DES-3326S Layer 3 Switch User’s Guide First Edition (June, 2001) 651E3326S015 Printed In Taiwan RECYCLABLE
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Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................... 13 Layer 3 Switching ............................................................... 13 The Functions of a Layer 3 Switch.................................... 15 Features ............................................................................. 16 Ports ................................................................................ 16 Performance Features.............................................
Switch LED Indicators ........................................................ 37 Stacking Module LED Indicators......................................... 37 Connecting The Switch.......................................................... 39 Switch to End Node ............................................................ 39 Switch to Hub or Switch ..................................................... 40 Switch Stack Connections .................................................. 41 10BASE-T Device .............
VLAN Layout .................................................................. 169 Assigning IP Network Addresses and Subnet Masks to VLANs ............................................................................ 170 Defining Static Routes.................................................... 171 Getting Started ................................................................. 171 Management..................................................................... 171 Configuring the Switch ...................
Identifying a Data Loop .................................................. 335 Avoiding Trouble ............................................................ 335 Brief Review of Bitwise Logical Operations........................... 342 Index...................................................................................
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 1 I NTRODUCTION This section describes the Layer 3 functionality and Layer 2 and Layer 3 features of the DES-3326S. Some background information about Ethernet/Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and switching technology is presented. This is intended for readers who may not be familiar with the concepts of layered switching and routing but is not intended to be a complete or in-depth discussion.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Ethernet port to connect to a separate device, which in turn, connects the network to a WAN or the Internet. The DES-3326S can be thought of as 24 Fast Ethernet Layer 2 switching domains with a wire-speed router between each domain. It can be deployed in a network between a traditional router and the intranetwork.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide and improve the utilization of the network’s installed bandwidth. The Functions of a Layer 3 Switch Traditional routers, once the core components of large networks, became an obstacle to the migration toward nextgeneration networks. Attempts to make software-based routers forward packets more quickly were inadequate.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Features The DES-3326S Switch was designed for easy installation and high performance in an environment where traffic on the network and the number of users increase continuously. Switch features include: Ports • 24 high performance NWay ports all operating at 10/100 Mbps with Auto-MDIX function for connecting to end stations, servers and hubs.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • Store and forward switching scheme. • Full and half-duplex for both 10Mbps and 100Mbps connections. The front-port Gigabit Ethernet module operates at full-duplex only. Full-duplex allows the switch port to simultaneously transmit and receive data, and only works with connections to full-duplex capable end stations and switches. Connections to hubs must take place at half-duplex. • Supports IEEE 802.3x flow control for full-duplex mode ports.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • Data filtering rate eliminates all error packets, runts, etc. at 148,800 pps per port at 100% of wire-speed for 100Mbps speed. • 8K active MAC address entry table per device with automatic learning and aging (10 to 9999 seconds). • 8 MB packet buffer per device. • Broadcast and Multicast storm filtering. • Supports Port Mirroring. • Supports Port Trunking – up to six trunk groups (each consisting of up to eight ports) may be set up. • 802.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • Supports RIP – (Routing Information Protocol) version I and II. • Supports OSPF − (Open Shortest Path First) • Supports MD5 and Password OSPF Packet Authentication • Supports IP version 4. • IGMP version 1 and 2 support (RFC 1112 and RFC 2236). • Supports PIM Dense Mode. • Supports DVMRP. • Supports IP multi-netting. • Supports IP packet de-fragmentation. • Supports 802.1D frame support.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • SNMP v.1 Agent. • Fully configurable either in-band or out-of-band control via SNMP based software. • Flash memory for software upgrades. This can be done in-band via TFTP or out-of-band via the console. • Built-in SNMP management: Bridge MIB (RFC 1493) MIB-II (RFC 1213) Mini-RMON MIB (RFC 1757) – 4 groups CIDR MIB (RFC 2096), except IP Forwarding Table. 802.1p MIB (RFC 2674). RIP MIB v2 (RFC 1724).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • DCHP Client support. • DCHP Relay Agent. • DNS Relay Agent. • Password enabled. Switch Stacking The DES-3326 can be used as a standalone or stacked switch − using the optional stacking module. Up to 6 Switches may be stacked and managed as a unit with a single IP address. Management for the entire stack is done through the Master Switch. You may add Switches later as needed.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Gigabit Ethernet Technology Gigabit Ethernet is an extension of IEEE 802.3 Ethernet utilizing the same packet structure, format, and support for CSMA/CD protocol, full duplex, flow control, and management objects, but with a tenfold increase in theoretical throughput over 100Mbps Fast Ethernet and a one hundred-fold increase over 10Mbps Ethernet.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 2 U NPACKING AND S ETUP This chapter provides unpacking and setup information for the Switch. Unpacking Open the shipping carton of the Switch and carefully unpack its contents.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Installation Use the following guidelines when choosing a place to install the Switch: ♦ The surface must support at least 3 kg. ♦ The power outlet should be within 1.82 meters (6 feet) of the device. ♦ Visually inspect the power cord and see that it is secured to the AC power connector. ♦ Make sure that there is proper heat dissipation from and adequate ventilation around the switch. Do not place heavy objects on the switch.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 2-1. Installing rubber feet for desktop installation Rack Installation The DES-3326S can be mounted in an EIA standard-sized, 19inch rack, which can be placed in a wiring closet with other equipment. To install, attach the mounting brackets on the switch’s side panels (one on each side) and secure them with the screws provided. Figure 2- 2A.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Then, use the screws provided with the equipment rack to mount the switch on the rack. Figure 2-2B. Installing the switch on an equipment rack Power on The DES-3326S switch can be used with AC power supply 100-240 VAC, 50 - 60 Hz. The power switch is located at the rear of the unit adjacent to the AC power connector and the system fan.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide ♦ All LED indicators will momentarily blink. This blinking of the LED indicators represents a reset of the system. ♦ The power LED indicator is always on after the power is turned ON. ♦ The console LED indicator will blink while the Switch loads onboard software and performs a self-test. will remain ON if there is a connection at the RS-232 port, otherwise this LED indicator is OFF.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 3 I DENTIFYING E XTERNAL C OMPONENTS This chapter describes the front panel, rear panel, optional plug-in modules, and LED indicators of the DES-3326S. Front Panel The front panel of the Switch consists of LED indicators, an RS-232 communication port, a slide-in module slot, and 24 (10/100 Mbps) Ethernet/Fast Ethernet ports. Figure 3-1.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide ♦ A front-panel slide-in module slot for Gigabit Ethernet ports can accommodate a 2-port 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet module, a 2-port 1000BASE-SX Gigabit Ethernet module, a 2-port 1000BASE-LX Gigabit Ethernet module, or a 2-port GBIC-based Gigabit Ethernet module. ♦ Twenty-four high-performance, NWay Ethernet ports all of which operate at 10/100 Mbps with Auto-MDIX function for connections to end stations, servers and hubs.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Side Panels The right side panel of the Switch contains two system fans (see the top part of the diagram below). The left side panel contains heat vents. Figure 3-4. Side panel views of the Switch ♦ The system fans are used to dissipate heat. The sides of the system also provide heat vents to serve the same purpose. Do not block these openings, and leave at least 6 inches of space at the rear and sides of the switch for proper ventilation.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 100BASE-FX Fiber Module (2Km/15Km) Figure 3-5. 100BASE-FX two-port module ♦ Front-panel module. ♦ Two 100BASE-FX (with SC type connector) Fiber ports. ♦ Fully compliant with IEEE802.3u. ♦ Support Full-duplex operation only. ♦ IEEE 802.3x compliant Flow Control support for full-duplex. 1000BASE-T Module Figure 3-6.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide ♦ Front-panel module. ♦ Connects to 1000BASE-T devices. ♦ Supports Category 5e UTP or STP cable connections of up to 100 meters. 1000BASE-SX Fiber Module Figure 3-7. 1000BASE-SX two-port module ♦ Front-panel module. ♦ Connects to 1000BASE-SX devices at full-duplex. ♦ Allows connections using multi-mode fiber optic cable in the following configurations: Modal bandwidth 62.5µm 62.5µm 50µm 50µm 160 200 400 500 220 275 500 550 (min.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Channel insertion loss 2.33 2.53 3.25 3.43 Unit: dB 1000BASE-LX Fiber Module Figure 3-8. 1000BASE-LX two-port module ♦ Front-panel module. ♦ Connects to 1000BASE-LX devices at full-duplex. ♦ Supports multi-mode fiber-optic cable connections of up to 550 meters or 5 km single-mode fiber-optic cable connections.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide GBIC Two-Port Module Figure 3-9. GBIC two-port module ♦ Front-panel module. ♦ Connects to GBIC devices at full duplex only. ♦ Allows multi-mode fiber optic connections of up to 550 m (SX and LX) and single-mode fiber optic connections of up to 5 km (LX only). GBIC modules are available in –SX and –LX fiber optic media. ♦ IEEE 802.3x compliant Flow Control for full-duplex. Stacking Module with GBIC Port Figure 3-10.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide GBIC Port ♦ Front-panel module. ♦ One Stacking port and one GBIC fiber port ♦ Connects to GBIC devices at full duplex only. ♦ Allows multi-mode fiber optic connections of up to 550 m (SX and LX) and single-mode fiber optic connections of up to 5 km (LX only). GBIC modules are available in –SX and –LX fiber optic media. ♦ IEEE 802.3x compliant Flow Control for full-duplex. Stacking Port ♦ One transmitting port and one receiving port.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 3-11. Up to 6 Switches in a Switch Stack The stacking ports are marked IN and OUT. The IEEE 1394 compliant cable must be connected from an IN port on one switch to an OUT port on the next switch in the stack. The last two switches (at the top and bottom of the stack) must also be connected from the IN port on one switch to the OUT port on the other switch.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Switch LED Indicators The LED indicators of the Switch include Power, Console, and Link/Act. The following shows the LED indicators for the Switch along with an explanation of each indicator. Figure 3-12. The LED Indicators ♦ Power This indicator on the front panel should be lit during the Power-On Self Test (POST). It will light green approximately 2 seconds after the switch is powered on to indicate the ready state of the device.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 3-13. Stacking Module LED Indicators The Link and Act LEDs have the same function as the corresponding LEDs for the switch’s Ethernet ports. The Link LED lights to confirm a valid link, while the ACT LED blinks to indicate activity on the link. The Stack No. seven-segment LED displays the Unit number assigned to the switch.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 4 C ONNECTING T HE S WITCH This chapter describes how to connect the DES 3226 to your Fast Ethernet network. Switch to End Node End nodes include PCs outfitted with a 10, 100 or 10/100 Mbps RJ-45 Ethernet/Fast Ethernet Network Interface Card (NIC) and most routers. The RJ-45 UTP ports on NICs and most routers are MDI-II. When using a normal straight-through cable, an MDI-II port must connect to an MDI-X port.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 4-1. Switch connected to an End Node The LED indicators for the port the end node is connected to are lit according to the capabilities of the NIC. If LED indicators are not illuminated after making a proper connection, check the PC’s LAN card, the cable, switch conditions, and connections. The following LED indicator states are possible for an end node to switch connection: 1.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Switch Stack Connections Up to 6 DES-3326S switches can be stacked, using the optional stacking module, into a switch stack that can then be configured and managed as a single unit. The Web-based Management agent of the Master Switch can configure and manage all of the switches in a switch stack − using a single IP address (the IP address of the Master Switch).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 4-. Switch Stack connections between optional stacking modules 10BASE-T Device For a 10BASE-T device, the Switch’s LED indicators should display the following: ♦ 100 LED speed indicator is OFF. ♦ Link/Act indicator is ON.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 100BASE-TX Device For a 100BASE-TX device, the Switch’s LED indicators should display the following: ♦ 100 LED speed indicator is ON. ♦ Link/Act is ON.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 5 S WITCH M ANAGEMENT AND O PERATING C ONCEPTS This chapter discusses many of the concepts and features used to manage the switch, as well as the concepts necessary for the user to understand the functioning of the switch. Further, this chapter explains many important points regarding these features. Configuring the switch to implement these concepts and make use of its many features is discussed in detail in the next chapters.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Local console management uses the terminal connection to operate the console program built-in to the switch (see Chapter 6 – Using the Console Interface). A network administrator can manage, control and monitor the switch from the console program. The DES-3326S contains a CPU, memory for data storage, flash memory for configuration data, operational programs, and SNMP agent firmware.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Make sure the terminal or PC you are using to make this connection is configured to match these settings. If you are having problems making this connection on a PC, make sure the emulation is set to VT-100. If you still don’t see anything, try hitting + r to refresh the screen. Managing Switch Stacks The Switch is designed to be stacked in stacks of up to six Switches, all managed as a single unit with a single IP address.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • The Master Switch can be chosen automatically. Switch software auto-detects the MAC address of each Switch in the stack. The Switch with the lowest value MAC address is elected to function as the Master. The remaining Switches are ordered according to the relative value of their respective MAC addresses (see the following example).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Stack Order 1(added Switch) 2(original Master) 3 4 5 6 MAC Address 001122334450 001122334451 001122334452 001122334453 001122334454 001122334455 Table 5-2. Switch Stack Order − Second You can override the automatic stack order selection to use the original Master Switch as the Master of the new stack (read Switch Stacking Information in Chapter 6 for information on how to override the stack order auto-detect function).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Switch IP Address Each Switch must be assigned its own IP Address, which is used for communication with an SNMP network manager or other TCP/IP application (for example BOOTP, TFTP). The switch’s default IP address is 10.90.90.90. You can change the default Switch IP Address to meet the specification of your networking address scheme. The switch is also assigned a unique MAC address by the factory.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Setting an IP Address The IP address for the switch must be set before it can be managed with the web-based manager. The switch IP address may be automatically set using BOOTP or DHCP protocols, in which case the actual address assigned to the switch must be known. The IP address may alternatively be set using the Command Line Interface (CLI) over the console serial port as follows: 1.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide accidentally turned OFF the Switch), or less serious like a port status change. The Switch generates traps and sends them to the network manager (trap recipient). Trap recipients are special users of the network who are given certain rights and access in overseeing the maintenance of the network. Trap recipients will receive traps sent from the Switch; they must immediately take certain actions to avoid future failure or breakdown of the network.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • New Root This trap indicates that the Switch has become the new root of the Spanning Tree, the trap is sent by the switch soon after its election as the new root. This implies that upon expiration of the Topology Change Timer the new root trap is sent out immediately after the Switch’s election as the new root.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • • • Sending and receiving SNMP packets through the IP protocol. Collecting information about the status and current configuration of network devices. Modifying the configuration of network devices. The DES-3326S has a software program called an ‘agent’ that processes SNMP requests, but the user program that makes the requests and collects the responses runs on a management station (a designated computer on the network).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide they must immediately take certain actions to avoid future failure or breakdown of the network. You can also specify which network managers may receive traps from the Switch by entering a list of the IP addresses of authorized network managers. Up to four trap recipient IP addresses, and four corresponding SNMP community strings can be entered.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide sent if a new root trap is sent for the same transition. • Link Change Event This trap is sent whenever the link of a port changes from link up to link down or from link down to link up. • Port Partition This trap is sent whenever the port state enters the partition mode (or automatic partitioning, port disable) when more than thirty-two collisions occur while transmitting at 10Mbps or more than sixtyfour collisions occur while transmitting at 100Mbps.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Object-Identity (OID) at the network manager. MIB values can be either read-only or read-write. Read-only MIBs variables can be either constants that are programmed into the Switch, or variables that change while the Switch is in operation. Examples of read-only constants are the number of port and type of ports.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide other ports. This process is referred to as ‘learning’ the network topology. MAC Address Aging Time The Aging Time affects the learning process of the Switch. Dynamic forwarding table entries, which are made up of the source MAC addresses and their associated port numbers, are deleted from the table if they are not accessed within the aging time. The aging time can be from 10 to 1,000,000 seconds with a default value of 300 seconds.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide same port as where it originated. This keeps local packets from disrupting communications on other parts of the network. For intrusion control, whenever a switch encounters a packet originating from or destined to a MAC address or an IP Address entered into the filter table, the switch will discard the packet.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Spanning Tree The IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol allows for the blocking of links between switches that form loops within the network. When multiple links between switches are detected, a primary link is established. Duplicated links are blocked from use and become standby links. The protocol allows for the duplicate links to be used in the event of a failure of the primary link.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Bridge Identifier A combination of the Userset priority and the switch’s MAC address.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide chance of a given port being elected as the root port Port Cost A value used by STP to evaluate paths – STP calculates path costs and selects the path with the minimum cost as the active path. 19 – 100Mbps Fast Ethernet ports 10 1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet ports – Table 5-5.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide which the packet is transmitted will receive the BPDU. BPDUs are not directly forwarded by the switch, but the receiving switch uses the information in the frame to calculate a BPDU, and, if the topology changes, initiates a BPDU transmission.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide STP Port States The BPDUs take some time to pass through a network. This propagation delay can result in topology changes where a port that transitioned directly from a Blocking state to a Forwarding state could create temporary data loops. Ports must wait for new network topology information to propagate throughout the network before starting to forward packets.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • From initialization (switch boot) to blocking • From blocking to listening or to disabled • From listening to learning or to disabled • From learning to forwarding or to disabled • From forwarding to disabled • From disabled to blocking Figure 5-2.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide When STP is enabled, every port on every switch in the network goes through the blocking state and then transitions through the states of listening and learning at power up. If properly configured, each port stabilizes to the forwarding or blocking state. No packets (except BPDUs) are forwarded from, or received by, STP enabled ports until the forwarding state is enabled for that port.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide transmissions of BPDU packets sent by the Root Bridge to tell all other Switches that it is indeed the Root Bridge. If you set a Hello Time for your Switch, and it is not the Root Bridge, the set Hello Time will be used if and when your Switch becomes the Root Bridge. Note: The Hello Time cannot be longer than the Max. Age. Otherwise, a configuration error will occur. • Max. Age The Max. Age can be from 6 to 40 seconds. At the end of the Max.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Illustration of STP A simple illustration of three Bridges (or three switches) connected in a loop is depicted below. In this example, you can anticipate some major network problems if the STP assistance is not applied. If Bridge A broadcasts a packet to Bridge B, Bridge B will broadcast it to Bridge C, and Bridge C will broadcast it to back to Bridge A ... and so on.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 5-3. Before Applying the STA Rules In this example, only the default STP values are used.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 5-4. After Applying the STA Rules The switch with the lowest Bridge ID (switch C) was elected the root bridge, and the ports were selected to give a high port cost between switches B and C. The two (optional) Gigabit ports (default port cost = 10) on switch A are connected to one (optional) Gigabit port on both switch B and C. The redundant link between switch B and C is deliberately chosen as a 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet link (default port cost = 19).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Link Aggregation Link aggregation is used to combine a number of ports together to make a single high-bandwidth data pipeline. The participating parts are called members of a link aggregation group, with one port designated as the master port of the group. Since all members of the link aggregation group must be configured to operate in the same manner, the configuration of the master port is applied to all members of the link aggregation group.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 5-5. Link Aggregation Group Data transmitted to a specific host (destination address) will always be transmitted over the same port in a link aggregation group. This allows packets in a data stream to arrive in the same order they were sent. A aggregated link connection can be made with any other switch that maintains host-to-host data streams over a single link aggregate port.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide VLANs A VLAN is a collection of end nodes grouped by logic rather than physical location. End nodes that frequently communicate with each other are assigned to the same VLAN, regardless of where they are located physically on the network. Logically, a VLAN can be equated to a broadcast domain, because broadcast packets are forwarded only to members of the VLAN on which the broadcast was initiated. Notes About VLANs on the DES-3326S 1.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide IEEE 802.1Q VLANs Some relevant terms: Tagging - The act of putting 802.1Q VLAN information into the header of a packet. Untagging - The act of stripping 802.1Q VLAN information out of the packet header. Ingress port - A port on a switch where packets are flowing into the switch and VLAN decisions must be made.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • Forwarding rules between ports – decides filter or forward the packet • Egress rules – determines if the packet must be sent tagged or untagged. Figure 5-6. IEEE 802.1Q Packet Forwarding 802.1Q VLAN Tags The figure below shows the 802.1Q VLAN tag. There are four additional octets inserted after the source MAC address. Their presence is indicated by a value of 0x8100 in the EtherType field.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide across Ethernet backbones) and 12 bits of VLAN ID (VID). The 3 bits of user priority are used by 802.1p. The VID is the VLAN identifier and is used by the 802.1Q standard. Because the VID is 12 bits long, 4094 unique VLANs can be identified. The tag is inserted into the packet header making the entire packet longer by 4 octets. All of the information contained in the packet originally is retained. Figure 5-7. IEEE 802.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 5-8. Adding an IEEE 802.1Q Tag Port VLAN ID Packets that are tagged (are carrying the 802.1Q VID information) can be transmitted from one 802.1Q compliant network device to another with the VLAN information intact. This allows 802.1Q VLANs to span network devices (and indeed, the entire network – if all network devices are 802.1Q compliant). Unfortunately, not all network devices are 802.1Q compliant. These devices are referred to as tag-unaware.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Within the switch, different PVIDs mean different VLANs. (remember that two VLANs cannot communicate without an external router). So, VLAN identification based upon the PVIDs cannot create VLANs that extend outside a given switch (or switch stack). Every physical port on a switch has a PVID. 802.1Q ports are also assigned a PVID, for use within the switch.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Tagging and Untagging Every port on an 802.1Q compliant switch can be configured as tagging or untagging. Ports with tagging enabled will put the VID number, priority and other VLAN information into the header of all packets that flow into and out of it. If a packet has previously been tagged, the port will not alter the packet, thus keeping the VLAN information intact. The VLAN information in the tag can then be used by other 802.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide and the destination port transmits it to its attached network segment. If the packet is not tagged with VLAN information, the ingress port will tag the packet with its own PVID as a VID (if the port is a tagging port). The switch then determines if the destination port is a member of the same VLAN (has the same VID) as the ingress port. If it does not, the packet is dropped.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide A VLAN that does not have a corresponding IP interface defined for it, will function as a Layer 2 Only VLAN – regardless of the Switch Operation mode. Layer 3-Based VLANs Layer 3-based VLANs use network-layer addresses (subnet address for TCP/IP) to determine VLAN membership. These VLANs are based on layer 3 information, but this does not constitute a ‘routing’ function. The DES-3326S allows an IP subnet to be configured for each 802.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • • • • • • Subnet – a portion of a network sharing a particular network address. Subnet mask – a 32-bit number used to describe which portion of a Network Address refers to the subnet and which portion refers to the host. Subnet masks have the form xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx. Interface – a network connection IP Interface – another name for subnet.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide grouped together in bytes, or eight bits. (A bit is a binary digit – either a “1” or a “0”). The dots (periods) simply make the IP address easier to read. A computer sees an IP address not as four decimal numbers, but as a long string of binary digits (32 binary digits or 32 bits, IP addresses are 32-bit addresses). The three IP addresses in the example above, written in binary form are: 1. 2. 3. 11010010.11001010.11001100.11001101 10111101.00010101.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Each digit in an 8-bit binary number (an octet) represents a power of two. The left-most digit represents 2 raised to the 7th power (2x2x2x2x2x2x2=128) while the right-most digit represents 2 raised to the 0th power (any number raised to the 0th power is equal to one, by definition). IP addresses actually consist of two parts, one identifying the network and one identifying the destination (node) within the network.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Class E Addresses are reserved for future use. They are not used for node addresses. The part of the IP address that belongs to the network is the part that is ‘hidden’ by the ‘1’s in the subnet mask. This can be seen below: • • • Class A Class B Class C NETWORK.node.node.node NETWORK.NETWORK.node.node NETWORK.NETWORK.NETWORK.node For example, the IP address 10.42.73.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The Default subnet masks are: • • • Class A – 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 255.0.0.0 Class B – 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.0.0 Class C – 1111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0 Additional bits can be added to the default subnet mask for a given Class to further subnet a network. When a bitwise logical AND operation is performed between the subnet mask and the IP address, the result defines the Subnet Address.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide This example uses an 11-bit subnet mask. (There are 3 additional bits added to the default Class A subnet mask). So the number of subnets is: 23 – 2 = 8 – 2 = 6 Subnets of all “0”s and all “1”s are not allowed, so 2 subnets are subtracted from the total.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide # of Bits Subnet Mask # of Subnets # of Hosts Total Hosts 255.192.0.0 CID R Nota tion /10 2 2 8388604 3 255.224.0.0 /11 6 4 255.240.0.0 /12 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 255.248.0.0 255.252.0.0 255.254.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.128.0 255.255.192.0 255.255.224.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.248.0 255.255.252.0 255.255.254.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.1 28 255.255.255.1 92 255.255.255.2 24 255.255.255.2 40 255.255.255.2 48 255.255.255.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252 /24 /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 254 510 1022 2046 4094 8190 16382 254 126 62 30 14 6 2 64516 64260 63364 61380 57316 49140 32764 Table 5-10. Class B Subnet Masks # of Bits 2 3 4 5 6 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Backbone 6 25, 26 Table 5-12. VLAN Example – Assigned Ports In this case, 6 IP interfaces are required, so a CIDR notation of 10.32.0.0/11 (or a 11-bit) addressing scheme will work. This addressing scheme will give a subnet mask of 11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000 (binary) or 255.224.0.0 (decimal). Using a 10.xxx.xxx.xxx IP address notation, the above example would give 6 network addresses and 6 subnets.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The 6 IP interfaces, each with an IP address (listed in the table above), and a subnet mask of 255.224.0.0 can be entered into the Setup IP Interface menu. Layer 3-Based VLANs Layer 3-based VLANs use network-layer addresses (subnet address for TCP/IP) to determine VLAN membership. These VLANs are based on layer 3 information, but this does not constitute a ‘routing’ function. The DES-3326S allows an IP subnet to be configured for each 802.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Protocol Layering The Internet Protocol (IP) divides the tasks necessary to route and forward packets across networks by using a layered approach. Each layer has clearly defined tasks, protocol, and interfaces for communicating with adjacent layers, but the exact way these tasks are accomplished is left to individual software designers.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide system or network, but must communicate and interoperate. This requires very well-defined and well-known methods for transferring messages and data. This is accomplished through the protocol stack. Protocol layering as simply a tool for visualizing the organization of the necessary software and hardware in a network. In this view, Layer 2 represents switching and Layer 3 represents routing.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Between two protocol stacks, members of the same layer are known as peers and communicate by well-known (open and published) protocols. Within a protocol stack, adjacent layers communicate by an internal interface. This interface is usually not publicly documented and is frequently proprietary. It has some of the same characteristics of a protocol and two stacks from the same software vendor may communicate in the same way.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Layer 2 switching forwards packets based on the unique MAC address of each end station and offers high-performance, dedicated-bandwidth of Fast or Gigibit Ethernet within the network. Layer 2 does not ordinarily extend beyond the intranet. To connect to the Internet usually requires a router and a modem or other device to connect to an Internet Service Provider’s WAN. These are Layer 3 functions.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide communicating. TCP and UDP are well-known protocols in the transport layer. TCP is a “connection-oriented” protocol, and requires the establishment of parameters for transmission prior to the exchange of data. Web technology is based on TCP. UDP is “connectionless” and requires no connection setup. This is important for multicast traffic, which cannot tolerate the overhead and latency of TCP.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide TCP/IP is a layered set of protocols. An example, such as sending e-mail, can illustrate this. There is first a protocol for sending and receiving e-mail. This protocol defines a set of commands to identify the sender, the recipient, and the content of the e-mail. The e-mail protocol will not handle the actual communication between the two computers, this is done by TCP/IP.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The information required for IP to do its job is contained in a series of octets added to the beginning of the packet called headers. A header contains a few octets of data added to the packet by the protocol in order to keep track of it. Other protocols on other network devices can add and extract their own headers to and from packets as they cross networks.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The header also contains a sequence number that is used to ensure the packets are received in the correct order. The packets are not numbered, but rather the octets the packets contain are. If there are 100 octets of data in each packet, the first packet is numbered 0, the second 100, the third 200, etc.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The window field controls the amount of data being sent at any one time. It would require too much time and overhead to acknowledge each packet received. Each end of the TCP connection declares how much data it is able to receive at any one time by writing this number of octets in the window field. The transmitting TCP decrements the number in the window field and when it reaches zero, the transmitting TCP stops sending data.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 5-11. IP Packet Header The flags and fragment offset are used to keep track of packets that must be divided among several smaller packets to cross networks for which they are too large. The Time-to-Live (TTL) is the number of gateways the packet is allowed to cross between the source and destination. This number is decremented by one when the packet crosses a gateway and when the TTL reaches zero, the packet is dropped.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide There is no relationship between the MAC address of a network node and its IP address. There must be a database of Ethernet addresses and their corresponding IP addresses. Different protocol families can be in use on the same network. The type code field allows each protocol family to have its own entry. A checksum is calculated and when the packet is received, the checksum is recalculated. If the two checksums are different, the packet is dropped.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide TCP and UDP Well-Known Ports Application protocols run ‘on top of’ TCP/IP. When an application wants to send data or a message, it gives the data to TCP. Because TCP and IP take care of the networking details, the application can look at the network connection as a simple data stream. To transfer a file across a network using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a connection must first be established.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide No two TCP connection can have the same set of numbers, but only one number needs to be different. It is possible, for example, for two users to send files to the same destination at the same time. This could give the following connection numbers: Internet addresses TCP ports Connection 1 10.42.73.23, 10.128.12.1 1234, 21 Connection 2 10.42.73.23, 10.128.12.1 1235, 21 The same computers are making the connections, so the IP addresses are the same.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide the response are very short. There is no need to divide the query or response between multiple packets, so the complexity of TCP is not required. If there is no response to the query after a period of time, the query can simply be resent. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is designed for communications that do not require division among multiple packets and subsequent reassembly. UDP does not keep track of what is sent.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The Domain Name System Computer users usually prefer to use text names for computers they may want to open a connection with. Computers themselves, require 32 bit IP addresses. Somewhere, a database of network devices’ text names and their corresponding IP addresses must be maintained. The Domain Name System (DNS) is used to map names to IP addresses throughout the Internet and has been adapted for use within intranets.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide entire name translation, or simply return the address of the next DNS server if the server receiving the query cannot resolve the name. When a DNS server receives a query, it checks to see if the name is in its subdomain. If it is, the server translates the name and appends the answer to the query, and sends it back to the client. If the DNS server cannot translate the name, it determines what type of name resolution the client requested.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Usually, it is a network policy to assign the same IP address to a given network device or computer each time. If the IP address lease expires, the network device sends a message to the DHCP server requesting a lease renewal. The DHCP server can send an acknowledgement containing a new lease and updated configuration information.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Gateways connect a network with one or more other networks. Gateways can be a computer with two network interfaces or a specialized device with multiple network interfaces. The device is designed to forward packets from one network to another. IP routing is based on the network address of the destination IP address. Each computer has a table of network addresses. For each network address, a corresponding gateway is listed.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide When IP is transmitting large files, large packets are much more efficient than small ones. It is preferable to use the largest possible packet size, but still be able to cross networks that require smaller packets. To do this, IP can ‘negotiate’ packet size between the local and remote ends of a connection. When an IP connection is first made, the IPs at both ends of the connection state the largest packet they can handle.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide computer has an entry. If it does, the local computer reads the remote computer’s MAC address and writes it into the destination field of the packets to be sent. If the remote computer does not have an ARP cache entry, the local computer must send an ARP request and wait for a reply. When the local computer receives the ARP reply packet, the local ARP reads the IP MAC address pair, and then checks the ARP cache for this entry.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for special purposes. For example, the block of multicast addresses ranging from 224.0.0.1 to 224.0.0.225 is reserved for use by routing protocols and some other low-level topology discovery and maintenance protocols. Figure 5-14. Class D Multicast Address Some of the reserved IP multicast addresses are as follows: Address Assignment 224.0.0.0 Base Address (reserved) 224.0.0.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 224.0.0.11 Mobile Agents 224.0.0.12 DHCP Servers and Relay Agents 224.0.0.13 All PIM Routers 224.0.0.14 RSVP Encapsulation 224.0.0.15 All CBT Routers 224.0.0.16 Designated Sbm 224.0.0.17 All Sbms 224.0.0.18 VRRP 224.0.0.19 Unassigned through 224.0.0.225 224.0.0.21 DVMRP on MOSPF Table 5-13.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide the router should forward multicast packets it receives to the subnetworks it is attached to or not. A multicast router that has received a multicast packet will check to determine if there is at least one member of a multicast group that has requested to receive multicast packets from this source. If there is one member, the packet is forwarded. If there are no members, the packet is dropped.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 2 Table 5-14. IGMP Type Codes Multicast routers use IGMP to manage multicast group memberships: • An IGMP “report” is sent by a user’s computer to join a group • IGMP version 1 does not have an explicit ‘leave’ message. Group members have an expiration timer, and if this timer expires before a query response is returned, the member is dropped from the group. • IGMP version 2 introduces an explicit “leave” report.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The transition states a host will go through to join or leave a multicast group are shown in the diagram below. Figure 5-16. IGMP State Transitions Multicast Routing Algorithms An algorithm is not a program. An algorithm is a statement of how a problem can be solved. A program is written to implement an algorithm.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Flooding The simplest algorithm for the delivery of multicast packets is for the multicast router to forward a multicast packet to all interfaces. This is referred to as flooding. An equally simple refinement of flooding is to have the router check to determine if a given multicast packet has been received before (in a certain amount of time). If it has, then the packet does not need to be forwarded at all and can be dropped.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB) The Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB) algorithm is an enhancement of the multicast spanning tree algorithm. RPB constructs a spanning tree for each multicast source. When the router receives a multicast packet, it then checks to determine if the packet was received on the shortest path back from the router to the source.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM) Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM) introduces an enhancement to RPB – an explicit method to prune branches of the spanning tree that have on active multicast group members for the source. RPM constructs a tree that spans only subnetworks with multicast group member and routers along the shortest path between the source and the destinations.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Multicast Routing Protocols This section contains an overview of two multicast routing protocols – Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP), and Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode (PIM-DM). The most commonly used routing protocol (not a multicast routing protocol), the Routing Information Protocol, is discussed in a later section.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide other routers will discard multicast packets from that source. If two multicast routers on a network have the same distance back to a multicast source, the router with the lowest IP address is elected. DVMRP also supports tunnel interfaces, where two multicast routers are connected through a router that cannot process multicast packets. This allows multicast packets to cross networks with routers that are not multicast-aware.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide distance (represented by the number of hops or routers between the advertising router and the remote network). So, the vector is the network address and the distance is measured by the number of routers between the local router and the remote network. RIP measures distance by an integer count of the number of hops from one network to another.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide RIP can also be slow to converge (to remove inconsistent, unreachable or looped routes from the routing table) because RIP messages propagate relatively slowly through a network. Slow convergence can be solved by using split horizon update, where a router does not propagate information about a route back to the interface on which it was received. This reduces the probability of forming transient routing loops.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 5-17. RIP v.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The COMMAND field specifies an operation according the following table: Command Meaning 1 Request for partial or full routing information 2 Response containing network-distance pairs from sender’s routing table 3 Turn on trace mode (obsolete) 4 Turn off trace mode (obsolete) 5 Reserved for Sun Microsystem’s internal use 9 Update Request 10 Update Response 11 Update Acknowledgement Table 5-15.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The distances, measured in router hops are entered in the Distance to Source Network, and Distance to Destination Network fields. RIP 1 Route Interpretation RIP was designed to be used with classed address schemes, and does not include an explicit subnet mask. An extension to version 1 does allow routers to exchange subnetted addresses, but only if the subnet mask used by the network is the same as the subnet mask used by the address.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 5-18. RIP Message Format RIP version 2 also adds a 16-bit route tag that is retained and sent with router updates. It can be used to identify the origin of the route. Because the version number in RIP2 occupies the same octet as in RIP1, both versions of the protocols can be used on a given router simultaneously without interference.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide “state” is a description of that interface and its relationship to neighboring routers. The state contains information such as the IP address, subnet mask, type of network the interface is attached to, other routers attached to the network, etc. The collection of link-states are then collected in a link-state database that is maintained by routers running OSPF.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 1. When OSPF is started, or when a change in the routing information changes, the router generates a link-state advertisement. This advertisement is a specially formatted packet that contains information about all the linkstates on the router. 2. This link-state advertisement is flooded to all router in the area. Each router that receives the link-state advertisement will store the advertisement and then forward a copy to other routers. 3.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide area) even though every router in the area will have and use the exact same link-state database. The following sections describe the information used to build the Shortest Path Tree. OSPF Cost Each OSPF interface has an associated cost (also called “metric”) that is representative of the overhead required to send packets over that interface. This cost is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of the interface (i.e.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 5-19.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Router A 0 128.213.0.0 10 10 Router B 5 Router C 5 192.213.11.0 10 Router D 10 222.211.10.0 Figure 5-20. Constructing a Shortest Path Tree The diagram above shows the network from the viewpoint of Router A. Router A can reach 192.213.11.0 through Router B with a cost of 10+5=15. Router A can reach 222.211.10.0 through Router C with a cost of 10+10=20. Router A can also reach 222.211.10.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Router A 0 128.213.0.0 10 Router B 5 192.213.11.0 10 Router C 10 222.211.10.0 Figure 5-21. Constructing a Shortest Path Tree - Completed Note that this shortest path tree is only from the viewpoint of Router A. The cost of the link from Router B to Router A, for instance is not important to constructing Router A’s shortest path tree, but is very important when Router B is constructing its shortest path tree.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide receive particular link-state updates are located. This helps ensure that routing updates are not flooded throughout the entire network and to reduce the amount of bandwidth consumed by updating the various router’s routing tables. Areas establish boundaries beyond which link-state updates do not need to be flooded. So the exchange of link-state updates and the calculation of the shortest path tree are limited to the area that the router is connected to.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide link-state updates describing every router on the segment. • External Link-State Updates – issued by an Autonomous System Border Router and describes routes to destinations outside the AS or a default route to the outside AS. The format of these link-state updates are described in more detail below. Router link-state updates are flooded to all routers in the current area.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide OSPF Authentication OSPF packets can be authenticated as coming from trusted routers by the use of predefined passwords. The default for routers is to use not authentication. There are two other authentication methods − simple password authentication (key) and Message Digest authentication (MD-5). Simple Password Authentication A password (or key) can be configured on a per-area basis.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide backbone through a router. OSPF allows routing information to be distributed by forwarding it into area 0, from which the information can be forwarded to all other areas (and all other routers) on the network. In situations where an area is required, but is not possible to provide a physical connection to the backbone, a virtual link can be configured. Virtual Links Virtual links accomplish two purposes: 1.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide configured between two border routers that both have a connection to their respective area 0s. Neighbors Routers that are connected to the same area or segment become neighbors in that area. Neighbors are elected via the Hello protocol. IP multicast is used to send out Hello packets to other routers on the segment. Routers become neighbors when they see themselves listed in a Hello packet sent by another router on the same segment.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide segment and to elect a Designated Router on multi-access segments. OSPF requires these intervals to be exactly the same between any two neighbors. If any of these intervals are different, these routers will not become neighbors on a particular segment. • Stub Area Flag − any two routers also have to have the same stub area flag in their Hello packets in order to become neighbors.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • Down − No information has been received from any router on the segment. • Attempt − On non-broadcast multi-access networks (such as Frame Relay or X.25), this state indicates that no recent information has been received from the neighbor. An effort should be made to contact the neighbor by sending Hello packets at the reduced rate set by the Poll Interval.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • Loading − The routers are finalizing the information exchange. Routers have link-state request list and a link-state retransmission list. Any information that looks incomplete or outdated will be put on the request list. Any update that is sent will be put on the retransmission list until it gets acknowledged. • Full − The adjacency is now complete. The neighboring routers are fully adjacent. Adjacent routers will have the same link-state database.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The OSPF Packet Header Every OSPF packet is preceded by a common 24 byte header. This header contains the information necessary for a receiving router to determine if the packet should be accepted for further processing. The format of the OSPP packet header is shown below: OSPF Packet Header Type Version No. Packet Length Router ID Area ID Checksum Au thentication Type Authentication Authentication Figure 5-22.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Description 3 Link-State Request 4 Link-State Update 5 Link-State Acknowledgment Packet Length The length of the packet in bytes. This length includes the 24 byte header. Router ID The Router ID packet’s source. Area ID A 32-bit number identifying the area that this packet belongs to. All OSPF packets are associated with a single area. Packets traversing a virtual link are assigned the backbone Area ID of 0.0.0.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide authentication scheme. Table 5-16. OSPF Packet Header The Hello Packet Hello packets are OSPF packet type 1. They are sent periodically on all interfaces, including virtual links, in order to establish and maintain neighbor relationships. In addition, Hello Packets are multicast on those physical networks having a multicast or broadcast capability, enabling dynamic discovery of neighboring routers.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Hello Packet Version No. 1 Packet Length Router ID Area ID Checksum Auth entication Type Authentication Authentication Network Mask Hello Interval Optio ns Router Priority Router Dead Interval Designated Router Backup Designated Router Neighbor Figure 5-23. Hello Packet Field Description Network Mask The network associated with interface. Options The optional capabilities supported by the router.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Priority. The Router Priority is used in the election of the DR and BDR. If this field is set to 0, the router is ineligible become the DR or the BDR. Router Dead Interval The number of seconds that must pass before declaring a silent router as down. Designated Router The identity of the DR for this network, in the view of the advertising router. The DR is identified here by its IP interface address on the network.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The Database Description Packet Database Description packets are OSPF packet type 2. These packets are exchanged when an adjacency is being initialized. They describe the contents of the topological database. Multiple packets may be used to describe the database. For this purpose a poll-response procedure is used. One of the routers is designated to be master, the other a slave.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide I – bit The Initial bit. When set to 1, this packet is the first in the sequence of Database Description packets. M – bit The More bit. When set to 1, this indicates that more Database Description packets will follow. MS – bit The Master Slave bit. When set to 1, this indicates that the router is the master during the Database Exchange process. A zero indicates the opposite.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The Link-State Request Packet Link-State Request packets are OSPF packet type 3. After exchanging Database Description packets with a neighboring router, a router may find that parts of its topological database are out of date. The Link-State Request packet is used to request the pieces of the neighbor’s database that are more up to date. Multiple Link-State Request packets may need to be used.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 5-25. Link-State Request Packet Each advertisement requested is specified by its Link-State Type, Link-State ID, and Advertising Router. This uniquely identifies the advertisement, but not its instance. Link-State Request packets are understood to be requests for the most recent instance. The Link-State Update Packet Link-State Update packets are OSPF packet type 4. These packets implement the flooding of link-state advertisements.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Link-State Update Packet 4 Version No. Packet Length Router ID Area ID Checksum Au thentication Type Authentication Authentication Number of Advertisements Link-State Advertisements ... Figure 5-26. Link-State Update Packet The body of the Link-State Update packet consists of a list of link-state advertisements. Each advertisement begins with a common 20-byte header, the link-state advertisement header.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide AllSPFRouters, to the multicast address AllDRouters, or as a unicast packet. The format of this packet is similar to that of the Data Description packet. The body of both packets is simply a list of link-state advertisement headers. The format of the Link-State Acknowledgment packet is shown below: Link-State Acknowledgment Packet Version No.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Each link-state advertisement describes a piece of the OSPF routing domain. Every router originates a router links advertisement. In addition, whenever the router is elected as the Designated Router, it originates a network links advertisement. Other types of link-state advertisements may also be originated. The flooding algorithm is reliable, ensuring that all routers have the same collection of link-state advertisements.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Link-State Advertisement Header Link-State Age Optio ns Link-State Type Link-State ID Advertising Router Link-State Sequence Numb er Link-State Checksum Length Figure 5-28. Link-State Advertisement Header Field Description Link State Age The time is seconds since the link state advertisement was originated. Options The optional capabilities supported by the described portion of the routing domain.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 3 Summary Link (IP Network) 4 Summary (ASBR) 5 AS External Link Link Link State ID This field identifies the portion of the internet environment that is being described by the advertisement. The contents of this field depend on the advertisement’s Link State Type. Advertising Router The Router ID of the router that originated the Link State Advertisement.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide the link state advertisement header by excepting the Link State Age field. Length The length in bytes of the link state advertisement. This includes the 20-byte link state advertisement header. Table 5-19. Link-State Advertisement Header Router Links Advertisements Router links advertisements are type 1 link state advertisements. Each router in an area originates a routers links advertisement.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Routers Links Advertisements Link-State Age Optio ns Link-State Type Link-State ID Advertising Router Link-State Sequence Num ber Link-State Checksum Reserved V E B Length Reserved N umber of Links Link ID Link Data Type TOS No. Of TOS 0 TOS 0 Metric Metric ... TOS 0 Metric ... Link ID Link Data Figure 5-29. Routers Links Advertisement In router links advertisements, the Link State ID field is set to the router’s OSPF Router ID.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Field Description V – bit When set, the router is an endpoint of an active virtual link that is using the described area as a Transit area (V is for Virtual link endpoint). E – bit When set, the router is an Autonomous System (AS) boundary router (E is for External). B – bit When set, the router is an area border router (B is for Border). Number of Links The number of router links described by this advertisement.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Type Link ID 158 A quick classification of the router link. One of the following: Type Description 1 Point-to-point connection to another router. 2 Connection to a transit network. 3 Connection to stub network. 4 Virtual link. a Identifies the object that this router link connects to. Value depends on the link’s Type. When connecting to an object that also originates a link state advertisement (i.e.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide router’s Router ID. 2 IP address Designated Router. of 3 IP network/subnet number. 4 Neighboring router’s Router ID Link Data Contents again depend on the link’s Type field. For connections to stub networks, it specifies the network’s IP address mask. For unnumbered point-to-point connection, it specifies the interface’s MIB-II ifIndex value. For other link types it specifies the router’s associated IP interface address.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide are given, this should be set to 0. TOS 0 Metric field The cost of using this router link for TOS 0. Table 5-21. Routers Links Advertisements − Continued For each link, separate metrics may be specified for each Type of Service (TOS). The metric for TOS 0 must always be included, and was discussed above. Metrics for non-zero TOS are described below. Note that the cost for non-zero TOS values that are not specified defaults to the TOS 0 cost.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide attached to the network, including the Designated Router itself. The advertisement’s Link State ID field lists the IP interface address of the Designated Router. The distance form the network to all attached routers is zero, for all TOS. This is why the TOS and metric fields need not be specified in the network links advertisement.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide adjacent to the Designated Router (DR) are listed. The DR includes itself in this list. Table 5-23. Network Link Advertisement Summary Link Advertisements Summary link advertisements are Type 3 and 4 link state advertisements. These advertisements are originated by Area Border routers. A separate summary link advertisement is made for each destination known to the router, that belongs to the Autonomous System (AS), yet is outside the area.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 5-31. Summary Link Advertisement For stub area, Type 3 summary link advertisements can also be used to describe a default route on a per-area basis. Default summary routes are used in stub area instead of flooding a complete set of external routes. When describing a default summary route, the advertisement’s Link State ID is always set to the Default Destination − 0.0.0.0, and the Network Mask is set to 0.0.0.0.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide advertisements. Table 5-24. Summary Link Advertisement Autonomous Systems External Link Advertisements Autonomous Systems (AS) link advertisements are Type 5 link state advertisements. These advertisements are originated by AS boundary routers. A separate advertisement is made for each destination known to the router, that is external to the AS. AS external link advertisements usually describe a particular external destination.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide AS External Link Advertisements Link-State Age 5 Optio ns Link-State ID Advertising Router Link-State Sequence Num ber Link-State Checksum Length Network Mask E TOS Metric Forwarding Address External Route Tag Figure 5-32. AS External Link Advertisement Field Description Network Mask The IP address mask for the advertised destination. E – bit The type of external metric.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide metric. Forwarding Address Data traffic for the advertised destination will be forwarded to this address. If the Forwarding Address is set to 0.0.0.0, data traffic will be forwarded instead to the advertisement’s originator. TOS The Type of Service that the following cost is relevant to. Metric The cost of this route. The interpretation of this metric depends on the external type indication (the E – bit above).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 6 W EB -B ASED S WITCH M ANAGEMENT Introduction The DES-3226 offers an embedded Web-based (HTML) interface allowing users to manage the switch from anywhere on the network through a standard browser such as Netscape Navigator/Communicator or Microsoft Internet Explorer. The Web browser acts as a universal access tool and can communicate directly with the Switch using the HTTP protocol.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Before You Start The DES-3326S Layer 3 Switch supports a wide array of functions and gives great flexibility and increased network performance by eliminating the routing bottleneck between the WAN or Internet and the Intranet. Its function in a network can be thought of as a new generation of router that performs routing functions in hardware, rather than software.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 4. Determine how each subnet will communicate with the WAN or Internet. Again, static routes should be determined and default gateways identified. 5. Develop a security scheme. Some subnets on the network need more security or should be isolated from the other subnets. IP or MAC filtering can be used.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Layer 3 VLANs must be configured on the switch before they can be assigned IP subnets. Further, the static VLAN configuration is specified on a per port basis. On the DES3326S, a VLAN can consist of end-nodes – just like a traditional layer 2 switch, but a VLAN can also consist of one or more layer 2 switches – each of which is connected to multiple end-nodes or network resources.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Defining Static Routes Routes between the IP interfaces and a default gateway or other router with a WAN connection should be determined beforehand and entered into the static/default routing table on the DES-3326S. Getting Started The first step in getting started in using web-based management for your Switch is to secure a browser.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-1. Login Button This opens the management module’s main page. The switch management features available in the web-based are explained below. Configuring the Switch User Accounts Management From the Main Menu, highlight Setup User Accounts and press Enter, then the User Account Management menu appears.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-2. User Accounts Control Table Click New to add a user. Figure 6-3. User Accounts Control Table - Edit 1. Enter the new user name, assign an initial password, and then confirm the new password. Determine whether the new user should have Root, User+, or User privileges. 2. Click on APPLY to make the user addition effective. 3. A listing of all user accounts and access levels is shown on the user accounts control table.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide changes (including User additions or updates) must be entered into non-volatile ram using the Save Changes command on the Main Menu - if you want these changes to be permanent. Admin and User Privileges There are two levels of user privileges: Admin and User. Some menu selections available to users with Admin privileges may not be available to those with User privileges.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The following table summarizes the Root, User+ and User privileges: Switch Configuration Management Privilege Admin User Configuration Yes Read Only Network Monitoring Yes Read Only Trap Yes Read Only Update Firmware and Configuration Files Yes No System Utilities Yes Ping Only Factory Reset Yes No Reboot Switch Yes No Add/Update/Delete User Accounts Yes No View User Accounts Yes No Community Stations Strings and User Acco
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide When this is done, the settings will be immediately applied to the switching software in RAM, and will immediately take effect. Some settings, though, require you to restart the switch before they will take effect. Restarting the switch erases all settings in RAM and reloads the stored settings from the NV-RAM. Thus, it is necessary to save all setting changes to NV-RAM before rebooting the switch.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-5. Save Configuration Confirmation Click the OK button to continue. Once the switch configuration settings have been saved to NVRAM, they become the default settings for the switch. These settings will be used every time the switch is rebooted. Factory Reset The following menu is used to restart the switch using only the configuration that was supplied by the factory.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-6. Factory Reset Screen Click Yes if you want the switch to retain its current IP address. Click No to reset the switch’s IP address to the factory default, 10.90.90.90 (with a Subnet Mask of 255.0.0.0 and Default Gateway 0.0.0.0) Click the Apply button to restart the switch. USING WEB-BASED MANAGEMENT Setting Up Web Management Before running Web-based management, some basic configuration of the switch may need to be performed.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide following at a minimum must be configured or known for the switch to be managed: • IP Address • Subnet Mask • Administrator password In addition, several other parameters may need to be configured or known to properly communicate with the switch or allow full management capability.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Where the x’s represent the IP address to be assigned to the IP interface named System and the y’s represent the corresponding subnet mask. 4. Alternatively, you can enter DES3326S4# − enter the commands config ipif System ipaddress xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/z. Where the x’s represent the IP address to be assigned to the IP interface named System and the z represents the corresponding number of subnets in CIDR notation.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-7. Save Changes Screen Starting and Stopping the Web-based Manager Do the following to use the web-based manager: 1. Start a Java-enabled Web browser from any machine with network access to the switch. (Preferred browsers include Internet Explorer 4.0 or above, or Netscape Navigator 4.0 or above.) 2. Enter the IP address for the switch you want to manage in the URL field of the browser. 3.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-8. Password Dialog Box 1. Thers is no default User Name or Password. Click the OK button to continue. The default user has Admin privileges. 2. The full application will now launch. A three-frame page will display with a switch graphic located in the upper right hand frame. 3. To stop the web-based manager, simply close the Web browser application.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Areas of the User Interface The figure below shows the user interface. The user interface is divided into 3 distinct areas as described in the table. Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Figure 6-9.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Area 1 2 3 184 Function Presents a graphical near real-time image of the front panel of the switch. This area displays the switch’s ports and expansion modules, showing port activity, duplex mode, or flow control, depending on the specified mode. Various areas of the graphic can be selected for performing management functions, including the ports, expansion modules, management module, or the case. Allows the selection of commands.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide This section, arranged by topic, describes how to perform common monitoring and configuration tasks on the DES3326Ss switch using the Web-based Manager, you can perform any of the tasks described in the following sections. Setting Up The Switch Basic Setup This section will help prepare the Switch user by describing the Switch Information – Basic Settings, IP Address, Configure Port, and Switch Settings windows.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-10.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The Switch Information window shows which (if any) external modules are installed, and the switch’s MAC Address (assigned by the factory and unchangeable). In addition, the Boot PROM and Firmware Version numbers are shown. This information is helpful to keep track of PROM and Firmware updates and to obtain the switch’s MAC address for entry into another network device’s address table – if necessary.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-11.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The switch’s factory default IP address is 10.90.90.90 with a subnet mask of 255.0.0.0 and a default gateway of 0.0.0.0. To manually assign the switch’s IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway address: Select Manual from the Get IP From drop-down menu. Enter the appropriate IP address and subnet mask. If you want to access the switch from a different subnet from the one it is installed on, enter the IP address of the gateway.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide addresses, network masks, and default gateways to be assigned by a central BOOTP server. If this option is set, the Switch will first look for a BOOTP server to provide it with this information before using the default or previously entered settings. DHCP The switch will send out a DHCP broadcast request when it is powered up. The DHCP protocol allows IP addresses, network masks, and default gateways to be assigned by a DHCP server.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Class B network, and 255.255.255.0 for a Class C network, but custom subnet masks are allowed. Default Gateway IP address that determines where packets with a destination address outside the current subnet should be sent. This is usually the address of a router or a host acting as an IP gateway. If your network is not part of an intranet, or you do not want the Switch to be accessible outside your local network, you can leave this field unchanged.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide SNMP Settings Some settings managed from such as SNMP Telnet protocol must be entered to allow the switch to be an SNMP-based Network Management System v1 or to be able to access the Switch using the or the Web Manager. To setup the switch for remote management: Click the Management Station IP link in the Management menu. The following screen appears: Figure 6-12.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide addresses entered will be allowed to access the switch to manage or configure it. Configuring Community Strings To configure SNMP Community strings, click on the SNMP Community Setup link. This window is used to create an SNMP community string and to specify the string as having read only or read-write privileges for the SNMP management host.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-13. SNMP Community Setup Setting Up Trap Receivers This allows the switch to send traps (messages about errors, etc.) to management stations on the network. Click the SNMP Trap Recipients link in the Network Management folder.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-14. Trap Receivers The IP Address field is the IP address of a management station (a computer) that is configured to receive the SNMP traps from the switch. The SNMP Community String is similar to a password in that stations that do not know the correct string cannot receive or request SNMP information from the switch.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide management agent. To change a switch’s order in the stack, you must use the console Command Line Interface. The number of switches in the switch stack (up to 6 − total) are displayed in the upper right-hand corner of you web-browser. The icons are in the same order as their respective Unit numbers, with the Unit 1 switch corresponding to the icon in the upper left-most corner of the icon group. Figure 6-15.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide To view the stacking information, click on the Stacking Information link from the Basic Setup folder: Figure 6-17. Stacking Information The Unit ID field displays the switch’s order in the stack. The switch with a Unit ID of 1 is the Master Switch. The MAC Address field displays the unique address of the switch assigned by the factory. The Start Port field displays the first port assigned to the corresponding switch in the switch stack.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-18. The Stacking Module’s Front Panel Notice the Link and Act LEDs. These LEDs have the same function as the corresponding LEDs for the switch’s Ethernet ports. The Link LED lights to confirm a valid link, while the ACT LED blinks to indicate activity on the link. The Stack No. seven-segment LED displays the Unit number assigned to the switch.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Entering the show stacking command with no parameters returns all of the relevant stacking information for all of the switches in the stack: Figure 6-19. Console CLI show stack Command The same switch stack information is displayed in the console as is displayed in the Web-based management agent. The config stack command allows you to configure the switch stack manually.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide switch’s MAC address. The lowest MAC address in the switch stack will become Unit 1 (the Master Switch), the next highest MAC address will become Unit 2, and so on. This is the switch’s default mode. master The switch that the management station is connected to (via the switch’s serial port) will become Unit 1 − the master switch. This switch will then be used to configure the switch stack.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide config stacking mode slave This will configure the switch with MAC address 00-00-00-2222-00 to always have a Unit number greater than 1 (as a slave).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Configure Ports Click the Port Configurations link from the Basic Setup folder: Figure 6-21.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Click on the port you want to configure on the Port Configurations menu and then click the Edit button. This will open the following dialog box: Figure 6-22. Port Configurations − Edit The Unit drop-down dialog box allows you to select different switches in a switch stack, if you have the optional stacking module installed and the switches in the stack are properly interconnected.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Use the State pull-down menu to either enable or disable a given port. Use the Speed/Duplex pull-down menu to either select the speed and duplex/half-duplex state of the port. Auto – auto-negotiation between 10 and 100 Mbps devices, full- or half-duplex. The Auto setting allows the port to automatically determine the fastest settings the device the port is connected to can handle, and then to use those settings.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide and 100 Mbps devices, full- or halfduplex. The Auto setting allows the port to automatically determine the fastest settings the device the port is connected to can handle, and then to use those settings. The other options are 100M/Full, 100M/Half, 10M/Full, and 10M/Half. There is no automatic adjustment of port settings with any option other than Auto. Flow Control: Auto Displays the flow control scheme used for the various port configurations.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-23. Serial Port Settings Use the Select Protocol pull-down menu to select either the Console or the SLIP protocol. The following fields can then be set: Console Settings Parameter Description Baud Rate Displays the serial bit rate used to communicate with a management station. The console baud rate is 9600 bits per second. Data Bits Displays the number of bits that make up a word when communicating with the management station.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide interface uses 8 data bits. Stop Bits Displays the number of bits used to indicate that a word has been completely transmitted. The console interface uses 1 stop bit. Auto-Logout This sets the time the interface can be idle before the switch automatically logs-out the user. The options are 2 mins, 5 mins, 10 mins, 15 mins, or Never.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Advanced Setup Changing switch operation mode setting changes some of the menus and configuration options for the Advanced Setup of the switch. The configuration data for each mode is, however, saved when the switch’s operating mode is changed. Configuring VLANs The switch allows the assignment an IP interface to each VLAN, in Routing mode. The VLANs must configured prior to setting up the interfaces. of IP be IP To create a new 802.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-24. 802.1Q VLANs To delete an existing 802.1Q VLAN, click the corresponding click-box to the left of the VLAN you want to delete from the switch and then click the Delete button. To create a new 802.1Q VLAN, click the New button: Figure 6-25. 802.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide To edit an existing 802.1Q VLAN, click the corresponding click-box and then click the Edit icon to open the following dialog box: Figure 6-26. 802.1Q Static VLANs Entry Settings – Edit The following fields can then be set in either the Add or Edit dialog boxes: Parameter VLAN ID (VID) 210 Description Allows the entry of a VLAN ID in the Add dialog box, or displays the VLAN ID of an existing VLAN in the Edit dialog box.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide VLAN Name Allows the entry of a name for the new VLAN in the Add dialog box, or for editing the VLAN name in the Edit dialog box. Port Allows an individual port to be specified as member of a VLAN. Tagged/Untagged Allows an individual port to be specified as Tagging. A Check in the Tagged field specifies the port as a Tagging member of the VLAN.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide the VLAN and that the port is forbidden from becoming a member of the VLAN dynamically. The Port VLAN ID (PVID) dialog box, shown below, allows you to determine whether the switch will share its VLAN configuration information with other Group VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP) enabled switches. In addition, Ingress Checking can be used to limit traffic by filtering incoming packets whose PVID does not match the PVID of the port.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-27. Port VLAN ID (PVID) The following field can be set: Parameter Description PVID A Port VLAN Identifier is a classification mechanism that associates a port with a specific VLAN and is used to make forwarding decisions for untagged packets received by the port. For example, if port #2 is assigned a PVID of 3, then all untagged packets received on port #2 will be assigned to VLAN 3.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Ingress filtering. To enable or disable GVRP, globally, on the switch: Go to the VLAN Configurations link and click on the Switch GVRP link: Figure 6-28. – Switch GVRP Parameter GVRP 214 Description Group VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP) – this enables and disables GVRP on the switch without changing the port GVRP settings.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Layer 3 IP Networking To access the Layer 3 IP Networking links, select Configure Layer 3 - IP Networking from the Advanced Setup folder. Setting Up IP Interfaces Each VLAN must be configured prior to setting up the VLAN’s corresponding IP interface.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Using a 10.xxx.xxx.xxx IP address notation, the above example would give 6 network addresses and 6 subnets. Any IP address from the allowed range of IP addresses for each subnet can be chosen as an IP address for an IP interface on the switch. For this example, we have chosen the next IP address above the network address for the IP interface’s IP Address: VLAN Name VID Network Number IP Address System (default) 1 10.32.0.0 10.32.0.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-29. Setup IP Interface To setup an new IP interface, click the New button: Figure 6-30.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-31. Setup IP Interface – Edit Choose a name for the interface to be added and enter it in the Interface Name field (if you are editing an IP Interface, the Interface Name will already be in the top field as seen in the window above). Enter the interface’s IP address and subnet mask in the corresponding fields. Pull the Active pull-down menu to Yes and click Apply to enter to make the IP interface effective.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide interface. Subnet Mask This field allows the entry of a subnet mask to be applied to this IP interface. VLAN Name This field allows the entry of the VLAN Name for the VLAN the IP interface belongs to. Active This field is toggled between Yes and No using the space bar. This entry determines whether the interface will be active or not.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-32. RIP Status This window allows RIP to be globally enabled and disabled on the switch without changing the RIP configuration. To configure RIP on the switch, highlight Setup RIP from the RIP Settings folder (under the Layer 3 IP Networking folder). This will open the following dialog box: Figure 6-33.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide To edit a RIP configuration, click the corresponding Interface Name click-box and then click the Edit button: Figure 6-34. Setup RIP – Edit The following fields can be set: Parameter Description Interface Name The name of the IP interface on which RIP is to be setup. This interface must be previously configured on the Switch. TX Mode Toggle among Disabled, V1 Only, V1 Compatible, and V2 Only.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Only, and V1 and V2. This entry specifies which version of the RIP protocol will be used to interpret received RIP packets. Disabled prevents the reception of RIP packets. Password A password to be used to authenticate communication between routers on the network. Authentication Toggle between Disabled and Enabled to specify that routers on the network should us the Password above to authenticate router table exchanges.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-35. MD5 Key Table The following fields can be set: Parameter Description Key ID A number from 1 to 255 used to identify the MD5 Key. Key A alphanumeric string of between 1 and 16 case-sensitive characters used to generate the Message Digest which is in turn, used to authenticate OSPF packets within the OSPF routing domain.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Setup OSPF The OSPF General Setup dialog box allows OSPF to be enabled or disabled on the switch − without changing the switch’s OSPF configuration. In addition, the switch can be designated as an Autonomous System (AS) Border Router or not. From the Layer 3 IP Networking folder, click on the OSPF folder and then click on the General link: Figure 6-36.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide this case, it would be 10.255.255.255, but any unique 32bit number will do. If 0.0.0.0 is entered, the highest IP address assigned to the switch will become the OSPF Route ID. Current Route ID Displays the OSPF Route ID currently in use by the switch. This Route ID is displayed as a convenience to the user when changing the switch’s OSPF Route ID.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-37. OSPF Area Setting The following fields can be set or are displayed: Parameter Description Area ID A 32-bit number in the form of an IP address (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx) that uniquely identifies the OSPF area in the OSPF domain. Type This field can be Normal and Stub bar. When it is additional fields Import Summary Default Cost.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide 65,535. The default is None (0). Remove Allows for the removal of the selected OSPF Area from the list. OSPF Interface Configuration To configure an OSPF Interface, click on the OSPF Interface Configuration link: Figure 6-38. OSPF Interface Configuration All of the IP Interfaces currently configured on the switch will be displayed. Select the IP interface you want to configure OSPF for, and then click the Edit button.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-39. OSPF Interface Configuration The following fields can be set: Parameter Description Interface Name Displays the of an IP interface previously configured on the switch. Area ID Allows the entry of an OSPF Area ID configured above. Router Priority Allows the entry of a number between 0 and 255 representing the OSPF priority of the selected area.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide OSPF Hello packets, in seconds. Between 5 and 65535 seconds can be specified. The Hello Interval, Dead Interval, Authorization Type, and Authorization Key should be the same for all routers on the same network. Dead Interval Allows the specification of the length of time between the receipt of Hello packets from a neighbor router before the selected area declares that router down. An interval between 5 and 65535 seconds can be specified.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide MD5 Key Table Configuration menu. When MD5 is selected, the Auth Key ID:[ ] field allows the specification of the Key ID as defined in the MD5 configuration above. This must be the same MD5 Key as used by the neighboring router. Metric This field allows the entry of a number between 1 and 65,535 that is representative of the OSPF cost of reaching the selected OSPF interface. The default metric is 1.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-40. OSPF Interface Configuration − Monitor Virtual Interface Configuration Virtual Interfaces are used by OSPF to link areas that do not have a physical connection to the backbone (also called Area 0) or to link areas of the backbone itself that are discontinuous.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-41. Virtual Interface Configuration The following fields can be set or are displayed: Parameter Description Transit Area ID Allows the entry of an OSPF Area ID − previously defined on the switch − that allows a remote area to communicate with the backbone (area 0). A Transit Area cannot be a Stub Area or a Backbone Area. Neighbor Router The OSPF router ID for the remote router. This is a 32-bit number in the form of an IP address (xxx.xxx.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Area Aggregation Configuration Area Aggregation allows all of the routing information that may be contained within an area to be aggregated into a summary LSDB advertisement of just the network address and subnet mask. This allows for a reduction in the volume of LSDB advertisement traffic as well as a reduction in the memory overhead in the switch used to maintain routing tables.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Network Number Sometimes called the Network Address. The 32-bit number in the form of an IP address that uniquely identifies the network that corresponds to the OSPF Area above. Advertisement This field can be toggled between Yes and No using the space bar. It determines whether or not the selected OSPF Area will advertise it’s summary LSDB (Network-Number and Network-Mask) or not.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-43. Route Redistribution Settings The following fields can be set or are displayed: Parameter Description Source Protocol Allows the selection of the protocol of the source device. Available choices are RIP, OSPF, or Static. Destination Protocol Allows the selection of the protocol of the destination device. Available choices are RIP and OSPF. Metric Type Allows the selection of one of two methods for calculating the metric value.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Count in the RIP routing protocol.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide IP Multicasting The functions supporting IP multicasting are added found under the IP Multicast Routing Protocols folder, from the Layer 3 IP Networking folder. IGMP Snooping, DVMRP, and PIM-DM can be enabled or disabled on the switch without changing the individual protocol’s configuration.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide IGMP Snooping, DVMRP, and PIM-DM routing protocols can be individually enabled or disabled, globally on the switch − without changing the individual protocol’s configuration from the above window. IGMP Snooping Settings To configure IGMP Snooping: From the Layer 3 IP Networking folder, select the IP Multicast Routing Protocols folder, and click IGMP Snooping Configurations to open the following dialog box: Figure 6-45.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide and Enabled. This is used to enable or disable IGMP Snooping for the specified VID. Query Allows the entry of a value between 1 and 65500 seconds, with a default of 125 seconds. This specifies the length of time between sending IGMP queries. Max Response Sets the maximum amount of time allowed before sending an IGMP response report. A value between 1 and 25 seconds can be entered, with a default of 10 seconds.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-46. IGMP Interface Setup The Internet Group Multicasting Protocol (IGMP) can be configured on the switch on a per-IP interface basis. Each IP interface configured on the switch is displayed in the above IGMP Interface Configuration dialog box. To configure IGMP for a particular interface, click the corresponding click-box for that IP interface and click the Edit button. This will open the following dialog box: Figure 6-47.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide This dialog box allows the configuration of IGMP for each IP interface configured on the switch. IGMP can be configured as Version 1 or 2 by toggling the Version field using the pull-down menu. The length of time between queries can be varied by entering a value between 1 and 65,500 seconds in the Query Interval field.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide <125> 125 seconds. This specifies the length of time between sending IGMP queries. Max Response Time <10> Sets the maximum amount of time allowed before sending an IGMP response report. A value between 1 and 25 seconds can be entered, with a default of 10 seconds. Robustness Variable <2> A tuning variable to allow for subnetworks that are expected to lose a large number of packets.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-49. DVMRP Interface Configuration − Edit This menu allows the Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol to be configured for each IP interface defined on the switch. The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is a hop-based method of building multicast delivery trees from multicast sources to all nodes of a network. Because the delivery trees are ‘pruned’ and ‘shortest path’, DVMRP is relatively efficient.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide When a sender initiates a multicast, DVMRP initially assumes that all users on the network will want to receive the multicast message. When an adjacent router receives the message, it checks its unicast routing table to determine the interface that gives the shortest path (lowest cost) back to the source. If the multicast was received over the shortest path, then the adjacent router enters the information into its tables and forwards the message.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Neighbor Timeout Interval <35> This field allows an entry between 1 and 65,535 seconds and defines the time period for DVMRP will hold Neighbor Router reports before issuing poison route messages. The default is 35 seconds. Metric <1> This field allows an entry between 1 and 31 and defines the route cost for the IP interface.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide PIM-DM has no explicit ‘join’ messages. It relies upon periodic flooding of multicast messages to all interfaces and then either waiting for a timer to expire (the Join/Prune Interval) or for the downstream routers to transmit explicit ‘prune’ messages indicating that there are no multicast members on their respective branches. PIM-DM then removes these branches (‘prunes’ them) from the multicast delivery tree.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide To configure PIM-DM for a given IP Interface, click the corresponding click-box and then click the Edit button: Figure 6-51. PIM-DM Interface Configuration − Edit The following fields can be set: Parameter Description Interface Name Allows the entry of the name of the IP interface for which PIM-DM is to be configured. This must be a previously defined IP interface. IP Address Displays the IP address for the IP interface named above.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Join/Prune Interval <60 > This field allows an entry of between 0 and 18724 seconds. This interval also determines the time interval the router uses to automatically remove prune information from a branch of a multicast delivery tree and begin to flood multicast messages to all branches of that delivery tree. These two actions are equivalent. The default is 60 seconds.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide • All UDP multicast packets will be forwarded to the router port. Because routers do not send IGMP reports or implement IGMP snooping, a multicast router connected to the router port of the Layer 3 switch would not be able to receive UDP data streams unless the UDP multicast packets were all forwarded to the router port.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide To add a static router port configuration, click the Edit button to open the following dialog box: Figure 6-53. Static Router Port Settings − Add The following fields can be set: Parameter Description VLAN Name Displays the name of the VLAN the static router port belongs to. Port Each port can be set individually as a router port by clicking the port’s click-box entry.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Port Mirroring To configure a port for port mirroring: Click the Mirroring link and then the Target Port Selection link: Figure 6-54. Target Port Selection The target port is the port where information will be duplicated and sent for capture and network analysis. This is the port where a network analyzer would be attached to capture packets duplicated from the source port.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The following fields can be set: Parameter Description Source Port Allows the entry of the port number of the port to be mirrored. This port is the source of the packets to be duplicated and forwarded to the Target port. Direction This field can be toggled between Either, Ingress and Egress. Ingress mirrors only received packets, while Egress mirrors only transmitted packets.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Priority To configure a forwarding priority for a given MAC address: Click the Priority link on the Configuration menu: Figure 6-55.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-56. MAC Address Priority − Add To edit the priority configuration for a given MAC Address entry to the MAC Address Priority table, click the corresponding click-box for the MAC Address entry, and click the Edit button: Figure 6-57.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The following fields can be set: Parameter Description MAC Address Allows the entry of the MAC address of the station for which priority queuing is to be specified when adding a MAC address to the priority table. When editing an existing entry, the MAC Address is displayed. VLAN Name Allows the entry of the VLAN Name the MAC address above is a member of.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Filtering IP Address Filtering With the switch configured to Layer 3 Operation mode, both MAC and IP addresses can be entered into the filtering table, using their respective entry menus. To enter an address, open Configuration, select Filtering, choose MAC Filtering, and then click MAC Address Filtering: Figure 6-58.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-59. IP Address Filtering − Add To edit an existing IP address entry in the filtering table, click the Edit button. Figure 6-60. IP Address Filtering − Edit The following fields can be set: Parameter IP Address <0.0.0.0> Description Allows the entry of an IP address to be filtered from the switch when adding − displays the corresponding IP address when editing and entry.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Source/Destinatio n 258 This field can be toggled between Source, Destination, and Either. The IP address entered into the filtering table can be filtered as a source (packets will not be received from the IP address), as a destination (packets will not be transmitted to the IP address), or as either a source or destination (packets will not be received from or transmitted to the IP address.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Forwarding MAC Address Aging Time The MAC Address Aging Time specifies the length of time a learned MAC Address will remain in the forwarding table without being accessed (that is, how long a learned MAC Address is allowed to remain idle). The Aging Time can be set to any value between 10 and 1,000,000 seconds.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Unicast MAC Address Forwarding MAC addresses can be statically entered into the switch’s MAC Address Forwarding Table. These addresses will never age out. To enter a MAC address into the switch’s forwarding table, click on the Forwarding folder and then the MAC Forwarding folder and then click the Unicast MAC Address Setting: Figure 6-62.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-63. Unicast MAC Address Settings − Add To edit an existing entry in the MAC address in the MAC Address Forwarding Table, click the Edit button: Figure 6-64.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide of an end station that will be entered into the switch’s static forwarding table when adding a new entry. Displays the currently selected MAC address when editing. VLAN Name Allows the entry of the VLAN Name of the VLAN the MAC address below is a member of − when editing. Displays the VLAN the currently selected MAC address is a member of − when editing an existing entry.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-65. Multicast MAC Address Settings To add a new multicast MAC address to the switch’s forwarding table, click the New button: Figure 6-66.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-67. Multicast MAC Address Settings − Edit The following fields can be set: Parameter Description MAC Address:[ ] Allows the entry of the MAC address of an end station that will be entered into the switch’s static forwarding table. VLAN Name Allows the entry of the VLAN name of the VLAN the MAC address below is a member of − when adding a new entry to the table.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Forbidden Forbidden Non-Member - specifies the port as not being a member of the VLAN and that the port is forbidden from becoming a member of the VLAN dynamically. IP Forwarding Entries into the switch’s forwarding table can be made using both MAC addresses and IP addresses. Static IP forwarding is accomplished by the entry of an IP address into the switch’s Static IP Routing table.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide To delete an existing static/default route, click corresponding click-box and the click the Delete button. To add a new static/default route, click the New button: Figure 6-69. Static/Default Routes – Add The following fields can be set: Parameter Description IP Address <0.0.0.0> Allows the entry of an IP address that will be a static entry into the switch’s Routing Table. Subnet Mask <0.0.0.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide <0.0.0.0> gateway for the IP address above. Metric <1 > Allows the entry of a routing protocol metric representing the number of routers between the switch and the IP address above. Static ARP To make a static ARP entry, click the IP Forwarding folder and then the Static ARP link: Figure 6-70. Static ARP To delete an existing static ARP entry, click corresponding click-box and then click the Delete button.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-71. Static ARP – Add The following fields can be set: Parameter Description IP Address The IP address of the ARP entry. MAC Address The MAC address of the ARP entry. Spanning Tree STP Switch Settings The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) operates on two levels: on the switch level, the settings are globally implemented. On the port level, the settings are implemented on a per user-defined Group of ports basis.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide To globally configure STP on the switch, click the Spanning Tree folder, and then the STP Switch Settings link: Figure 6-72. STP Switch Settings The factory default setting should cover the majority of installations. It is advisable to keep the default settings as set at the factory unless it is absolutely necessary to change them.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide down menu. This will enable or disable the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), globally, for the switch. Max Age: (6 .. 40 sec) <20 > The Max. Age can be set from 6 to 40 seconds. At the end of the Max. Age, if a BPDU has still not been received from the Root Bridge, your Switch will start sending its own BPDU to all other Switches for permission to become the Root Bridge.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The Hello Time cannot be longer than the Max. Age. Otherwise, a configuration error will occur. Observe the following formulas when setting the above parameters: Max. Age ≤ 2 x (Forward Delay - 1 second) Max. Age ≥ 2 x (Hello Time + 1 second) STP Port Settings The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) operates on two levels: on the switch level, the settings are globally implemented.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-73.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide In addition to setting Spanning Tree parameters for use on the switch level, the switch allows for the configuration of groups of ports, each port-group of which will have its own spanning tree, and will require some of its own configuration settings. An STP Group will use the switch-level parameters entered above, with the addition of Port Priority and Port Cost.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Link Aggregation Link aggregation allows several ports to be grouped together and to act as a single link. This gives a bandwidth that is a multiple of a single link’s bandwidth. Link aggregation is most commonly used to link a bandwidth intensive network device or devices – such as a server – to the backbone of a network. The switch allows the creation of up to 6 link aggregation groups, each group consisting of up of up to 8 links (ports).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide aggregation group. If two redundant link aggregation groups are configured on the switch, STP will block one entire group – in the same way STP will block a single port that has a redundant link. To configure a link aggregation group, click on the Link Aggregation link from the Advanced Setup folder: Figure 6-74. Link Aggregation To add a new multicast MAC address to the switch’s forwarding table, click the New button: Figure 6-75.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide To edit an existing entry to the switch’s forwarding table, click the entry’s corresponding click-box and then click the edit button: Figure 6-76. Link Aggregation − Edit The following fields can be set: Parameter Description Group ID Allows the entry of a number used to identify the link aggregation group − when adding a new group. Displays the Group ID of the currently selected link aggregation group − when editing and existing entry.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide interconnected the switches in the switch stack. Port Member Allows the specification of the ports that will make up the link aggregation group. State This field can be toggled between Enabled and Disabled. This is used to turn a link aggregation group on or off. This is useful for diagnostics, to quickly isolate a bandwidth intensive network device or to have an absolute backup link aggregation group that is not under automatic control.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide TFTP Services folder and finally click on the Download Firmware from TFTP Server link: Figure 6-77. Download Firmware from Server Select which switch of a switch stack you want to update the firmware on. This allows the selection of a particular switch from a switch stack if you have installed the optional stacking module and have properly interconnected the switches. Enter the IP address of the TFTP server in the Server IP Address field.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Click Download to record the IP address of the TFTP server. Use the Save Settings to enter the address into NV-RAM. Click Start to initiate the file transfer. Use Configuration File on Server To download a configuration file for the switch’s, click on the Basic Setup folder and then the Switch Utilities folder and then the TFTP Services folder and finally click on the Download Configuration from TFTP Server link: Figure 6-78.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Save Settings To Server To download a configuration file for the switch’s, click on the Basic Setup folder and then the Switch Utilities folder and then the TFTP Services folder and finally click on the Upload Settings to TFTP Server link: Figure 6-79. Save Settings To TFTP Server Enter the IP address of the TFTP server and the path and filename of the settings file on the TFTP server and click Apply. Highlight Start to initiate the file transfer.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-80. Save Switch History To TFTP Server Enter the IP address of the TFTP server and the path and filename for the history log on the TFTP server. Click Apply to make the changes current. Click Start to initiate the file transfer. Utilities BOOTP/DHCP Relay BOOTP/DHCP Relay can be configured on both the switch level, or on a per-IP interface level.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-81. BOOTP/DHCP Relay The following fields can be set: Parameter Description BOOTP/DHCP Relay Status This field can be toggled between Enabled and Disabled using the pulldown menu. It is used to enable or disable the BOOTP/DHCP Relay service on the switch.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide process the value in the seconds field of the BOOTP or DHCP packet. If a non-zero value is entered, the switch will use that value, along with the hop count to determine whether to forward a given BOOTP or DHCP packet. To configure the BOOTP/DHCP Relay interface, click on the BOOTP/DHCP Relay Interface Configuration link: Figure 6-82. BOOTP/DHCP Relay Interface Configuration To add a new entry, click the New button: Figure 6-83.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The following fields can be set: Parameter Description Interface Name The interface name of the IP interface on which the BOOTP or DHCP servers reside on. BOOTP/DHCP Server <0.0.0.0> Allows the entry of IP addresses for up to four BOOTP or DHCP servers. DNS Relay To configure DNS Relay, click on the DNS Relay link: Figure 6-84.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The following fields can be set: Parameter Description DNS Relay State This field can be toggled between Disabled and Enabled using the pulldown menu, and is used to enable or disable the DNS Relay service on the switch. Name Server (1) <0.0.0.0> Allows the entry of the IP address of a primary domain name server (DNS). Name Server (2) <0.0.0.0> Allows the entry of the IP address of a secondary domain name server (DNS).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-85. DNS Relay Static Table Configuration To add a new entry to the table, click on the New button: Figure 6-86. DNS Relay Static Table Configuration − Add The following fields can be set: Parameter Description Domain Name The domain name of the static DNS table entry. IP <0.0.0.0> The IP address of the domain name above.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Network Monitoring The SR24i provides extensive network monitoring capabilities that can be viewed from the under Network Monitoring menu. Network monitoring on the switch is divided into Layer 2 and Layer 3 functions, depending upon which operating mode the switch is in. Layer 2 network monitoring functions are visible on the console when the switch is in Layer 2 Only operating mode.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-87. Port Utilization window Select the desired port by clicking on the front panel display. The Update Interval field sets the interval at which the error statistics are updated.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The following field can be set: Parameter Update Interval Description The time between updates received from the switch, in seconds. Suspend stops the updates. The default is Suspend. Port Error Statistics The Port Error Packet Statistics window displays the packet errors that the switch can detect and displays the results on a per port basis.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-88. Port Error Packet Statistics window Select the desired port by clicking on the front panel display. The Update Interval field sets the interval at which the error statistics are updated. The following fields from above are described in more detail: Parameter Description Unit Allows the selection of a particular switch in a switch stack if you have installed the optional stacking module and have properly interconnected the switches.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide port on the switch. Update Interval The interval (in seconds) that the table is updated. The default is Suspend. RX Frames Received packets. CRC Error For 10 Mbps ports, the counter records CRC errors (FCS or alignment errors). For 100 Mbps ports, the counter records the sum of CRC errors and code errors (frames received with rxerror signal).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Drop Packets The total number of events in which packets were dropped due to a lack of resources. TX Frames Transmitted packets. Excessive Deferral The number of frames for which the first transmission attempt on a particular interface was delayed because the medium was busy. CRC Error For 10 Mbps ports, the counter records CRC errors (FCS or alignment errors).
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Port Packet Analysis The Port Packet Analysis window displays the size of packets received or transmitted by a given switch port. In addition, statistics on the number and rate of unicast, multicast, and broadcast packets received by the switch are displayed. To view an analysis of packets received or transmitted by a port, click on the Port Packet Analysis link: Figure 6-89.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Parameter Description Update Interval The interval (in seconds) that the table is updated. The default is 2 seconds. Frames The number of packets (or frames) received or transmitted by the switch with the size, in octets, given by the column on the right. Frames/sec The number of packets (or frames) transmitted or received, per second, by the switch.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide (Total/sec). TX Bytes Displays the number of bytes (octets) transmitted by the switch in total number (Total), and rate (Total/sec). TX Frames Displays the number of packets (frames) transmitted by the switch in total number (Total), and rate (Total/sec). MAC Address Table This allows the switch’s dynamic MAC address forwarding table to be viewed.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-90.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Web-Based Switch Management 297
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-91.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide The following fields are displayed: Parameter Description Destination Address IP address of a learned or statically entered destionation. Mask Displays the subnet corresponding to the destination IP address. Gateway Displays the default or next hop gateway to reach the destination. Jump Click the Jump button to go to a particular combination of destination IP address, subnet mask, and gateway address.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-92. Routing Table Parameter Description IP Address The IP address of the router. Netmask The subnet mask corresponding to the IP address above. Gateway The IP address of the gateway between the switch and this router. Interface Name The name of the IP interface on which this router resides. Hops The number of routers between the switch and this router. Protocol The routing protocol in use by this router.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide ARP Table To view the switch’s ARP table, click on the ARP Table link: Web-Based Switch Management 301
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-93.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide OSPF Link State Database Table The switch maintains two OSPF Link State Databases (LSDB) − Internal and External. The Internal LSDB describes the Link State Advertisements (LSA) for OSPF Antonymous Systems (AS). The External LSDB describes the LSAa for those ASs not belonging to OSPF. The internal OSPF Link State Database (LSDB) table can be viewed using the Web-based manager.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide LSDB Type Displays which one of four types of link advertisements by which the current link was discovered by the switch − Router link (RTRLink), Network link (NETLink), Summary link (Summary), Autonomous System link (ASSummary). Adv Router ID Displays the Advertising Router’s ID. Link State ID This field identifies the portion of the internet environment that is being described by the advertisement.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide OSPF Neighbor Table Figure 6-95. OSPF Neighbor Table The following fields are displayed. Parameter Description Neighbor ID The router ID of a neighboring router. IP Address The IP address of the neighboring router. Neighbor Options This field indicates whether the neighbor router can accept OSPF optional operation within its OSPF domain. For example, TOS routing. Neighbor Priority The priority value of the neighboring router.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide OSPF Virtual Neighbor Table Figure 6-96. OSPF Virtual Neighbor Table The following fields can be set or are displayed. Parameter Description Transit Area ID The area ID of the transit area that the virtual link resides on. Virtual Neighbor ID The router ID of the neighboring router via the virtual link. IP Address The IP address of the neighboring router.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide DVMRP Neighbor Address Table To view the DVMRP neighbor address table, click on the DVMRP Neighbor Address Table link: Figure 6-97. DVMRP Routing Table The Source Address and Source Mask fields allow the entry of an IP address and corresponding subnet mask to search the table for. Click Jump and the DVMRP Routing table will be searched for the IP address and subnet mask above. The following fields are displayed.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide between the switch and the listed router. Learned Indicates whether this entry is dynamic (learned) or not. Interface Name The name of the IP interface the router resides on. Expire The total number of routers that the packets can cross. GVRP Status This allows the GVRP status for each of the switch’s ports to be viewed by VLAN. The GVRP status screen displays the ports on the switch that are currently Egress or Untagged ports.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Router Ports This displays which of the switch’s ports are currently configured as router ports. A router port configured by a user (using the console or Web-based management interfaces) is displayed as a static router port, designated by S. A router port that is dynamically configured by the switch is designated by D. To view the Router Port table, click on the Router Ports link: Figure 6-99.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide IP address and the corresponding MAC address from IGMP packets that pass through the switch. The ports where the IGMP packets were snooped are displayed, signified with an M. The number of IGMP reports that were snooped is also displayed in the Reports field. To view the IGMP Snooping table, click on the IGMP Snooping Status link: Figure 6-100. IGMP Snooping Table The following fields can be set or are displayed.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide IP Multicast Forwarding Table To view the switch’s IP multicast forwarding table, click on the IP Multicast Forwarding Table link: Figure 6-101. IP Multicast Forwarding Table Parameter Description Multicast Group The IP address of the multicast group. Source IP Address The IP address of the multicast source. Source Mask The subnet mask corresponding to the IP address above.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Protocol The routing protocol in use. IGMP Group Table To view the switch’s IGMP group table, click on the IGMP Group Table link: Figure 6-102. IGMP Group Table Parameter Description Interface Name The name of the IP interface the IGMP Group resides on. Multicast Group The IP address of the multicast group. Last Reporter IP The IP address of the last IGMP report sender.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Querier IP The IP address of the IGMP querier. Expire The total number of hops (routers) packets are allowed to cross. DVMRP Routing Table To view the switch’s DVMRP routing table, click on the DVMRP Routing Table link: Figure 6-103. DVMRP Routing Table Parameter Description Source Address The IP address of the DVMRP router. Source Mask The subnet mask corresponding to the IP address above.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide between the switch and the listed router. Learned Indicates whether this entry is dynamic (learned) or not. Interface Name The name of the IP interface the router resides on. Expire The total number of routers that the packets can cross. Switch History This allows the Switch History Log to be viewed. The switch records all traps, in sequence, that identify events on the switch. The time since the last cold start of the switch is also recorded.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Figure 6-104.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide A T ECHNICAL S PECIFICATIONS General Standards: IEEE 802.3 10BASE-T Ethernet IEEE 802.3u 100BASE-TX Fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3z 1000BASE-SX Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3ab 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.1 P/Q VLAN IEEE 802.3x Full-duplex Flow Control ANSI/IEEE 802.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide General Network Cables: 10BASE-T: 2-pair UTP Cat. 3,4,5 (100 m) EIA/TIA- 568 100-ohm STP (100 m) 100BASE-TX: 2-pair UTP Cat. 5 (100 m) EIA/TIA-568 100-ohm STP (100 m) Fiber Optic: IEC 793-2:1992 Type A1a - 50/125um multimode Type A1b - 62.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Physical and Environmental Weight: 2.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide B U NDERSTANDING AND T ROUBLESHOOTING THE S PANNING T REE P ROTOCOL When the spanning-tree algorithm determines a port should be transitioned to the forwarding state, the following occurs: • The port is put into the listening state where it receives BPDUs and passes them to the switch’s CPU. BPDU packets from the CPU are processed.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Blocking State A port in the blocking state does not forward packets. When the switch is booted, a BPDU is sent to each port in the switch putting these ports into the blocking state. A switch initially assumes it is the root, and then begins the exchange of BPDUs with other switches. This will determine which switch in the network is the best choice for the root switch.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Understanding and Troubleshooting the Spanning Tree Protocol 321
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Listening State The listening state is the first transition for a port from the blocking state. Listening is an opportunity for the switch to receive BPDUs that may tell the switch that the port should not continue to transition to the forwarding state, but should return to the blocking state (that is, a different port is a better choice). There is no address learning or packet forwarding from a port in the listening state.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Understanding and Troubleshooting the Spanning Tree Protocol 323
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Learning State A port in the learning state prepares to participate in frame forwarding. The port enters the learning state from the listening state. A port in the learning state does the following: 324 • Discards frames received from the network segment to which it is attached. • Discards packets sent from another port on the switch for forwarding. • Adds addresses to its forwarding database. • Receives BPDUs and directs them to the CPU.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Understanding and Troubleshooting the Spanning Tree Protocol 325
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Forwarding State A port in the forwarding state forwards packets. The port enters the forwarding state from the learning state when the forward delay timer expires. A port in the forwarding state does the following: 326 • Forwards packets received from the network segment to which it is attached. • Forwards packets sent from another port on the switch for forwarding. • Incorporates station address database.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Understanding and Troubleshooting the Spanning Tree Protocol 327
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Disabled State A port in the disabled state does not participate in frame forwarding or STP. A port in the disabled state is virtually non-operational. A disabled port does the following: 328 • Discards packets received from the network segment to which it is attached. • Discards packets sent from another port on the switch for forwarding. • Does not add addresses to its forwarding database.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Understanding and Troubleshooting the Spanning Tree Protocol 329
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Troubleshooting STP Spanning Tree Protocol Failure A failure in the STA generally leads to a bridging loop. A bridging loop in an STP environment comes from a port that should be in the blocking state, but is forwarding packets. In this example, B has been elected as the designated bridge and port 2 on C is in the blocking state. The election of B as the designated bridge is determined by the exchange of BPDUs between B and C. B had a better BPDU than C.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide to transition its port 2 from the blocking state to the forwarding state. It should be noted: A port must continue to receive BPDUs advertising superior paths to remain in the blocking state. There are a number of circumstances in which the STA can fail – mostly related to the loss of a large number of BPDUs. These situations will cause a port in the blocking state to transition to the forwarding state.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide In the above example, port 1 on B is configured as a fullduplex port and port 1 on A is either configured as a halfduplex port, or left in auto-negotiation mode. Because port 1 on B is configured as a full-duplex port, it does not do the carrier sense when accessing the link. B will then start sending packets even if A is using the link. A will then detect collisions and begin to run the flow control algorithm.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Any failure that allows a link to remain up while providing oneway communication is very dangerous for STP. In this example, port 2 on B can receive but not transmit packets. Port 2 on C should be in the blocking state, but since it can no longer receive BPDUs from port 2 on B, it will transition to the forwarding state. If the failure exists at boot, STP will not converge and rebooting the bridges will have no effect.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide packets transmitted but none received, or vice versa, for example. Packet Corruption Packet corruption can lead to the same type of failure. If a link is experiencing a high rate of physical errors, a large number of consecutive BPDUs can be dropped and a port in the blocking state would transition to the forwarding state.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Identifying a Data Loop Broadcast storms have a very similar effect on the network to data loops, but broadcast storm controls in modern switches have (along with subnetting and other network practices) have been very effective in controlling broadcast storms. The best way to determine if a data loop exists is to capture traffic on a saturated link and check if similar packets are seen multiple times.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Organize the redundant links and tune the port cost parameter of STP to force those ports to be in the blocking state. For each VLAN, know which ports should be blocking in a stable network. A network diagram that shows each physical loop in the network and which ports break which loops is extremely helpful. Minimize the number of ports in the blocking state.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide This is a common network design. The switches C and D have redundant links to the backbone switches A and B using trunks. Trunks, by default, carry all the VLAN traffic from VLAN 1 and VLAN 2. So switch C is not only receiving traffic for VLAN 1, but it is also receiving unnecessary broadcast and multicast traffic for VLAN 2. It is also blocking one port for VLAN 2.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide switches A and B and two blocked ports per VLAN. increases the chance of a data loop. This In this example, the VLAN definitions are extended to switches A and B. This gives only a single blocked port per VLAN and allows the removal of all redundant links by removing switch A or B from the network.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Impact of Layer 3 Switching. The IP routing operational mode of the DES-3326S Layer 3 switch can accomplish the following: • Building a forwarding table, and exchanging information with its peers using routing protocols.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Using layer 3 switches and IP routing eliminates the need for STP port blocking because the packets are routed by destination addresses. The link redundancy remains, and relying on the routing protocols gives a faster convergence than with STP. The drawback is that the introduction of layer 3 switching usually requires a new addressing scheme.
DES-3326S Layer 3 Fast Ethernet Switch User’s Guide Understanding and Troubleshooting the Spanning Tree Protocol 341
C B RIEF R EVIEW OF B ITWISE L OGICAL O PERATIONS AND The logical AND operation compares 2 bits and if they are both “1”, then the result is “1”, otherwise, the result is “0”. 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 OR The logical OR operation compares 2 bits and if either or both bits are “1”, then the result is “1”, otherwise, the result is “0”. 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 XOR The logical XOR (exclusive OR) operation compares 2 bits and if exactly one of them is a “1”, then the result is “1”, otherwise the result is “0”.
0 1 0 1 1 0 NOT The logical NOT operation simply changes the value of a single bit. If it is a “1”, the result is “0”, if it is a “0”, the result is “1”. This operation is carried out on a single bit.
I NDEX 1 1000BASE-SX Gigabit Module ..............................................31 100BASE-FX Fiber (MTRJ Type) Module..................................30 100BASE-FX Fiber Module ...28, 29 100BASE-TX Device ..............40 100BASE-TX Module .............28 10BASE-T Device ...................39 A AC inputs ..................................308 AC power cord.........................20 Accessory pack ........................20 Aging Time, definition of ........53 Aging Time, range of ...............
I P IEEE 802.1Q tagging ...............68 IEEE 802.1Q VLANs ..............68 Illustration of STA ...................63 Ingress port.......................68, 73 IP Address................................46 IP Addresses and SNMP Community Names ...............46 IP Configuration ..................180 password................................ 172 Port Priority........................... 63 port-based VLANs .................. 68 ports......................................... 14 Power ........................
Authentication Failure ....48, 51 Broadcast Storm....................52 Cold Start ........................48, 51 Link Change Event .........49, 51 New Root ..............................48 Port Partition .........................51 Topology Change............48, 51 Warm Start......................48, 51 Traps ..................................47, 50 trunk group...............................66 U Unpacking ................................20 untagging................................. 68 Untagging ..........
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