification Friend or Foe. Cockpit View - The default view of the instrument panel from within the Flanker. ILS - Instrument Landing System Combat Air Patrol (CAP) - A patrol designed to defend a relatively small area of airspace.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 252 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Padlock System - This allows your view to “lock on” to the target while manoeuvreing. Pitot Head - The front-most part of the aircraft radome. Thrust - The force that propels an aircraft through the air. The Su-27’s twin AL-31F turbofans give 25000 kg of thrust in afterburner and 15200 kg in military power. Piloting Mode - This is a sub-mode of the Navigation Mode.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 254 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 36-Sh. See EOS A-50, 238 AA guns, 224, 236 AA-10, 102 AA-11, 104 AA-12, 103 AA-7, 102 AA-8, 104 AA-9, 102 AAA, 145, 152, 201, 223 ACS, 33, 143, 206, 249 Active Jamming Indicator, 37, 248 Adder. See Also AA-12, 62, 103, 188 ADI, 33, 41, 42, 80 Afterburner Engaged Indicators, 32, 248 Air Superiority, 91, 128, 157, 189, 194 Aircraft Carrier, 91, 194 Aircraft Datum, 33, 52, 61, 248 Airspeed Indicator, 28 Alamo.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 256 F FL LA AN NK KE ER R 2 2 .. 0 0 Kh-15, 112 Kh-25, 108 Kh-29, 107 Kh-31, 110 Kh-35, 113 Kh-41, 114 Kh-55, 106 Kh-59, 109 Kh-65, 115 Kickback. See Also AS-16 Kingbolt. See Also AS-13 Klinok, 234 KMGU, 120, 191 Krypton.
03664 FLANKER 2.0 EXmanual 9/21/01 10:50 AM Page 258 Ubi Soft UK Technical Support Technical support: 0870 800 6160 (local rate call) Hints and tips hotline service: 0960 466 5200 (premium rate call) On-line Support Options Ubi Soft offers several on-line support options for their software products. One of these is our website at: http://www.ubisoft.co.uk/support/ If you have a specific problem that is not addressed on our site, you can send your question to us via e-mail at: techsupport@ubisoft.co.
