® 45 Dual Display Multimeter Users Manual PN 855981 January 1989, Rev. 4, 7/97 © 1999 Fluke Corporation, All rights reserved. Printed in USA All product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
LIMITED WARRANTY & LIMITATION OF LIABILITY Each Fluke product is warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service. The warranty period is one year and begins on the date of shipment. Parts, product repairs and services are warranted for 90 days.
Safety Class This is an IEC safety class 1 (grounded enclosure) product. For safety, the ground wire in the line cord must be connected when operating from AC power. When operated from the optional battery pack, this product meets the safety requirements for a safety class 2 (reinforced insulation) product and does not require grounding for safety.
Table of Contents Chapter 1 Title Page Introduction ........................................................................................ 1-1 Introducing the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter........................................... 1-1 Options and Accessories .................................................................................... 1-2 Where to go from Here ...................................................................................... 1-2 2 Getting Started .....................
45 Users Manual Measuring Frequency......................................................................................... Frequency Ranging........................................................................................ Frequency Measurement Rates...................................................................... Measuring Frequency of Current (100 mA and 10A) Inputs......................... Frequency Sensitivity Selection ....................................................................
Contents (continued) Installing the IEEE-488 Interface .................................................................. Enabling the IEEE-488 Interface................................................................... Addressing the Meter..................................................................................... Cabling the Meter to a Host........................................................................... Getting Started With An Installation Test........................................
List of Tables Table 1-1. 3-2. 3-3. 3-4. 3-5. 3-6. 3-7. 3-8. 3-9. 3-10. 3-11. 3-12. 3-13. 4-1. 4-2. 4-3. 4-4. 4-5. 5-1. 5-2. 5-5. 5-6. 5-7. 5-8. 5-9. 5-11. 5-12. 5-13. 5-14. 5-15. 5-16. 5-17. 5-18. 6-1. 6-2. Title Accessories............................................................................................................. Voltage Ranges and Full Scale Values................................................................... Current Ranges and Full Scale Values ..................................
45 Users Manual 6-3. 6-4. 6-5. Performance Tests for mA Current Functions ....................................................... 6-7 Performance Tests for A Current Functions........................................................... 6-7 Replacement Parts ..................................................................................................
List of Figures Figure 2-1. 2-2. 2-3. 2-4. 2-5. 2-6. 2-7. 2-8. 3-1. 3-2. 3-3. 3-4. 3-5. 3-6. 3-7. 4-1. 4-2. 4-3. 5-1. 5-2. 5-3. 5-4. 5-5. 5-6. 6-1. 6-2. Title Front Panel ............................................................................................................. Rear Panel .............................................................................................................. Adjusting Handle...........................................................................................
Chapter 1 Introduction Introducing the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter Note This manual contains information and warnings that must be followed to ensure safe operation and retain the meter in safe condition. W Warning To avoid electric shock or injury, read the "multimeter safety" sheet preceding Chapter 2 before using the meter. The Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter (also referred to as "the meter") is a 4/2-digit (30,000 count) meter with a 5-digit (100,000 count) high resolution mode.
45 Users Manual • 100,000, 30,000, and 3,000 selectable count resolution, with display reading speeds of 2.5, 5, and 20 readings per second (rps), respectively. • Built-in self-tests with closed-case calibration (no internal calibration adjustments). Options and Accessories Two options are available. These options can be installed in the meter at the factory or by the customer on site: • The IEEE-488 Interface (Option -O5K) provides full programmability, and automated calibration.
Introduction Where to go from Here 1 Chapter 2: Getting started Explains how to prepare the meter for operation and get started quickly taking basic measurements from the front panel. Chapter 3: Operating the meter from the front panel Provides a complete description of each operation that can be performed using the pushbuttons on the front panel. Chapter 3 is organized so that related operations and functions are grouped together.
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MULTIMETER SAFETY The Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter has been designed and tested according to IEC Publication 348, Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus. This manual contains information and warnings which must be followed to ensure safe operation and retain the meter in safe condition. Use of this equipment in a manner not specified herein may impair the protection provided by the equipment. The meter is designed for IEC 664, Installation Category II use.
Chapter 2 Getting Started Introduction Chapter 2 explains how to prepare the meter for operation, discusses general operating features, and walks you through the basics of taking some common measurements. Getting Started Unpacking and Inspecting the Meter Carefully remove the meter from its shipping container and inspect it for possible damage or missing items. If the meter is damaged or something is missing, contact the place of purchase immediately.
45 Users Manual Primary Display mA Fuse Receptacle 45 V DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER REL AUTO REMOTE SMF MAX dB MIN HOLD EXT TRG mA mVDCAC UNCAL mA Mk Hz 10A 600V CAT I 1000V CAT I Secondary Display ! mV DC AC Mk Hz CAL ENABLE 100 mA COM Shift Key FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V V FUSED V A FREQ REF# REF HOLD MN MX RATE THRESH ADDR BAUD AUTO COMP HI LO 2ND dB REL A LOCAL POWER Input Terminals Ranging Buttons Function Buttons Modifier Buttons Reading Rate aam01f.eps Figure 2-1.
Getting Started Turning the Meter on 1. Viewing Position 2 2. Alternate Viewing Position Pull End Out and Towards You. Then Slide to Left. 3. Carrying Position 4. Removal Position (to Remove, Pull Ends Out) aam03f.eps Figure 2-3. Adjusting Handle If you have not already done so, plug the line cord into the connector on the rear of the meter. The meter will operate on any line voltage between 90 V ac and 264 V ac without adjustment, and any frequency between 45 and 440 Hz.
45 Users Manual 2ND (SHIFT BUTTON): -Press 2ND then a FUNCTION BUTTON to Select Function for Secondary Display. (Refer to Section 3 for other uses of 2ND .
Getting Started Selecting a Measurement Range 2 EXAMPLE: Press Z to select volts ac for the primary display, then press I to select the decibels modifier. • Press multiple buttons simultaneously. EXAMPLE: Press Z and Ysimultaneously to select true rms volts ac + volts dc (calculated) in the primary display. For more details on the uses of each button, refer to Chapter 3, "OPERATING THE METER FROM THE FRONT PANEL.
45 Users Manual Measuring Voltage, Resistance, or Frequency To measure voltage, resistance, or frequency, press the desired function button and connect the test leads as shown in Figure 2-5. The meter will select the appropriate range in the autorange mode, and an annunciator on the display will indicate measurement units. Note After measuring high voltage to 1000 V dc, errors may occur when making measurements with 1 to 10 µV resolution. Allow up to two minutes prior to making low-level measurements.
Getting Started Taking Some Basic Measurements + VOLTAGE SOURCE 45 V DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER 10A ! 600V CAT I 1000V CAT I - 2 CAL ENABLE 100 mA COM FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V V FUSED V dB REL A A FREQ AUTO COMP LO HI 2ND REF# REF HOLD MN MX RATE THRESH ADDR BAUD LOCAL POWER V FREQ V aam05f.eps Figure 2-5.
45 Users Manual + 45 TEST CIRCUIT V 10A ! 600V CAT I 1000V CAT I - DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER CAL ENABLE 100 mA COM FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V V FUSED REL A A V FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO dB 2ND REF# REF HOLD MN MX RATE THRESH ADDR BAUD LOCAL POWER Note: This is a Diode Test Function with a Continuity Beeper. aam07f.eps Figure 2-7.
Getting Started Operating the Meter Under Battery Power (Optional) 2 To perform a diode or transistor junction test, press G to select the diode/continuity function. (Each press of G turns the continuity beeper on and off.) Then connect the test leads across the diode as shown in Figure 2-8. Notice how the test leads are placed. Reversing the polarity will reverse-bias the diode. Operating the Meter Under Battery Power (Optional) The meter can be powered by an 8 V, lead-acid battery.
45 Users Manual 2-10
Chapter 3 Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Introduction Chapter 3 explains how to operate the meter from the front panel. Refer to Chapter 4 for information concerning specific applications. Chapter 5 provides instructions on how to operate the meter using the computer interface (RS-232 or IEEE-488).
45 Users Manual Display The meter has a 5-digit, vacuum-fluorescent, dual display. This display shows measurement readings, annunciators, and messages. The annunciators indicate measurement units and the meters operating configuration. The dual display allows you to see two properties (e.g., volts ac and frequency) of the input signal you are measuring. Readings are taken and displayed in an alternating fashion.
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Display Reading Rate: Slow, Medium, Fast Remote State with or without Front Panel Lockout (REMS or RWLS)) 3 Relative Modifier MIN MAX Modifier Touch Hold Modifier Decibels Modifier Autorange Continuity Test Function and Unit Annunciators REL AUTO REMOTE SMF MAX dB MIN HOLD EXT TRG mA mVDCAC UNCAL mA Mk Hz mV DC AC MkW Hz External Trigger Enabled Less Than 1/2 Hour Battery Power Remains Calibration Corrupted Diode Test Diode Test Overload, Out of Limits.
45 Users Manual Neither function modifiers (REL, dB, HOLD, and MN MX) nor the manual range mode can be selected in the secondary display. Measurement ranges in the secondary display are always selected through autoranging. Input Terminals The input terminals, shown in Figure 3-4, are located on the left of the front panel. The meter is protected against overloads up to the limits shown in Table 3-1. Exceeding these limits poses a hazard to both the meter and operator.
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Selecting a Measurement Function 3 Table 3-1. Input Limits FUNCTION INPUT TERMINALS MAXIMUM INPUT | VeG and COM 1000V dc { and FREQ VeG and COM 750V ac rms, 1000V peak, 2 x 10 V-Hz 6 normal mode, or 1 x 10 V-Hz common mode (whichever is less) mAD and FREQ 100 mA and COM 300 mA dc or ac rms \ and FREQ 10A and COM 10A dc or ac rms (or 20A dc or ac rms for 30 sec.
45 Users Manual Amps DC Volts DC Resistance Diode Test/Continuity V A V A FUNCTION BUTTONS: FREQ -Press to Select the Function Designated Volts AC Amps AC 45 V Frequency DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER 10A 600V CAT I 1000V CAT I ! CAL ENABLE 100 mA COM FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V FUSED V A V A REL FREQ AUTO COMP LO HI dB 2ND REF# REF HOLD MN MX RATE THRESH ADDR BAUD LOCAL POWER aam13f.eps Figure 3-5. Function Selection Buttons Table 3-2.
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Ranging 3 Table 3-3. Current Ranges and Full Scale Values Fast Reading Rate Range Medium Reading Rate Full Scale Range Full Scale Slow Reading Rate Range Full Scale 30 mA 30.00 mA 30 mA 30.000 mA 10 mA 9.9999 mA 100 mA 100.0 mA 100 mA 100.00 mA 100 mA 99.999 mA 10 A 10.00 A* 10 A 10.000 A* 10 A 9.9999 A * 20 A for maximum of 30 seconds Table 3-4.
45 Users Manual Press to Toggle In and Out of Manual Ranging. "AUTO" Annunciator Turns off when Manual Range Selected. Press to Enter Manual Range and Up Range Press to Enter Manual Range and Down Range AUTO 45 V DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER 10A 600V CAT I 1000V CAT I ! CAL ENABLE 100 mA COM FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V FUSED V A V A REL FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO dB 2ND REF# REF HOLD MN MX RATE THRESH ADDR BAUD LOCAL POWER aam14f.eps Figure 3-6.
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Measuring Frequency 3 Frequency Measurement Rates The rate at which frequency measurements are taken is a factor of the frequency being measured (see Table 3-6). When the frequency function has been selected, pressing R has no effect on the frequency update rate. Table 3-6. Frequency Measurement Rates Frequency Reading Rate @ > 150 Hz 1.8/sec @ 100 Hz 1.6/sec @ 60 Hz 1.3/sec @ 15 Hz 1/1.2sec @10Hz 1/1.7sec @5Hz 1/3.
45 Users Manual Table 3-7. Maximum Sinewave Inputs for Frequency Measurements Range Maximim Input Voltage 300 mV 1 V rms 3V 6 V rms 30 V 60 V rms 300 V 750 V rms 750 V 750 V rms The input signal sensitivity is listed under the frequency specifications in Appendix A. These values are based on sine waveforms. The signal level must be increased for lower crest factor inputs (the crest factor is the ratio of the peak voltage to the ac rms voltage of the waveform).
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Selecting A Function Modifier 3 -Press to Toggle In and Out of Relative Modifier -Press to Toggle In and Out of Decibels Modifier REL dB HOLD MN MX -Press to Select MN MX Modifier; -Press to Toggle Between Minimum and Maximun Reading; -Press and Hold Down for 2 Seconds to Exit MN MX Modifier. 45 V -Press to Select Touch Hold Modifier; -Press to Force New Reading; -Press and Hold Down for 2 Seconds to Exit.
45 Users Manual modifier is selected, the relative base is shown in the secondary display. To turn off this feature, press S and, while holding it down, press K . dB (Decibels and Audio Power) Modifier The decibels modifier takes a voltage measurement, converts it to dBm (measure of decibels relative to one milliwatt), and displays the result on the primary display. Press I to toggle in and out of the decibels modifier. When the decibels modifier is selected, "dB" is shown on the primary display.
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Selecting A Function Modifier 3 HOLD (Touch Hold) Modifier The Touch Hold modifier allows you to take a measurement and "hold" that measurement on the display. This feature can be particularly advantageous in difficult or hazardous circumstances when you might want to keep your eyes fixed on the probes, and then read the display when it is safe or convenient to do so.
45 Users Manual Hold, then converts the measurement to decibels, then determines if the measurement is either a new minimum or maximum value, and then subtracts the relative base from the measurement. When using multiple modifiers, the order in which modifiers are selected is important. For example, if K is pressed when you are in the MN MX, either the minimum or maximum value (which ever is currently displayed) becomes the relative base.
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Selecting A Function Modifier 3 Table 3-10.
45 Users Manual Using The Compare (Comp) Function The compare function (COMP) provides an easy way to determine if a reading falls within a designated range of values. In the compare mode, the meter displays a reading in the primary display and indicates in the secondary display if that value is lower (LO) than, higher (HI) than, or within a range (PASS) you selected. The compare function can be used with any other function modifier — i.e., REL, MN MX, HOLD, or dB.
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Using The Compare (Comp) Function 3 Using the List Editor Use the list editor to select an option from a list. Table 3-11 summarizes the options available through the list editor. To use the list editor, proceed as follows: 1. Press S . 2. Press the appropriate modifier button, as indicated in Table 3-11, to call the list editor on an options list.
Users Manual Table 3-11.
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Power-Up Configuration 3 The last number entered (or, in REL, the last measured value) is shown with the left most digit displayed in normal intensity and the remaining digits dim. (If the number is negative, the minus sign is dim.) Related annunciators are lit, and "EDIT" is shown in the secondary display. 2. Press U to step the bright digit through numbers between O and 9. Holding down U causes this digit to scroll continuously.
45 Users Manual Table 3-13.
Chapter 4 Applications Introduction Chapter 4 discusses some applications that will help you use the meter effectively. These applications assume you are familiar with the basic operation of the meter and have a basic understanding of electronics. A sophisticated understanding of electrical circuits is not necessary. Using the Dual Display Using the dual display effectively and with ingenuity can greatly enhance your test and measurement capabilities.
45 Users Manual 45 V 10A 600V CAT I 1000V CAT I DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER AUTO M ! VAC Hz CAL ENABLE 100 mA COM FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V FUSED V A V A REL FREQ AUTO COMP HI + - LO dB 2ND REF# REF HOLD MN MX RATE THRESH ADDR BAUD LOCAL POWER V 2ND FREQ aam16f.eps Figure 4-1. Dual Display Showing Volts AC and Frequency Using Measurement Functions in Combination The dual display allows you to display two properties of the input signal being measured.
Applications Using the Dual Display 4 Table 4-1.
45 Users Manual CIRCUIT LOAD 45 V DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER 10A 600V CAT I 1000V CAT I ! CAL ENABLE 100 mA COM FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V FUSED V A V A REL FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO dB 2ND REF# REF HOLD MN MX RATE THRESH ADDR BAUD LOCAL POWER 2ND V A aam17f.eps Figure 4-2 DC Voltage and DC Current Measurement on Input Signal The lead from the internal measuring circuitry of the meter to the COM binding post (on the front panel) is the same for both voltage and current measurements.
Applications How the Meter Makes Dual Display Measurements 4 level, range type (autorange or manual range), the measurement rate (slow, medium, or fast), and whether measurement types are mixed or not. (Measurements are either ac-type [ac volts or amps] or dc-type [all others]). Typical response times for a single measurement are shown in Table 4-2. For a single measurement, results are displayed as soon as the correct range is found.
45 Users Manual Table 4-2. Typical Single Measurement Response Times (in Seconds) Slow Rate Meas. Function Medium Rate Fast Rate Auto 1 Range Single 2 Range Auto 1 Range Single 2 Range Auto 1 Range Single 2 Range | 1.00 0.60 0.80 0.40 0.30 0.10 { 2.20 0.80 2.00 0.60 1.00 0.30 [ 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 ` 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.50 0.30 e 1.40 0.60 1.20 0.40 0.40 0.10 GR 0.50 0.50 0.30 0.30 0.10 0.10 1.20 0.50 1.20 0.50 0.70 0.30 3 FREQ 1. 2. 3.
Applications External Trigger 4 Update Rate in the Dual Display Mode The update rate is the time between successive measurements for a steady state signal. In the dual display mode (when both the primary and secondary displays are on), if the measurement functions or the ranges selected for the primary and secondary displays are different, the update rate for each measurement function will vary from the update rate for that measurement function when only the primary display is on.
45 Users Manual Table 4-4. Typical Measurement Intervals (in Seconds) for Dual Display Measurements All AC or All DC Type Slow Med AC & DC Types Mixed Meas. Range Fast Slow Med Fast V 300 mV 3V 30V 300V 1000V 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 1.10 1.00 1.10 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.80 0.80 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 W All 1.80 1.60 0.50 2.30 2.10 0.50 A All 0.70 0.50 0.10 0 90 0.70 0.10 B All 1.50 1.30 0.50 1.80 1.60 0.
Applications When Measuring Resistance 4 When Measuring Resistance Two-Wire Configuration The meter measures resistance in a two-wire configuration using a resistance ratio (sometimes called ratio-ohms) technique. Two-wire resistance measurements are simple to set up and yield good results for most measurement conditions. The full-scale voltage for each resistance range is shown in Table 4-5. The z input test lead is positive with respect to the COM lead.
45 Users Manual By contrast, many meters use average-responding ac converters rather than true rms converters. The scale factor in these meters is adjusted so that they display the rms value for a harmonic-free sine wave. However, if a signal is not sinusoidal, average-responding meters do not display correct rms readings.
Applications True RMS Measurements PEAK VOLTAGES AC-COUPLED INPUT WAVEFORM SINE METERED VOLTAGES AC COMPONENT ONLY PK-PK 0-PK RMS CAL* FLUKE 45 4 DC AND AC TOTAL RMS DC COMPONENT TRUE RMS = ONLY ac 2 + dc 2 2.828 1.414 PK 1.000 PK-PK 0 1.000 0.000 1.000 RECTIFIED SINE (FULL WAVE) 1.414 1.414 0.421 0.436 PK 0.900 PK-PK 0 1.000 RECTIFIED SINE (HALF WAVE) 2.000 2.000 0.779 PK 0.771 PK-PK 0 0.636 1.000 SQUARE 2.000 1.000 PK 1.111 0 1.000 PK-PK 0.000 1.000 RECTIFIED SQUARE 1.
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Chapter 5 Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Introduction The meter can be operated from a host (e.g., a terminal, controller, PC, or computer) by sending commands to it through a computer interface on the rear panel. Chapter 5 describes how to set up, configure, and operate the meter via the RS-232 or (optional) IEEE-488 computer interface. With the (optional) IEEE-488 computer interface installed, the meter is fully programmable for use on the IEEE Standard 488.1 interface bus (1987).
45 Users Manual To determine which computer interface is enabled, press in POWER to turn the meter on. Press S, then press R. If "baud" and a rate are displayed, the RS-232 interface is enabled; if "IEEE" is displayed, the IEEE-488 interface is enabled. Preparing the Meter for Operations via the RS-232 Interface The RS-232 interface allows ASCII, asynchronous, serial communication between the meter and a host, a serial printer, or terminal.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Preparing the Meter for Operations via the RS-232 Interface 5 RS-232 Print-Only Mode The print-only mode is intended to be used primarily in those cases where you want to send measurements taken by the meter to a printer or terminal automatically. While the meter will respond to remote commands during "print-only" operations, we recommend first setting the meter’s echo mode to "OFF" (see above).
45 Users Manual The meter exits the list editor, returns to normal operation, and is configured for RS-232 print-only operations. Cabling the Meter to a Host or Printer (RS-232) The meter communicates with a host through a DB-9 interface connector on the rear panel of the meter. A connector pinout for the RS-232 interface is on the rear of the instrument. Cable the meter to the host or terminal using a cable appropriate to your application (see Table 1-1) that is less than 50 feet (15 meters) long.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Preparing the Meter to be Operated via IEEE-488 Interface 5 Preparing the Meter to be Operated via IEEE-488 Interface To turn the meter into a fully programmable element of an automated testing system, use the IEEE-488 Interface option, as described below. IEEE-488 Operating Limitations The following limitations govern the IEEE-488 interface: • A maximum of 15 devices can be connected in a single IEEE-488 bus system.
45 Users Manual Cabling the Meter to a Host The meter communicates with a host through an interface connector on the rear panel of the meter. First turn the meter off, then cable the meter to the host. Getting Started With An Installation Test After the meter has been cabled to a host and prepared to communicate with it via the RS-232 or IEEE-488 interface (as described above), test the system to verify that it is operational.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface How the Meter Processes Input 5 5. Verify that the meter sends the following response FLUKE, 45, nnnnnnn, n.n Dn.n nnnnnnn is your meter’s serial number, n.n identifies the main software version, and Dn.n identifies the display software version. If Test Fails If the meter does not respond to the test procedure as indicated: 1. Check all cable connections. 2. If you are using the RS-232 interface, check to see that the communication parameters (e.g.
45 Users Manual Enable Register" later in Chapter 5) and the input string is discarded. If, on the other hand, the input buffer becomes full when the IEEE-488 interface is used, the meter stops accepting characters until there is room in the buffer. Characters in the input buffer cannot be over-written with the IEEE-488 interface.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface How the Meter Processes Input • 5 RULE 2: READ QUERY RESPONSES BEFORE SENDING ANOTHER COMMAND STRING. Output data remains available in the output buffer until it is read by the host or until the next command string is received by the meter. This means the meters output buffer must be read by the host before, rather than after, the next command string is sent to the meter.
45 Users Manual In the following examples, between commands is for readability only. However a between a command and its argument is required. The PRINT command sends a terminator at the end of the string. EXAMPLE 1: The following string configures the meter and triggers an ohms reading to be shown on the primary display.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface How the Meter Processes Output 5 How the Meter Processes Output The following paragraphs summarize how the meter processes output. The meter outputs an alphanumeric string in response to a query command from the host. (Query commands are easily identified because they all end with "?".) An output string is terminated by a Carriage Return and Line Feed () for RS-232 applications or a Line Feed with End or Identity () for IEEE-488.
45 Users Manual 2. Press E and T simultaneously. "tri" and a number corresponding to the selected trigger type ("1", "2", "3", "4", or "5" from Table 5-3) are displayed. Note If E is pressed before (rather than simultaneously with) T, the meter will toggle from autorange to manual range or vice-versa, depending upon the range mode you are in. 3. Press U or T to step up or down the trigger type list.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Service Requests (IEEE-488 Only and Status Registers 5 A measurement is triggered while the input is greater than +3 V. A method for using DTR (pin 4) and an external switch to trigger a measurement is shown in Figure 5-2. • Send the IEEE-488 GET interface message (IEEE-488 Operations). Table 5-3.
45 Users Manual the bus responds to the poll by sending the contents of its Status Byte Register. If an instrument on the bus has made a service request, the request service bit (RQS, bit 6) of its Status Byte Register will be set to 1, identifying it as an instrument that requested service. The contents of the Status Byte Register (STB) is determined by the Service Request Enable Register (SRE), Event Status Register (ESR), Event Status Enable Register (ESE), and the output buffer.
e om que st m an Ex d Er ec ro ut r io D n ev Er ic r o e r D Q ep ue e ry nd Er en R tE eq ror rro ue r st C O on pe tro ra l tio n C om pl et e C er se r U Po w 5 R O n Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Service Requests (IEEE-488 Only and Status Registers 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Standard Event Status Register Read Using *ESR? Logical OR & & & & & & & & 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Standard Event Status Enable Register Queue Not-Empty Read Using *ESE? Write to Using *ESE Output Queue Read
45 Users Manual Event Status and Event Status Enable Registers The Event Status Register (ESR) assigns specified events to specific bits (see Figure 5-4 and Table 5-6). When a bit in the ESR is set (i.e., 1), the event that corresponds to that bit has occurred since the register was last read or cleared. For example, if bit 3 (DDE) is set to 1, a device-dependent error has occurred.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Service Requests (IEEE-488 Only and Status Registers 5 Table 5-6. Description of Bits in ESR and ESE Bit No. Name True (Set to 1) Conditions 0 Operation Complete (OPC). All commands previous to receipt of an *OPC command have been executed. Interface is ready to accept another message. 1 Not used. Always set to 0. 2 Query Error (QYE). Attempt has been made to read data from the meter’s output buffer when no output is present or pending.
45 Users Manual Table 5-7. Description of Bits in the Status Byte Register* Bit No. Name True (Set to 1) Condition 0 Not used. Always set to 0. 1 Not used. Always set to 0. 2 Not used. Always set to 0. 3 Not used. Always set to 0. 4 Message Available (MAV) Data is available in the output buffer. Bit set to 1 when response to query placed in output buffer. Bit cleared (set to 0) when output terminator sent to host.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set 5 6 will always be zero.) Convert the returned value to binary to determine the status of register bits. EXAMPLE *SRE? EXPLANATION Reads the value of the SRE Register. Assume "32" is returned. Converting 32 to the binary 00100000 indicates that bit 5 in the SRE is set to 1. Computer Interface Command Set The remainder of Chapter 5 describes the RS-232 and IEEE-488 computer interface commands.
45 Users Manual Table 5-8. IEEE-488 Interface Function Subsets SH1 AH1 T5 L4 SRI RL1 DC1 DT1 E1 Source Handshake Acceptor Handshake Talker Listener Service Request Remote/Local Device Clear* Device Trigger Electrical interface ^C (CNTRL C) is the RS-232 equivalent of DC1, causing and a new prompt to be output. Table 5-9.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set 5 Table 5-10. IEEE-488 Common Commands (cont) Command *SRE Name Service Request Enable Description Sets the "Service Request Enable Register" to , an integer between 0 and 255. The value of bit six is ignored because it is not used by the Service Request Enable Register. is an integer whose binary equivalent corresponds to the state (1 or 0) of bits in the register.
45 Users Manual Function Commands and Queries The commands in Table 5-11 relate to measurement functions. See Table 5-13 for ranges and measurement rates. Refer to Chapter 3 for a detailed description of each function. Commands under Primary Display and Secondary Display cause functions to be performed on the primary display or secondary display, respectively. Table 5-11.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set 5 Table 5-12. Function Modifier Commands and Queries Command DB Description Meter enters decibels modifier. Any reading shown in the primary display is in decibels. An Execution Error is generated if the meter is not in a volts ac and/or dc function. DBCLR Meter exits the decibels modifier and displays readings in normal units. Also clears dB Power, REL, and MN MX modifiers.
45 Users Manual Table 5-12. Function Modifier Commands and Queries (cont.) Command MAXSET Description Meter enters MN MX modifier with as the maximum value. can be a signed integer, signed real number without exponent, or signed real number with exponent. Autoranging is disabled. See "MN MX Modifier" in Chapter 3. If exceeds the measurement range, an Execution Error is generated.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set 5 Range and Measurement Rate Commands and Queries The commands in Table 5-13 relate to ranging and measurement rates (i.e., readings/ second). In the autorange mode, the meter automatically selects a range for each reading; in the manual range mode, the user selects a fixed range. Table 5-13.
45 Users Manual Table 5-13. Range and Measurement Rate Commands and Queries (cont.) Command Description RANGE1? Returns the range presently selected on the primary display. RANGE2? Returns the range presently selected on the secondary display. If the secondary display is inactive, an Execution Error is generated. RATE Sets the measurement rate to . is either "S" for slow (2.5 readings/second), "M" for medium (5 readings/second), or "F" for fast (20 readings/second).
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set 5 Compare Commands and Queries The commands in Table 5-15 cause the meter to determine whether a measurement is higher than, lower than, or within a specified range. These commands correspond to the COMP, HI, and LO buttons on the front panel. Table 5-15. Compare Commands and Queries Command Description COMP Meter enters compare (COMP) function. Touch Hold is automatically turned on.
45 Users Manual Miscellaneous Commands and Queries Miscellaneous commands and queries are summarized in Table 5-17. Table 5-17. Miscellaneous Commands and Queries Command Description ^C (CNTRL C) The RS-232 equivalent of IEEE-488 DCL. Causes and => to be output. FORMAT Set output to "1" or "2". Format 1 is compatible with IEEE-488.2. Format 1 outputs measurement values without measurement units (e.g., "VDC," "ADC," "OHMS," etc.).
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Computer Interface Command Set 5 RS-232 Remote/Local Configurations The commands in Table 5-18 are used with the RS-232 interface to set up the Remote/ Local configuration of the meter. These commands are valid only when the RS-232 interface is enabled. Table 5-18. Remote/Local Configuration Commands Command REMS Description Puts the meter into the IEEE-488 REMS state, i.e., IEEE-488 remote operating mode without front panel lockout.
45 Users Manual Sample Program Using the RS-232 Computer Interface Figure 5-5 is an annotated BASIC A program, written for an IBM PC (or compatible), that demonstrates how the meter can be used with the RS-232 computer interface. aam23f.eps Figure 5-5.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Sample Programs Using the IEEE-488 Computer Interface 5 Sample Programs Using the IEEE-488 Computer Interface Figure 5-6 illustrates three annotated GWBASIC programs, that demonstrate how the meter can be used with three different IEEE-488 Interface driver cards. aam24s.tif Figure 5-6.
45 Users Manual aam25s.tif Figure 5-6. Sample Programs for IEEE-488 Computer Interface (cont.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Sample Programs Using the IEEE-488 Computer Interface 5 aam26s.tif Figure 5-6. Sample Programs for IEEE-488 Computer Interface (cont.
45 Users Manual aam27s.tif Figure 5-6. Sample Programs for IEEE-488 Computer Interface (cont.
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface Sample Programs Using the IEEE-488 Computer Interface 5 5-35
Chapter 6 Maintenance Note When servicing the meter, use only the replacement parts specified. Introduction Chapter 6 provides the information necessary for the user to perform basic maintenance. Users should not attempt to perform maintenance not described in this chapter. Qualified service personnel should refer to the 45 Service Manual (P/N 856042) for complete maintenance, service, and calibration procedures.
45 Users Manual Current Input Fuses The 100 mA and 10 A inputs are protected by user-replaceable fuses. • The 100 mA input is protected by a fuse rated at F 500 mA, 250 V (Fast blow), 1500 A minimum breaking capacity, IEC-127 Sheet I. • The 10 A input is protected by a fuse rated at F 15 A, 250 V (Fast blow), 10,000 A breaking capacity, [or F 15 A, 600 V, (Fast blow), 10,000 A minimum breaking capacity].
Maintenance Current Input Fuses 6 If the fuse is good, the meter will read between .04 Ω and 1.0 Ω. If the fuse is blown, the meter will read >10 MΩ to OL. Replacing the 100 mA Input Fuse W Warning For protection against fire or arc flash, replace a blown fuse only with one of identical rating. The 100 mA input fuse is mounted in the front panel input jack (see Figure 6-2). To replace this fuse, first unplug the line cord.
45 Users Manual 3. Carefully remove the fuse and replace it with one rated as listed above. 4. Reverse the disassembly procedure to reassemble the meter. Self-Test Diagnostics and Error Codes If the meter fails the self-test diagnostics performed at power-up, an error code is displayed in the primary display and "ERROR" is displayed in the secondary display. An error code is displayed for two seconds or until a button is pressed. Error codes are listed in Table 6-1. Table 6-1.
Maintenance Service 6 4. The following tests require a Fluke 5725A Amplifier (or equivalent) to be used with the 5700A. The input level for the performance test will be set on the 5700A but will be output from the 5725A Amplifier. Connect a cable from the Output VA HI and LO connectors of the 5725A to the l0A and COM connectors on the Fluke 45. Select the function and range on the Fluke 45 and the input level from the 5700A using the values contained in Table 6-4.
45 Users Manual Table 6-2. Performance Tests for Volts, Diode Test, Ohms, and Frequency, Functions (cont.) Function Range (Rate) Input Level Display Frequency Min Max Using decades of 3: 300 Ω Short — 0.00 0.04 300 Ω — 299.83 300.19 short — 0.0000 0.0002 3 kΩ — 2.9983 3.0017 30 kΩ 30 kΩ — 29.983 30.017 300 kΩ 300 kΩ — 299.83 300.17 3 MΩ 3 MΩ — 2.9980 3.0020 30 MΩ* 30 MΩ — 29.922 30.078 300 MΩ* 300 MΩ — 294.0 306.0 Short — 0.00 0.04 190 Ω — 189 88 190.
Maintenance Replacement Parts 6 Table 6-3. Performance Tests for mA Current Functions Function Range (Rate) Input Level Display Frequency Min [ (mA) \ (mA) Max 30 mA +30 mA — 29.982 30.018 100 mA +100 mA — 99.93 100.07 30 mA 30 mA 1 kHz 29.840 30.160 100 mA 100 mA 1 kHz 99.40 100.60 Table 6-4. Performance Tests for A Current Functions Function Range (Rate) Input Level Display Frequency Min Max [ 10 A +10 A — 9.975 10.025 \ 10 A 10 A 1 kHz 9.890 10.
45 Users Manual Table 6-5. Replacement Parts (cont.) ITEM DESCRIPTION FLUKE PART NO. RS41 * RS-232 modem cable. Connects Fluke 45 to any modem. — TL20* Industrial Test Leads (Optional) — TL70* Test Leads (Standard) TM1 User’s Manual (English) 855981 TM2 User’s Manual (German/French) 856034 TM3 User’s Manual (Japanese) 857859 TM4 Service Manual 856042 TM5 Quick Reference Guide 856021 Y8021 * Shielded IEEE-488 one-meter (39.4-inch) cable. Plug and jack at each end.
Appendices Appendix A B C Title Page Specifications ...................................................................................................... A-1 ASCII/IEEE-488 Bus Codes ............................................................................... B-1 IEEE-488.2 Device Documentation Requirements.............................................
45 Users Manual
Appendix A Specifications Introduction Appendix A contains the specifications of the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter. These specifications assume: • A 1-year calibration cycle • An operating temperature of 18 °C to 28 °C (64.4 °F to 82.4 °F) • Relative humidity not exceeding 90 % (non-condensing) (70 % for 1,000 kΩ range Accuracy is expressed as +(percentage of reading + digits). Display Counts and Reading Rates Rate Readings per Second Full Range Display Counts Slow 2.
45 Users Manual DC Voltage Range Resolution Slow Accuracy Medium 300 mV — 10 µV 3V — 30 V — 300 V 1000 V Fast (6 Months) (1 Year) 100 µV 002 % + 2 0.025 % + 2 100 µV 1 mV 0.02 % + 2 0.025 % + 2 1 mV 10 mV 0.02 % + 2 0.025 % + 2 — 10 mV 100 mV 0.02 % + 2 0.025 % + 2 — 100 mV 1V 0.02 % + 2 0.025 % + 2 100 mV 1 µV — — 0.02 % + 6 0.025 % + 6 1000 mV 10 µV — — 0.02 % + 6 0.025 % + 6 10 V 100 µV — — 0.02 % + 6 0.025 % + 6 100 V 1 mV — — 0.02 % + 6 0.
Appendices Specifications A Maximum Input 1000V dc or peak ac on any range True RMS AC Voltage, AC-Coupled Resolution Range Slow 300 mV — 3V 30 V Medium Fast 10 µV 100 µV — 100µV 1 mV — 1 mV 10 mV 300 V — 10 mV 100 mV 750 V — 100 mV 1V 100 mV 1 µV — — 1000 mV 10 µV — — 10 V 100 µV — — 100 V 1 mV — — 750 V 10 mV — — Accuracy Linear Accuracy dB Accuracy Frequency Power* Slow/Med Fast Max Input at Upper Freq Slow Medium Fast 20-50 Hz 1 % + 100 1 % + 10 7%
45 Users Manual Decibel Reference Resistance * † 8000 Ω 500 Ω 124 Ω 8 Ω† 1200 Ω 300 Ω 110 Ω 4 Ω† 1000 Ω 250 Ω 93 Ω 2 Ω† 900 Ω 150 Ω 75 Ω 800 Ω 135 Ω 50 Ω 600 Ω* 125 Ω 16 Ω† Default resistance Reading displayed in watts (POWER) Input Impedance 1 Me in parallel with <100 pF Maximum Crest Factor 3.
Appendices Specifications A DC Current Resolution Range Burden Voltage Accuracy Slow 30 mA — 100 mA 10 A Medium Fast 1 µA 10 µA 0.05 % + 3 0.45 V — 10 µA 100 µA 0.05 % + 2 1.4 V — 1 mA 10 mA 0.2 % + 5 0.25 V 10 mA 100 nA — — 0.05 % + 0.14 V 100 mA 1 µA — — 50.05 % + 5 1.4 V 10 A 100 µA — — 0.2 % + 7 0.25 V * Typical at full range Maximum Input To be used in protected, low energy circuits only, not to exceed 250 V or 4800 Volt-Amps.
45 Users Manual Accuracy Accuracy Range Frequency Slow Medium Fast mA (To 100 mA) 20-50 Hz 2 % + 100 2 % + 10 7%+2 mA (To 100 mA) 50 Hz-10 kHz 0.5 % + 100 0.5 % + 10 0.8 % + 2 mA (To 100 mA) 10 -20 kHz 2 % + 200 2 % + 20 2%+3 A (1-10A) 20-50 Hz 2 % + 100 2 % + 10 7%+2 A (1-10A) 50 Hz-2 kHz 1 % + 100 1 % + 10 1.3 % + 2 A (0.5 to 1A) 20-50 Hz 2 % + 300 2 % + 30 7%+4 A (0.5 to 1A) 50Hz-2 kHz 1 % + 300 1 % + 30 1.
Appendices Specifications A Ohms Resolution Range Accuracy Slow Medium Fast Typical Full Scale Voltage Max Current Through the Unknown 300 Ω — 10 mΩ 100 MΩ 0.05 % + 2 + 0.02Ω 0.25 1 mA 3 kΩ — 100 MΩ 1Ω 0.05 % + 2 0.24 120µA 30 kΩ — 1Ω 10 Ω 0.05 % + 2 0.29 14 µA 300 kΩ — 10 Ω 100 Ω 0.05 % + 2 0.29 1.5 µA 3 MΩ — 100 Ω 1 kΩ 0.06 % + 2 0.3 150 µA 30 MΩ — 1 kΩ 10 kΩ 0.25 % + 3 2.25 320 µA 300 MΩ* — 100 kΩ 1 MΩ 2% 2.9 320 µA 100 Ω 1 mΩ — — 0.
45 Users Manual Open Circuit Voltage 3.2 V maximum Continuity Capture Time 50 us maximum, 10 us typical Input Protection 500 volts dc or rms ac Note When the meter is set to measure frequency and there is no input signal (i.e., input terminals are open), the meter may read approximately 25 kHz (rather than the expected zero). This is due to internal capacitive pickup of the inverter power supply into the high-impedance, input circuitry.
Appendices Specifications A Note When the meter is set to measure frequency and there is no input signal (i.e., the input terminals are open), the meter may read approximately 25 kHz (rather than zero). This is due to internal capacitive pickup of the inverter power supply into the high-impedance, input circuitry. With source impedance of <2 kΩ, this pickup will not affect the accuracy or stability of the frequency reading.
45 Users Manual General Common Mode Voltage 1000 V dc or peak ac maximum from any input to earth Size 9.3 cm high, 21.6 cm wide, 28.6 cm deep (3.67 in high,8.5 in wide, 11.27 in deep) Weight Net, 2.4 kg (5.2 Ibs) without battery; 3.2 kg (7.0 Ibs) with battery; Shipping, 4.0 kg (8.7 Ibs) without battery; 4.8 (10.
Appendix B ASCII/IEEE-488 Bus Codes B-1
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Appendices ASCII/IEEE-488 Bus Codes B B-3
Appendix C IEEE-488.2 Device Documentation Requirements Introduction Section 4.9 of the IEEE Standard 488.2-1987 states: "All devices shall supply information to the user about how the device has implemented this standard. " (In this context, "device" means the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter.) The information in Appendix C is provided in compliance with this requirement. Implementation of IEEE Standard 488.
45 Users Manual The default meter setting is: volts tic, autoranging, secondary display inactive. A different power-up configuration can be set by pressing S and E at the same time; the present configuration of the meter then becomes the power-up configuration. A description of message exchange options: 5A. The size and behavior of the input buffer. The input buffer size is 350 bytes. If the input buffer fills, the IEEE-488.1 bus will be held off until there is room in the buffer for a new byte. 5B.
Appendices IEEE-488.2 Device Documentation Requirements C MEAS?, MEAS1?, MEAS2?, VAL?, VAL1?, and VAL2? return one of two possible formats (set with the FORMAT command).
45 Users Manual 18. The size of the resource description, if the *RDT command or *RDT? query are implemented, Sections 10.30 and 10.31. The *RDT and *RAT? commands are not implemented. 19. A description of the states affected by *RST (Section 10.32), *LRN? (Section 10.17), *RCL (Section 10.29), and *SAY (Section 10.33). *LRN.2, *RCL, and *SAT are not implemented.
