User Guide

Cadmium Electrode Instruction Manual
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS ..........................................................................................................3
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
Required Equipment ...................................................................................................................................3
Required Solutions......................................................................................................................................3
GENERAL PREPARATION............................................................................................................4
Electrode Preparation..................................................................................................................................4
Electrode Slope Check (with a pH/mV meter) ...........................................................................................4
Electrode Slope Check (with ion meter).....................................................................................................4
MEASUREMENT..............................................................................................................................5
Measuring Hints..........................................................................................................................................5
Sample Requirements .................................................................................................................................5
Units of Measurement.................................................................................................................................6
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................6
Direct Measurement....................................................................................................................................6
Direct Measurement of Cadmium (using a pH/mV meter).........................................................................6
Direct Measurement of Cadmium (using an ion meter)..............................................................................7
Low Level Cadmium Determination (using a pH/mV meter) ....................................................................8
Low Level Cadmium Determination (using an ion meter).........................................................................9
Titration ......................................................................................................................................................9
Titration of Cadmium ...............................................................................................................................10
ELECTRODE CHARACTERISTICS...........................................................................................11
Reproducibility .........................................................................................................................................11
Interferences .............................................................................................................................................11
Precipitation and Complexation................................................................................................................11
Temperature Influences ............................................................................................................................12
Electrode Response...................................................................................................................................12
Limits of Detection...................................................................................................................................13
pH Effects.................................................................................................................................................13
Electrode Life ...........................................................................................................................................14
Electrode Storage......................................................................................................................................14
ELECTRODE THEORY ................................................................................................................14
Electrode Operation..................................................................................................................................14
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE ....................................................................................................15
Meter.........................................................................................................................................................16
Glass-ware ................................................................................................................................................16
Electrodes .................................................................................................................................................16
Standards and Reagents ............................................................................................................................16
Sample ......................................................................................................................................................17
Technique .................................................................................................................................................17
TROUBLESHOOTING HINTS.....................................................................................................18
SPECIFICATIONS..........................................................................................................................20
ORDERING INFORMATION.......................................................................................................20