Foreword Introduction This manual provides information needed to operate and understand the vehicle and its components. More detailed information is contained in the Owner’s Warranty Information for North America booklet and in the vehicle’s workshop and maintenance manuals. Custom-built Cargo vehicles are equipped with various chassis and cab components. Not all of the information contained in this manual applies to every vehicle.
Foreword Reporting Safety Defects If you believe that your vehicle has a defect which could cause a crash or could cause injury or death, you should immediately inform the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in addition to notifying Freightliner LLC. If the NHTSA receives similar complaints, it may open an investigation, and if it finds that a safety defect exists in a group of vehicles, it may order a recall and remedy campaign.
Contents Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Page Introduction, Environmental Concerns and Recommendations, Event Data Recorder, Customer Assistance Center, Reporting Safety Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreword Vehicle Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Vehicle Access and Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1 Vehicle Identification Vehicle Specification Decal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (CMVSS) Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tire and Rim Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vehicle Identification Vehicle Specification Decal The vehicle specification decal (Fig. 1.1) identifies the vehicle model, I.D. number, and major component models. It also lists the major assemblies and installations shown on the chassis specification sheet. A copy of the specification decal is inside the rear cover of the Owner’s Warranty Information for North America booklet. An illustration of the decal is shown in Fig. 1.1.
Vehicle Identification If purchased for service in the U.S., trucks built without a cargo body have a certification label (Fig. 1.3) attached to the left rear door post. In addition, after completion of the vehicle, a certification label similar to that shown in Fig. 1.2 must be attached by the finalstage manufacturer. This label will be located on the left rear door post and certifies that the vehicle conforms to all applicable FMVSS regulations in effect on the date of completion. f080024 09/30/93 Fig.
Vehicle Identification Fig. 1.2. This label must be attached by the final-stage manufacturer after completion of the vehicle. The label is located on the left rear door post, and certifies that the vehicle conforms to all applicable CMVSS regulations in effect on the date of completion. Tire and Rim Labels Tire and rim labels certify suitable tire and rim combinations that can be installed on the vehicle, for the given gross axle weight rating.
2 Vehicle Access and Features Cab Door Locks and Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Door Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Cab Entry and Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Seats . . . . . . . . . .
Vehicle Access and Features Cab Door Locks and Handles The same key that operates the ignition switch is used to lock and unlock the cab doors from the outside. IMPORTANT: Each key is numbered. Record the number so that, if needed, a duplicate key can be made. To unlock a door from outside the cab, insert the key in the lockset (Fig. 2.1), and turn the key counterclockwise on the driver’s door and clockwise on the passenger’s door. Pull out on the handle to open the door.
Vehicle Access and Features Cab Entry and Exit WARNING Wet or dirty shoe soles greatly increase the chance of slipping or falling. If your soles are wet or dirty, be especially careful when entering or exiting the vehicle. Always maintain three-point contact with the cab access system while entering and exiting the cab. Three-point contact means both feet and one hand, or both hands and one foot.
Vehicle Access and Features B A C D 09/02/97 f060165 Fig. 2.3, Driver’s Side Steps and Grab Handle 5. Place your right foot into the cab and seat yourself (Ref. D). 6. To exit the cab on the driver’s side, grasp the instrument panel grab handle with your left hand and the steering wheel with your right hand. IMPORTANT: Do not attempt to exit the cab while carrying any items in your hand. 7. 2.3 Place your right foot on the top step. 8. Bring your left foot to the bottom step. 9.
Vehicle Access and Features A C B 09/02/97 D f060166 Fig. 2.4, Passenger’s Side Steps and Grab Handles 1. Open the passenger’s door, and place anything that you are carrying in the cab. 5. Place your right foot into the cab and seat yourself (Ref. D). 2. Place your left foot on the bottom step. Grasp the instrument panel upper grab handle with your left hand and the lower grab handle with your right hand (Ref. A). 6.
Vehicle Access and Features 7. Place your right foot on the top step. 8. Bring your left foot to the bottom step. 9. Bring your right foot down to the ground, then bring your left foot down to the ground. Seats IMPORTANT: When adjusting the seats, unless otherwise noted, make all adjustments while seated and before the engine is started. WARNING lower the seat, push the rocker switch down until the seat reaches the desired height.
Vehicle Access and Features Non-Suspended Driver’s Seat Fore-Aft Seat Adjustment Move the control lever at the front of the seat to release the locking mechanism, then exert slight body pressure to move the seat forward or rearward, as desired. See Fig. 2.6. 6 7 1 5 4 3 2 11/02/95 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Vehicle Access and Features Passenger’s Seat The passenger’s seat is not adjustable. See Fig. 2.7. Access to the storage compartment under the seat is obtained by moving the release lever and tilting the seatback forward. amount of injury resulting from accidents or sudden stops. For this reason, the manufacturer urges that the driver and all passengers, regardless of age or physical condition, use seat belts when riding in the vehicle.
Vehicle Access and Features Seat Belt Operation Three-Point Seat Belt with Komfort Latch WARNING Wear three-point seat belts only as described below. In case of an accident or sudden stop, injuries could result from misuse. Three-point seat belts are designed to be worn by one person at a time. 1. 2. 3. Before driving the vehicle, slowly pull the link end of the three-point seat belt out of the retractor and pull it across your lap (from outboard to inboard) far enough to engage the buckle.
Vehicle Access and Features A 01/06/95 01/06/95 A. 1 Inch (2.5 cm) Maximum Fig. 2.9, Adjusting Shoulder Harness Clearance 4. To unbuckle the three-point seat belt, push the button on the buckle. See Fig. 2.11. If the Komfort Latch was used, release it by giving the shoulder belt a quick tug. If you lean forward against the shoulder belt, the Komfort Latch will automatically release, and will need to be reset. NOTE: The Komfort Latch does not have to be released in an emergency situation.
Vehicle Access and Features 2 A 1 3 01/06/95 f910068a A. Pull on loose end to shorten belt. 1. Buckle 3. Link 2. Belt Release Button Fig. 2.12, Lap Belt Adjustment 01/18/95 twisted. Check the engagement by trying to pull the link out of the buckle. If they come apart, repeat this step. If the problem continues, replace the belt. f910049a Fig. 2.11, Releasing the Three-Point Seat Belt (typical) from misuse. Lap belts are designed to be worn by one person at a time. 1. 2.
Vehicle Access and Features Fuse/Relay/Circuit Breaker Identification NOTE: The fuse/relay/circuit breaker panel (Fig. 2.13) is located under the glove box. Depending on vehicle options, fuse/relay/circuit breaker locations may vary from those shown. Refer to Fig. 2.13 or Table 2.1 for the Fuse/Relay/ Circuit Breaker Identification information. Pos. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2.
Vehicle Access and Features Fuse/Relay/Circuit Breaker Identification Part Description Rating Number Brake Low Air Warning Relay C Prove-out D Cab Latch Warning Prove-out Relay E Windshield Wiper Timer Relay F Not Used — — G Marker Lamps Relay H Headlamp Dimmer — Radio Relay I Two-Speed Axle Relay Trans Temp Warning ProveRelay J out K Not Used — — L Not Used — — Customer Use Terminals 31 Accessory/Run Non-Fused — — Trailer Park and Marker — — 32 Lamps 33 Accessory/Run Fused — — 34-39 Not Used — — 40 Accesso
Vehicle Access and Features WARNING 1 2 Do not allow loose clothing to get near moving engine parts. To do so could result in serious personal injury. CAUTION 3 Ensure the shift lever will clear the floor opening when the cab is tilted to prevent damage to the shift lever. 4 f541760 09/09/97 1. 2. 3. 4. Signal Flasher (located at upper left of fuse panel) Warning Chime (located at right side of fuse panel) Warning Buzzer (located at lower left of fuse panel) Fuse/Relay/Circuit Breaker Panel Fig.
Vehicle Access and Features 1 09/09/97 Fig. 2.14, Cab Lock Handle 4. 1. Cab Lock Control Lift the rear part of the cab and let it tip up to the first position. To avoid damage to the handle, do not put pressure on the lock handle, or use the handle to lift the cab. To tilt the cab to the second position, remove the lower limiting rod triangular support bolt. Place the support bolt in the opening in the arm connection f310618 09/08/97 2. Safety Hook Knob Fig. 2.
Vehicle Access and Features 3. Lift the rear part of the cab slightly, then pull downward to lower the cab completely. Remove the cab lock handle and secure it in its original position. 4. To check for proper locking of the cab, turn the ignition to the ON position. An indicator light on the instrument panel will light if the cab is not locked securely. Front Access Panel WARNING 2 1 09/08/97 f310619 1. First Position, 40 Degree Tilt 2. Second Position, 50 Degree Tilt Fig. 2.16, Cab Tilt Arm 2.
Vehicle Access and Features To close the front access panel, lift the panel slightly to release the support rod. Secure the support rod, and press the panel down until it locks. Back-of-Cab Grab Handle, Step, and Deck Plate When climbing onto the frame rails or deck plate, use the grab handle and step. Always maintain three-point contact with the back-of-cab access system. A grab handle is mounted on the cab. When an optional deck plate is included, it is mounted across the top of the frame rails. 2.
3 Driver Controls and Instruments Instrument and Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Warning and Indicator Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 Instruments . . .
Driver Controls and Instruments Instrument and Control Panel lease the key. When released, the key will move to the ON position. Figure 3.1 represents a typical dash equipped with all of the standard and many of the optional instruments and controls. In the ON position, all electrical systems are operable. Warning lights and buzzer for low air pressure and low oil pressure operate until the engine is started and minimum pressures are built up.
Driver Controls and Instruments 1 12 2 26 3 4 5 25 24 23 6 7 8 22 21 20 1 19 9 10 11 1 18 17 16 15 1 14 13 12/18/97 1. Face Level Vent 2. Tachometer 3. Warning and Indicator Light Module 4. Speedometer 5. Odometer 6. Warning and Indicator Light Module 7. Dual Air Pressure Gauge 8. Not Used 12 f610041 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
Driver Controls and Instruments A B 1 9 2 10 3 11 4 12 5 13 6 14 7 15 OR 16 8 07/15/99 1 4 2 f080071a NOTE: Not all vehicles with daytime running lights are equipped with the in-dash indicator. A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Left Side Bank Left-Turn Indicator Low Oil Pressure High Coolant Temp Low Coolant Level Wait To Start Exhaust Brake Check A/C Do Not Shift or Trans Temp B. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Driver Controls and Instruments 1 2 f601426a 10/01/98 08/27/97 Fig. 3.4, Panel Light Control Lever f601435 1. All Lights On (except headlights) 2. All Lights On (including headlights) with a daytime running lights in-dash indicator, which will illuminate when the daytime running lights are in operation. The daytime running lights will operate until the parking brakes are applied, then they will switch off. Turning on the regular headlights will override the daytime running lights.
Driver Controls and Instruments positions. To operate the wipers in delay mode, move the control lever down one position. 1 1 5 2 3 4 f541756 1. Steering Column 2 2. Control Lever f820210 Fig. 3.6, High/Low Beam Control Windshield Washer Depress the button on the wiper/washer control lever to activate the windshield washer. See Fig. 3.7. Interrupt Switch A spring-loaded interrupt rocker switch operates the marker lights. See Fig. 3.8.
Driver Controls and Instruments Cruise control and PTO governor are controlled with two switches. An ON/OFF switch allows the driver to select cruise control or to drive using the foot throttle. A spring-loaded SET/RESUME switch allows the driver to select the cruise speed or to resume the cruise speed after slowing down. The power takeoff mode of operation is also controlled with the cruise control switches, when the vehicle is stationary.
Driver Controls and Instruments Cigar Lighter Push in the lighter to heat the element. See Fig. 3.10. The lighter will stay in until the element is hot, then it will pop out automatically. To open the ashtray, pull the ashtray downward. To remove the ashtray, press down on the tab and pull the tray out. f421624 Fig. 3.
Driver Controls and Instruments turns on the left-turn signal lights; pushing it clockwise turns on the right-turn signal lights. When one of the signal lights is on, an indicator light flashes on the warning and indicator light panel. When the turn is completed, the signal will cancel and the lever will return to the neutral position. Air Horn, Optional To sound the air-operated horn, pull the cable located above the driver’s door. Hazard Warning Light Switch The hazard warning light switch (Fig. 3.
Driver Controls and Instruments 1 2 f601425a 10/01/98 Fig. 3.12, Hazard Warning Light Switch transmission system, the lights will go out. Whenever there is a problem with the transmission system, the lights will come on and stay on as long as the problem exists. If "service" is displayed in the indicator panel, some features may not work, but the vehicle can still be driven.
Driver Controls and Instruments Suspension Seat Adjustment Controls All adjustment controls for a suspension seat are located on the seat base. Refer to Chapter 2 for complete instructions. Vernier Throttle Control, Optional • The blue high-beam indicator light (located above the speedometer and tachometer) which comes on when the headlights are on high beam. • The red parking brake indicator light which comes on whenever the parking brakes are activated and the ignition is on.
Driver Controls and Instruments A B 1 Maximum Water Temperature Maximum Water Engine Model Temperature: °F (°C) Cummins ISB 210 (99) 9 2 10 3 11 4 12 5 13 6 14 7 15 OR 16 Table 3.1, Maximum Water Temperature Engine Model Cummins ISB 8 07/15/99 f080071a NOTE: Not all vehicles with daytime running lights are equipped with the in-dash indicator A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Driver Controls and Instruments the engine and determine the cause. Refer to the vehicle workshop manual for repair procedures. IMPORTANT: If the warning system does not activate when the ignition is turned on, repair the system to provide warning protection for oil pressure, coolant temperature, and the brake system. shifting the transmission and keeping the engine in the appropriate rpm range. For low idle and rated rpm, refer to the engine identification plate.
Driver Controls and Instruments Speedometer Water Temperature Gauge A speedometer (see Fig. 3.16) registers vehicle speed in both miles per hour (mph) and kilometers per hour (km/h). Standard speedometer gauges are equipped with an odometer that records total distance traveled in either kilometers or miles. The trip odometer registers distance driven and can be reset to zero by depressing the button. During normal engine operation, the water temperature gauge (see Fig. 3.
Driver Controls and Instruments ther damage. Do not operate the engine until the cause has been determined and corrected. Engine Oil Pressure Gauge The oil pressure gauge (see Fig. 3.18) should read as shown in Table 3.2. Voltmeter The voltmeter (see Fig. 3.19) indicates the vehicle charging system voltage when the engine is running and the battery voltage when the engine is stopped.
Driver Controls and Instruments The voltmeter will normally show approximately 13.7 to 14.1 volts when the engine is running. The voltage of a fully charged battery is 12.7 to 12.8 volts when the engine is stopped. A completely discharged battery will produce only about 12.0 volts. The voltmeter will indicate lower voltage as the vehicle is being started or when electrical devices in the vehicle are being used.
Driver Controls and Instruments 10/01/98 f601437a Fig. 3.20, Air Pressure Gauge NOTE: Avoid opening the air cleaner and disturbing the seals or filter element until the yellow signal stays locked at or above the value shown in Table 3.3. When this occurs, the air cleaner needs replacing; however, immediate engine shutdown is not necessary. 10/01/98 f601438a Fig. 3.
Driver Controls and Instruments Transmission Oil Temperature Gauge 1 2 With an Allison automatic transmission, the transmission oil temperature gauge reading should not exceed 250°F (121°C) during normal operation. A warning light will activate to alert the driver. 3 CAUTION A sudden increase in oil temperature that is not caused by a load increase may indicate mechanical failure. Bring the vehicle to a safe stop and investigate the cause to prevent further damage.
Driver Controls and Instruments A three-speed fan switch controls the flow of air to any selected air vents. The side panel vents allow heated forced air to be directed vertically and horizontally. The center air panel vents, located on each side of the heater control panel, allow unheated forced air to be directed vertically and horizontally and can be opened or closed independently by means of a built-in damper. See Fig. 3.23. The roof vent (see Fig. 3.
Driver Controls and Instruments 2 1 f830808 1. Foot-Level Vent 2. Open/Close Actuator Lever Fig. 3.25, Foot-Level Vent 3.
4 Engines Engine Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cold Start Manifold Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cold Weather Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Engine Break-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engines Engine Starting Cummins NOTE: Before starting the engine, read Chapter 3 in this manual for detailed information on how to read the instruments and operate the controls. CAUTION When starting a vehicle equipped with a manual transmission and clutch lock out switch, the clutch pedal must be fully depressed during the entire start sequence. Failure to do so can cause the pinion to release and re-engage, which could cause ring gear and starter pinion damage.
Engines If the outside temperature is below 60°F (16°C), fully depress the throttle, after engaging the starter. 5. Turn on the ignition switch. CAUTION Don’t crank the engine for more than 30 seconds at a time during any of the following procedures. Wait two minutes after each try to allow the starter to cool. Failure to do so could cause starter damage. WARNING Never pour fuel or other flammable liquid into the throttle body air inlet opening in an attempt to start the vehicle.
Engines Cold Start Manifold Heater WARNING Do not use starting fluid on an engine equipped with a manifold heater. Using starting fluid could cause an explosion, possibly resulting in severe personal injury and engine damage. Turn the ignition switch to the ON position. If the temperature is below 32°F (0°C), the wait-to-start indicator will come on while the manifold heater warms up. After the indicator light goes out, start the engine.
Engines The two most commonly used terms associated with preparation of equipment for low temperature operation are "winterization" and "arctic specifications." est Freightliner dealer or Cummins engine dealer, to obtain the special items required. Winterization of the engine and/or components, so that starting and operating are possible in the lowest temperature to be encountered, requires: CAUTION • Adequate lubrication with low-temperature lubricating oils.
Engines operator has an opportunity to establish conditions for the best service life by: 1. Operating as much as possible at three-quarter load. 2. Avoiding operation at engine idle speeds or at maximum horsepower levels longer than five minutes. 3. Developing the habit of closely watching the engine instruments during operation. Let up on the throttle if the oil temperature reaches 250°F (121°C), or if the coolant temperature exceeds 190°F (88°C). 4.
Engines Follow the directions in the Cummins Operation and Maintenance Manual and in this manual for trouble-free, economical vehicle engine operation. 1. Cummins diesel engines produce high horsepower and peak torque characteristics at low rpm. Because of this, it is not necessary to keep the engine "wound up" to deliver the required horsepower at the wheels. These characteristics may also result in less shifting, and make shifting at lower rpm (to peak torque) more practical. 2.
Engines control can be used on Cummins engines is 30 mph (48 km/h). 2. WARNING Do not activate the fifth wheel air slider control valve when the vehicle is in motion. Doing so could result in damage to the fifth wheel member, kingpin, cab, or trailer, and ultimately, to the drivetrain. A guard is positioned around the switch to prevent it from being accidentally activated. CAUTION Do not attempt to shift gears without using the clutch pedal when the cruise control is engaged.
Engines 2. To disengage the PTO: 2.1 Depress the foot brake pedal, trailer brake, clutch pedal, or 2.2 Flip the ON/OFF switch to OFF. To resume a previously selected engine speed, momentarily move the SET/RESUME switch to RESUME. Adjust engine speed up or down by holding the SET/ RESUME switch at SET (accelerate) or at RESUME (decelerate) until the desired speed is reached.
Engines 4. If the engine is not being used, shut it down by turning the ignition key off. High Altitude Operation Cummins Engines lose horsepower when operated at high altitude because the air is too thin to burn as much fuel as at sea level. This loss is about 3 percent for each 1000 feet (300 m) altitude above sea level for a naturally aspirated engine. Most turbocharged engines are rated for higher altitudes than naturally aspirated engines.
5 Transmissions Fuller Straight-Shift Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Allison Automatic Transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
Transmissions Fuller Straight-Shift Models R General Information 2 10/19/2000 2 4 03/12/96 3 5 4 6 f260085 Fig. 5.2, Shift Pattern, FS-5306A, FS-6306A and FS8206A N 1 3 N Fuller FS-4205A/B, FS-5205A/B, and FS-6305A/B transmissions have five forward speeds and one reverse speed. See Fig. 5.1 for the shift pattern. R 1 Operation 5 1. Always use 1st gear when starting to move the vehicle forward. 2. Accelerate to engine governed speed.
Transmissions same gear, disengage the clutch and move the shift lever to the next lower gear. Engage the clutch smoothly. Continue downshifting, as conditions require, using the same sequence described above. IMPORTANT: Do not rest your foot on the clutch pedal while driving. This causes partial clutch disengagement, which could cause premature clutch wear. NOTE: With synchronized models, disengage the clutch completely when shifting gears. Double clutching is unnecessary.
Transmissions the "primary" shift mode. Under "Monitor," the gear the transmission is in should be displayed. WARNING Never shift from neutral (N) to drive (D) or reverse (R) at engine speeds above idle. The vehicle will lurch forward or backward, which could cause property damage and personal injury. 1 2 2. Use reverse (R) to back the vehicle. Completely stop the vehicle before shifting from a forward gear to reverse or from reverse to forward. There is only one reverse gear. 3.
Transmissions a lower range. The lower the gear range, the greater the engine braking power. Use the up or down arrow buttons on the shift selector to reach the desired gear. The "Select" indicator will display your choice, and the "Monitor" indicator will show the selected gear once it is reached. NOTE: In the lower gear ranges, the transmission will not upshift above the highest gear selected unless the engine governed speed is exceeded. 5.
6 Clutches, Rear Axles, and Steering Clutches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Rear Axles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Steering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
Clutches, Rear Axles, and Steering Clutches Clutch Operation General Information Starting the Vehicle in the Correct Gear The major reason clutches wear out too soon is excessive heat. Clutches are designed to absorb and dissipate more heat than encountered in typical operation. The temperatures developed in typical operation will not break down the clutch friction surfaces.
Clutches, Rear Axles, and Steering Riding the Clutch Pedal Engaging the Clutch While Coasting Riding the clutch pedal is destructive to the clutch, since partial clutch engagement permits slippage, generating excessive heat. Riding the clutch pedal will also put a constant thrust load on the release bearing, which can thin out the lubricant. Release bearing failures can be attributed to this type of misuse.
Clutches, Rear Axles, and Steering Fig. 6.1. After the vehicle is moving on the highway, the axle can be shifted to high range. Lubrication The release bearing should be lubricated at frequent intervals. See Group 25 of the Cargo Maintenance Manual for intervals and procedures. B CAUTION Failure to lubricate the release bearing as recommended could result in release bearing damage and damage to the clutch. Hydraulic Clutch Fluid Reservoir Checking Make sure that the clutch fluid reservoir is full.
Clutches, Rear Axles, and Steering completed the shift into the low range. Some vehicle motion is needed to ensure engagement of the axle. Meritor Drive Axles with Main Differential Lock The Meritor main differential lock is a driver-controlled traction device operated from the vehicle cab. See Fig. 6.2. A rocker switch allows the driver to lock or unlock the differential. An indicator light in the switch comes on when the differential lock is engaged.
Clutches, Rear Axles, and Steering on the accelerator to relieve torque on the gearing, allowing the differential to fully lock. The indicator light comes on when the differential is fully locked. When the differential is locked, the turning radius will increase because the vehicle understeers. See Fig. 6.3. Drive cautiously and do not exceed 25 mph (40 km/h). When the differential lock disengages, the indicator light will go off.
Clutches, Rear Axles, and Steering the hole. Also, avoid turning the tires when they are against a curb, as this places a heavy load on steering components and could damage them. 10° 10° 1 2 10° 10° f460307a 05/24/94 1. 8 o’Clock 2. 4 o’Clock Fig. 6.4, Steering Wheel Centered WARNING Driving the vehicle without the power-assist feature of the steering system requires much greater effort, especially in sharp turns or at low speeds, which could result in an accident and possible injury.
7 Brakes Air Brake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
Brakes Air Brake System General Information A dual air brake system consists of two independent air brake systems which use a single set of brake controls. Each system has its own reservoir, plumbing, and brake chambers. The primary system operates the service brakes on the rear axle; the secondary system operates the service brakes on the front axle. Service brake signals from both systems are sent to the trailer. WARNING Do not operate the vehicle with the front brakes backed off or disconnected.
Brakes NOTE: Before a vehicle with insufficient system air pressure can be moved, the spring parking brakes must be released by applying an external air source at the gladhands, or by manually caging (manually releasing) the parking brake springs. After correcting the brake system problem, uncage the spring parking brakes before resuming normal vehicle operation. f421624 Fig. 7.
Brakes CAUTION Never apply the service and spring parking brakes simultaneously. To do so transmits excessive input force to the brake components, which could damage or cause eventual failure of brake actuating components. Meritor WABCO® Antilock Braking System (ABS), Air Brake Systems The Meritor WABCO® Antilock Braking System (ABS) is an electronic wheel speed monitoring and control system that works with the air brake system.
Brakes IMPORTANT: If any of the ABS warning lights do not work as described above, or come on while driving, repair the ABS system immediately to ensure full antilock braking capability. During emergency or reduced-traction stops, fully depress the brake pedal until the vehicle comes to a safe stop; do not pumpthe brake pedal. With the brake pedal fully depressed, the ABS system will control all wheels to provide steering control and a reduced braking distance.
8 Cab Appearance Cab Washing and Polishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Care of Chromed Parts and Stainless-Steel Clad Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dashboard Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vinyl Upholstery Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cab Appearance Cab Washing and Polishing To protect the finish of your new vehicle, follow these guidelines carefully: • During the first 30 days, rinse your vehicle frequently with water. If the vehicle is dirty, use a mild liquid soap. Do not use detergent. • During the first 30 days, do not use anything abrasive on your vehicle. Brushes, chemicals, and cleaners may scratch the finish. • During the first 120 days, do not wax your vehicle.
Cab Appearance IMPORTANT: Use only nonabrasive chrome cleaners on stainless-steel clad parts. This prevents scratching and marring of the polished surface. large area and allow to soak for a few minutes, then rub briskly with a cloth to remove the dirt. This can be repeated several times, as necessary. To help protect the chrome after cleaning, apply a coat of polishing wax to the surface. Never use wax on parts that are exposed to high heat, such as exhaust pipes.
Cab Appearance Paint, Shoe Heel Marks Shoe Polish Paint should be removed immediately. Do not use paint remover or liquid-type brush cleaner on vinyl. An unprinted cloth, dampened with naphtha or turpentine may be used. Use care to prevent contact with parts of the upholstery that are not vinyl. Most shoe polishes contain dyes which penetrate vinyl and stain it permanently. Shoe polish should be wiped off as quickly as possible using naphtha or lighter fluid.
Cab Appearance only in a well-ventilated area. Avoid any product that contains carbon tetrachloride or other toxic materials. With either method, pretest a small area before proceeding. Use a professional upholstery cleaning service when extensive cleaning is needed. Grease and Oil-Based Stains Mildew Brush the dry fabric with a soft brush. Sponge with detergent, and blot. If the fabric is colorfast, dilute a teaspoon of bleach in one quart (one liter) of cool water.
9 Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance Pretrip Inspection Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance Pretrip Inspection Checklist 5. Tilt the cab. Examine the steering gear components. The following pretrip inspection checklist helps ensure that the vehicle components are in good working condition before each trip. 6. Check the coolant level in the surge tank sight glass and check the radiator and air-to-air aftercooler cooling fins for clogging or damage. Check the radiator for coolant leaks. 7. Check the condition of the coolant hoses and heater hoses. 8.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance 17. Inspect the fuel tank(s) and fuel line connections. If so equipped, be sure the fuel tank shutoff valves are open. 18. Check the fuel level in the fuel tank(s), and be sure the fuel cap vent area is clean. If so equipped, check the fuel/water separator for leaks. If needed, prime the fuel tank system. 19. If so equipped, check the transmission oil cooler for debris and for leaks. 20. If so equipped, inspect the fifth wheel and check it for adequate lubrication.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance 37. Check the tire inflation pressures and inspect each tire for bulges, cracks, cuts, and penetrations. 38. Check for indications of loose wheel nuts or rim nuts and examine each rim and wheel component. After the water and oil condense, they collect near the tank drain valves. Drain the resulting emulsion as follows: WARNING 39. Check the air brake system for proper operation. 40. Test the service brakes before leaving the lot. 41.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance particles may be in the airstream and could cause injury. 2. 1.2 Exhaust the remaining air and moisture from the system by opening the drain cocks on the bottoms of the remaining air reservoirs. Block the valves open. 1.3 Water and oil emulsion often form pockets which will not drain while compressed air is in the reservoirs. Because of these pockets, leave the valves blocked open during the first part of the pretrip inspection.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance burning material, such as a cigarette. Always comply with the washer fluid manufacturer’s recommended safety precautions. 4. Check the front hub lubricant level if equipped with oil-lubricated wheel bearings. Observe the level of the wheel bearing lubricant in the hub cap at each end of the front axle and, if needed, fill the hubs to the level indicated on the hub cap. See Group 33 of the Cargo Maintenance Manual for recommended lubricants.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance the exterior of the radiator or aftercooler core as often as every 200 miles (320 km). 7. Check the condition of the coolant hoses and heater hoses. Make sure the radiator inlet and outlet coolant hoses and heater hoses are pliable and are not cracking or ballooning. Replace hoses that show signs of cracking, weakening, or ballooning. Replace all hoses, including heater hoses, at the same time.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance CAUTION Failure to maintain a sealed air intake system could allow the entry of dirt and contaminants into the engine. This could adversely affect engine performance and result in engine damage. NOTE: After replacing the filter element, reset the restriction indicator by pressing the reset button. 12. Check the fluid level in the clutch fluid reservoir. The reservoir is full when the fluid level is up to the MAX mark.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance Hot Check • Operate the transmission in a drive range until normal operating temperature, 160 to 200°F (71 to 93°C), is reached. • Park the vehicle. Shift to neutral (N) and apply the parking brake. Let the engine run at idle. • Wipe the dipstick clean and check the fluid level. A safe operating level is any level within the HOT RUN (upper) band on the dipstick.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance pump, causing sudden loss of engine power, possibly resulting in serious personal injury due to reduced vehicle control. 18. Check the fuel level in the tank(s) and be sure the fuel cap vent area is clean. Check the fuel/water separator, if equipped, for leaks, and if needed, prime the fuel tank system. WARNING Never fill fuel tanks to more than 95 percent of their liquid capacity.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance tank(s) to more than 95 percent of liquid capacity. Remove the air hose and tighten the fuel supply line. 18.4 Start the engine. Once the engine has started, it may run rough. If this occurs, run the engine at low idle until it runs smoothly. On vehicles equipped with a single tank, prime the fuel system, if needed. On vehicles with dual tanks, go to the next substep.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance fifth wheel lockup may allow disengagement of the tractor from the trailer, possibly resulting in serious personal injury or death. 20.1 If the vehicle is a truck-trailer combination, be sure the trailer hitch is locked and the safety cable or chains are connected. Be sure air hoses and the light cable are connected. WARNING Check to be sure that the trailer hitch is securely connected to the truck.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance • Fatigue or cracking of welds, which must be repaired according to the manufacturer’s specifications. WARNING Keep the fifth wheel plate lubricated to prevent binding between the tractor and trailer. A binding fifth wheel could cause erratic steering and loss of vehicle control, possibly resulting in serious personal injury or death. 20.4 Lubricate the fifth wheel top plate and other grease points at least once a week and more often in severe service.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance such as cracks or breaks, to one leaf causes hidden damage to other leaves. Replacement of only the visibly damaged part(s) is no assurance that the spring is safe. If cracks or breaks exist on front spring assemblies in either of the two top leaves, a loss of vehicle control could occur. Failure to replace a damaged spring assembly could cause an accident resulting in serious personal injury or property damage. 23.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance 1 1 A 2 4 10/02/95 f460158b 3 A. Lash Area Fig. 9.2, Measuring Lash at the Steering Wheel 27.1 Check the web for fraying, cuts, or extreme wear, especially near the buckle latch plate and the D-loop guide area. 27.2 Check the web for extreme dirt or dust and for severe fading from exposure to sunlight. 27.3 Check the buckle and latch for operation and for wear or damage.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance 27.5 Check the web retractor for function and damage. This could cause an accident leading to property damage, serious personal injury, or death. 27.6 Check the mounting bolts for tightness and tighten any that are loose. 30. Make sure that both the electric horn and the air horn work. Then check the wiper and washer control. During cold weather, check the operation of the heater and defroster controls. 28.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance Replace light bulbs or sealed beam units that are not working. 35.1 Check the clearance between the hoses, exhaust manifold, and turbocharger, or other hot spots. Excessive heat will cause the material in the hoses to deteriorate rapidly or become brittle. Provide at least six inches (150 mm) of clearance. More clearance is recommended, especially if the hose is located above the heat source. 35.2 Check for kinks, dents, or swelling of the hoses.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance 35.6 Observe the hose cover condition, especially hoses exposed to water splash and ice. If any hose is dried out or ragged (the wire or liner is showing through the cover), replace the hose. 35.7 Inspect the front air brake lines for leaks at the fitting where they enter the air chamber. 35.9 Check the bend radii of all hoses. See Fig. 9.4.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance 35.10 Check straight hose installations (those hoses that do not bend along their routings). Pressure changes can cause a hose to lengthen up to two percent, or shorten up to four percent. A 100-inch (2540-mm) length of hose, for example, can contract to 96 inches (2440 mm). If the hose has no slack when it is exhausted of air, replace it with one of adequate length to avoid a possible blow-off from the fitting during vehicle operation. 35.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance caps are on every tire and that they are screwed on finger-tight. Inflate the tires to the applicable pressures, if needed. Overinflation gives the treaded surface of the tire a convex shape (Fig. 9.6). This causes extreme tire wear in the middle part of the tire since this section is primarily in contact with the road. Underinflation gives the tread surface a concave shape (Fig. 9.6).
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance and hubs and see Group 40 of the same manual for wheel and tire servicing. Replace broken, cracked, badly worn, bent, rusty, or sprung rings and rims. Be sure that the rim base, lockring, and side ring are matched according to size and type. A B WARNING C 11/03/94 f400062a A. Tire correctly inflated. B. Tire overinflated. C. Tire underinflated. Fig. 9.6, Tire Inflation 38.
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance 39.1 Release the parking brakes on the vehicle by pushing in the parking brake control valve knob. See Fig. 9.7. Check the air governor cut-in and cut-out pressures. Run the engine at fast idle. The air governor should cut out the air compressor at approximately 125 psi (862 kPa). With the engine idling, make a series of foot valve applications. The air governor should cut in the air compressor at approximately 95 psi (655 kPa).
Pretrip Inspection and Daily Maintenance With the service brakes released, shut down the engine, wait one minute and note the air pressure gauge reading. Observe the air pressure drop in psi (kPa) per minute. Charge the air system until cutoff pressure of 125 psi (862 kPa) is reached. With the parking brakes released and the service brake applied, shut down the engine, wait one minute and note the air pressure gauge reading. Observe the air pressure drop in psi (kPa) per minute.
10 In an Emergency Hazard Warning Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emergency Starting With Jumper Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire in the Cab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In an Emergency Hazard Warning Lights Towing The hazard warning light switch (Fig. 10.1) is located in the left switch bank on the instrument panel. Hazard warning lights are operated by pushing the bottom of the switch. When the hazard warning light switch is on, all of the turn signal lights and both of the indicator lights on the control panel will flash. To cancel the warning lights, push the top of the switch.
In an Emergency the axle shaft studs. This prevents lubricant from leaking out, and will keep contaminants from getting into the axle lubricant and damaging the wheel bearings. 4. Remove the bumper extension and chrome bumper, if installed. 5. Attach the towing device. Due to the many variables that exist in towing, positioning the lifting and towing device is the sole responsibility of the towing-vehicle operator, who must be familiar with standard towing industry safety measures. 6.
In an Emergency 5. Connect the clearance lights, taillights, and signal lights. Also connect any special towing lights required by local regulations. Emergency Starting With Jumper Cables When using jumper cables, follow the instructions below. lated, deep-cycle batteries with jumper cables. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions when charging deep-cycle batteries. NOTE: On vehicles equipped with an optional jump-start post, attach the positive cable clamp to that post instead of to the battery. 1.
In an Emergency two minutes between starting attempts to allow the starter to cool. C A B + − + G E − + − 1 F A 2 10/18/94 A. B. C. D. 1. f540303a To Ground 3rd To Frame (ground) 4th Booster Battery E. To Starter F. 2nd G. 1st 2. Discharged Battery Fig. 10.2, Jumper Connections vehicle needing the start. The vehicle frame is usually a good ground. Do not connect the cable to or near the discharged batteries. 4. 5. When the engine starts, let it idle a few minutes. WARNING + − E 6.
In an Emergency death, severe burns, or gas poisoning, as well as damage to the vehicle. The incidence of fire in heavy- and medium-duty trucks is rare, according to data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard #302 limits the flammability of specified materials used inside the cab, but despite this, most materials will burn. The cab of this vehicle contains urethane foam, which is of concern in this respect.
11 Fifth Wheels Holland Fifth Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Fontaine® Fifth Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.
Fifth Wheels Holland Fifth Wheels General Information Holland fifth wheels (Fig. 11.1) are bracket-mounted to the tractor frame in a position that best distributes the trailer load over the tractor axles. 2 1 10/31/94 f310266a 1. Kingpin Lock Release Handle 2. Kingpin Lock Mechanism Fig. 11.1, Holland Fifth Wheel The Type "B" kingpin lock mechanism (Fig. 11.2) utilizes two spring-loaded lock halves.
Fifth Wheels 2 A 2 B 1 1 3 3 5 4 07/11/2000 f310841 A. Closed Position, Locked 1. Release Handle and Spring 2. Adjustment Nut 3. Lock Halves 4. Lock Pivot B. Open Position, Unlocked 5. Sliding Yoke Fig. 11.2, Type B Kingpin Lock Mechanism (bottom view) 2. The kingpin lock mechanism must be fully open, and the fifth wheel plate must be completely lubricated with chassis grease. For lubrication instructions, refer to Group 31 of the Cargo Maintenance Manual.
Fifth Wheels throat of the locking mechanism. See Fig. 11.3. Adjust the trailer landing gear to give enough alignment height so that the fifth wheel picks up the trailer on the fifth wheel ramps. could cause the trailer to disconnect, possibly resulting in serious personal injury or death. 7. With the fifth wheel lock opening aligned with the trailer kingpin, back the tractor slowly toward the trailer, making sure that the kingpin correctly enters the throat of the locking mechanism.
Fifth Wheels 3 2 2 3 1 B 1 11/07/94 4 4 A D C f310106a A. Locks open. B. Locks closed. C. Kingpin correctly entering the lock. Note how the depressed tongue allows lock halves to close completely around the neck and shoulder of the kingpin. D. Kingpin incorrectly entering the lock. Note how the steel tongue prevents lock halves from closing, preventing false lockup. 1. Fifth Wheel Plate 3. Kingpin 2. Trailer 4. Lockguard Fig. 11.3, Lockguard Mechanism (rear view) 11.
Fifth Wheels 1 2 2 1 3 3 4 4 A B 07/26/96 f310532 A. Closed Position, Locked 1. Release Arm 2. Release Handle B. Open Position, Unlocked 3. Lock Pin 4. Hinged Lock Fig. 11.4, Type "A" Kingpin Lock Mechanism WARNING Do not overload any tractor axle by improperly loading the trailer. This could cause erratic steering 11.5 and loss of vehicle control, possibly resulting in serious personal injury or death. Unlocking the Fifth Wheel Lock Mechanism 1. Apply the tractor parking brakes.
Fifth Wheels 2. Pull the trailer air supply valve to cut off the air supply to the trailer. 3. Chock the front and rear of the trailer tires to prevent the trailer from moving. WARNING Do not use the trailer service brakes for parking; they are not designed for this purpose. If air bleeds out of the trailer air tank during parking, the vehicle could roll causing serious personal injury or property damage. 4. Lower the trailer landing gear until the weight is removed from the fifth wheel. 5.
Fifth Wheels the jaw. A timing bracket ensures that the wedge and jaw are moved at the correct time. 2 Placing the lock control handle in the unlocked position moves the wedge away from the jaw. This action unlocks the jaw so that it can be moved by the trailer kingpin. When the tractor is moved out from under the trailer, the kingpin moves the jaw until the kingpin is out of the mechanism.
Fifth Wheels WARNING 2 Keep the fifth wheel plate lubricated to prevent binding between the tractor and trailer. A binding fifth wheel could cause erratic steering and loss of vehicle control, possibly resulting in serious personal injury or death. 3. 4. A 1 Position the tractor so that the fifth wheel lock opening is in line (both vertically and horizontally) with the trailer kingpin. The kingpin should be in a position to enter the throat of the locking mechanism, as shown in Fig. 11.5.
Fifth Wheels 8. After lockup is completed, connect the tractor-totrailer air system lines and the electrical cable to the trailer. Take care to prevent dirt or foreign material from entering the air system lines. 9. Charge the air brake system with air. Make sure that the air connections do not leak. 13. The load distribution on the front steering axle and rear drive axle(s) will have a direct effect on the steering control of the vehicle.
Fifth Wheels 3. Chock the front and rear of the trailer tires to prevent the trailer from moving. WARNING Do not use the trailer service brakes for parking; they are not designed for this purpose. If air bleeds out of the trailer air tank during parking, the vehicle could roll causing serious personal injury or property damage. 4. Lower the trailer landing gear until the weight is removed from the fifth wheel. 5. Disconnect the tractor-to-trailer air system lines and electrical cable.
Index Subject Page A Air Brake System . . . . . . . . . . . . Automatic Slack Adjusters . . . . . General Information . . . . . . . . . Meritor WABCO® Antilock Braking System (ABS), Air Brake Systems . . . . . . . . . . . Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allison Automatic Transmissions . . . . General Information . . . . . . . . . Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 7.4 7.1 7.3 7.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 B Back-of-Cab Grab Handle, Step, and Deck Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
Index Subject Page Cummins Engines . . . . . . . . . . Engine Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . Cummins Engines . . . . . . . . . . Engine Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cummins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EPA Vehicle Noise Emission Control Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.8 4.8 4.1 4.1 Subject Page Heater and Ventilation System . . . . 3.17 High Altitude Operation . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Cummins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Holland Fifth Wheels . . . . . . . . . . 11.
Index Subject Page Front Towing Hookup . . . . . . . 10.1 Rear Towing Hookup . . . . . . . . 10.2 V Vehicle Specification Decal . . . . . . . Vinyl Upholstery Cleaning . . . . . . . Ball Point Ink . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chewing Gum . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . Nail Polish and Nail Polish Remover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ordinary Dirt . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paint, Shoe Heel Marks . . . . . . . Shoe Polish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfide Stains . . . . . . . .
