User Guide FTB-5600 Distributed PMD Analyzer for FTB-500
Copyright © 2009 EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, be it electronically, mechanically, or by any other means such as photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. (EXFO). Information provided by EXFO is believed to be accurate and reliable.
Contents Contents Certification Information ........................................................................................................ v 1 Introducing the FTB-5600 Distributed PMD Analyzer ................................ 1 Basic Distributed PMD Analyzer Operation .............................................................................2 Frequently Used Terms ............................................................................................................3 Conventions ........
Contents 6 Maintenance ................................................................................................95 Cleaning EUI Connectors ......................................................................................................96 Recalibrating the Unit ...........................................................................................................98 Recycling and Disposal (Applies to European Union Only) ....................................................
Certification Information Certification Information F.C.C. Information Electronic test equipment is exempt from Part 15 compliance (FCC) in the United States. However, compliance verification tests are systematically performed on most EXFO equipment. Information Electronic test equipment is subject to the EMC Directive in the European Union. The EN61326 standard prescribes both emission and immunity requirements for laboratory, measurement, and control equipment.
Certification Information DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY Application of Council Directive(s): Manufacturer’s Name: Manufacturer’s Address: Equipment Type/Environment: Trade Name/Model No.: 2006/95/EC - The Low Voltage Directive 2004/108/EC - The EMC Directive And their amendments EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc.
1 Introducing the FTB-5600 Distributed PMD Analyzer The FTB-5600 is composed of an OTDR, a tunable laser source and a polarization scrambler. It characterizes PMD along a link. Its key feature is to identify fiber sections with a strong PMD value, then enabling the correction of the link by replacing faulty sections.
Introducing the FTB-5600 Distributed PMD Analyzer Basic Distributed PMD Analyzer Operation Basic Distributed PMD Analyzer Operation IMPORTANT In order to use the FTB-5600 to its most optimised level, you must have a solid knowledge on how OTDRs function. You can make acquisitions according to three different modes: ³ Quick Check ³ Standard ³ Advanced Each mode is explained in Setting up General Acquisition Parameters on page 21. The FTB-5600 does a series of actions in taking a measurement.
Introducing the FTB-5600 Distributed PMD Analyzer Frequently Used Terms Frequently Used Terms Some specific terms are used frequently in this user guide. Term Definition APD Avalanche photo diode. Beating length Length required in the fiber for the Fast Polarization to be ahead by one complete period over the Slow Polarization. Bidirectional A combination of two traces taken from opposite directions of a same fiber. The trace can overlap fully, partly, or not at all.
Introducing the FTB-5600 Distributed PMD Analyzer Frequently Used Terms Term 4 Definition PMD scale Sets the best scale to measure a PMD of this value. PMD section The PMD value of a fiber section Pulse width Width of the OTDR pulse, in nanoseconds, used to measure the link. A longer pulse allows you to probe further along the fiber, but results in a lower resolution. A shorter pulse width provides higher resolution , but a smaller distance range.
Introducing the FTB-5600 Distributed PMD Analyzer Conventions Conventions Before using the product described in this manual, you should understand the following conventions: WARNING Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. Do not proceed unless you understand and meet the required conditions. CAUTION Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury.
2 Safety Information WARNING Do not install or terminate fibers while a light source is active. Never look directly into a live fiber and ensure that your eyes are protected at all times. WARNING Use of controls, adjustments and procedures for operation and maintenance other than those specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure or impair the protection provided by this unit. Your instrument is a Class 1 laser product in compliance with standards IEC60825-1: 2001, 2007 and 21CFR1040.10.
3 Getting Started with your FTB-5600 Inserting and Removing Test Modules CAUTION Never insert or remove a module while the FTB-500 is turned on. This will result in immediate and irreparable damage to both the module and unit. WARNING When the laser safety LED ( ) is flashing on the FTB-500, at least one of your modules is emitting an optical signal. Please check all modules, as it might not be the one you are currently using. To insert a module into the FTB-500: 1. Exit ToolBox and turn off your unit.
Getting Started with your FTB-5600 Inserting and Removing Test Modules 3. Take the module and place it so that the connector pins are at the back, as explained and shown below. Identification sticker must be facing up and connector pins at the right of the retaining screw hole. Retaining screw hole at the back Connector pins at the back FTB-500 right panel Identification sticker facing up Protruding edges on top 4.
Getting Started with your FTB-5600 Inserting and Removing Test Modules 7. While applying slight pressure to the module, turn the retaining screw clockwise until it is tightened. This will secure the module into its “seated” position. Turn retaining screw knob clockwise FTB-500 left panel When you turn on the unit, the startup sequence will automatically detect the module.
Getting Started with your FTB-5600 Inserting and Removing Test Modules To remove a module from the FTB-500: 1. Exit ToolBox and turn off your unit. 2. Position the FTB-500 so that the left panel is facing you. 3. Turn the retaining screw counterclockwise until it stops. The module will be slowly released from the slot. Turn retaining screw knob(s) counterclockwise FTB-500 left panel 4. Place the FTB-500 so that the right panel is facing you.
Getting Started with your FTB-5600 Inserting and Removing Test Modules 5. Hold the module by its sides or by the handle (NOT by the connector) and pull it out.
Getting Started with your FTB-5600 Starting the Distributed PMD Analyzer Application Starting the Distributed PMD Analyzer Application Your FTB-5600 Distributed PMD Analyzer module can be configured and controlled from its dedicated ToolBox application. Note: For details about ToolBox, refer to the FTB-500 user guide. To start the application: 1. From the main window, select the module to use. It will turn blue to indicate that it is highlighted. 2.
Getting Started with your FTB-5600 Starting the Distributed PMD Analyzer Application The main window (shown below) contains all the commands required to control the Distributed PMD Analyzer: Title bar Data display and control center Function buttons Status bar Distributed PMD Analyzer 15
Getting Started with your FTB-5600 Exiting the Application Status Bar The status bar, located at the bottom of the main window, identifies the current operational status of the FTB-5600 Distributed PMD Analyzer. Control mode Local: Module controlled locally only. Remote: Module controlled remotely, but local commands can also be used (some products only). Lockout: Module controlled remotely only.
4 Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer IMPORTANT In order to use the FTB-5600 to its most optimised level, you must have a solid knowledge on how OTDRs function. This includes: ³ Interpreting OTDR traces ³ Understanding the effect of the pulse on a trace ³ Understanding the contents of an event trace ³ Manipulating events on a trace The instructions and theory in this user documentation take into account that such notions are already known by you.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Cleaning and Connecting Optical Fibers Cleaning and Connecting Optical Fibers IMPORTANT To ensure maximum power and to avoid erroneous readings: ³ Always inspect fiber ends and make sure that they are clean as explained below before inserting them into the port. EXFO is not responsible for damage or errors caused by bad fiber cleaning or handling. ³ Ensure that your patchcord has appropriate connectors.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Cleaning and Connecting Optical Fibers 3. Carefully align the connector and port to prevent the fiber end from touching the outside of the port or rubbing against other surfaces. If your connector features a key, ensure that it is fully fitted into the port’s corresponding notch. 4. Push the connector in so that the fiber-optic cable is firmly in place, thus ensuring adequate contact.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Installing the EXFO Universal Interface (EUI) Installing the EXFO Universal Interface (EUI) The EUI fixed baseplate is available for connectors with angled (APC) or non-angled (UPC) polishing. A green border around the baseplate indicates that it is for APC-type connectors. Green border indicates APC option Bare metal (or blue border) indicates UPC option To install an EUI connector adapter onto the EUI baseplate: 1.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Setting up General Acquisition Parameters Setting up General Acquisition Parameters The general acquisition parameters influence how the acquisition occurs. ³ You can select whether the unit beeps after each measurement or not. ³ You can set the acquisition to be continuous, or requiring that you start each measurement manually. ³ You can set the default spatial smoothing filter, in meters.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Setting up General Acquisition Parameters 2. Select the General tab. 3. Modify the parameters as desired under General setup. 4. Press Apply to use the new settings, or OK to use the new settings and close the window.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Setting up the Graph Display Setting up the Graph Display The graph display parameters will help you improve how result graphs are displayed. ³ You can display or hide the grid. ³ You can use the high contrast view if the lighting quality prevents you from seeing the graph properly (glare from the sun, darkness). ³ You can show or hide the section contribution histogram. This histogram is a graphic representation of the contents of the Contr.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Setting up the Graph Display 2. Select the Display tab. 3. Modify the parameters as desired under Graph display setup. 4. Press Apply to use the new settings, or OK to use the new settings and close the window.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Setting up Storage Options Setting up Storage Options The FTB-5600 will automatically save the acquisition files during the test. You can set where the unit saves the data, select which template is used for creating reports, and you can use an autonaming scheme to facilitate and speed up your work. You can also decide to keep the intermediate data while performing acquisitions.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Setting up Storage Options To set up the storage options: 1. From the main window, select Setup. 2. Select the General tab.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Setting up Storage Options 3. Under Storage setup, enter the paths for the default save folder and the reporting template. You can also use the Browse button to open a standard navigation window. 4. If desired, select the Keep intermediate data option.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Setting up Storage Options 5. If desired, activate the autonaming feature. If you want the incrementation to start on a specific number, enter it in the Next incremental number box. You will see a preview of the next file name at the bottom of the window. Note: If your acquisition is set to continuous, the autonaming feature is automatically selected and you cannot change this setting.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Displaying PMD-Related Columns in the Main Window Displaying PMD-Related Columns in the Main Window You can decide to hide or display the following columns in the main window: ³ PMD2 ³ Cumulative PMD2 ³ PMD coefficient Note: If you decide to hide or display those columns, the change will take effect immediately in the result tabs To display PMD-related columns in the main window: 1. From the main window, press Setup.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Displaying PMD-Related Columns in the Main Window 2. Select the Display tab. 3. Under PMD sections display setup, select which column or columns you want to display. 4. Press Apply to use the new settings, or OK to use the new settings and close the window.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Setting up Cable Information Setting up Cable Information The cable information is useful to help you differentiate your various acquisitions. It will also appear in reports you generate for your acquisitions. To set the cable information: 1. From the main window, select Setup.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Setting up Cable Information 2. Select the Cable Information tab. 3. Enter the information as needed. 4. Press Apply to confirm the information, or OK to confirm the information and close the window.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition Performing an Acquisition IMPORTANT When measuring PMD, it is very important that the launch fiber is not moved. You can perform the test according to three acquisition modes: ³ Quick Check: This mode is used to obtain a fast overview of a link. All you have to do is set the distance range for the link. To perform a Quick Check, see Performing a Quick Check Acquisition on page 35.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition The FTB-5600 does a series of actions in taking a measurement. 34 ³ The instrument takes an OTDR trace and displays it. This step only takes a few seconds. At this point, you should inspect the trace to see if there are any problems. ³ Then, the instrument measures the SOPs. This will take more or less time depending on the accuracy and sensitivity requested.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition Performing a Quick Check Acquisition The main purpose of the quick check is to have an estimate of the cumulative PMD of the link to select the appropriate PMD scale. Using the Quick Check OTDR trace and cumulative PMD curve, you can verify the following: ³ The injection level: it should be within the injection level accepted range, as it is the case with an OTDR. If it is not, correct the connection at the instrument.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition To perform a Quick Check acquisition: 1. From the main window, under General, select the Quick Check acquisition mode.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition 2. Set the distance range, in kilometers, from the list of available values. You can also type in the value directly. Reducing the range to the part of the link that you want to measure will increase measurement speed and decrease the resulting file size. If you do not know the length of the link, you can rely on the OTDR trace to estimate it. 3. Press Start. The acquisition starts.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition The sensitivity of the measurement allows you to increase the PMD measurement range. A greater sensitivity increases the number of averages and will take longer to be achieved.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition To perform a standard acquisition: 1. From the main window, under General, select the Standard acquisition mode. 2. Set the accuracy of the measurement by selecting a value in the list.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition 3. Set the sensitivity of the measurement by selecting a value in the list. 4. Select the PMD resolution that can best fit the minimum measurable value for your PMD scale. Note: The PMD resolution will influence the acquisition time; the estimated value is next to each scale. 5. Press Start. The acquisition starts. You can see the remaining time in the status bar.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition Performing an Advanced Acquisition The advanced acquisition parameters will help you perform a more accurate test. For more information on setting the parameters to optimize your acquisition, see Optimizing Measurements on page 121. ³ The number of polarization states (SOP) used will change the accuracy for your acquisition as it increases. However, it will also increase the acquisition time accordingly.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition ³ The sensitivity parameter sets the electronic APD gain. You should use the high setting unless you are interested only in the very beginning of the link. The sensitivity of the measurement is dependant on the PMD range. A greater sensitivity increases the number of averages and will take longer to be achieved. Consider the following to improve your dynamic range.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition For rough measurements in links with high PMD, you should use a value between 0.4 and 1 ps. For low PMD measurements, use a value around 50 ps and at least 100 SOPs. For faster measurements of small PMD values, use a lower setting, such as 2 ps. To perform an advanced acquisition: 1. From the main window, under General, select the Advanced acquisition mode.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition 2. Set the wavelength span for your test. The default range is 1520 nm to 1580 nm. EXFO does not recommend changing this range unless you want to perform a very specific test. 3. Set the distance range, in kilometers, from the list of available values, or you can enter your own manually. Reducing the range to the part of the link that you want to measure will increase measurement speed and decrease the resulting file size.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition 4. Under Advanced, select the number of SOPS from the list of available values. You can also type in a value directly. 5. Select the number of averages for the measurement. You can also type in a value directly. 6. Select the PMD scale, in ps.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Performing an Acquisition 7. Select the pulse width, in ns 8. Select the sensitivity level.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Using the Bidirectional File Creator 9. Select the appropriate PMD resolution from the list. A summary of the parameters is displayed on-screen. 10. Press Start. The acquisition starts. You can see the remaining time and number of SOPs in the status bar. Using the Bidirectional File Creator Since PMD accumulates in quadratic manner, the higher the PMD, the more difficult it is to measure weak PMD variations.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Using the Bidirectional File Creator To create a bidirectional file: 1. From Windows, select start, then All Programs > EXFO > Programs. OR From ToolBox, select the Applications tab, then P-OTDR Bidirectional File Creator. 2. Select the trace file you want to use for the A -> B side by using the corresponding Open button.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Using the Bidirectional File Creator 3. Select the trace file you want to use for the B -> A side by using the corresponding Open button.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Using the Bidirectional File Creator 4. If the two traces do not allow the automatic calculation of the length of the link (for example, they do not cover the same distance), or if you want to specify a length yourself, select the corresponding option, then enter the value you want.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Using the Bidirectional File Creator 5. If you want to specify an estimation of the PMD on the link, select the corresponding option. 6. Click Generate to start the bidirectional file creation.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Using the Bidirectional File Creator The resulting traces appear on-screen once the application is done creating the file.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Using the Bidirectional File Creator To save the created bidirectional trace: 1. Select Save as, then select a name and location for your file. 2. Select Save. Note: For information on using the zooming tools, see Using Zoom Controls on page 62.
Setting up and Operating your Distributed PMD Analyzer Using the Bidirectional File Creator To open the created trace in the P-OTDR application to analyze it: Once the trace was created and saved, select Open in P-OTDR. Note: A bidirectional file is always identified as such in the title bar of the P-OTDR application window.
5 Managing Results Once the acquisition is complete, you can see data appear on-screen. OTDR Trace Cumulative PMD curve as function of the distance PMD section table to view and edit current sections PMD estimation table to analyze the effect of modifying sections You can perform result analyses directly in the FTB-5600, but you can also use the offline application that you can access through ToolBox.
Managing Results To access the offline application: 1. From ToolBox, select the Applications tab. Note: Depending on which applications are installed on your platform, the Applications tab may look different. 2. Select P-OTDR. 3. Press Start Application.
Managing Results Opening an Existing File Opening an Existing File If you are working with the offline mode of the application, or want to open a file you have previously acquired, you can either open it and modify it as needed, or open it as a read-only file, to avoid any accidental modification. To open an existing file: 1. From the main window, press Open.
Managing Results Opening an Existing File 2. Select the file you want to open. If you want the file to open in read-only mode, select the corresponding option. 3. Press Open.
Managing Results Saving a File Saving a File Files can be saved either using the autonaming scheme or using a personalized name. The autonaming scheme is only available if you have selected the option as explained in Setting up Storage Options on page 25 and if the file you are saving is a new acquisition (as opposed to an already existing file that you have opened).
Managing Results Saving a File To save a file using the autonaming scheme: From the main window, press Save.
Managing Results Saving a File To save a file using a personalized name: 1. From the main window, press Save As. 2. Enter a name for the file, then press Save.
Managing Results Using Zoom Controls Using Zoom Controls Use the zoom controls to change the scale of the trace display. Selection mode Move view area Zoom in on the defined area Full view Automatic zoom in Automatic zoom out Note: You cannot move the markers with the button. To view specific portions of the graph: ³ You can define which portion of the graph will be visible by selecting the button and dragging the graph with the stylus or your finger.
Managing Results Section Event Table Section Event Table After the acquisition is complete, you can see that a trace and a curve appeared on-screen. They are the OTDR trace, and the cumulative PMD curve. The latter is computed from a set of data that is called an SOP (state of polarization). Several SOPs make one final cumulative PMD curve.
Managing Results Section Event Table The PMD section value provides the PMD of a particular section over the link. The section's PMD value is the square root difference of the PMD cumulative curve section's last value and the PMD cumulative curve section's first value. The formula is: PMDSection = 2 CumulPMDSectionLastValue – CumulPMDSectionFirstValue 2 The contribution value provides a way to evaluate the contribution of a specific section of the cumulative PMD of a link.
Managing Results Section Status The percentage value of the first section is : 2 ⋅ 100%- = 20% Contribution = 5----------------------2 2 10 + 5 The percentage value of the second section is : 2 ⋅ 100%- = 80% -------------------------Contribution = 10 2 2 10 + 5 In this example, removing the 10-ps section will make the cumulative PMD square of the link fall from 125 ps2 to 25 ps2. In a linear scale, it would fall from 11.18 ps to 5 ps.
Managing Results Section Status Status In PMD column In Status column Suggestion Valid The PMD value is shown The section is valid Under Range (UnRg) The first or last point in the section has a PMD value that is too weak according to the residual PMD of the measurement. A significant portion of the cumulated PMD curve for the section is to weak according to the measurement resolution.
Managing Results Section Status Status In PMD column High The first or last point in Depolarization the section shows a (HiDep) high intrinsic polarization level that causes the measurement to be imprecise. In Status column Suggestion The concerned section shows a strong level of intrinsic that causes the measurement to be imprecise. The beating length, the local variations that have to be measured, is a lot shorter than the size of the pulse.
Managing Results Section Status Status Unstable Link (Unst) In PMD column In Status column The first or last point in The section shows strong polarization the section shows unstability. strong polarization unstability. Suggestion Unstable sections occur when on the link, the polarization moves at a speed faster than the acquisition time of a wavelength’s step. This phenomenon can occur mainly when measuring aerial links when there are strong winds.
Managing Results Positioning Markers on the Display Positioning Markers on the Display Correctly positioning the cursors is a key element in having the appropriate results. The fundamental element is to set the first maker just before the beginning of the transition and the last marker just after the end of the transition. Marker A Marker B Note: When you position the markers for the PMD, you will see that they might not fit exactly with the automatically detected OTDR events on the trace.
Managing Results Editing Sections Editing Sections Once your acquisition is complete the FTB-5600 built its own PMD section table based on the OTDR automatic detection event algorithm. Since most OTDR events do not coincide with PMD events, you may find that the table contains events that are irrelevant to your test. You may want to edit some sections of the link to improve your results.
Managing Results Editing Sections Trace after treatment Distributed PMD Analyzer 71
Managing Results Editing Sections Splitting Fiber Sections Splitting sections can allow you to define a new segment by separating an existing segment in two. This could help you pinpoint events that are more relevant to your analysis than those automatically detected. IMPORTANT Splitting a fiber section cannot be undone, unless you reanalyze the trace, as explained in Viewing Trace Information on page 85. To split a fiber section: 1. From the main window, select the Section Edition tab.
Managing Results Editing Sections 2. Select the section you want to edit by pressing on it once. 3. Press Split.
Managing Results Editing Sections 4. Move the cursor using the arrow buttons to the desired location where you want to split the segment. You can also click-drag the cursor to the desired location. The new segment you are creating is indicated in red in the table. You will also see the two segments in gray on the graph. Note: If you had comments in the segment you are splitting, they will remain with the left-hand segment. 5.
Managing Results Editing Sections Merging Fiber Sections Merging fiber sections can be useful for removing irrelevant events. IMPORTANT Merging fiber sections cannot be undone, unless you reanalyze the trace, as explained in Viewing Trace Information on page 85. To merge a fiber section to another: 1. From the main window, select the Section Edition tab. 2. Select the section you want to merge by pressing on it once. The section is always merged with the one above it.
Managing Results Editing Sections 3. Press Merge with Previous. The selected section is merged with the one above it, and you can see the results on-screen. Note: If there were comments in either section, they will be merged as well. 4. Press Apply to accept the merge, or Cancel to return to the Section Edition tab.
Managing Results Editing Sections Editing Section Length Editing the section length can allow you to include part of another section to improve the section table measurements. IMPORTANT Editing a fiber section length cannot be undone, unless you reanalyze the trace, as explained in Viewing Trace Information on page 85. To edit a fiber section length: 1. From the main window, select the Section Edition tab. 2. Select the section you want to edit by pressing on it once.
Managing Results Editing Sections 3. Press Edit Length. 4. Use the arrow buttons to move the right end of the segment to its new location. You can also click-drag the cursor to the desired position. The other surrounding segments are updated accordingly. 5. Press Apply to accept the new segment length, or Cancel to return to the Section Edition tab.
Managing Results Editing Sections Adding Comments to Segments You can add comments to each fiber section to include important information, or details on the events that could be helpful in later analyses. To add comments to a segment: 1. From the main window, select the Section Edition tab. 2. Select the segment for which you want to add a comment by pressing on it once.
Managing Results Editing Sections 3. Press Edit Comments. 4. Type in the comment you want to add, then press Apply to keep the comment, or Cancel to leave without adding a comment.
Managing Results Using Markers to Measure PMD Differences (Delta PMD Tab) Using Markers to Measure PMD Differences (Delta PMD Tab) The Delta PMD tab is used to measure sections along the cumulative PMD curve. The measurement is performed with two cursors; cursor A indicates the beginning of the measurement and cursor B indicates the end. On screen, you will see the positions of the markers, as well as the PMD cumulative values.
Managing Results Using Markers to Measure PMD Differences (Delta PMD Tab) To move the markers: 1. Select the Δ PMD tab. 2. Select which cursor to move. 3. Use the arrow buttons to move the cursor. You can also click-drag the cursor to the desired position.
Managing Results Estimating Results Estimating Results You can manage the fiber sections as desired to obtain a better characterization. The FTB-5600 allows you to evaluate fiber section replacement scenarios in the link without actually replacing the section itself. This is done by modifying one or some strong PMD sections of the link to analyze. By modifying the PMD value or the coefficient of the section in those links, you can see the simulated cumulative PMD value that will result from those changes.
Managing Results Estimating Results To work with the PMD estimation table: 1. From the main window, select the Estimation tab. 2. Select the row for which you want to change a value by pressing on it once. 3. Modify the PMD or PMD coefficient values, as desired. 4. Press Apply to se the changes to the link. To revert to the original values for the selected row, press Restore.
Managing Results Viewing Trace Information Viewing Trace Information Once your acquisition is complete, you can view the details about it in the Trace Info. tab. This information can be useful for future reference, or to perform other tests. For example, if you have performed a quick check on a link, you can now use the distance value calculated by the OTDR to put in a standard or advanced acquisition for the distance range value. From the Trace Info.
Managing Results Viewing Trace Information To view the trace information: From the main window, select the Trace Info. tab.
Managing Results Viewing Trace Information If you are viewing the trace information for a bidirectional trace file you have created with the Bidirectional File Creator utility, the information you see is that of the A -> B trace. However, some of the information is displayed differently : ³ The minimum wavelength is that of both measurements. ³ The maximum wavelength is that of both measurements. ³ The maximum number of SOPs is that of both measurements.
Managing Results Viewing Trace Information To change the cable and job information: 1. From the main window, select the Trace Info. tab. 2. Press Settings. 3. Select the Information tab.
Managing Results Viewing Trace Information 4. Enter information as desired. If you have already entered some information in the Cable Information window as explained in Setting up Cable Information on page 31, it will already be in the corresponding boxes. 5. Press Apply to use the new information, then Close to exit the window. To perform a new analysis on a trace: 1. From the main window, select the Trace Info. tab. 2. Press Settings.
Managing Results Viewing Trace Information 3. Select the Analysis tab. 4. Press Reanalyze. 5. Press Close to return to the application.
Managing Results Viewing Trace Information To change the spatial smoothing filter: 1. From the main window, select the Trace Info. tab. 2. Press Settings. 3. Select the Analysis tab.
Managing Results Viewing Trace Information 4. Change the filter value to the desired value in the list. 5. Press Apply to use this new value, then Close to exit the window.
Managing Results Generating Reports Generating Reports Once your trace is cleaned up and that your measurements are optimized, you can generate a report. This report can then be printed, or saved for future consultation. To generate a report: 1. From the main window, press Report.
Managing Results Generating Reports 2. In the Report Preview window, select what you want to do: 94 ³ Press Save to store the file. A standard Save As window opens to let you select a name and location. ³ Press Print to send the document to your printer. A standard Print window opens to let you select the printing options. ³ Press Close to return to the main window.
6 Maintenance To help ensure long, trouble-free operation: ³ Always inspect fiber-optic connectors before using them and clean them if necessary. ³ Keep the unit free of dust. ³ Clean the unit casing and front panel with a cloth slightly dampened with water. ³ Store unit at room temperature in a clean and dry area. Keep the unit out of direct sunlight. ³ Avoid high humidity or significant temperature fluctuations. ³ Avoid unnecessary shocks and vibrations.
Maintenance Cleaning EUI Connectors Cleaning EUI Connectors Regular cleaning of EUI connectors will help maintain optimum performance. There is no need to disassemble the unit. IMPORTANT If any damage occurs to internal connectors, the module casing will have to be opened and a new calibration will be required. To clean EUI connectors: 1. Remove the EUI from the instrument to expose the connector baseplate and ferrule. Turn Pull Push 2. Moisten a 2.
Maintenance Cleaning EUI Connectors 5. Repeat steps 3 to 4 with a dry cleaning tip. Note: Make sure you don’t touch the soft end of the cleaning tip. 6. Clean the ferrule in the connector port as follows: 6a. Deposit one drop of isopropyl alcohol on a lint-free wiping cloth. IMPORTANT Isopropyl alcohol may leave residues if used abundantly or left to evaporate (about 10 seconds). Avoid contact between the tip of the bottle and the wiping cloth, and dry the surface quickly. 6b.
Maintenance Recalibrating the Unit Recalibrating the Unit Manufacturing and service center calibrations are based on the ISO/IEC 17025 Standard, which states that calibration documents must not contain a recommended calibration interval, unless this has been previously agreed upon with the customer. Validity of specifications depends on operating conditions.
Maintenance Recycling and Disposal (Applies to European Union Only) Recycling and Disposal (Applies to European Union Only) Recycle or dispose of your product (including electric and electronic accessories) properly, in accordance with local regulations. Do not dispose of it in ordinary garbage receptacles. This equipment was sold after August 13, 2005 (as identified by the black rectangle).
7 Troubleshooting Should you have problems with your unit, you can try the following: Obtaining Online Help An online version of the FTB-5600 Distributed PMD Analyzer user guide is available at all times from the application. Note: You will also find a printable PDF version on your installation CD. To access online help: In the button bar, click About then click User Guide.
Troubleshooting Contacting the Technical Support Group Contacting the Technical Support Group To obtain after-sales service or technical support for this product, contact EXFO at one of the following numbers. The Technical Support Group is available to take your calls from Monday to Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. (Eastern Time in North America). For detailed information about technical support, visit the EXFO Web site at www.exfo.com.
Troubleshooting Transportation You may also be requested to provide software and module version numbers. This information, as well as technical support contact information, can be found in the About function tab. Transportation Maintain a temperature range within specifications when transporting the unit. Transportation damage can occur from improper handling. The following steps are recommended to minimize the possibility of damage: ³ Pack the unit in its original packing material when shipping.
8 Warranty General Information EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. (EXFO) warrants this equipment against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of original shipment. EXFO also warrants that this equipment will meet applicable specifications under normal use.
Warranty Liability Liability EXFO shall not be liable for damages resulting from the use of the product, nor shall be responsible for any failure in the performance of other items to which the product is connected or the operation of any system of which the product may be a part. EXFO shall not be liable for damages resulting from improper usage or unauthorized modification of the product, its accompanying accessories and software.
Warranty Exclusions Exclusions EXFO reserves the right to make changes in the design or construction of any of its products at any time without incurring obligation to make any changes whatsoever on units purchased. Accessories, including but not limited to fuses, pilot lamps, batteries and universal interfaces (EUI) used with EXFO products are not covered by this warranty.
Warranty Service and Repairs Service and Repairs EXFO commits to providing product service and repair for five years following the date of purchase. To send any equipment for service or repair: 1. Call one of EXFO’s authorized service centers (see EXFO Service Centers Worldwide on page 109). Support personnel will determine if the equipment requires service, repair, or calibration. 2.
Warranty EXFO Service Centers Worldwide EXFO Service Centers Worldwide If your product requires servicing, contact your nearest authorized service center. EXFO Headquarters Service Center 400 Godin Avenue Quebec (Quebec) G1M 2K2 CANADA EXFO Europe Service Center Omega Enterprise Park, Electron Way Chandlers Ford, Hampshire S053 4SE ENGLAND EXFO China Service Center/ Beijing OSIC Beijing New Century Hotel Office Tower, Room 1754-1755 No. 6 Southern Capital Gym Road Beijing 100044 P. R.
A Technical Specifications IMPORTANT The following technical specifications can change without notice. The information presented in this section is provided as a reference only. To obtain this product’s most recent technical specifications, visit the EXFO Web site at www.exfo.com. SPECIFICATIONS a Wavelength range (nm) Maximum cumulative PMD (ps) Minimum measurable cumulative PMD (ps) Cumulative PMD uncertainty (ps) PMD dynamic range (dB) Distance uncertainty (OTDR) (m) 1520 to 1580 *20 0.1 b ± (0.
B Distributed Cumulative PMD Measurement Theory The FTB-5600 is a Distributed PMD Analyzer that uses a random-scrambling tunable-polarization-sensitive OTDR (RS-POTDR) to measure the cumulative PMD as a function of the distance along a single-mode optical fiber. In this way, bad high-PMD fiber sections can be identified and quantified. The basic FTB-5600 design is illustrated schematically in the figure below.
Distributed Cumulative PMD Measurement Theory The typical OTDR pulse length used for the RS-POTDR is of 100 ns or 50 ns. A low-PMD lead fiber (LF) is used for probing coherence noise arising from the moderately high coherence of the laser source, allowing it to be largely eliminated in the subsequent data processing. The P-OTDR traces Pj(zn) as a function of distance z are acquired for many different random and independent combinations of optical central frequency νk and I/O-SOP.
Distributed Cumulative PMD Measurement Theory cumulative PMD from 0 to zn is determined by multiplying the roundtrip-PMD by the statistical, averaging roundtrip factor αrt2 = 3/8, where the roundtrip-PMD at point zn is deduced from the mean-square (ms) value of the K random transmission differences divided by a relative variance of the traces.
Distributed Cumulative PMD Measurement Theory For very small values of PMD·δν, the ms-difference ΔTms(zn) is proportional 2 to (PMD·δν) . Hence, there the measured transmission differences may be very small, leading to a very poor dynamic range, since the differences may be of the same magnitude as the coherence noise.
C Acquisition Data The purpose of the acquisition data is to build a PMD cumulative curve. This curve is build from OTDR traces taken at multiple frequencies or wavelengths, each being launched with a particular polarisation state. The cumulative PMD from 0 to zn is deduced from the mean-square (ms) value of the K random transmission differences divided by a relative variance of the traces.
Acquisition Data In the FTB-5600, P-OTDR traces are acquired in pairs for two closely-spaced optical frequencies, νk±½δν with the same I/O-SOP. The central frequency νk of each pair is in general different than that of any other pair. Although the I/O-SOP corresponding to traces within each pair must be the same, they are generally different from one pair to another. This overall process is shown in the figure below: Note: Each P instance represents an OTDR trace.
Acquisition Data To measure the PMD, you need to take the frequency step according to the PMD value. The reason is that the frequency sampling step must be less than one half the period of DGD fluctuation to obtain the best measurement. A lower sampling rate will not allow a correct measurement, because of the violation of the Nyquist sampling criteria. A sampling rate that is too high will result in a measurement that is too noisy.
Acquisition Data The FTB-5600 takes care of this issue: it automatically computes all of the sampling steps required between the span provided. Only the value at the end of the link (the PMD scale), and the minimum value desired (the residual PMD) need to be set. Note: The PMD sampling steps overlap by 3. In the example below, the chosen scale is 8 ps and the residual PMD of 60 fs. We can see each scales with their saturation level and how they are used to compute the overall PMD curve.
D Optimizing Measurements Firstly the FTB-5600 measures the cumulative PMD as a function of distance. According to the square law of PMD statistics nature, a small PMD after a high PMD may be hardly distinguished if a measurement uncertainty is too high. For example, if a 3 ps section is followed by a 10 ps high PMD fiber section, an additional increased PMD value after 3 ps fiber section is only of ~0,44 ps (that is, 10 2 + 3 2 – 10 ≈ 0, 44 ).
Optimizing Measurements Use a Larger Number of SOPs and Wavelengths Use a Larger Number of SOPs and Wavelengths This will ensure that the instrument can access close to a maximum available wavelength number from the instrument. More SOPs can also improve the measurement accuracy for RMS DGD in the available wavelength range. A maximum wavelength range and as many SOPs as possible for the acquisition will reduce the uncertainty of a measurement (that is, to achieve a minimum measurement uncertainty).
Optimizing Measurements Perform Two-Sided Measurements Perform Two-Sided Measurements To make two-sided measurements bring two advantages: ³ Nearly doubles a measurement range ³ Improves the measurement accuracy.
Optimizing Measurements Select an Optimized PMD Scale for the Acquisition Select an Optimized PMD Scale for the Acquisition Using an appropriate PMD scale is very important. This is because selecting the most appropriate PMD scale regarding the total PMD from an FUT can improve the signal to noise ratio so as to have better measurement dynamics, as well as ensure a signal level that is higher than a coherence noise level.
Optimizing Measurements Use an Appropriate Residual PMD for the Acquisition Use an Appropriate Residual PMD for the Acquisition A residual PMD is designed where a limited small PMD value cannot be measured properly. If you want to measure the PMD value on high PMD sections over a few ps and are not interested in low PMD values, for example <1 ps, then you should select a residual PMD that is just smaller than 1 ps.
Optimizing Measurements Use an Appropriate Residual PMD for the Acquisition The figure below shows an example of a link having a low PMD measured with bad PMD scale and high PMD resolution. Resulting PMD curve A better setting for this acquisition would have been a PMD scale of 6 ps and a residual PMD value of 133 fs.
Optimizing Measurements Use an Optimized Number of Averagings Use an Optimized Number of Averagings The number of averagings is the light pulse averaging used to obtain each individual P-OTDR trace. If you want to have better measurable dynamics, you should select a higher number of averagings. Remember however that this will result in a longer acquisition time.
Optimizing Measurements Use an Appropriate OTDR Pulse Length Use an Appropriate OTDR Pulse Length A recommended pulse length of 100 ns should be used for most acquisitions.
Optimizing Measurements Use an Appropriate Spatial Smoothing Filter Value Use an Appropriate Spatial Smoothing Filter Value The spatial filter for the FTB-5600 was designed to suit the filtering needs of the cumulative PMD curve. The filter preserves sharp transition, which often appears in cumulative PMD measurements; the sharp transition position will not be changed by the filter. ³ An anti-causal filter has the property to remove the delay of the filter from the filtering effect of the signal.
Optimizing Measurements Use an Appropriate Spatial Smoothing Filter Value ³ A median filter provides the medium of a group of points. The median filter will preserve sharp transition, whereas the moving average filters will not. In the figure below, you can see that the sharp transition is still preserved and that there are no delays. When filtering a cumulative PMD curve, you must take into account the behavior of the filters.
Optimizing Measurements Use an Appropriate Spatial Smoothing Filter Value In the case of the large step, the median curve jump almost straight to the top of the step, whereas the moving average will show a different appearance.
Optimizing Measurements Use an Appropriate Spatial Smoothing Filter Value Below is an example of applying different filter values to a same trace. The first curve has a filter of 100 m applied to it. The noise is quite visible and the PMD changes are sharp. Attempting to take measurements on this trace without a filter is not recommended, as there is too much noise.
Optimizing Measurements Use an Appropriate Spatial Smoothing Filter Value If a 2000-m filter is applied to the curve, you can see a noticeable improvement. The noise level is much lower, yet the PMD variations are still there. This is the best filter value for such a trace.
Optimizing Measurements Use a Receive Fiber If you use a filter value that is too high, in the case below, 8000 m, you can notice that there are not enough values to make proper measurements. It would still be possible, but placing the markers in the exact positions is very difficult as the flat section in the middle is not very clear. The anti-causal filter has an effect on the PMD curves; it will cause them to end before the actual end of the fiber.
Index Index A About function tab ................................... 103 accuracy, measurement............................... 37 acquisition modes ......................................... 2 acquisitions advanced ............................................... 41 quick check............................................ 35 standard ................................................ 37 advanced acquisition............................... 2, 41 after-sales service ......................................
Index I P identification label .................................... 102 inserting a module ........................................ 9 PDF. see online user guide PMD averaging............................................. 123 columns, displaying ............................... 29 cumulative, theory ............................... 113 residual ................................................ 125 resolution............................................... 42 scale..............................................
Index smoothing filter ........................................ 129 software. see application SOPs, number...................................... 41, 122 spatial smoothing filter ............................. 129 specifications, product .............................. 111 standard acquisition................................ 2, 37 status bar .................................................... 16 storage requirements .................................. 95 symbols, safety........................................
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