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33 Multicast Features...................................................................................................................................636
Enabling IP Multicast.....................................................................................................................................................636
Implementation Information..........................................................................................................................................636
First Packet Forwarding for Lossless Multicast......................................................................................................... 637
Multicast Policies........................................................................................................................................................... 637
IPv4 Multicast Policies............................................................................................................................................ 637
Understanding Multicast Traceroute (mtrace)...........................................................................................................644
Important Points to Remember............................................................................................................................. 645
Printing Multicast Traceroute (mtrace) Paths........................................................................................................... 645
Supported Error Codes.................................................................................................................................................646
mtrace Scenarios........................................................................................................................................................... 647
34 Object Tracking....................................................................................................................................... 653
Object Tracking Overview............................................................................................................................................ 653
Track Layer 2 Interfaces..........................................................................................................................................654
Track Layer 3 Interfaces..........................................................................................................................................654
Track IPv4 and IPv6 Routes...................................................................................................................................655
Track a Metric Threshold........................................................................................................................................655
Tracking a Metric Threshold...................................................................................................................................655
Track Route Reachability.........................................................................................................................................657
Tracking Route Reachability................................................................................................................................... 657
Set Tracking Delays................................................................................................................................................. 658
VRRP Object Tracking............................................................................................................................................ 658
Object Tracking Conguration..................................................................................................................................... 659
Tracking a Layer 2 Interface................................................................................................................................... 659
Tracking a Layer 3 Interface................................................................................................................................... 660
Displaying Tracked Objects............................................................................................................................................661
35 Open Shortest Path First (OSPFv2 and OSPFv3)....................................................................................663
Protocol Overview.........................................................................................................................................................663
Autonomous System (AS) Areas........................................................................................................................... 663
Area Types................................................................................................................................................................ 664
Networks and Neighbors........................................................................................................................................665
Router Types............................................................................................................................................................ 665
Designated and Backup Designated Routers....................................................................................................... 667
Link-State Advertisements (LSAs)........................................................................................................................ 667
Virtual Links..............................................................................................................................................................668
Router Priority and Cost.........................................................................................................................................668
OSPF Implementation...................................................................................................................................................669
Fast Convergence (OSPFv2, IPv4 Only).............................................................................................................. 670
Multi-Process OSPFv2 (IPv4 only)....................................................................................................................... 670
RFC-2328 Compliant OSPF Flooding....................................................................................................................670
OSPF ACK Packing.................................................................................................................................................. 671
Setting OSPF Adjacency with Cisco Routers....................................................................................................... 671
Conguration Information............................................................................................................................................. 672
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