Data Sheet

Introduction to Electricity
What is electricity? Nobody really knows. We only know how to produce
it, understand its properties, and how to control it. Electricity is the
movement of sub-atomic charged particles (called electrons) through
a material due to electrical pressure across the material, such as from
a battery.
Power sources, such as batteries, push electricity through a circuit, like
a pump pushes water through pipes. Wires carry electricity, like pipes
carry water. Devices like LEDs, motors, and speakers use the energy
in electricity to do things. Switches and transistors control the flow of
electricity like valves and faucets control water. Resistors limit the flow
of electricity.
The electrical pressure exerted by a battery or other power source is
called voltage and is measured in volts (V). Notice the “+” and “–”
signs on the battery; these indicate which direction the battery will
“pump” the electricity.
The electric current is a measure of how fast electricity is flowing in a
wire, just as the water current describes how fast water is flowing in a
pipe. It is expressed in amperes (A) or milliamps (mA, 1/1000 of an
ampere).
The “power” of electricity is a measure of how fast energy is moving
through a wire. It is a combination of the voltage and current (Power =
Voltage x Current). It is expressed in watts (W).
The resistance of a component or circuit represents how much it
resists the electrical pressure (voltage) and limits the flow of electric
current. The relationship is Voltage = Current x Resistance. When the
resistance increases, less current flows. Resistance is measured in
ohms (W), or kilo ohms (kW, 1000 ohms).
Nearly all of the electricity used in our world is produced at enormous
Placing components in series increases the resistance; highest value
dominates. Placing components in parallel decreases the resistance;
lowest value dominates.
The parts within these series and parallel sub-circuits may be arranged
in different ways without changing what the circuit does. Large circuits
are made of combinations of smaller series and parallel circuits.
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Parallel Circuit
generators driven by steam or water pressure. Wires are used to
efficiently transport this energy to homes and businesses where it is
used. Motors convert the electricity back into mechanical form to drive
machinery and appliances. The most important aspect of electricity in
our society is that it allows energy to be easily transported over
distances.
Note that “distances” includes not just large distances but also tiny
distances. Try to imagine a plumbing structure of the same complexity
as the circuitry inside a portable radio - it would have to be large
because we can’t make water pipes so small. Electricity allows
complex designs to be made very small.
There are two ways of arranging parts in a circuit, in series or in
parallel. Here are examples:
Series Circuit
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