EXERGEN Infrared Thermographic Scanner DermaTemp 1001 USER’S MANUAL AND REFERENCE BOOK Unparalleled Accuracy . . .
Table of Contents I. The Instruments............................................................ 1 The Instruments’ Features................................................. 2 Optional Disposable Covers............................................... 2 Instructions for Applying Disposable Covers...................... 3 Contact vs. Non-Contact Measurements............................3 Operation and Controls...................................................... 4 ON/OFF.........................................
I. The Instruments The DermaTemp is a high precision hand-held infrared thermographic scanner designed to detect the subtle skin temperature variations caused by underlying perfusion variations. These instruments feature a patented automatic emissivity compensation system for absolute accuracy regardless of skin type or color, and provide an instant temperature measurement on any surface location on the human body without the need for tissue contact.
The Instruments Feature: • • • • • • • • Full range resolution to 0.1°F/C SCAN, MAX and/or MIN modes of operation, model specific Fahrenheit/Celsius conversion A 10-second display lock An audible beeper to signal functional or conditional changes Hermetically sealed sensing system to withstand gas and plasma sterilization, and cleaning with any hospital approved disinfectant including bleach and alcohol. Pencil-like stainless steel sensor on the RS version.
Instructions for Applying Disposable Covers Model 1001 LT Only Start with film perforation at edge of box tongue. Pinch bottom of white ring, push ring over peg. 1 Stop at Perforation Release pinch, gently pull box away from probe to release film from box. Pinch just below next ring, before perforation. 2 Rotate instrument into film until probe faces opposite direction, push ring on peg. 3 Release pinch. Pull box slightly away until next white ring is visible.
Operation and Controls The DermaTemp infrared thermographic scanner models 1001, 1001 LN, LT and RS are all identical in performance and specifications. All are maximized for ease of use. The remote sensor on the RS version can either be left attached to the instrument for one-handed operation, or separated for use in hard-to-reach areas of interest.
Operating Modes (Model Specific) • SCAN: In the SCAN mode, the target’s instantaneous temperature is continuously displayed and updated 10 times per second for as long as you keep the button depressed. After the power button is released, the display will lock on the last temperature measured and hold that reading for 10 seconds. • MAX: In the MAX (peak hold) mode, the display will lock on the highest temperature measured for as long as you hold the power button down.
Changing the Battery A standard 9-Volt alkaline battery will require replacement only once or twice per year under normal use. To replace, loosen the four captive screws and remove the cover. Disconnect the old battery and replace with a new one in the same location. Replace the cover and tighten the four screws. Use only high quality alkaline batteries or their equivalent. Captive Screws 9-Volt Alkaline Battery Fahrenheit or Celsius Conversion The DermaTemp can be used in either °F or °C.
Care and Maintenance Handling Your DermaTemp is designed and built to industrial durability standards in order to provide long and trouble-free service. However, it is also a high precision optical instrument, and should be accorded the same degree of care in handling as you would provide other precision optical instruments, such as cameras or otoscopes. Calibration Factory calibration data is installed via a computer through an optical link with the microprocessor.
Continuous Double Beeping The battery voltage is also monitored. A low battery is indicated by a continuous double beep per second. Temperatures will continue to be displayed as long as accuracy can be assured. If the battery drops below 5.7 volts, it is considered “dead” and the display defaults to (——). Customer Service If repair is required: • • • • Contact Exergen for a Return Materials Authorization Number (RMA). Mark the RMA number on the outside of your package and packing slips.
II. Body Surface Temperature History and Introduction As early as 2800 BC, the Egyptians, using the scanning sensitivity of the fingers over the surface of the body, recognized that the body produces heat, and that heat increases with disease. Further recognizing the distinction between local inflammation and fever, the Egyptians set the foundation for monitoring body surface temperature as a separate and distinct diagnostic methodology from the monitoring of core body temperature.
surface temperature and 3) they are prone to low readings because it is not always evident that the surface thermal connection is adequate. Body Surface Temperature Heat signatures vary considerably over the surface of the human body, and physicians have long appreciated the relationship between heat and disease. In fact as early as 400 BC, Hippocrates wrote “In whatever part of the body excess of heat or cold is felt, the disease is there to be discovered.
the human body is converted into heat, with the balance converted into external work or into tissue growth. The circulatory system, in addition to circulating blood for its metabolic characteristics also distributes heat, thus replacing the heat energy lost to the environment, as well as nourishing the tissue. The resultant increase in heat energy delivered by the blood causes the temperature to rise until the heat energy lost to the environment again balances with the heat delivered.
can be evaluated. With a proper temperature scale, measurements taken at different times or places can be compared. Without a thermometer, it would be impossible to measure the temperature of a human with respect to a fixed scale of reference. Remember, the human test of temperature is relative to the detector. A cold hand will indicate a warm body surface that a warm hand will indicate as cold. Numerous techniques and devices are employed in the measurement of temperature.
was not a lot different: large and expensive, requiring environmentally controlled rooms, trained technicians, and exotic gases. Today’s advanced technology makes it possible to put the power of infrared thermography in the palm of your hand, at a fraction of the cost of all previous techniques. While there are a variety of infrared thermometers available, only one is designed specifically to meet the stringent clinical requirements, the DermaTemp Infrared Thermographic Scanner.
moregulatory response. Exposure to the sun or any other warm surface will raise the surface temperature. The user needs to be aware of these concepts and not be surprised in the event the temperature readings are not as expected. Ambient Effect on Body Surface Temperature The cardinal rule of interpretation of skin temperature is that the same environment will produce the same temperature if perfusion is the same.
Emissivity An important concept needed to understand how temperature is measured using infrared radiation is the one of emissivity. Emissivity is a surface property which determines just how well an object’s temperature can be measured by an infrared device. Emissivity (along with background thermal radiation) is the primary source of errors in infrared temperature measurement. Emissivity can be more easily understood if it is realized that infrared has similar properties to visible light.
ample, we saw 90% of the mirror as a perfect reflector and 10% as imperfections, 90% of the mirror would reflect; the remaining 10% would emit. Therefore, the emissivity equals 0.1. Consider for a moment the exact opposite of a perfect mirror, which is a perfect emitter. The eye looks at a perfect emitter and sees no reflection at all, only the emitting surface. Since 100% of the surface emits, and 0% reflects, the emissivity equals 1.0. This type of object is called a blackbody.
Alice’s Quest for Emissivity Is it possible to see a mirror? When the mirror is looked at, all other objects in the room are seen. Is it invisible? No, if it were, the wall would show behind it. So how can it be seen? If crayon spots are painted on the mirror, then the mirror can be seen. Of course, it can only be seen where there are spots. Everywhere else still reflects. Thus, light is emitted from the spots and reflected from the non-spots.
Correcting for Emissivity Automatically Biological tissue has No AECS AECS active high emissivity, i.e. ~0.95. Accordingly, the reflected component will be about 5% of the energy measured by the DermaTemp, which When AECS is active, ambient radiation is excluded and replaced by reflections of emitted radiation. translates to an absolute error of ~1°F (0.5°C). In addition, skin emissivity varies due to color, texture, etc. over the approximate range of 0.92 to 0.98. An uncertainty of approximately ±1°F (0.
bilateral symmetry. Skin temperature differences from one side of the body compared to the other are not only extremely small, but also very stable, and unaffected by the age of the patient. Data show differences between sides at the forehead to be 0.12°C at the forehead, and 0.25° at the lumbar region of the back. This symmetry forms the foundation for clinical interpretation of the varying surface temperature data.
A striking example of perfusion effects can be demonstrated by compromise of circulation to the arm. A complete or partial occlusion of the artery in the upper arm will result in an immediate drop in hand temperature, and detectable in less than 30 seconds from the time of occlusion. The rapid response and the simplicity of infrared measurements make the technique effective in the hospital environment. III.
sia, concluding skin temperature increase to be a useful indicator of sympathetic blockade, demonstrating that temperature elevation always preceded the upper limits of sensory blockade, and had a similar pattern of onset. Epidural Catheter Positioning in Labor and Delivery Foot temperature has successfully been demonstrated as an indicator in the functional positioning of an epidural catheter.
Digital Perfusion Assessment Levinsohn et al (1991)1 demonstrated that the infrared method of assessing perfusion was as reliable as Doppler methods, but far less expensive, much faster, and easier to use. A: B: C: D: E: Venous congestion was induced by placing a 28 mm wide cuff on the proximal phalanx of the long finger and then inflating the cuff to 5 mm Hg above resting diastolic pressure.
tized or ecchymotic digits, calling the physician for significant changes. The technique is atraumatic, and avoids patient anxiety which produces unwanted peripheral vasoconstriction. Temperature monitoring is also inexpensive and readily available. Lower Back Pain Lower back pain is one of the most common complaints of patients seeing a physician. Many complaints originate from work related accidents and contribute to a tremendously large number of hours lost from work.
Temperature is an early indicator of foot problems in diabetic patients5 . Long before any clinical manifestations, heat can be detected, and the more sensitive the detection instrument, the earlier the warning.. As a key indicator of complications from the disease, temperature has been incorporated into routine diabetic foot screening protocols.6 Two foot problems of major concern are foot ulcers and neuropathic fractures.
Neonatal Skin Temperature The goal of neonatal thermal management is to establish an environment of thermoneutrality in which the metabolic heat production requirement is minimal. Perlstein14 indicates that both the core and surface temperature of the neonate are required to quantify the rate of heat loss. The greater the difference between core and surface temperatures, the greater the heat loss from the infant. (This holds only if vasomotor activity is absent, as is the case for a neonate.
Thermal Assessment of Skin Diseases and Allergy Temperature monitoring provides an objective assessment of skin diseases2 as well as allergy and vasomotor tests3 since most of the skin diseases, or the percutaneous injection of pharmacodynamic substances used for testing, generate significant changes in the thermal pattern of the skin. Skin Temperature in Prognosis of the Critically Ill Skin temperature has been the subject of several studies monitoring blood flow in the critically ill.
Temperature Gradients in Detection of Shock Temperature monitoring of the gradient between forehead and sole temperatures has been demonstrated to provide early detection of masked symptoms during and after surgery. The effect of treatment and the prognosis for the patient are predictable according to the trends of the two temperatures as divergent or convergent.
phenomenon, particularly those with scleroderma and progressive systemic sclerosis where it is the first symptom in 90% of cases, and may precede other manifestations by many years.
IV. References Chambliss J. Case of traumatic femoral aneurism (sic) treated by digital compressionligation afterwards of the external iliac artery. Confederate States Med Surg J, 1:9799,1864. 1 Coar T. The Aphorisms of Hippocrates with a Translation into Latin and English 88 (AJ Valpy, London 1822). 2 3 Robertson T. Clinical Temperature Measurement - Survey. CEC/Bell & Howell. Uematsu S, Thermographic imaging of cutaneous sensory segment in patients with peripheral nerve injury.
Most RS, Sinnock P. The epidemiology of lower extremity amputations in diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care, 6:87-91, 1983. 21 Bergtholdt HT. Thermography on insensitive limbs: Medical Thermography, Theory and Clinical Applications 69-79, ed Uematsu S, Brentwood Publishing Co., Los Angeles, 1976. 22 Dorgan MB, Birke JA, Moretto JA, Patout CA, Rehm BD: Performing foot screening for diabetic patients. AJN 32-37, Nov 1995.
V. Product Specifications Clinical Accuracy ± 0.2°F or 0.1°C Temperature Range 65 to 110°F (18 to 43°C) Operating Environment 60 to 110°F (16 to 43°C) Resolution 0.1°F or °C Response Time Emissivity Compensation Approximately 0.1 second Automatic Time Displayed on Screen 10 Seconds Battery Life Approximately 5,000 readings Case Dimensions 3.5" x 7" x 0.
Five Year Warranty Exergen Corporation warrants each new Exergen DermaTemp (except battery) against defects in materials or workmanship for a period of five years from the date of purchase, and agrees to repair or replace any defective product without charge. IMPORTANT: This warranty does not cover damage resulting from accident, misuse or abuse, lack of reasonable care, the affixing of any attachment no provided with the product or loss of parts or subjecting the product to any but the specified battery.
