User Guide

TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS ..........................................................................................................1
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................2
Required Equipment.................................................................................................................................2
Required Solutions...................................................................................................................................2
GENERAL PREPARATION............................................................................................................3
Electrode Preparation...............................................................................................................................3
Electrode Slope Check (with pH/mV meter) ...........................................................................................3
Electrode Slope Check (with ion meter) ..................................................................................................3
MEASUREMENT..............................................................................................................................4
Measuring Hints.......................................................................................................................................4
Sample Requirements...............................................................................................................................4
Units of Measurement..............................................................................................................................5
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................5
Direct Measurement.................................................................................................................................5
Direct Measurement of Lead (using a pH/mV meter)..............................................................................5
Direct Measurement of Lead (using an ion meter)...................................................................................7
Low Level Lead Determination (using a pH/mV meter) .........................................................................8
Low Level Lead Determination (using an ion meter)..............................................................................9
Titration..................................................................................................................................................10
Titration of Lead ....................................................................................................................................10
Titration of Sulfate.................................................................................................................................11
ELECTRODE CHARACTERISTICS...........................................................................................13
Reproducibility.......................................................................................................................................13
Interferences...........................................................................................................................................13
Precipitation and Complexation.............................................................................................................13
Temperature Influences..........................................................................................................................13
Electrode Response ................................................................................................................................14
Limits of Detection.................................................................................................................................14
pH Effects...............................................................................................................................................15
Electrode Life.........................................................................................................................................15
Electrode Storage ...................................................................................................................................15
ELECTRODE THEORY ................................................................................................................15
Electrode Operation ...............................................................................................................................15
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE ....................................................................................................17
Meter ......................................................................................................................................................17
Glass-ware/Plastic-ware.........................................................................................................................17
Electrodes...............................................................................................................................................17
Sample....................................................................................................................................................17
Technique...............................................................................................................................................18
TROUBLESHOOTING HINTS.....................................................................................................19
SPECIFICATIONS..........................................................................................................................21
ORDERING INFORMATION.......................................................................................................21