User Guide EXpert IPTV Test Tools IPTV Test Tools for FTB-200
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Table of Contents EXFO ........................................................................................................................................ 1 EXPERT IPTV TEST TOOLS ............................................................................................................ 1 LICENSE AGREEMENT AND WARRANTY ....................................................................................3 TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 SIMULTANEOUS TESTING OF MULTIPLE CHANNELS ................................................................. 22 PASSIVE TEST .................................................................................................................. 22 SET TOP BOX EMULATION TEST .......................................................................................... 24 ETHERNET INTERFACE STATUS ..............................................................................................
A.2.1.6 Perceptual Quality Model ....................................................................................... 59 A.2.1.7 VQmon Markov Model (VMM) ............................................................................... 59 A.2.2 AUDIO STREAM ANALYSIS................................................................................................ 61 A.2.3 TELCHEMY VIDEO QUALITY METRICS .................................................................................. 62 A.2.3.
Chapter 1 Introducing the EXpert IPTV Test Tools The EXpert IPTV Test Tools is a software FTB‐200 based IPTV quality analyzer.
When used as a passive monitoring device The EXpert IPTV Test Tools is connected via a manageable switch or aggregating tap to monitor bidirectionally the IGMP, RTSP and other protocols, and IPTV streams from the video server. In both connection modes video and audio quality assessment is provided by VQMON algorithm. Test results are continuously accumulated and saved on the FTB‐200 hard drive. Live test results can be watched on the screen.
The example below shows The EXperrt IPTV Test Tools during analysiss of four IPTV streeams with h individual previiew screens.
Conventions Before using the product described in this guide, you should understand the following conventions: WARNING Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. Do not proceed unless you understand and meet the required conditions. CAUTION Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. Do not proceed unless you understand and meet the required conditions.
Chapter 2 Safety Information Safety Information Laser Safety Warnings WARNING Do not install or terminate fibers while a laser source is active. Never look directly into a live fiber, and ensure that your eyes are protected at all times. Laser Safety Information The EXpert IPTV Test Tools software is not provided with any hardware components. However, it may be used with your platform or modules which may contain laser components.
Chapter 3 Getting Started The EXpert IPTV Test Tools application is preinstalled on the FTB‐200. If The EXpert IPTV Test Tools is not installed, refer to the FTB‐200 User Guide for more information on how to install the application. Starting Application You can access many tools directly from your unit. To start an application: 1. From Compact Toolbox, select the Test Tools tab. 2. Click on the Expert IPTV Test Tools. OR Select from the START menu EXFO, Tools and the Expert IPTV Test Tools.
Chapter 4 Physical Interface The EXpert IPTV Test Tools uses the GigE port of the FTB‐200. Ethernet 10/100/1000 Mbits/s Ethernet Port Connect the 10/100/1000 electrical signal with the IPTV to the port with the RJ‐45 connector. Note: Refer to the FTB‐200 Compact Modular Platform User Guide for more information.
Chapter 5 Using the Graphical User Interface This chapter describes the graphical user interface of your Expert IPTV Test Tools application. The EXpert IPTV Test Tools allows you to start a test, connect and disconnect to IPTV streams, program and use Set Top Box, view information about the stream, view IPTV metrics and statistics, view or print test results, and more. Main Window Start the EXpert Test Tools IPTV application.
Chapter 6 6.1 S Setting the e IPTV Test Setup S Interfface The Expe ert IPTV Test Too ols setup has facttory defaults. Changingg these defaults is necessary onlyy if any of the followingg parameters is required r for login n process: MAC C address Statiic IP address or DHCP client‐Vendo or Class ID nges in the Thressholds settings Chan The defaault Ethernet inte erface is: 6.
These T color coded thresholds t will th hen trigger t the corresponding c flaags in the Summary pan. p Unchecking any a parameters removes r it from the t active a metrics. Unchecking U all parameters p will result r in flagg for f the TR101290 0 Errors E of Summarry. 6.3 Manage M Cha annel List Clickk on Chan nnel Setup and click again on Manage M chan nnel list.
Enter E New Group p name n as a channel list. l Select S either Multicast M channe els or o VoD streams. For Multicast M channe els: Enter E New Chann nel Number, N Name, Multicast M addresss and a Port. Press P OK. Forr VoD streams: 20 Enter New w Channel Name Number, N and rtsp urri and press OK. Repeat thee above step p for each additional channel (or rtsp uri) to be aadded to the multicast (or VoD) grroup.
When Grroups are exportted a file with extensio on “.ExfoChannels” are created. Groups can c be imported only from files with thiss “.ExfoChannels”” extension. To T import a Grou up click on “Import “ all Group ps” then select the t file form the desired folder and a open it. To T export a Grou up click on “Exporrt all Groups” theen type a file nam me and Save it.
Chapter 7 Running IPTV Tests 7.1 Simultaneous Testing of Multiple Channels 7.2 Passive Test The Passive Test allows monitoring of any IPTV streams present at the interface, for quality of service and video preview.
The Passive Test starts automatically after depressing the and upon detection of a valid IPTV stream(s). All detected valid streams will be displayed in the Test Log box and marked as Passive. Click on the channel to see its current metrics and preview Channel whose metrics and preview are currently displayed is underlined To view metrics and preview of another channel click on it in the Test Log box. Check the Summary metrics for a quick signal quality check.
7.3 Set Top Box Emulation Test The Set Top Box Emulation Test allows IGMP or RTSP join& leave requests to one or multiple IPTV streams. Once the stream(s) become detected and synchronized to the test metrics start and live video preview is available on non‐encrypted streams. Number of channels that can be tested simultaneously is limited to 10. Exceeding this number will generate an ERROR message. Live Preview is limited to one stream.
For VoD streams (uri’s): Choose the RTSP uri to be tested from the Channel List in the STB Click on Play button of the chosen channel in the Set Top Box. This will initiate RTSP join request for this unicast channel. Once the stream in this is detected it will show up in the Test Log box as active. Repeat this process for all channels to be tested. To stop the test of the specific stream press or disconnect the Ethernet cable. 7.
Chapter 8 Getting IPTV Metrics The channel whose metrics are currently displayed is underlined in the Test Log. Active streams count Terminated streams count # of passed tests # of tests with warnings # of failed tests 8.1 Basic IPTV Metrics Test Check the Video Description Information for the stream characteristic and reference data.
Check Summary metrics for a quick signal quality. Summary provides a list of industry most used parameters for quick evaluation of IPTV service quality such as MOS Score, PCR Jitter, Video Packet Loss, TR 101290 and IGMP Latency( zap time). Definitions: Tab Category Metric Name Range Description Summary Summary Measurement Time 0‐12 hrs Average Audio/Video MOS 1.0‐5.
8.2 Live Stream Preview Video and Audio preview of the channel whose metrics are currently displayed can be enabled at anytime in the main test window. The preview can be toggled to full screen size or stopped all together and audio can be turned on or muted.
8.3 Advanced IPTV Metrics Test 8.3.1 Video Perceptual Quality Metrics As described in the technical reference section Appendix A.1, the Perceptual Quality Metrics are calculated on the selected video stream to provide Mean Opinion Score (MOS) and related parameters. Video Jitter Metrics provide amount of Video Perceptual Quality provides the most essential QoE scoring metrics such a Video MOS scores that results from computation of a complex formula (see Technical Overview for details).
Definitions: Tab Category Metric Name Range Description Video Video Perceptual Quality Metrics Instantaneous Absolute MOS 1.0-5.0 Minimal Absolute MOS 1.0-5.0 Average Absolute MOS 1.0-5.0 Maximum Absolute MOS 1.0-5.0 MOS Below Threshold 0-100% Transmission Quality EPSNR 0-50.
8.3.2 Transport Packet Metrics Transport Packets are MPEG‐TS packets that carry Packet Elementary Stream (PES). Jitter Metrics focus on the PCR Jitter which is defined as Time Stamp arrival time jitter. Statistics of these MPEG‐TS Packets such as lost, discarded, corrected, out‐of‐ sequence and duplicated packets allow detection of this major source of video picture degradation. PCR Jitter is a major contributor to loss of frames due to router or STB buffer overflow.
Definitions: Tab Category Metric Name Range Description Packets Video Transport Packet Metrics Packets Received NA Number of video transport packets received properly for playout during the interval by the end system or observed at the monitoring point, excluding any duplicate packets.
8.3.3. MPEG‐TS TR 101290 Priority TR 101290 Second Priority lists Error Counters recommended for continuous or periodic monitoring. TR 101290 First Priority lists Loss and Error counters that are essential for video de‐ codability.
Definitions: MPEG_2 Transport Stream TR 101290 Priority 1 Metrics Tab Category Metric Name Range Description TR101290 TR101290 Priority 1 Transport Stream Sync Loss Count NA Sync Byte Error Count PAT Error Count NA NA PAT 2 Error Count Continuity Error Count NA NA PMT Error Count PMT 2 Error Count PID Error Count Transport Stream Error Indicators NA NA NA NA Transport Error Count CRC Error Count NA NA PCR Error Count NA PCR Repetition Error Count NA PCR Discontinuity Error Count NA PC
8.3.4 Audio Description and Perceptual Metrics Information Audio Description Information is similar to Video Description Information providing essential reference information about the stream. Audio Perceptual Quality Metrics are MOS scores with subjective test content calculated with a specialized VQMON audio algorithm.
Definitions: Tab Category Metric Name Range Description Audio Audio Description Information IP Source Address IP Destination Address Source Port Destination Port Type Protocols Codec Type Number of Channels Reference Clock NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Hz Audio Bandwidth Metrics Average Audio Bandwidth Kbit/s Peak Audio Bandwidth Kbit/s Average Receive Bandwidth Peak Receive Bandwidth Minimal MOS Kbit/s Kbit/s 1.0‐5.0 Average MOS 1.0‐5.0 Maximum MOS 1.0‐5.0 Instantaneous MOS 1.0‐5.
8.3.5 Video Frame Metrics Video Frames (MPEG‐TS) statistics provide the total number of Received and Impaired frames I, P, B and optional SI and SP. This breakdown allows better diagnostics of the distorted video. Packet statistics such as Packet Lost, Packets Discarded and Packets Impaired correspond to the MPTEG‐TS frame statistics and they allow more detail breakdown of the diagnostics.
Definitions: Tab Category Metric Name Range Description Video Frames Video Frame Metrics I Frames Received I Frames Impaired % of I Frames Impaired P Frames Received P Frames Impaired % of P Frames Impaired B Frames Received B Frames Impaired % of B Frames Impaired SI Frames Received SI Frames Impaired % of SI Frames Impaired SP Frames Received SP Frames Impaired % of SP Frames Impaired I Frame Packets Received NA NA 0‐100% NA NA 0‐100% NA NA 0‐100% NA NA 0‐100% NA NA 0‐100% NA I Frame Packets Los
8.3.6. Video Bandwidth Video Bandwidth of I, P, B, SI and SP frames provides a useful information for traffic engineering. Looking and MOS and other metrics one can determine how much less or more bandwidth to add or reduce to maintain the quality goal and bandwidth utilizations at the same time.
8.3.7 Metrics in Graphical Form‐ Histograms Any two metrcis can be displayed as histograms allowing correlation of events for diagnostics.
Chapter 9 9.1 Generating and Viewing Test Results Test Results Log 9.1.1 Accessing Test Results Access to the Test Results is available from 2 locations: 1. Results button shown to the right OR 2.
Test Results generated ults button or by Resu button b produce the follo owing log: Double‐clicking D on n the se elected test reco ord produces p the mettrics sccreen where all ttest metrics m are accesssible frrom the tabs: 42
Here iss an example of tthe Charts screen produced d for the single test record. • To T generate a pd df report r click on button b and wait for the t Summary PD DF report r to be generated.
ort start with the e summary page followed f with teest metrics four pages long as sho own The repo below: 44
Appendix A The IPTV Video Stream is subjected to multilevel analysis as shown here: A.1 Understanding IPTV Video Perceptual Quality * The perceptual quality of video transmitted across IPTV networks is susceptible to degradation from a number of transmission network sources including, frame errors caused by packet loss, discard of packets due to excessive delay/jitter, and discard of packets due to arrival sequencing errors.
cause obvious distortion or may not even be noticed by the end user, depending on which video frame types are impaired. In addition, impairments can be introduced during the encoding/decoding process, by the codec itself or an inappropriately low bitrates. The video content (e.g., level of detail and motion onscreen) can also have a significant impact on the visibility of problems. Furthermore, perceptual quality is affected by subjective factors including human reaction time and the ‘recency effect’.
As a frame often spans multiple packets, and a typical video stream includes interpolated frames (P‐frames and B‐frames), a given packet loss rate can result in a frame loss rate six times higher [9]. See Figure 2‐1 above. In order to accommodate IPTV transmission network delay and low levels of delay variation, a playout buffer is used to temporarily store incoming frames. For streaming video, such as DVB or IPTV, it is permissible to apply arbitrary delays, and hence the playout buffer can be quite large.
For inter‐frame or motion‐based coding (P and B frames), motion vectors are determined for each block and encoded. As for intra‐frame coding, errors can render a whole slice or frame unusable. In simple inter‐frame coding systems, the loss of one I or P frame can make all subsequent frames unusable until the next I frame is received—resulting in a significant period of degraded, frozen, or blank video. Note: the H.264 (MPEG‐4 AVC) codec standard introduces two new frame types, Figure 2‐2.
A.1.1.2 Impact of Packet Loss on Specific Video Codecs As shown in Figure 2‐3, a simple non‐robust video stream can be severely degraded with even low levels of packet loss due to the error propagation effects described above. Peak Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (PSNR) is an objective measurement of video service quality comparing the maximum power of the video signal to the power of corrupting noise affecting the signal.
Interleaving ‐ in which the video stream is split into alternate frames and each encoded separately Macro‐block error concealment ‐ spatially corresponding macro‐blocks are copied from the previous frame These approaches can help considerably with tolerance to packet loss. A.1.1.3 Playout Buffer Configuration It is assumed that both videoconferencing and streaming video systems provide a playout buffer; however, the configuration of these is quite different.
(PSNR) value for the frame can be computed by PSNRbr = ‐10 log10MSEbr. Figure 2‐4 shows the estimated PSNR value on coding bitrate for MPEG‐2 encoded video. Figure 2‐4 Estimated PSNR on Coding Bitrate for Standard Definition MPEG‐2 Video at 30 Frames per Second The following examples illustrate the impact of the coding bitrate on video quality. Both images show the same frame from a video sequence encoded with MPEG‐2 at a resolution of 720x480, at 30 frames per second.
Figure 2 ‐5 Still frame from MPEG‐2 video sequence encoded at 5000Kbps Figure 2‐6. Still frame from MPEG‐2 video sequence encoded at 1127Kbps In Figure 2‐6, the sequence was encoded at a bitrate of 1127Kbps (138KB/s). The use of coarser quantization conserves bandwidth, but creates distortion that impairs overall image quality throughout the entire video sequence.
A.1.2.2 Performance of Video Coders There are many standardized video coding algorithms, such as ITU‐T H.261, H.263, H.264, ISO/IEC MPEG‐1, MPEG‐2 and MPEG‐4, AVS, VC‐1, etc. These standards do not explicitly define codecs; they only define the syntax of an encoded video bitstream together with the methods of decoding the bitstream. The consequence is that there might be significant quality differences between codecs conforming to the same standard [16].
video at a given bitrate under no loss condition, as well as under loss conditions as described below. VQmon/HD automatically adjusts the video stream effective bitrate based on the GOP structure of the encoded video stream. A.1.3 Impact of Subjective Factors on Perceptual Quality The degree to which viewers find video impairments annoying—or notice them at all— depends in part on the severity and duration of the impairment events, but also on certain inherent characteristics of human perception.
A.2 VQmon/HD Quality Analysis Algorithm * This section describes VQmon/HD’s video and audio quality analysis algorithms and lists some of the key metrics reported by VQmon/HD as part of the Telchemy Video Quality Metrics (TVQM) data set. A.2.1 Video Stream Analysis VQmon/HD’s video quality analysis algorithm analyzes RTP or MPEG‐2 Transport video streams and generates real‐time perceptual quality scores and other diagnostic metrics.
Figure 2‐7. VQmon/H D video stream quality analysis algorithm A.2.1.1 TR 101 290 Metrics Collection VQmon/HD collects and reports the full set of Priority 1 and 2 metrics described in TR 101 290 for the measurement and analysis of MPEG‐2 Transport streams. A.2.1.2 Playout Buffer Emulator VQmon/HD’s playout buffer emulator component detects lost, duplicate, and out‐of‐ sequence packets and measures packet‐to‐packet delay (jitter) levels, reporting PPDV (RFC3550) and MAPDV (ITU‐T G.1020).
A.2.1.4 Frame Type Detection VQmon/HD identifies individual I, P, and B frames in the GoP and measures the packet loss rate and loss distribution occurring in each frame type. For unencrypted video streams, VQmon/HD performs picture header decoding to identify individual frames, GoP size, and frame rate. For encrypted/scrambled streams, heuristic algorithms are applied in order to detect frame boundaries and measure frame size. As mentioned in Section 2.1.1.
VQmon/HD calculates quality metrics in these burst and gap states, and then combines them to generate the overall quality score on user experience. These calculations are based on the results of numerous subjective voice/video quality analysis tests that indicate there is not an instantaneous change in perceived quality when a transition between the gap and burst states occurs, but rather that the perceived quality exponentially “decays” from one level to another.
Figure 2‐8. VQmon Four‐state Markov Model diagram A.2.2 Audio Stream Analysis VQmon/HD’s audio quality analysis algorithm performs real‐time analysis of audio stream packets and generates perceptual quality scores (MOS‐A) and other metrics corresponding to those produced by the video quality analysis algorithm. Like the video stream analysis algorithm, the audio quality analysis algorithm calculates the impact of time‐ varying impairments (i.e.
A.2.3 Telchemy Video Quality Metrics VQmon/HD provides real‐time perceptual quality scores, performance statistics, and extensive diagnostic data for monitored video streams in the form of the TVQM™ (Telchemy Video Quality Metrics) data set.
Table below lists some of the perceptual quality metrics reported by VQmon/HD, including acceptable ranges for each. (A complete list and description of the TVQM Video Quality Metrics reported by VQmon/HD is provided in Appendix C.) A.2.3.1 Mean Opinion Scores (MOS) VQmon/HD reports estimated Mean Opinion Scores (MOS) for picture quality (MOS‐V), audio quality (MOS‐A), and multimedia quality (MOS‐AV) for each monitored video stream.
Relative MOS‐V is an estimated perceptual quality score that considers the effects of codec/quantization level, the impact of IPTV impairments (e.g., packet loss) on the GoP structure and video content, and the effectiveness of loss concealment methods—but does not consider the image size/resolution, frame rate, or scanning method (interlaced vs. progressive).
bearer channel to support reliable video. This video service quality metric is expressed in the range of 0.0 to 50.0, as defined in [14]. VSTQ can be calculated by a mapping function from Peak Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio PSNR values as follows: VSTQ = max(0, min(50, (PSNR ‐ 12) * 1.8)) Of course, VQmon/HD uses a more sophisticated algorithm to calculate the resulting VSTQ score, which takes time‐varying distributions of network impairments and recency into account.
A.3 IPTV Protocols IPTV uses a multilayer protocol stack to deliver the media contents. The first 3 layers are typical for IPTV transmission. The UDP/RTP session layer is responsible for transferring packets between the sender and the receiver. The MPEG‐TS transport stream layer combines multiple media streams ( video, audio, data) into a single program transport stream. The PES layer assigns video and audio to specific packet streams.
MPEG frame is fixed at 188 byte, with 184 Data Payload and 4 Byte Header. The 13‐bit PID indentifies Packet Elementary Stream (PES). The PES is much longer than the MPEG frame so it is divided into segments over multiple MPEG frames.
The Packetized Elementary Stream is converted into the Video Elementary Stream ( MPEG‐2 transport stream) 68
PES header contain information about the contents of the PES packet. Variable length packets typically up to 64 Kbyte but may be longer PTS and DTS allow a decoder to reconstruct the video from I, Band P frames sent by encoder. If header information is corrupted, entire PES packet will be lost. Fixed Length packets, multiplexes many PES packets.
A.4 Errors in PMT, PAT, PID/PSI(Packet Identifier/ Program Specific Information) Errors will cause the set top box lose contact with the stream. These errors may originate at any of the MPEG transport multiplexers when new streams are inserted. PCR Jitter PCR (program counter reference) timestamps is generated by the MPEG‐2 encoder and received throughout the subsequent links in the network at least 100 milliseconds apart.
A.5 IGMP Latency vs. Zap time The zap time is the total duration from the time viewer presses the channel change button, to the point the picture of the new channel is displayed, along with corresponding audio. These kind of delays exist in all television systems, but they are greater in digital television and systems that use the Internet like IPTV. Human interaction with the system is completely ignored in these measurements, so zap time is not the same as channel surfing.
Examples: In this section some typical values of zap time are shown. Actually, in IPTV television these delays are greater than in other technologies: Analog (Cable) ~ 1s Analog (off‐air) ~ 1 – 3s MPEG2 over QAM ~ 1.2 – 3s MPEG2 over QPSK ~ 2 – 4s MPEG2 over IPTV Multicast ~ 1.5 – 3.5s H.264 over IPTV Multicast ~ 1.7 – 4s IGMP is the signaling protocol used to access broadcast video services that use a multicast network design to efficiently manage network bandwidth.
The join message asks the network to send the requested program or channel to the STB by joining a multicast group carrying the desired broadcast channel. IGMP latency, then, is the time between when the join message is sent and the first video packet is received by the STB. This parameter measures network performance, but not the end user's experience with regard to channel changing time.
Appendix B Technical Specification Physical Layers Supported ‐ Average GOP length Max GOP length Average gap of I frame Frame width Frame height Frame rate interlaced Average number of slices in I frame Reference clock rate Average video bandwidth Average packet size 10/100/1000 Ethernet, Wi‐Fi 802.11 b/g/n. Recognized Video Compression Standards Codecs ‐ unknown video motion JPEG video MPEG‐1 video MPEG‐2 video ITU‐T H.261 video ITU‐T 1996 version of H.263 video ITU‐T 1998 version of H.
Video Jitter Frame inter arrival jitter I frame inter arrival jitter Average frame arrival delay Peak frame arrival delay MPEG2‐TS TR101290 ‐ Priority 1 last errors TS sync loss count Sync byte error count PAT error count PAT2 error count Continuity error count PMT error count PMT2 error count PID error count Video Scene Analysis Metrics Instantaneous detail level Instantaneous motion level Instantaneous panning level Static image proportion High detail proportion Low detail proportion High panning propor
Video Frames I,P,B,SI,SP – Frames received Frames impaired % frames impaired Packets received Packet lost Packet discarded % packets impaired %packets impaired by error propagation Except for I and SI Video bandwidth of I,P,B, SI and SP frames – Average video bandwidth Max video bandwidth Histograms (charts) Up to two charts from any metrics LAN Port ‐ IP address Downstream rate Upstream rate 76
Troubleshooting Contacting the Technical Support GroupTo obtain after‐sales service or technical support for this product, contact EXFO at one of the following numbers. The Technical Support Group is available to take your calls from Monday to Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. (Eastern Time in North America). For detailed information about technical support, visit the EXFO Web site at www.exfo.com. Technical Support Group 400 Godin Avenue Quebec (Quebec) G1M 2K2 CANADA 1 866 683‐0155 (USA and Canada) Tel.
Glossary Perceptual Quality Metrics Metric Description MOS‐V Video MOS, a 1‐5 score that considers the effect of the video codec, frame rate, packet loss distribution and GoP structure on viewing quality MOS‐A1 and MOS‐A2 for 2 codecs that are present in some streams Audio MOS, a 1‐5 score that considers the effect of the audio codec, bit rate, sample rate and packet loss on viewing quality MOS‐A1V Audio‐Video MOS – a 1‐5 score that considers the effect of picture & audio quality and audio‐video sync
Video Stream Metrics The Video Stream Description provides information on the type of codec being used, Group of Pictures structure and length, image size and other key factors. Video Stream Description Metric Description Codec type Type of codec (e.g. MPEG4) GoP type Group of Pictures type (e.g.
Transport Metrics Packet Loss Metrics provide essential data on IPTV packet loss before and after the effects of error correction (such as FEC or Reliable UDP). Burst and gap statistics provide valuable insight into the time distribution of lost and discarded packets.
TR101 290 metrics provide green LED ON/OFF information on certain key error types that occur with MPEG Transport protocols, and are useful in identifying and resulting these error conditions.
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