Agilent 8703B Lightwave Component Analyzer Reference
Notices © Agilent Technologies, Inc. July 2004 proceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met. No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including electronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agreement and written consent from Agilent Technologies, Inc. as governed by United States and international copyright lays. WARNING Warning denotes a hazard.
Certification Certification Agilent Technologies certifies that this product met its published specifications at the time of shipment from the factory. Agilent Technologies further certifies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute's calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.
Safety and Regulatory Information 4
Contents 1. Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics 1-2 Laser Safety Considerations 1-15 Declaration of Conformity 1-17 Regulatory Information 1-18 2. Front/Rear Panel Front Panel Features 2-2 Analyzer Display 2-4 Rear Panel Features and Connectors 2-8 3. Menu Maps Menu Maps 3-2 4. 5.
Contents Memory Allocation 8-11 9. Understanding the CITIfile Data Format Introduction 9-2 The CITIfile Data Format 9-2 CITIfile Keywords 9-6 Useful Calculations 9-8 10.
1 Specifications and Characteristics 1-2 8703B Performance Data 1-3 Optical-to-Optical Device Measurement Specifications 1-4 Optical-to-Electrical Device Measurement Specifications 1-4 Electrical-to-Optical Device Measurement Specifications 1-8 General Information 1-11 Laser Safety Considerations 1-15 Declaration of Conformity 1-17 Regulatory Information 1-18 Specifications and Regulatory Information
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics Specifications and Characteristics Specifications apply to instruments in the following situation: • temperature is in the range of +20°C to +30°C • analyzer has had a warm-up time of two hours in a stable ambient temperature • measurement calibration has been performed Performance Definitions Specifications: Warranted performance.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics 8703B Performance Data 8703B Performance Data Description Specification Characteristic Lightwave Source Wavelength Option 155 Option 131 1555 nm, ±5 nm 1308 nm, ±9.5 nm Average Optical Output Power from Laser +5 dBm Laser Beam Divergence 12% Spectral Width < 20 MHz Modulation Bandwidth 0.05 to 20.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics Optical-to-Optical Device Measurement Specifications The following data applies after a response and isolation calibration has been performed. Connectors should be HMS-10 or equivalent. O/O Noise Floor Optical-to-Optical Measurement Performance Data Description Frequency Range Noise Floor (dBo) Maximum Noise Floor Amplitudea 0.05 to 8 GHz –30 8 to 20 GHz –25 a.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics Figure 1-1. O/E Port 1 Characteristic Relative Frequency Response Error Figure 1-2. O/E Port 1 Characteristic Peak-to-Peak Repeatability The above graph shows the worst case deviation across a 20 GHz span between any 2 units in a sample set of 12.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics Figure 1-3. O/E Port 2 Characteristic Relative Frequency Response Error Figure 1-4. O/E Port 2 Characteristic Peak-to-Peak Repeatability The above graph shows the worst case deviation across a 20 GHz span between any 2 units in a sample set of 12.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics O/E Frequency Response Error for Different Reflection Coefficients A significant error term in this measurement is the electrical port match of the device under test (DUT). The following table lists the measurement uncertainty as a function of DUT electrical reflection coefficient. On PORT 1 measurements, you can perform response and match calibration to achieve values comparable to measurements of devices with ρ = < 0.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics Electrical-to-Optical Device Measurement Specifications Relative frequency response can be used to calculate the error in measuring the 3 dB bandwidth of an E/O device. Relative Frequency Response Performance Data Electrical-to-Optical Measurement Performance Data Description Frequency Range Specificationa System Relative Frequency Response Accuracy 0.05 to 0.5 GHz ±1.15 dB 0.05 to 11 GHz ±0.85 dB 11 to 20.05 GHz ±0.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics Figure 1-6. E/O Characteristic Peak-to-Peak Repeatability The above graph shows the worst case deviation across a 20 GHz span between any 2 units in a sample set of 12. E/O Frequency Response Error for Different Reflection Coefficients A significant error term in this measurement is the electrical port match of the device under test (DUT).
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics Electrical-to-Optical Measurement Dynamic Range Characteristics Electrical-to-Optical Measurement Dynamic Rangea Description Frequency Range Characteristic System Dynamic Range 0.05 to 20.05 GHz 80 dB a. Pertains to a 10 Hz IF bandwidth.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics General Information Table 1-1. General Information 8703B General Information Description Characteristic System Bandwidths IF bandwidth settings 6000 Hz 3700 Hz 3000 Hz 1000 Hz 300 Hz 100 Hz 30 Hz 10 Hz Rear Panel External Auxiliary Input Connector Female BNC Range ±10 V External Trigger Triggers on a positive or negative TTL transition or contact closure to ground. Damage Level < −0.2 V; > +5.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics Table 1-2. General Information General Information Description Specification Characteristic Rear Panel Test Port Bias Input Maximum voltage ±40 Vdc Maximum current ±500 mA External Reference In Input Frequency 1, 2, 5, and 10 MHz ±200 Hz at 10 MHz Input Power −10 dBm to +20 dBm Input Impedance 50 Ω VGA Video Output 15-pin mini D-Sub; female. Drives VGA compatible monitors.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics Table 1-3. General Information General Information Description Specification Front Panel Display Pixel Integrity Red, Green, or Blue Pixels Red, green, or blue “stuck on” pixels may appear against a black background.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics Table 1-4. General Information General Information Description Specification Characteristic General Environmental RFI/EMI Susceptibility Defined by CISPR Pub. 11 and FCC Class B standards. ESD Minimize using static-safe work procedures and an antistatic bench mat (part number 9300-0797). Dust Minimize for optimum reliability.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Laser Safety Considerations Laser Safety Considerations Laser radiation in the ultraviolet and far infrared parts of the spectrum can cause damage primarily to the cornea and lens of the eye. Laser radiation in the visible and near infrared regions of the spectrum can cause damage to the retina of the eye. The CW laser sources use a laser from which the greatest dangers to exposure are: 1.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Laser Safety Considerations Laser Warning Labels The 8703B is shipped with the following warning labels. For systems used outside of the USA, both laser aperture and laser warning labels will be included with the shipment (The labels are located in the same box as this manual). Place these labels directly over the USA laser warning and aperture labels. Figure 1-7.
Specifications and Regulatory Information Declaration of Conformity Declaration of Conformity 1-17
Specifications and Regulatory Information Regulatory Information Regulatory Information • • • This product is classified as Class I according to 21 CFR 1040.10 and Class I according to IEC 60825-1. This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 21 CFR 1040.11. This is to declare that this system is in conformance with the German Regulation on Noise Declaration for Machines (Laermangabe nach der Maschinenlaermrerordnung -3.GSGV Deutschland).
2 Front Panel Features 2-2 Analyzer Display 2-4 Rear Panel Features and Connectors 2-8 Front/Rear Panel
Front/Rear Panel Front Panel Features Front Panel Features CAUTION Do not mistake the line switch for the disk eject button. See the following illustrations. If the line switch is mistakenly pushed, the instrument will be turned off, losing all settings and data that have not been saved. Figure 2-1. 8703B Front Panel The location of the following front panel features and key function blocks is shown in Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2.
Front/Rear Panel Front Panel Features functions of the active display channel. 8. ACTIVE CHANNEL keys. The analyzer has two independent primary channels and two auxiliary channels. These keys allow you to select the active channel. Any function you enter applies to the selected channel. 9. The ENTRY block. This block includes the knob, the step up and down keys, the number pad, and the backspace key. These allow you to enter numerical data and control the markers.
Front/Rear Panel Analyzer Display Analyzer Display Figure 2-2. Analyzer Display (Single Channel, Cartesian Format) The analyzer display shows various measurement information: • The grid where the analyzer plots the measurement data. • The currently selected measurement parameters. • The measurement data traces. Figure 2-2 illustrates the locations of the different information labels described below.
Front/Rear Panel Analyzer Display 2. Stimulus Stop Value. This value could be any one of the following: • The stop frequency of the source in frequency domain measurements. • The upper limit of a power sweep. When the stimulus is in center/span mode, the span is shown in this space. The stimulus values can be blanked, as described under the FREQUENCY BLANK, softkey in Chapter 4, “Hardkey and Softkey Reference”.
Front/Rear Panel Analyzer Display PC Power meter calibration is on. (For power meter calibration procedures, refer to the “Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy” chapter of the user’s guide.) PC? The analyzer's source could not be set to the desired level, following a power meter calibration. (For power meter calibration procedures, refer to the “Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy” chapter in the user’s guide.) P? Source power is unleveled at start or stop of sweep.
Front/Rear Panel Analyzer Display formats, whichever you selected using the Scale Ref, key. The reference level is also indicated by a small triangle adjacent to the graticule, at the left for channel 1 and at the right for channel 2 in Cartesian formats. 12. Marker Values. These are the values of the active marker, in units appropriate to the current measurement. 13. Marker Stats, Bandwidth.
Front/Rear Panel Rear Panel Features and Connectors Rear Panel Features and Connectors Figure 2-3. 8703B Rear Panel Figure 2-3 illustrates the features and connectors of the rear panel, described below. Requirements for input signals to the rear panel connectors are provided in the specifications and characteristics chapter. 1. EXTERNAL MONITOR: VGA. VGA output connector provides analog red, green, and blue video signals which can drive a VGA monitor. 2. GPIB connector.
Front/Rear Panel Rear Panel Features and Connectors 7. Power cord receptacle, with fuse. For information on replacing the fuse, refer to the installation and quick start guide. 8. Line voltage selector switch. For more information, refer to the installation guide. 9. EXTERNAL REFERENCE INPUT connector. This allows for a frequency reference signal input that can phase lock the analyzer to an external frequency standard for increased frequency accuracy.
Front/Rear Panel Rear Panel Features and Connectors 2-10
3 Avg Menu 3-2 Cal Menu (1 of 4) 3-3 Cal Menu (2 of 4): Electrical Parameter Measurement Setup 3-4 Cal Menu (3 of 4): Optical Measurement Setup 3-5 Cal Menu (4 of 4) 3-6 Copy Menu 3-7 Display Menu 3-8 Format Menu 3-9 Local Menu 3-9 Marker, Marker Fctn, and Marker Search Menus 3-10 Meas Menu 3-11 Power and Sweep Setup Menu 3-12 Preset Menu 3-13 Save/Recall Menu 3-14 Scale Ref Menu 3-15 Seq Menu 3-16 System Menu (1of 2) 3-17 System Menu (2of 2) 3-18 Menu Maps
Menu Maps Menu Maps Menu Maps This chapter provides menu maps of the Agilent 8703B hardkeys and softkeys. The maps show which softkeys are displayed after pressing a front-panel key, and subsequent menus or softkeys associated with each menu path. Figure 3-1.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-2.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-3.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-4.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-5.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-6.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-7.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-8. Format Menu Figure 3-9.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-10.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-11.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-12.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-13.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-14.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-15.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-16.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-17.
Menu Maps Menu Maps Figure 3-18.
4 Hardkey and Softkey Reference
Hardkey and Softkey Reference Hardkey and Softkey Reference This section contains an alphabetical listing of softkey and front-panel functions, and a brief description of each function. The SERVICE MENU keys are not included in this chapter. . is used to add a decimal point to the number you are entering. − . is used to add a minus sign to the number you are entering. up. is used to step up the current value of the active function. The analyzer defines the step size for different functions.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference 2.92mm other kits. selects the 2.92 mm cal kit model. 3 DB Bandwidth. searches for the 3 dB bandwidth to the high side of marker 1, the reference marker. This search is intended for low-pass devices. 3.5mm C 85033C. selects the 85033C cal kit. 3.5mm D 85052. selects the 85052B or the 85052D cal kit. 3.5mm E 85033D/E. selects the 85033D or the 85033E cal kit. 4X: [1] [2]/[3] [4].
Hardkey and Softkey Reference ASSERT SRQ. sets the sequence bit in the Event Status Register, which can be used to generate an SRQ (service request) to the system controller. AUTO FEED ON off. turns the plotter auto feed function on or off when in the define plot menu. It turns the printer auto feed on or off when in the define print menu. AUTO SCALE. brings the trace data in view on the display with one keystroke. Stimulus values are not affected, only scale and reference values.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference BEEP FAIL on OFF. turns the limit fail beeper on or off. When limit testing is on and the fail beeper is on, a beep is sounded each time a limit test is performed and a failure detected. The limit fail beeper is independent of the warning beeper and the operation complete beeper. BEEP WARN on OFF. toggles the warning annunciator. When the annunciator is on it sounds a warning when a cautionary message is displayed. BIAS MODE on OFF.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference are listed below. 2.4mm 85056 2.92 85056K 2.92mm other kits 3.5mm C 85033C 3.5mm E 85033D/E 3.5mm D 85052D 7-16 85038 7mm 85050 N 50Ω 85032 F N 50Ω 85054 N 75Ω 85036 TRL 3.5 mm 85052C CAL ZO: LINE ZO. this default selection establishes the TRL/LRM LINE/MATCH standard as the characteristic impedance. CAL ZO: SYSTEM ZO. allows you to modify the characteristic impedance of the system for TRL/LRM calibration. CALIBRATE MENU.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference Chan 2 . allows you to select channel 2 as the active channel. The active channel is indicated by an amber LED adjacent to the corresponding channel key. All of the channel-specific functions you select, such as format or scale, apply to the active channel. By default, Chan 2 measures S21 in log mag format. Chan 3 . allows you to select channel 3 as the active channel. The active channel is indicated by an amber LED adjacent to the corresponding channel key.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference block diagram. COUNTER: OFF. switches the internal counter off and removes the counter display from the LCD. COUPLED CH ON off. toggles the channel coupling of stimulus values. With COUPLED CH ON (the preset condition), both channels have the same stimulus values of FREQUENCY, NUMBER of POINTS, SOURCE PWR, NUMBER of GROUPS, SWEEP TIME, IF BW, TRIGGER TYPE, and SWEEP TYPE (the inactive channel takes on the stimulus values of the active channel). COUPLED SW ON/OFF.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference DELTA LIMITS. sets the limits an equal amount above and below a specified middle value, instead of setting upper and lower limits separately. This is used in conjunction with MIDDLE VALUE or MARKER → MIDDLE, to set limits for testing a device that is specified at a particular value plus or minus an equal tolerance. For example, a device may be specified at 0 dB ±3 dB. Enter the delta limits as 3 dB and the middle value as 0 dB. DENOMIN: B1.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference on. DRIVEPORT LW / RF. allows you to manually set the RF drive port. If COUPLED SW is set to ON, the driveport will automatically change back to the setup-defined setting at the end of the sweep. It is not recommended to change this setting. DUAL CH on OFF. toggles between the display of both measurement channels or the active channel only. This is used in conjunction with SPLIT DISP 1X 2X 4X in the display DUAL|QUAD SETUP menu to display multiple channels.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference analyzer is waiting for a trigger. When a trigger signal is connected, the “Ext” notation is replaced by the sweep speed indicator either in the status notation area or on the trace. External trigger mode is allowed in every sweep mode. EXTENSION INPUT A. Use this feature to add electrical delay (in seconds) to extend the reference plane at input A to the end of the cable. This is used for any input measurements including S-parameters. EXTENSION INPUT B.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference FORMAT INT DISK. initializes media in internal drive, and formats the disk using the selected (DOS or LIF) format. FORMAT INT MEMORY. clears all internal save registers and associated cal data and memory traces. FORWARD: OPENS. provides access to the menu for selecting an open calibration type when the cal kit defines more than one open standard. FRESNEL. in the Optical Kit, Modify Standards menu, this key is used to modify the Fresnel reflection model coefficient.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference the sweep speed but provides better signal-to-noise ratio. The selected bandwidth value is shown in brackets in the softkey label. IF LIMIT TEST FAIL. jumps to one of the six sequence positions (SEQUENCE 1 through 6) if the limit test fails. This command executes any sequence residing in the selected position. Sequences may jump to themselves as well as to any of the other sequences in memory.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference control the laser. LEFT LOWER. draws a quarter-page plot in the lower left quadrant of the page. LEFT UPPER. draws a quarter-page plot in the upper left quadrant of the page. LIGHTWAVE PARAMETERS. presents a menu that allows you to select a lightwave measurement: optical reflection, optical transmission, electrical-to-optical transmission, and optical-to-electrical transmission. LIGHTWAVE TESTS. leads to the internal service test for the lightwave portion of the hardware.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference LIST IF BW on OFF. enables or disables the ability to set independent IF bandwidths for each segment in a swept list measurement. LIST POWER on OFF. enables or disables the ability to set independent power levels for each segment in a swept list measurement. When on, sets power range mode to manual to set a range for the power values. (The range can be chosen using the PWR RANGE key.) The power values can be entered using the SEGMENT POWER key.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference LOWER LIMIT. sets the lower limit value for the start of the segment in a limit line list. If an upper limit is specified, a lower limit must also be defined. If no lower limit is required for a particular measurement, force the lower limit value out of range (for example −500 dB). MANUAL TRG ON POINT. waits for a manual trigger for each point. Subsequent pressing of this softkey triggers each measurement.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference MARKER all OFF. turns off all the markers and the delta reference marker, as well as the tracking and bandwidth functions that are accessed with the MKR FCTN key. Marker Fctn. key activates a marker if one is not already active, and provides access to additional marker functions. These can be used to quickly change the measurement parameters, to search the trace for specified information, and to analyze the trace statistically. MARKER MODE MENU.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference MEMORY. displays the trace memory for the active channel. This is the only memory display mode where the smoothing of the memory trace can be changed. If no data has been stored in memory for this channel, a warning message is displayed. MEMORY1. causes memory 1 to be the active memory. MEMORY2. causes memory 2 to be the active memory. MEMORY1 → 2. copies the contents of memory 1 into memory 2. MEMORY2 → 1. copies the contents of memory 2 into memory 1. MIDDLE VALUE.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference points allows a faster sweep time but the displayed trace shows less horizontal detail. Using more points gives greater data density and improved trace resolution, but slows the sweep and requires more memory for error correction or saving instrument states. The possible values that can be entered for number of points are 3, 11, 26, 51, 101, 201, 401,801, and 1601. The number of points can be different for the two channels if the stimulus values are uncoupled.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference PARALL IN IF BIT L. while creating a sequence, this softkey inserts a command to jump to another sequence if the single input selected is in a low state. PARALLEL. sets the printer or plotter port to parallel. PARALLEL [COPY/GPIO]. toggles the parallel output port between the copy and GPIO output modes. PARALLEL OUT ALL. allows you to input a number (0 to 255) in base 10, and outputs it to the bus as binary, when the parallel port is in GPIO mode. PAUSE.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference PLTR PORT SERIAL. configures the analyzer for a plotter that has a serial (RS-232) interface. PLTR TYPE [PLOTTER]. selects a pen plotter such as the HP 7440A, HP 7470A, HP 7475A, or HP 7550B as the plotter type. PLTR TYPE [HPGL PRT]. selects a PCL5 compatible printer, which supports HP-GL/2, such as the LaserJet III or LaserJet 4 for a monochrome plotter type, or the DeskJet 1200C for a color plotter type. POLAR. displays a polar format.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference PRINT COLOR. prints the displayed measurement results in color. PRINT COLORS. is used to select the print colors menu. PRINT: MONOCHROME. sets the print command to default to a black and white printer. PRINT MONOCHROME. prints the displayed measurement results in black and white. PRINT SEQUENCE. prints any sequence currently in memory to a compatible printer. PRINTER BAUD RATE. sets the serial port data transmission speed for prints. PRINTER FORM FEED.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference RANGE 6 -75 TO -50. selects power range 10 when in manual power range. RANGE 7 -85 TO -60. selects power range 11 when in manual power range. RAW ARRAY on OFF. specifies whether or not to store the raw data (ratioed and averaged) on disk with the instrument state. RAW OFFSET On Off. selects whether sampler and attenuator offsets are ON or OFF. By selecting raw offsets OFF, a full two port error correction can be performed without including the effects of the offsets.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference REFL: O. configures the instrument for a measurement of the optical complex reflection coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the device under test. REFL: REV S22 (B/R). defines the measurement as S22, the complex reflection coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the test device output. REFLECT AND LINE. measures the reflection and thru paths of the current calibration standard. REFLECTED POWER.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference that uses this class. REV MATCH (Specify Class). specifies which standards are in the reverse match class in the calibration kit. REV MATCH THRU. is used to enter the standard numbers for the reverse match (thru) calibration. (For default kits, this is the thru.) REV TRANS (Label Class). lets you enter a label for the reverse transmission class. The label appears during a calibration that uses this class. REV TRANS (Specify Class).
Hardkey and Softkey Reference this is the load.) S11 REFL SHORT. measures the short circuit TRL/LRM calibration data for PORT 1. S11/21 ENH. RESP. provides an S11 and S21 enhanced response calibration (forward direction). Enhanced response generates a 1-port cal for S11 and an improved calibration over the response cal for S21 . S22 1-PORT. provides a measurement calibration for reflection-only. Measurements of one-port devices or properly terminated two-port devices, at port 2 of an S-parameter test set.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference SEARCH: TARGET. searches for the user-specified target point on the trace. SEGMENT. specifies which limit segment in the table is to be modified. A maximum of three sets of segment values are displayed at one time, and the list can be scrolled up or down to show other segment entries. Use the entry block controls to move the pointer > to the required segment number. The indicated segment can then be edited or deleted.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference performed. SETUP A. sets up four-graticule, four-channel display as described in the 4 PARAM HELP KEYS menu. All four graticules are in log format. SETUP B. sets up two-graticule, four-channel display as described in the 4 PARAM HELP KEYS menu. SETUP C. sets up single-graticule, four-channel display as described in the 4 PARAM HELP KEYS menu. SETUP D. sets up four-graticule, four-channel display as described in the 4 PARAM HELP KEYS menu.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference SPECIAL FUNCTIONS. presents the special function menu. SPECIFY CLASS. leads to the specify class menu. After the standards are modified, use this key to specify a class to consist of certain standards. SPECIFY CLASS DONE. finishes the specify class function and returns to the modify cal kit menu. SPECIFY OFFSET. allows additional specifications for a user-defined standard. Features specified in this menu are common to all five types of standards. SPLIT DISP 1X 2X 4X.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference SWEEP TYPE MENU. presents the sweep type menu, where one of the available types of stimulus sweep can be selected. SWR. reformats a reflection measurement into its equivalent SWR (standing wave ratio) value. SWR is equivalent to (1+ρ)/(1−ρ), where ρ is the magnitude of the reflection coefficient. Note that the results are valid only for reflection measurements. If the SWR format is used for measurements of S21 or S12, the results are not valid. System.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference connects between the analyzer output and input ports. THRUS. starts the measurement of calibration standards used for transmission measurements. There is one cable that directly connects between the analyzer electrical output and input ports (PORT 1 and PORT 2). There is also one cable that directly connects between the analyzer optical output and input ports (OPTICAL OUTPUT and OPTICAL RECEIVER). THRU/RCVR.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the device under test. This is also referred to as the modulation transfer or response function of the device under test. TRANS: O/E PORT 1. configures the instrument for a measurement of the electrical-to-optical complex forward transmission coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the device under test through port 1. This is also referred to as the demodulation transfer or response function of the device under test. TRANS: O/E PORT 2.
Hardkey and Softkey Reference of the cable dielectric (εr) as: 1 Velocity Factor = -------εr VERIFY INSTRUMENT. allows you to run a routine that verifies the analyzer by measuring a device from the N1011A verification kit and comparing the measured data to data provided in the kit. VOLUME NUMBER. specifies the number of the disk volume to be accessed. In general, all 3.5 inch floppy disks are considered one volume (volume 0).
Hardkey and Softkey Reference 4-34
5 Types of Devices You Can Measure 5-2 Lightwave Component Analyzer Operation 5-2 Output Power 5-4 Sweep Time 5-5 Channel Stimulus Coupling 5-6 Sweep Types 5-6 S-Parameters 5-11 Analyzer Display Formats 5-13 Electrical Delay 5-23 Noise Reduction Techniques 5-24 Measurement Calibration 5-27 Calibration Routines 5-42 Optical Calibration Kit Modifications 5-42 Electrical Calibration Kit Modifications 5-43 GPIB Operation 5-44 Limit Line Operation 5-47 Operating Concepts
Operating Concepts Operating Concepts Operating Concepts In this chapter, you can find basic information about instrument operation and measurement techniques you can use with your Lightwave Component Analyzer. The first two sections of this chapter cover different types of devices you can measure, and basic analyzer operation and functions. Following these discussions are sections explaining important details of specific analyzer functions.
Operating Concepts Lightwave Component Analyzer Operation Front Panel System Operation Using the front panel, you can choose a specific measurement, control the source, control how the data is taken and displayed. The front panel keys are divided into functional groups as shown in the figure below. Figure 5-1. Front Panel Controls Softkeys The function of this group of keys is not fixed but is determined prior to their use by keys in the STIMULUS, RESPONSE, and INSTRUMENT STATE function blocks.
Operating Concepts Output Power Output Power Understanding the Power Ranges The built-in synthesized source contains a programmable step attenuator that allows you to directly and accurately set power levels in twelve different power ranges. Each range has a total span of 20 dB. The twelve ranges cover the instrument's full operating range. In addition, some amount of overrange and underrange is permitted beyond the stated limits.
Operating Concepts Sweep Time • port coupling By uncoupling the channel powers, you effectively have two separate sources. Uncoupling the test ports allows you to have different power levels on each port. Channel coupling CH PWR [COUPLED], toggles between coupled and uncoupled channel power. With the channel power coupled, the power levels are the same on each channel. With the channel power uncoupled, you can set different power levels for each channel.
Operating Concepts Channel Stimulus Coupling Minimum Sweep Time The minimum sweep time is dependent on the following measurement parameters: • the number of points selected • IF bandwidth • sweep-to-sweep averaging in dual channel display mode • error-correction • type of sweep In addition to the these parameters, the actual cycle time of the analyzer is also dependent on the following measurement parameters: • smoothing • limit test • trace math • marker statistics Refer to Chapter 1, “Specifications and
Operating Concepts Sweep Types • • logarithmic frequency sweep list frequency sweep Linear Frequency Sweep (Hz) The LIN FREQ softkey activates a linear frequency sweep that is displayed on a standard graticule with ten equal horizontal divisions. This is the preset default sweep type.
Operating Concepts Sweep Types frequencies. If no list has been entered, the message CAUTION: LIST TABLE EMPTY is displayed. A tabular printout of the frequency list data can be obtained using the LIST VALUES, function in the copy menu. Stepped Edit List Menu The EDIT LIST, softkey within the sweep type menu provides access to the edit list menu. This menu is used to edit the list of frequency segments (subsweeps) defined with the edit subsweep menu, described next.
Operating Concepts Sweep Types Swept Edit Subsweep Menu Using the EDIT, or ADD, softkey within the edit list menu will display the edit subsweep menu. This menu lets you select measurement frequencies arbitrarily. Using this menu it is possible to define the exact frequencies to be measured on a point-by-point basis at specific power levels and IF bandwidth settings. The total sweep is defined with a list of subsweeps.
Operating Concepts Sweep Types Power Sweep (dBm) The POWER SWEEP, softkey turns on a power sweep mode that is used to characterize power-sensitive circuits. In this mode, power is swept at a single frequency, from a start power value to a stop power value, selected using the Start, and Stop, keys and the entry block. This feature is convenient for such measurements as gain compression or AGC (automatic gain control) slope. To set the frequency of the power sweep, use CW FREQ, in the stimulus menu.
Operating Concepts S-Parameters S-Parameters The Meas, key accesses the S-parameter (Electrical Parameters) menu which contains softkeys that can be used to select the parameters or inputs that define the type of measurement being performed. Understanding S-Parameters S-parameters (scattering parameters) are a convention used to characterize the way a device modifies signal flow.
Operating Concepts S-Parameters measurements be taken with all test device ports properly terminated. S-Parameter Definition Test Set Description Direction S11 b1/a1 a2 = 0 Input reflection coefficient FWD S21 b2/a1 a2 = 0 Forward gain FWD S12 b1/a2 a1 = 0 Reverse Gain REV S22 b2/a2 a1 = 0 Output reflection coefficient REV The Electrical Parameters Menu The Electrical Parameters menu allows you to define the input ports and test set direction for S-parameter measurements.
Operating Concepts Analyzer Display Formats In a transmission measurement, the data can be converted to its equivalent series impedance or admittance using the model and equations shown in Figure 5-4 on page 5-13. Figure 5-4. Transmission Impedance and Admittance Conversions NOTE Avoid the use of Smith chart, SWR, and delay formats for display of Z and Y conversions, as these formats are not easily interpreted.
Operating Concepts Analyzer Display Formats Figure 5-5. Log Magnitude Format Phase Format The PHASE, softkey displays a Cartesian format of the phase portion of the data, measured in degrees. This format displays the phase shift versus frequency. The phase response of the same filter in a phase-only format is illustrated in Figure 5-6 on page 5-14. Figure 5-6. Phase Format Group Delay Format The DELAY, softkey selects the group delay format, with marker values given in seconds.
Operating Concepts Analyzer Display Formats Figure 5-7. Group Delay Format Smith Chart Format The SMITH CHART, softkey displays a Smith chart format. Refer to Figure 5-8. This is used in reflection measurements to provide a readout of the data in terms of impedance. The intersecting dotted lines on the Smith chart represent constant resistance and constant reactance values, normalized to the characteristic impedance, Z0, of the system.
Operating Concepts Analyzer Display Formats Figure 5-8. Standard and Inverse Smith Chart Formats Polar Format The POLAR, softkey displays a polar format as shown in Figure 5-9 on page 5-17. Each point on the polar format corresponds to a particular value of both magnitude and phase. Quantities are read vectorally: the magnitude at any point is determined by its displacement from the center (which has zero value), and the phase by the angle counterclockwise from the positive x-axis.
Operating Concepts Analyzer Display Formats Figure 5-9. Polar Format Linear Magnitude Format The LIN MAG, softkey displays the linear magnitude format as shown in Figure 5-10. This is a Cartesian format used for unitless measurements such as reflection coefficient magnitude ρ or transmission coefficient magnitude τ, and for linear measurement units. It is used for display of conversion parameters and time domain transform data. Figure 5-10.
Operating Concepts Analyzer Display Formats SWR Format The SWR, softkey reformats a reflection measurement into its equivalent SWR (standing wave ratio) value. See Figure 5-11. SWR is equivalent to (1 + ρ)/(1 − ρ), where ρ is the reflection coefficient. Note that the results are valid only for reflection measurements. If the SWR format is used for measurements of S21 or S12 the results are not valid. Figure 5-11.
Operating Concepts Analyzer Display Formats Figure 5-12. Real Format Imaginary Format The IMAGINARY, softkey displays only the imaginary (reactive) portion of the measured data on a Cartesian format. This format is similar to the real format except that reactance data is displayed on the trace instead of resistive data. Group Delay Principles For many networks, the amount of insertion phase is not as important as the linearity of the phase shift over a range of frequencies.
Operating Concepts Analyzer Display Formats Figure 5-13. Constant Group Delay Note, however, that the phase characteristic typically consists of both linear and higher order (deviations from linear) components. The linear component can be attributed to the electrical length of the test device, and represents the average signal transit time. The higher order components are interpreted as variations in transit time for different frequencies, and represent a source of signal distortion.
Operating Concepts Analyzer Display Formats Figure 5-15. Rate of Phase Change Versus Frequency When deviations from linear phase are present, changing the frequency step can result in different values for group delay. Note that in this case the computed slope varies as the aperture ∆f is increased. See Figure 5-16 on page 5-21. A wider aperture results in loss of the fine grain variations in group delay.
Operating Concepts Analyzer Display Formats (not in CW or power sweep). Group delay aperture varies depending on the frequency spacing and point density, therefore the aperture is not constant in log and list frequency sweep modes. In list frequency mode, extra frequency points can be defined to ensure the desired aperture. To obtain a readout of aperture values at different points on the trace, turn on a marker. Then press Avg, SMOOTHING APERTURE.
Operating Concepts Electrical Delay Electrical Delay The ELECTRICAL DELAY, softkey adjusts the electrical delay to balance the phase of the test device. This softkey must be used in conjunction with COAXIAL DELAY, or WAVEGUIDE DELAY, (with cut-off frequency) in order to identify which type of transmission line the delay is being added to. These softkeys can be accessed by pressing the Scale Ref, key.
Operating Concepts Noise Reduction Techniques Noise Reduction Techniques The Avg, key is used to access three different noise reduction techniques: sweep-to-sweep averaging, display smoothing, and variable IF bandwidth. All of these can be used simultaneously. Averaging and smoothing can be set independently for each channel, and the IF bandwidth can be set independently if the stimulus is uncoupled.
Operating Concepts Noise Reduction Techniques points to avoid misleading results. Do not use smoothing for measurements of high resonance devices or other devices with wide trace variations, as it will introduce errors into the measurement. Smoothing is used with Cartesian and polar display formats. It is also the primary way to control the group delay aperture, given a fixed frequency span. Refer to “Group Delay Principles” on page 5-19.
Operating Concepts Noise Reduction Techniques Figure 5-19. IF Bandwidth Reduction NOTE Another capability that can be used for effective noise reduction is the marker statistics function, which computes the average value of part or all of the formatted trace.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration Measurement Calibration Measurement calibration is an accuracy enhancement procedure that effectively removes the system errors that cause uncertainty in measuring a test device. It measures known standard devices, and uses the results of these measurements to characterize the system.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration to mismatch and leakage in the test setup, isolation between the reference and test signal paths, and system frequency response. The system cannot measure and correct for the non-repeatable random and drift errors. These errors affect both reflection and transmission measurements. Random errors are measurement variations due to noise and connector repeatability.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration Source match is most often given in terms of return loss in dB: thus the larger the number, the smaller the error. Figure 5-21. Source Match The error contributed by source match is dependent on the relationship between the actual input impedance of the test device and the equivalent match of the source. It is a factor in both transmission and reflection measurements.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration much like directivity does in a reflection measurement. Isolation is the vector sum of signals appearing at the analyzer samplers due to crosstalk between the reference and test signal paths. This includes signal leakage within the test set and in both the RF and IF sections of the receiver. The error contributed by isolation depends on the characteristics of the test device. Isolation is a factor in high-loss transmission measurements.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration Figure 5-24. Reflection Coefficient However, all of the incident signal does not always reach the unknown. Refer to Figure 5-25 on page 5-31. Some of (I) may appear at the measurement system input due to leakage through the test set or through a signal separation device. Also, some of (I) may be reflected by imperfect adapters between a signal separation device and the measurement plane.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration Figure 5-26. Source Match ESF Frequency response (tracking) error is caused by variations in magnitude and phase flatness versus frequency between the test and reference signal paths. These are due mainly to coupler roll off, imperfectly matched samplers, and differences in length and loss between the incident and test signal paths. The vector sum of these variations is the reflection signal path tracking error, ERF as shown in Figure 5-27 on page 5-32.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration termination at the measurement plane. All incident energy is absorbed. With S11A = 0 the equation can be solved for EDF, the directivity term. In practice, of course, the "perfect load" is difficult to achieve, although very good broadband loads are available in the compatible calibration kits. Figure 5-28.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration Figure 5-30. Short Circuit Termination The open circuit gives the third independent condition. In order to accurately model the phase variation with frequency due to fringing capacitance from the open connector, a specially designed shielded open circuit is used for this step. (The open circuit capacitance is different with each connector type.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration Figure 5-32. Measured S11 This is the one-port error model equation solved for S11A.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration The transmission coefficient is measured by taking the ratio of the incident signal (I) and the transmitted signal (T). Refer to Figure 5-34. Ideally, (I) consists only of power delivered by the source, and (T) consists only of power emerging at the test device output. Figure 5-34. Transmission Coefficient As in the reflection model, source match can cause the incident signal to vary as a function of test device S11A.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration between ESF and S11A as well as ELF and S22A, so the input and output reflection coefficients of the test device must be measured and stored for use in the S21A error-correction computation. Thus, the test setup is calibrated as described for reflection to establish the directivity, EDF, source match, ESF, and reflection frequency response, ERF, terms for reflection measurements on both ports.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration • Transmission Tracking, ETF and ETR • Reflection Tracking, ERF and ERR The analyzer's test set can measure both the forward and reverse characteristics of the test device without you having to manually remove and physically reverse the device. A full two-port error model illustrated in Figure 5-37 on page 5-38. This illustration depicts how the analyzer effectively removes both the forward and reverse error terms for transmission and reflection measurements.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration Figure 5-38. Full Two-Port Error Model Equations How Effective Is Accuracy Enhancement? In addition to the errors removed by accuracy enhancement, other systematic errors exist due to limitations of dynamic accuracy, test set switch repeatability, and test cable stability. These, combined with random errors, also contribute to total system measurement uncertainty.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration Figure 5-39a shows a measurement in log magnitude format with a response calibration only. Figure 5-39b shows the improvement in the same measurement using an S11 one-port calibration. Figure 5-40a shows the measurement on a Smith chart with response calibration only, and Figure 5-40b shows the same measurement with an S11 one-port calibration. Figure 5-39. Response versus S11 1-Port Calibration on Log Magnitude Format Figure 5-40.
Operating Concepts Measurement Calibration Figure 5-41.
Operating Concepts Calibration Routines Calibration Routines There are twelve different error terms for a two-port measurement that can be corrected by accuracy enhancement in the analyzer. These are directivity, source match, load match, isolation, reflection tracking, and transmission tracking, each in both the forward and reverse direction.
Operating Concepts Electrical Calibration Kit Modifications The theoretical power reflected is 100%. However, this factor can be adjusted from 0% to 100% to account for any practical reflector being used in the calibration. Electrical Calibration Kit Modifications Modifying electrical calibration kits is necessary only if unusual standards (such as in TRL*) are used or the very highest accuracy is required.
Operating Concepts GPIB Operation magnitude and phase response should be used, such as the N1011A Verification Kit. National standard traceable or Agilent standards are recommended to achieve verifiable measurement accuracy. NOTE The published specifications for this network analyzer system include accuracy enhancement with compatible calibration kits.
Operating Concepts GPIB Operation GPIB STATUS Indicators When the analyzer is connected to other instruments over GPIB, the GPIB STATUS indicators in the instrument state function block light up to display the current status of the analyzer. R = remote operation L = listen mode T = talk mode S = service request (SRQ) asserted by the analyzer System Controller Mode The SYSTEM CONTROLLER, softkey activates the system controller mode.
Operating Concepts GPIB Operation identified by a GPIB address. This decimal-based address code must be different for each instrument on the bus. This menu lets you set the GPIB address of the analyzer, and enter the addresses of peripheral devices so that the analyzer can communicate with them. Most of the GPIB addresses are set at the factory and need not be modified for normal system operation.
Operating Concepts Limit Line Operation Limit Line Operation This menu can be accessed by pressing LIMIT MENU, LIMIT LINE, within the system menu. You can have limit lines drawn on the display to represent upper and lower limits or device specifications with which to compare the test device. Limits are defined in segments, where each segment is a portion of the stimulus span. Each limit segment has an upper and a lower starting limit value.
Operating Concepts Limit Line Operation For each segment, the table lists the segment number, the starting stimulus value, upper limit, lower limit, and limit type. The ending stimulus value is the start value of the next segment, or a segment can be terminated with a single point segment. You can enter limit values as upper and lower limits or delta limits and middle value. As new limit segments are defined, the tabular listing is updated. If limit lines are switched on, they are shown on the display.
6 Introduction 6-2 Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 6-2 Error Messages in Numerical Order 6-14 Error Messages
Error Messages Introduction Introduction This chapter contains the following information to help you interpret any error messages that may be displayed on the analyzer LCD or transmitted by the instrument over GPIB: An alphabetical listing of all error messages, including: • An explanation of the message • Suggestions to help solve the problem • A numerical listing of all error messages Some messages described in this chapter are for information only and do not indicate an error condition.
Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order ASCII: MISSING 'BEGIN' STATEMENT. Error Number 193. The CITIfile you just downloaded over the GPIB or via disk was not properly organized. The analyzer is unable to read the “BEGIN” statement. ASCII: MISSING 'CITIFILE' STATEMENT. Error Number 194. The CITIfile you just downloaded over the GPIB or via disk was not properly organized. The analyzer is unable to read the “CITIFILE” statement. ASCII: MISSING 'DATA' STATEMENT. Error Number 195.
Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order CANNOT FORMAT DOS DISKS ON THIS DRIVE. Error Number 185. You have attempted to initialize a floppy disk to DOS format on an external disk drive that does not support writing to all 80 tracks of the double density and high density disks. The older single-sided disks had only 66 tracks and some disk drives were limited to accessing that number of tracks. To format the disk, either choose another external disk drive or use the analyzer's internal disk drive.
Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order hold will be activated. The “tsH” (test set hold) indicator in the left margin of the display indicates that the inactive channel has been put in the sweep hold mode. This message is also displayed if a mechanical switch test set is in use and channels are measuring parameters that require the test set to switch continuously, for example S11 on Channel 1 and S22 on Channel 2 COPY: device not responding; copy aborted. Error Number 170.
Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order Ensure that the disk drive address recognized by the analyzer matches the GPIB address set on the disk drive itself. DISK READ/WRITE ERROR. Error Number 189. There may be a problem with your disk. Try a new floppy disk. If a new floppy disk does not eliminate the error, suspect hardware problems. DISK WEAR - REPLACE DISK SOON. Error Number 49. Cumulative use of the disk is approaching the maximum. Copy files as necessary using an external controller.
Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order SEQUENCE, capability when you are building a sequence. Attempting to use this softkey at any other time returns an error message and no action is taken. 8703 SOURCE PARAMETERS CHANGED. Error Number 61. Some of the stimulus parameters of the instrument state have been changed, because you have turned correction on. A calibration set for the current measurement parameter was found and activated.
Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order LIMIT TABLE EMPTY. Error Number 205. Limit lines cannot be turned on unless a limit table has been created. Refer to the “Making Measurements” chapter of the user’s guide for information on how to create a limit table. LIST TABLE EMPTY. Error Number 9. The frequency list is empty. To implement list frequency mode, add segments to the list table. LOG SWEEP REQUIRES 2 OCTAVE MINIMUM SPAN. Error Number 150.
Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order NO SPACE FOR NEW CAL. CLEAR REGISTERS. Error Number 70. You cannot store a calibration set due to insufficient memory. You can free more memory by clearing a saved instrument state from an internal register (which may also delete an associated calibration set, if all the instrument states using the calibration set have been deleted). You can store the saved instrument state and calibration set to a disk before clearing them.
Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order PHASE LOCK FAILURE. Error Number 7. The first IF signal was detected at pretune, but phase lock could not be acquired. Check the signal level to the R channel input to make sure it is -35 dBm or higher. PHASE LOCK LOST. Error Number 8. Phase lock was acquired but then lost. PLOT ABORTED. Error Number 27. When you press the Local, key, the analyzer aborts the plot in progress. PLOTTER: not on, not connect, wrong addrs. Error Number 26.
Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order printer address recognized by the analyzer matches the GPIB address set on the printer itself. PRINTER: paper error. Error Number 171. There is a paper-related problem with the parallel port printer such as a paper jam or out-of-paper condition. PRINTER: power off. Error Number 174. The power to the printer at the parallel port is off. PRINTER: reset in progress. Information Message.
Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order instrument commands. SELF TEST #n FAILED. Service Error Number 112. Internal test #n has failed. Several internal test routines are executed at instrument preset. The analyzer reports the first failure detected. SEQUENCE ABORTED. Error Number 157. The sequence running was stopped prematurely when you pressed the Local, key. SEQUENCE MAY HAVE CHANGED, CAN'T CONTINUE. Error Number 153.
Error Messages Error Messages in Alphabetical Order allowable frequency range of the analyzer. Reduce the frequency range of the list. TOO MANY NESTED SEQUENCES. SEQ ABORTED. Error Number 164. You can only nest sequences to a maximum level of six. The sequence will abort if you nest more than six. TOO MANY SEGMENTS OR POINTS. Error Number 50. You can have a maximum of 30 segments or 1601 points in frequency list mode.
Error Messages Error Messages in Numerical Order Error Messages in Numerical Order Error Number Error 2 INVALID KEY 4 PHASE LOCK CAL FAILED 5 NO IF FOUND: CHECK R INPUT LEVEL 6 POSSIBLE FALSE LOCK 7 PHASE LOCK FAILURE 8 PHASE LOCK LOST 9 LIST TABLE EMPTY 10 CONTINUOUS SWITCHING NOT ALLOWED 11 SWEEP TIME INCREASED 12 SWEEP TIME TOO FAST 13 AVERAGING INVALID ON NON-RATIO MEASURE 14 FUNCTION NOT VALID 15 NO MARKER DELTA - SPAN NOT SET 17 DEMODULATION NOT VALID 21 POWER SUPPLY HO
Error Messages Error Messages in Numerical Order Error Number Error 36 SYST CTRL OR PASS CTRL IN LOCAL MENU 37 ANOTHER SYSTEM CONTROLLER ON GPIB 38 DISK: not on, not connected, wrong addrs 39 DISK HARDWARE PROBLEM 40 DISK MEDIUM NOT INITIALIZED 41 NO DISK MEDIUM IN DRIVE 42 FIRST CHARACTER MUST BE A LETTER 43 ONLY LETTERS AND NUMBERS ARE ALLOWED 44 NOT ENOUGH SPACE ON DISK FOR STORE 45 NO FILE(S) FOUND ON DISK 46 ILLEGAL UNIT OR VOLUME NUMBER 47 INITIALIZATION FAILED 48 DISK IS W
Error Messages Error Messages in Numerical Order Error Number Error 70 NO SPACE FOR NEW CAL.
Error Messages Error Messages in Numerical Order Error Number Error 157 SEQUENCE ABORTED 159 CH1 (CH2) TARGET VALUE NOT FOUND 163 FUNCTION ONLY VALID DURING MOD SEQUENCE 164 TOO MANY NESTED SEQUENCES.
Error Messages Error Messages in Numerical Order Error Number Error 194 ASCII: MISSING 'CITIFILE' statement 195 ASCII: MISSING 'DATA' statement 196 ASCII: MISSING 'VAR' statement 197 FILE NOT FOUND OR WRONG TYPE 198 NOT ALLOWED DURING POWER METER CAL 199 CANNOT MODIFY FACTORY PRESET 200 ALL REGISTERS HAVE BEEN USED 201 FUNCTION NOT VALID FOR INTERNAL MEMORY 202 FUNCTION NOT AVAILABLE 203 CANNOT READ/WRITE HFS FILE SYSTEM 205 LIMIT TABLE EMPTY 206 ARGUMENT OUT OF RANGE 207 POWER O
7 Options Available 7-2 Accessories Available 7-2 Options and Accessories
Options and Accessories Options Available Options Available Table 7-1. 8703B Lightwave Component Analyzer Options Option Description 81000AI Diamond HMS-10 Connector Interface 81000FI FC/PC Connector Interface 81000SI DIN 47256 Connector Interface 81000VI ST Optical Connector Interface 81000KI SC Optical Connector Interface 131 1310 nm Wavelength Laser Source 155 1550 nm Wavelength Laser Source 830 3.
Options and Accessories Accessories Available • 11886A, HMS-10 cable, 9/125 um Microwave Test-Port Cables: 3.5mm • • • • • 85131C single, semi-rigid: 3.5-mm to 3.5-mm, 81-cm (32-in). 85131D set, semi-rigid: 3.5-mm to 3.5-mm, 53-cm (21-in) each. 85131E single, flexible: 3.5-mm to 3.5-mm, 96-cm (38-in). 85131F set, flexible: 3.5-mm to 3.5-mm, 53-cm (21-in) each. 85132C single, semi-rigid: 7-mm to 3.5-mm, 81-cm (32-in). Microwave Test-Port Cables: 7mm • • • 85132D set, semi-rigid: 7-mm to 3.
Options and Accessories Accessories Available • 85056K K-connector calibration kit (2.92-mm) Contains 2.4-mm fixed loads, open and short circuits, and 2.4-mm to 2.92-mm adapters. Option 001 adds 2.4-mm sliding loads and gages. • 85038A 7-16 calibration kit (30 kHz to 7.5 GHz) Contains male and female open and short circuits, fixed loads and wrenches. • 85038F 7-16 (female) calibration kit (30 kHz to 7.5 GHz) Contains a female fixed load, open and short circuits, and adapters.
Options and Accessories Accessories Available Keyboard Template The analyzer is designed to accept most PC-AT-compatible keyboards with a mini-DIN connector. The keyboard can be used for control or data input, such as titling files. The information found on the analyzer keyboard template (part number 08753-80220) is also listed in Table 7-2. Table 7-2.
Options and Accessories Accessories Available 7-6
8 Preset State 8-2 Memory Allocation 8-11 Preset State and Memory Allocation
Preset State and Memory Allocation Introduction Introduction This chapter contains information about instrument settings that occur when • the Preset key is pressed • a preset command is sent over GPIB • an instrument power-cycle occurs You can also find information in this chapter on saving instrument states to internal memory locations, or to internal or external disks. Preset State When the Preset key is pressed, the analyzer reverts to a known state called the factory preset state.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Preset State Table 8-1. Preset Conditions (1 of 7) Preset Conditions Preset Value Analyzer Mode Analyzer Mode Network Analyzer Mode Drive Port lw Offset Value 0 Stimulus Conditions Sweep Type Linear Frequency Step Sweep On Display Mode Start/Stop Trigger Type Continuous External Trigger Off Sweep Time 459 ms, Auto Mode (depends on model) Start Frequency 50 MHz Stop Frequency 20.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Preset State Table 8-1.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Preset State Table 8-1. Preset Conditions (3 of 7) Preset Conditions Scale/Division Preset Value 10 dB/Division Calibration Correction Off Calibration Type None Calibration Kit 3.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Preset State Table 8-1.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Preset State Table 8-1.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Preset State Table 8-1.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Preset State Table 8-1. Preset Conditions (7 of 7) Preset Conditions Preset Value Ch1/Ch3 Data 7 Ch2/Ch4 Data 7 Ch1/Ch3 Memory 7 Ch2/Ch4 Memory 7 Print Printer Mode Last Active State Auto-Feed On Printer Colors Ch1/Ch3 Data Magenta Ch1/Ch3 Mem Green Ch2/Ch4 Data Blue Ch2/Ch4 Mem Red Graticule Cyan Warning Black Text Black Reference Line Black a. The directory size is calculated as 0.013% of the floppy disk size (which is ≈256) or 0.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Preset State Table 8-3. Power-On Conditions (versus Preset) GPIB MODE Talker/listener. SAVE REGISTERS Power meter calibration data and calibration data not associated with an instrument state are cleared. COLOR DISPLAY Default color values. SEQUENCES Sequence 1 through 5 are erased. DISK DIRECTORY Cleared. Table 8-4.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Memory Allocation Memory Allocation The analyzer is capable of saving complete instrument states for later retrieval. It can store these instrument states into the internal memory, to the internal disk, or to an external disk.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Memory Allocation • sequence titles • sixth sequence • power sensor calibration factors and loss tables • user-defined calibration kits • system Z0 • factory preset • GPIB configuration • display intensity default The maximum number of instrument states, calibrations, and memory traces that can reside in non-volatile memory at any one time is limited to 31 instrument states, 128 calibrations (4 per instrument state, including the present instrument state), and 64 memory tr
Preset State and Memory Allocation Memory Allocation Table 8-5. Memory Requirements of Calibration and Memory Trace Arrays Calibration Arrays Approximate Totals (Bytes) Data Length (Bytes)a 401 pts 801 pts 1 chan 1601 pts 1 chan 2 chans Reflection O and Transmission O/O Response N × 6 + 52 2.5 k 5k 10 k 19 k Response and isol. N × 6 × 2 + 52 5k 10 k 19 k 38 k N × 6 × 3 + 52 7k 14 k 29 k 58 k Response and isol.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Memory Allocation d. If the channels are coupled, this number is always 1. If the channels are uncoupled, this number refers to the number of channels that have power meter cal on. e. This value may change with different firmware revisions. The analyzer attempts to allocate memory at the start of a calibration. If insufficient memory is available, an error message is displayed.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Memory Allocation Table 8-6.
Preset State and Memory Allocation Memory Allocation If correction is on at the time of an external store, the calibration set is stored to disk. (Note that inactive calibrations are not stored to disk.) When an instrument state is loaded into the analyzer from disk, the stimulus and response parameters are restored first. If correction is on for the loaded state, the analyzer will load a calibration set from disk that carries the same title as the one stored for the instrument state.
9 The CITIfile Data Format CITIfile Keywords 9-6 Useful Calculations 9-8 9-2 Understanding the CITIfile Data Format
Understanding the CITIfile Data Format Introduction Introduction This chapter explains the use of the CITIfile (Common Instrumentation Transfer and Interchange file) format for the storage and transfer of measurement and data information. Several examples of CITIfiles have been included in this chapter to demonstrate how the format can used to simplify the transfer of measurement and data information between instruments and computers. For many data processing applications, the S2P file (filename.
Understanding the CITIfile Data Format The CITIfile Data Format A CITIfile Package A typical package is divided into two parts: The first part, the header, is made up of keywords and setup information. The second part, the data, usually consists of one or more arrays of data. Example 1 shows the basic structure of a CITIfile package: Example 1, A CITIfile Package The “header” part CITIFILE A.01.00 NAME MEMORY VAR FREQ MAG 3 DATA S RI The “data” part BEGIN -3.54545E-2, -1.38601E-3 0.23491E-3, -1.
Understanding the CITIfile Data Format The CITIfile Data Format Keywords." When reading a CITIfile, unrecognized keywords should be ignored. This allows new keywords to be added, without affecting an older program or instrument that might not use the new keywords. The older instrument or program can still use the rest of the data in the CITIfile as it did before. Ignoring unknown keywords allows backwards compatibility to be maintained.
Understanding the CITIfile Data Format The CITIfile Data Format 3.69079E-1,-9.13787E-1 7.80120E-1,5.37841E-1 -7.78350E-1,5.72082E-1 END Example 4, 8510 3-Term Frequency List Cal Set File Example 4 shows how CITIfile may be used to store instrument setup information. In the case of an 8510 Cal Set, a limited instrument state is needed in order to return the instrument to the same state that it was in when the calibration was done.
Understanding the CITIfile Data Format CITIfile Keywords BEGIN 4.45404E-1,4.31518E-1 8.34777E-1,-1.33056E-1 -7.09137E-1,5.58410E-1 4.84252E-1,-8.07098E-1 END When an instrument’s frequency list mode is used, as it was in Example 4, a list of frequencies is stored in the file after the VAR_LIST_BEGIN statement. The unsorted frequency list segments used by this instrument to create the VAR_LIST_BEGIN data are defined in the #NA ARB_SEG statements.
Understanding the CITIfile Data Format CITIfile Keywords the information is for a Network Analyzer. This convention allows new devices to be defined without fear of conflict with keywords for previously defined devices. The device identifier (i.e. NA) may be any number of characters. SEG_LIST_BEGIN SEG_LIST_BEGIN indicates that a list of segments for the independent variable follow. Format for the segments is: [segment type] [start] [stop] [number of points].
Understanding the CITIfile Data Format Useful Calculations problems with the year 2000, when the shortened version of the year will be "00." • The hour value should be in 24-hour "military" time. • When writing a CITIfile and the fractional seconds value is zero, then the "seconds" value may be printed either with or without a decimal point: either "47.0" or "47" would be acceptable. When reading a CITIfile, the seconds value should always be read as if it were a floating point number.
Understanding the CITIfile Data Format Useful Calculations Desired Format Mathematical Equationa Microsoft Excel Commandb Log Magnitude 20*Log10((Re2 + Im2)) 1/2 =20*LOG10(SQRT((SUMSQ(ReCell 1,Im Cell 1)))) (dB) Phase tan-1(Im/Re) or arctan (Im/Re) ATAN2(ReCell 1, ImCell 1)*180/PI() (Degree) Polar Magnitude = ((Re2 + Im2)) 1/2 Magnitude = (SQRT((SUMSQ(ReCell 1,Im Cell 1))) Phase = tan-1(Im/Re) or Phase = ATAN2(ReCell 1, ImCell 1)*180/PI() arctan (Im/Re) Smith Chart Resistance = Resistance
Understanding the CITIfile Data Format Useful Calculations Example Data This example shows how the following CITIfile data for a three-point trace can be expressed in other data formats. CITIFILE A.01.00 #NA VERSION 8753E.07.12 NAME DATA VAR FREQ MAG 3.0000 DATA S[11] RI SEG_LIST_BEGIN SEG 1550000000 1570000000 3.0000 SEG_LIST_END BEGIN Table 9-1.
10 Returning the Instrument for Service 10-2 Agilent Technologies Service Offices 10-4 Returning the Agilent 8703B for Service
Returning the Agilent 8703B for Service Returning the Instrument for Service Returning the Instrument for Service The instructions in this section show you how to properly package the instrument for return to a Agilent Technologies service office. For a list of offices, refer to “Agilent Technologies Service Offices” on page 10-4.
Returning the Agilent 8703B for Service Returning the Instrument for Service CAUTION Instrument damage can result from using packaging materials other than the original materials. Never use styrene pellets as packaging material. They do not adequately cushion the instrument or prevent it from shifting in the carton. They may also cause instrument damage by generating static electricity. 3. Pack the instrument in the original shipping containers.
Returning the Agilent 8703B for Service Agilent Technologies Service Offices Agilent Technologies Service Offices Before returning an instrument for service, call the Agilent Technologies Instrument Support Center at (800) 403-0801, visit the Test and Measurement Web Sites by Country page at http://www.tm.agilent.com/tmo/country/English/index.html, or call one of the numbers listed below. Table 10-1. Agilent Technologies Service Numbers Austria 01/25125-7171 Belgium 32-2-778.37.
Index A accessories available, 7-2 keyboard template, 7-5 measurement accessories, 7-2 accuracy enhancement, 5-27, 5-39 adapters, 7-4 address menu, 5-45 Agilent offices, 10-4 allocation, memory, 8-11 analog in menu, 5-12 Analyzer panels front, 2-2 analyzer display, 2-4 analyzer display formats, 5-13 group delay format, 5-14 group delay principles, 5-19 imaginary format, 5-19 linear magnitude format, 5-17 log magnitude format, 5-13 phase format, 5-14 polar format, 5-16 real format, 5-18 smith chart format,
Index determining memory requirements, 8-12 storing data to disk, 8-14 types of memory and data storage, 8-11 using saved calibration sets, 8-16 menu address, 5-45 analog in, 5-12 conversion, 5-12 edit limits, 5-47 edit segment, 5-48 input ports menu, 5-13 offset limits, 5-48 segment, 5-7 S-parameter, 5-12 stepped edit list, 5-8 stepped edit subsweep, 5-8 swept edit list, 5-8 swept edit subsweep, 5-9 microwave systematic errors, characterizing, 5-30 minimum loss pads, 7-4 minimum sweep time, 5-6 mode auto
