Contents Introduction 2 Equipment & Component List 3 Introduction to Digital Multimeters 4 Introduction to the Elenco XK-700 Electronic Trainer 6 Using Meters Project 1 Voltmeters 12 Project 2 Ammeters 14 Project 3 Ohmmeters 16 Project 4 Relationship of I and V with a Constant R 18 Project 5 Relationship of I and R with a Constant V 20 Project 6 Relationship of Power to V with a Constant R 22 Project 7 Relationship of Power to I with a Constant R 24 Resistor Color Codes 25 Pro
Introduction The purpose of this lab book is to provide hands-on experience to reinforce the electronic theory data learned in this course. Students will improve their critical thinking skills by connecting circuits from schematics, making measurements with a digital multimeter, organizing data, and analyzing observations. Most of the projects in this lab manual promote understanding of the intended points made by performing calculations and making measurements.
Equipment • Elenco XK-700 electrical trainer • Multi-range digital multi-meter (DMM) • Breadboard jumper wires • Testing jig (Used for troubleshooting exercises) • AA battery holder with leads • AA battery Components • Resistors o 1 kΩ, carbon film, 1 watt, 5% tolerance o 3.3 kΩ, carbon film, 1 watt, 5% tolerance o 4.7 kΩ, carbon film, 1 watt, 5% tolerance o 6.
Digital Multimeters Resistance Function Ranges from 200Ω to 200MΩ ON / OFF power switch Continuity / Diode Test Function Transistor Test Function DC Current Function Ranges from 2mA to 20A. DC Voltage Function Ranges from 200mV to 1000V DC AC Current Function Ranges from 2mA to 20A. AC Voltage Function Ranges from 200mV to 700V AC Capacitance Function Ranges from 2nF to 200µF “V, Ω” jack Use this jack for the red test lead when measuring voltage or resistance.
Voltmeter leads connected in parallel with resistor being measured. Power Supply 6.00 V 6V A mA COM VΩ Figure P-2 Ammeter To measure current, break the circuit where you want to take the reading. Set the meter to AC or DC current depending on the source being tested. Plug the test lead into the correct jack to measure the expected current. Note: Most meters have a separate jack that needs to be used to measure current from 0 to 200mA and from 200mA to 10A or sometimes 20A.
The Elenco XK-700 Electronic Trainer This guide will explain the basic operations and features of the Elenco electronic trainer that you will be using for the majority of the lab experiments in this course. Please take a few minutes to read through this guide and study the illustrations so you will become familiar with the different functions of this trainer. In this user guide you will identify the five main sections of the trainer. You will also learn the purpose and the function of each section.
Power Supply The Elenco trainer has several built in DC power supplies to satisfy most electronic design needs. The two variable DC power supplies produce up to +20 volts and -20 volts at 500 milliamps. Below 15v the available current is over 1 amp. Three fixed power supplies produce +12vdc, -12vdc, or +5vdc at 1 amp each. All of the power supplies are regulated to within 150 millivolts.
30VAC The power supply section’s output terminal block also allows for the stepped down AC voltage to be used direct from the center tapped transformer. The transformer provides a voltage of 30VAC from line to line or 15VAC from either line to the center tapped ground (See Figure P-8).
Function / Signal Generator The included function generator is capable of producing sine, square and triangle waveforms. The frequency of this generator is variable from one hertz to over 100,000 hertz in the following five ranges: 10-Hz, 100-Hz, 1-kHz, 10-kHz and 100-kHz. A fine adjustment control makes for easy selection of any frequency between these ranges. The output voltage amplitude is variable between 0 and 15-VP-P.
Breadboard Section The Elenco trainer is equipped with two breadboards containing a total of 1660 tie points including 6 independent bus lines. Figure P-13 The board is made of plastic with a matrix of holes. Wires and component leads can be pushed into the holes to make appropriate connections. Each “hole” on the board contains a metal spring contact. When a wire or component lead is pushed down into the hole an electrical connection is made with that hole’s spring contact.
Figures P-15 & P-16 are sample series and parallel circuit connections using a breadboard. These are just a small sample of the many different methods and combinations for connecting circuits using breadboards. These examples are shown using the positive variable voltage supply.
Using Meters Voltmeters Project Objectives: • • • To learn how to safely and effectively measure DC voltage using a digital multi-meter. Gain practice in creating simple circuits from pictorial diagrams. Learn to adjust a variable DC source for a desired output voltage. Items Needed: Electronics Trainer Jumper Wires Digital multi-meter 1.5V dry cell battery By completing this project you will learn some of the key procedures used to make safe and accurate measurements with a voltmeter.
4. What cell terminal was the red lead connected to? (a) negative (b) positive 5. The negative terminal of the cell should be connected to the _________________ test lead. (a) black (b) red Experiment 2 Voltmeter 0.00 Variable voltage output terminal V A Variable 0 to +20vdc Ground mA COM VΩ Variable 0 to -20vdc 1. Connect the voltmeter across the positive output of the variable voltage power supply on your Elenco electronics trainer.
Using Meters Ammeters Project Objectives: • • • To learn how to safely and effectively measure DC current using a digital multi-meter. Gain practice in creating simple circuits from schematic and pictorial diagrams. Learn to adjust a variable DC source for a desired output current. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - 1.
Experiment 2 Ammeter Variable voltage output terminal 0.00 1k Ω + mA − A Variable 0 to +20vdc mA COM VΩ Variable 0 to -20vdc 1. Disconnect the previous circuit. Set up the meter to read current in the range from 0 to 20mA. 2. With the power OFF, insert the 1kΩ resistor into the breadboard section of the Elenco trainer. Make sure the resistor leads are in separate bus lines so the circuit will not be “shorted”. 3.
Using Meters Ohmmeters Project Objectives: • • To develop an understanding of the ohmmeter function of a DMM. To learn how to use the variable resistance section of the Elenco trainer. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - 1k Ω resistor - 10k Ω resistor - 47k Ω resistor In this project please use the following safety precautions when connecting meters to make resistance measurements. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Disconnect the circuit from the power source.
Experiment 2 Ohmmeter 0.00 Variable resistor terminal Ω A mA COM VΩ 1. Insert jumper wires into the two outside terminals for the 1kΩ and 100kΩ potentiometers (variable resistors) on your Elenco trainer. What are the resistance measurements? Make sure the power supply is not connected! 1kΩ potentiometer measures: ______________ Ω. Meter range used: ______________ 100kΩ potentiometer measures: _____________ Ω. Meter range used: _____________ 2.
Ohm’s Law Relationship of I and V with a Constant R Project Objectives: • • To prove the direct relationship of current to voltage when a set resistance is given. To obtain more practice connecting circuits and using a DMM to make measurements.
Is the measured voltage close to the calculated value in step 5? ____________________ List some reasons why the measured voltage might not be perfectly accurate to the calculated value. ___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 8. Repeat steps 1 through 7, this time setting the current at 1.5mA.
Ohm’s Law Relationship of I and R with a Constant V Project Objectives: • • To prove the inverse relationship of current to resistance when a set voltage is given. To obtain practice in connecting circuits and using a DMM to make measurements. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires • • - Digital multi-meter - Resistors 10kΩ, 3.
7. What would the current of the circuit be if the 10kΩ resistor were replaced with a 1kΩ (brown, black, red, gold) resistor? New calculated current = ____________________ mA 8. Turn the power supply off and remove the 10kΩ resistor from the circuit. Replace it with a 3.3kΩ resistor. 9. Measure the new current reading. Make sure the meter range is set correctly to the calculation in step 6. Resistance now = 3.3kΩ Current now measures: ____________________ mA 10. Turn the power supply off and remove the 3.
Ohm’s Law Relationship of Power to V with a Constant R Project Objectives: • • To show the use of the power formula by demonstrating how power is related to voltage squared for a set resistance. To obtain practice in connecting circuits and using a DMM to make measurements.
6. Using the (P = V2/R) formula, calculate the power for the measured values in step 4. V = ______________________ V R = ______________________ Ω P calculated = ______________________ mW 7. Change the Source V to 5 volts. Measure the current value and calculate the power by using both of the above formulas.
Ohm’s Law Relationship of Power to I with a Constant R Project Objectives: • • To show the use of the power formula by demonstrating how power is related to current squared for a set resistance. To obtain practice in connecting circuits and using a DMM to make measurements.
Resistors Resistor Color Codes Project Objective: • • To provide a hands-on experience with the resistor color code. To determine if the resistor is operating within its specified tolerance by using an ohmmeter to measure its resistance. Items Needed: - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 2 watt - 270kΩ 1 watt - 6.2kΩ 1/2 watt - 11Ω, 2kΩ, 2.2kΩ, 300kΩ, 750kΩ, 10MΩ 1/4 watt - 150Ω, 5.6kΩ 1/8 watt - 1.2kΩ, 39kΩ When making resistance measurements, make sure there is no power applied to the circuit.
The percent of difference between the measured value and the given color code value of the resistor is 3.5%. Therefore the 1kΩ resistor is operating within its 5% tolerance. Complete the table below. Use an ohmmeter to measure each resistor. Refer to the example above to calculate if each resistor is operating within its tolerance rating. Resistor measures? % of difference In tolerance (yes/no) 270kΩ - 2 watt 6.2kΩ - 1 watt 11Ω - 1/2 watt 2kΩ - 1/2 watt 2.
Series Circuits Resistance in Series Circuits Project Objective: • To verify the series circuit resistance formula by making resistance measurements under various circuit conditions. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 3-10kΩ, 47kΩ, 100kΩ, & 220kΩ When making resistance measurements, make sure there is no power applied to the circuit. Experiment 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 9-1.
Series Circuits Current Flow in Series Circuits Project Objective: • To verify that the current in a series circuit is the same no-matter where the measurement is taken in the circuit. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 1kΩ, 4.7kΩ, 3.3kΩ, & 10kΩ Make sure power supply is off when connecting meters or changing circuit components. Experiment 1kΩ 1. Connect the initial circuit as shown in Figure 10-1. mA 2.
Series Circuits Voltage in Series Circuits Project Objective: • To use measurements and calculations to demonstrate the proportional relationship of resistance and voltage in a series circuit. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 1kΩ, 4.7kΩ, 18kΩ Make sure power supply is off when connecting meters or changing circuit components. Experiment 1kΩ 1. Connect the initial circuit as shown in Figure 11-1. 2. Apply 12.
Changing the applied voltage does not change the voltage drop percentages of VA. If one of the Rs were changed, would the distribution percentages change? __________________ In conclusion, in a series circuit, the largest R will drop the __________________ voltage, and the smallest R will drop the __________________ voltage. 8. Assuming VT = 22 volts, calculate V1 and V2 using the voltage divider formula. (Vx = Rx x VT) RT V1 calculated = _________________. V2 calculated = _________________. 9.
Series Circuits Power in a Series Circuit Project Objective: • • To demonstrate that power distribution in a series circuit is directly related to the distribution of resistance. To verify that the total power equals the sum of all the individual power dissipations. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 1kΩ, 4.7kΩ & 10kΩ Make sure power supply is off when connecting meters or changing circuit components. Experiment 1.
In conclusion, the total power in a series circuit equals the ____________________ of all the individual power dissipations. a.) product b.) sum 4. What is the percentage of P1 to P3? P1 = ____________________ % of P3. The percentage of power between two resistors in a series circuit is the same as the percentage of _______________________ between the same two resistors. 5.
Series Circuits Detecting an Open in a Series Circuit Project Objective: • • To provide experience with the change that occurs when an open develops in a series circuit. To prove that the applied voltage appears across the open portion of a series circuit. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 1kΩ, 4.7kΩ & 10kΩ Make sure power supply is off when connecting meters or changing circuit components. Experiment 1.
to _____________________. The voltage drops across the unopened resistors will (increase, decrease) _____________________ to _____________________ and the voltage across the open resistor will (increase, decrease) _____________________ to _____________________. 4. Predict the results if R3 were to be removed from the circuit instead of R2. IT = __________________________ V1 = _________________________ V2 = _________________________ V3 = _________________________ 5.
Series Circuits Detecting a Short in a Series Circuit Project Objective: To provide experience with the changes that occur when a short develops in a series circuit. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 47kΩ & 2 - 10kΩ Make sure power supply is off when connecting meters or changing circuit components. Experiment 1. Connect the initial circuit as shown in Figure 14-1. 2. Adjust the VA to 15 volts.
Parallel Circuits Resistance in Parallel Circuits Project Objective: • • To verify that the total resistance in a parallel circuit is less than the least value resistance in parallel. To provide practice using parallel resistance formulas and confirming them through circuit measurements. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 18kΩ, 100kΩ, 220kΩ & 3 - 10kΩ When making resistance measurements, make sure there is no power applied to the circuit. Experiment 1.
7. Using both parallel resistance formulas calculate RT if R2 were changed to 100kΩ and R3 were changed to 18kΩ. Product over sum, RT Calculated = _______________________. Reciprocal, RT Calculated = _______________________. 8. Change the circuit as described in step 7 and measure the total resistance of the circuit at points A and B. RT measured = _______________________.
Parallel Circuits Current Flow in Parallel Circuits Project Objective: • • To verify that the amount of current through parallel branches is inverse to the branch’s resistance value. To confirm Kirchhoff’s Current Law by verifying that the total current in a parallel circuit equals the sum of the individual branch currents.
Did the total current change? _____________ If so, was the change in IT the same as the change in I2? _____________ This proves that IT is the sum of all the _______________ currents. Since R1 is 1/10 the value of R2, I1 should be _______________ times the value of I2.
Parallel Circuits Voltage in Parallel Circuits Project Objective: • • To verify that branch voltages are equal in a parallel circuit. To verify that each branch voltage equals the applied voltage in parallel circuits. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 3 - 10kΩ, 100kΩ, 220kΩ Make sure power supply is off when connecting meters or changing circuit components. Experiment 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 17-1. 2.
4. Add a fourth parallel branch by inserting a 220kΩ resistor to the end of the circuit. We will label this resistor as R4. Measure and record the circuit voltages with the 12 volts applied. VA = _________________________. V3 = ________________________. V1 = _________________________. V4 = ________________________. V2 = _________________________.
Parallel Circuits Power in a Parallel Circuit Project Objective: • • To verify that the power dissipation in a parallel branch is inverse to that branch’s resistance value. To verify that total power in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of all the individual branch power dissipations. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 2 - 10kΩ, 18kΩ, 47kΩ Make sure power supply is off when connecting meters or changing circuit components. Experiment 1.
branch is equal and the current is _______________________ proportional to the branch resistance. Therefore V x I will be greater if the resistor is of __________________ value. 4. Remove R2 and replace it with a 10kΩ resistor. Complete the following table by measuring each branch current and calculating the individual power dissipations and the total circuit power. Keep the applied voltage at 12 volts.
Parallel Circuits Detecting an Open in a Parallel Circuit Project Objective: • • To provide experience with the change that occurs when an open develops in a parallel circuit. To verify that the total circuit current will decrease by the same amount that was passing through the defective branch prior to it becoming open.
Did the voltage across all the branches change when R1 became open? _______________ 4. Using the normal circuit condition values in step 2, calculate each branch power dissipation and the total circuit power dissipation. PT = _________________________ P2 = _________________________ P1 = _________________________ P3 = _________________________ 5. Calculate each branch power dissipation and the total circuit power dissipation using the values when R1 was open in step 3.
Parallel Circuits Detecting a Short in a Parallel Circuit Project Objective: To provide experience with resistance changes that occur when a short develops in a parallel circuit. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 47kΩ, 100kΩ, 220kΩ Do not use the power supply for this project! Experiment 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 20-1. 2. Using an ohmmeter, measure between points A and B to find the total resistance of the circuit.
Does the current through the “shorted” branch increase or decrease? _________________ Does the voltage through all the branches increase or decrease? ____________________ If any one branch of a parallel circuit is shorted it appears that all the branches are shorted. Although only one branch contains the actual shorted element that causes the undesired low path of resistance nearly approaching ________ Ω.
Combination Circuits Resistance in Series-Parallel Circuits Project Objective: To verify series and parallel resistance rules as they apply to series-parallel combination circuits. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 1kΩ, 4 - 10kΩ Make sure power supply is off when connecting meters or changing circuit components. Experiment 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 21-1. mA 2. Calculate the total circuit resistance from the resistor values given.
mA 5. Calculate what the total resistance of the circuit would be if a 10kΩ resistor (R5) were added in parallel to R2. Use Figure 21-2 as a reference. RT calc = __________________________. 6. Connect the circuit as described in step 5 and measure RT. Make sure there is no power applied to the circuit. R1 1kΩ + R2 10kΩ R5 10kΩ R3 10kΩ R4 10kΩ VA − RT meas = __________________________. Briefly describe the process used to calculate RT for this circuit.
Combination Circuits Current in Series-Parallel Circuits Project Objective: To better understand the characteristics of current flow in series-parallel combination circuits by combining both the series and parallel circuit analysis methods previously learned in the course. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 1kΩ, 3.3kΩ, 4 - 10kΩ, 2 - 47kΩ, 100kΩ Make sure power supply is off when connecting meters or changing circuit components. Experiment 1.
3. Predict what will happen to all the circuit currents if R6 were changed to a 47kΩ resistor. Indicate below whether each current will increase, decrease or stay the same. I1 will ________________________. I5 will _______________________. I2 will ________________________. I6 will _______________________ . I3 will ________________________. I7 will _______________________. I4 will ________________________. IT will _______________________.
Combination Circuits Voltage in Series-Parallel Circuits Project Objective: • • To better understand the characteristics of voltage distribution in a series-parallel circuit by taking measurements and making observations. To verify that a component’s voltage drop is affected by that component’s value and location in a series-parallel circuit.
(largest branch, main line) ____________________________ components. 4. Will V3 increase or decrease if R5 is replaced with a jumper wire? ___________________. 5. Make the circuit change suggested in step 4. Did V3 change as predicted in step 4? ________________________ When the resistance in a parallel branch is decreased, this causes the total circuit current to ________________________. This causes the voltage drops of the components that are in series with the main line to ________________________.
Combination Circuits Power in a Series-Parallel Circuit Project Objective: • • To illustrate the power distribution characteristics of a combination circuit by making measurements and calculations. To verify that the electrical parameters of a series-parallel circuit are influenced by the “electrical location” rather than the physical location of a component.
Notice that this is not the largest resistance value in the circuit. Only in a simple series circuit the largest resistance value dissipates the most power. Also notice that it is not the smallest resistance value in the circuit. Only in a simple parallel circuit the smallest resistance value dissipates the most power. This proves that power distribution in a series-parallel circuit depends on the electrical ______________________ of the component being considered. 4. Swap R3 and R4.
Combination Circuits Detecting an open in a Series-Parallel Circuit Project Objective: • • To demonstrate the effects of an open occurring in both the series and parallel portions of a combination circuit. To observe what happens to the total circuit current when an open occurs in a series-parallel circuit. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 1kΩ, 3 - 10kΩ, 47kΩ Make sure power supply is off when connecting meters or changing circuit components.
V2 = _________________________. V5 = (across the open) ______________. What happened to the voltage drops across all of the “good” components in the circuit? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ The voltage drop across the “open” resistor is equal to the ___________________ voltage. Explain what happens to IT when an open occurs to a component that is in series with the source.
Combination Circuits Detecting a short in a Series-Parallel Circuit Project Objective: • • To demonstrate the effects of a short occurring in both the series and parallel portions of a combination circuit. To observe what happens to the total circuit current when a short occurs in a series-parallel circuit. Items Needed: - Electronics Trainer - Jumper Wires - Digital multi-meter - Resistors: 1kΩ, 3 - 10kΩ, 47kΩ Make sure power supply is off when connecting meters or changing circuit components.
V2 = _________________________. V5 = _________________________. What happened to the voltage drops across all of the “un-shorted” components in the circuit? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ The voltage drop across the shorted component equals _______________.
Circuit Troubleshooting Strategies The job of a technician frequently entails "troubleshooting" malfunctioning circuits. Good troubleshooting skills, although highly demanded in industry, require a thorough understanding of the basic concepts, and a sense of creativity in applying a solution to correct the problem. An essential skill to possess is a ready and intuitive understanding of how component faults affect circuits in different configurations. Not every electrical circuit is similar in design.
Just as an open in a circuit will act as an infinite amount of resistance, a short in a circuit will act as a resistance value of zero. Since a small amount of resistance in a series circuit will have a small voltage drop, a resistance value of zero will have zero voltage drop. Think of it as measuring the voltage drop across the ends of a small piece of wire in a circuit. In Figure T-2, R1 has become shorted. This creates a situation where more current is flowing in the circuit than normal.
If an ohmmeter were used to 66.667 66.667 measure each resistive branch in the circuit (assuming the power V Ω A V Ω A supply is disconnected and the components cannot easily be removed from the circuit), the result would be the parallel 66.667 combination of R1 and R3 across each parallel branch as shown in V Ω A Figure T-4.
Shorted parallel branches can be very difficult to locate in a circuit. This is because ohmmeters will indicate zero ohms of resistance across every resistive branch connected in parallel. The circuit also cannot be energized to take voltage and current readings because the circuit protection device will trip. Even if the power supply and protection device could handle the high current, chances are the meter will not.
To further narrow down the possibilities, the circuit can be recalculated assuming R3 or R4 is open. This can be done by redrawing and solving the circuit with the absence of one of the parallel resistances. We will begin by removing R4 from the circuit. When R4 is removed from the circuit, the result is a three resistance series circuit that can easily be solved to determine IT. RT = 150Ω + 100Ω + 200Ω RT = 450Ω IT = 12v 450Ω R1 150Ω 12 V R2 100Ω R3 200Ω DC IT = 26.
DC Figure T-10 Observations Conclusions Turned switch ON – no light Definitely a problem in this circuit! Measured 12 volts between terminal blocks TB1-1 and TB2-1 Power supply is functioning properly. Measured no voltage across the light bulb (between TB2-2 and TB2-3) Light bulb is not open, just not receiving any power. Measured no voltage across closed switch (between TB1-1 and TB1-3) Switch is good.
Breadboard Circuits Most electronics students gain hands-on experience with circuits by building them in temporary form on solderless breadboards. These boards are very convenient for lab use, as they allow students to quickly assemble and re-configure circuits using a wide variety of components. There is much more to learning electronics than merely building circuits, though. A vital element of electronics education is learning how to diagnose faulty circuits through the use of test equipment.
The student may then begin troubleshooting the circuit using only a voltmeter or ammeter (no ohmmeters), the connected terminal block on the testing jig, and a circuit schematic. Each step in the troubleshooting sequence must be documented on the “Observations and Conclusions Table” provided for each exercise. When finished with the exercises, design your own circuits and have a lab partner troubleshoot them.
Troubleshooting Exercise 1 Construct the following circuit on a solderless breadboard. Connect the testing jig according to the test points (TP’s) in the schematic diagram. Make sure the correct TP wires are used. You may refer to the table on the previous page. When finished, have your lab partner or instructor create a fault in the circuit. While troubleshooting the circuit, you may not view the breadboard connections.
Troubleshooting Exercise 2 Construct and troubleshoot the following circuit as in the previous exercise. Record your observations and conclusions in the table below. TP4 TP2 TP1 TP5 TP6 R2 18 kΩ R1 3.
Troubleshooting Exercise 3 Construct and troubleshoot the following circuit. Record your observations and conclusions below. WARNING: Do not simulate a short anywhere in this circuit! Doing so could damage the power supply and/or test equipment.
Troubleshooting Exercise 4 Construct and troubleshoot the following circuit. Record your observations and conclusions below. TP4 TP1 TP2 R1 4.
Troubleshooting Exercise 5 Construct and troubleshoot the following circuit. Record your observations and conclusions below. TP2 TP6 TP7 TP1 R1 18 kΩ R2 47 kΩ TP4 R3 4.7 kΩ +20 V R4 1 kΩ DC R5 3.
Troubleshooting Exercise 6 Construct and troubleshoot the following circuit. Record your observations and conclusions below. TP4 R1 18 kΩ +24 V R5 10 kΩ R4 47 kΩ TP1 TP2 R2 47 kΩ TP6 TP5 DC R3 4.
Design your own circuit here: Observations Conclusions 74
Design your own circuit here: Observations Conclusions 75
Design your own circuit here: Observations Conclusions 76
Formula Wheels E I P R ExI I E2 R P R P I R E 2 I xR E I P I2 2 E P P I E P E E R PxR IxR 77
Notes: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _______________
Notes: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _______________
Instructor Sign-off sheet Project Number Student Name: Project Name Project 1 Voltmeters Project 2 Ammeters Project 3 Ohmmeters Project 4 Relationship of I and V with a Constant R Project 5 Relationship of I and R with a Constant V Project 6 Relationship of Power to V with a Constant R Project 7 Relationship of Power to I with a Constant R Project 8 Resistor Color Codes Project 9 Resistance in Series Circuits Project 10 Current Flow in Series Circuits Project 11 Voltage in Series Cir
