User Manual

backwards movements of the crank. PAS does not consider how much effort
the rider puts into riding.
Torque Sensor
By measuring the amount of force the rider applies to the pedals the torque
sensor signals without any delay to the controller how much support the motor
has to add. This creates are very responsive but at the same time smooth
riding experience. Torque sensors are mostly placed in the crank, with or
without the motor. They are more expensive to build than PAS sensors.
References
Ref (1): Ministry of Health NZ, Website
19