1g Wireless Broadband Router User Guide 12/08/2003
FCC Interference Statement This device complies with Part 15 of FCC rule. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: This device may not cause harmful interference. This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. This 11g Wireless Broadband Router has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules.
or consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use this product or documentation, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. This document contains materials protected by copyright. All rights are reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means or for any purpose without expressed written consent of its authors. Product names appearing in this document are mentioned for identification purchases only.
Table of Contents Table of Contents .........................................................................................................3 Preface...........................................................................................................................6 About this Guide ............................................................................................6 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................
PPPoE ..........................................................................................................26 Chapter 4: Advanced Applications ..........................................................................34 4-1 DHCP Configuration .....................................................................................34 4-2 Access Control...............................................................................................35 Access Control .............................................
Appendix B: Technical Specifications......................................................................71 Appendix C: Glossary ...............................................................................................
Preface Congratulations on your purchase of this 11g Wireless Broadband Router. This router is the perfect design product combining wireless and Ethernet network technology together. Fully compatible with IEEE 802.11g wireless standard, this device not only allows you to take advantage of mobility, but also to have fast Ethernet connection with built-in four 10/100 auto-sensing switch Ethernet ports.
operating performance from this 11g Wireless Broadband Router. Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter describes the package contents and provides a list of features and applications illustrations of the 11g Wireless Broadband Router. Chapter 2: Hardware Installation & Setup This chapter describes the steps for the hardware installation of the 11g Wireless Broadband Router. Chapter 3: Internet Access This chapter describes the steps for the basic configuration and start up of the 11g Wireless Broadband Router.
Boldface Italics Items in Bold Italics are samples only and you should enter other names, numbers, or words to substitute.
Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter describes the package contents and provides a list of features and application illustrations of the 11g Wireless Broadband Router. 1-1 About The 11g Wireless Broadband Router The 11g Wireless Broadband Router is a hybrid design product which combines Ethernet technology and wireless access into a single stand-alone unit. The device allows you take advantages of both mobility and fast connection.
1-2 Contents of the 11g Wireless Broadband Router Package After carefully unpacking the shipping carton, check the contents listed below. 1. 11g Wireless Broadband Router. 2. Power Adapter. 3. User’s Manual 1-3 Features of the 11g Wireless Broadband Router Your 11g Wireless Broadband Router contains the following features that make it excellent for network connections.
Allow administrators to block specific internal users from accessing specified applications or services. Allows external Internet users to access information from the internal target host by setting the Virtual Server. Provides unrestricted two-way communication between one PC on your LAN and certain Internet services such as conferencing, video and gaming applications. Enhances routing performance by using Dynamic and Static routing settings.
Chapter 2: Installation This chapter provides information about your 11g Wireless Broadband Router’s physical features and gives step-by-step installation instructions for hardware installation and software configuration. Front Panel The following figure shows the front view of the 11g Wireless Broadband Router. The LEDs on the front panel indicate the status of the unit. You can easily view the operation of your 11g Wireless Broadband Router from this panel.
LAN 1~4 Link/Act: Green Steady on when the Ethernet link exists. Blinking when data is flowing through this port. Rear Panel & Connections The following figure shows the rear view of the 11g Wireless Broadband Router and illustrates how the cables connect to the interfaces on the rear panel. 1. Plug one end of the UTP cable into the WAN port, the other into the RJ45 Ethernet jack on your ADSL or Cable modem. 2.
connectors System OS: Windows 95/98, Windows NT4.0, or Windows 2000/XP TCP/IP network protocol Web browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 or later, or Netscape Navigator 6.0 or later Setting Up the TCP/IP Protocol If you are not sure whether the TCP/IP Protocol has been installed, follow these steps to check, and if necessary, install TCP/IP onto your PCs. 1. Click the “Start” button. Choose “Settings”, then “Control Panel”. Double-click the “Network” icon.
In the “Local Area Connection Status” window, click the “Properties” button then your Network window will appear. There is only one tab, “General”, in the Network window. 3. Check whether the TCP/IP Protocol has already been installed onto your computer’s Ethernet card. Note that TCP/IP Protocol can be installed for a computer’s Dial-Up Adapter as well as for the Ethernet card. - If yes, go to step 7. - If no, click the “Add” button.
4. Double-click “Protocol” in the Select Network Component Type or highlight “Protocol” then click “Add”. 5. Highlight “Microsoft” under the list of manufacturers. Double-click “TCP/IP” from the list on the right or highlight “TCP/IP” then click “OK” to install TCP/IP. 6. After a few seconds, you will be returned to the Network window. The TCP/IP Protocol should now be on the list of installed network components (see 3 above).
7. Click the “Properties” button. The TCP/IP Properties window consists of several tabs. Choose the “IP Address” tab. 8. Select “Obtain an IP address automatically”. Click “OK”. Restart your PC to complete the TCP/IP installation. Fixed IP Addresses Configuration Fixed IP addresses may be assigned to network devices for many reasons, such as the server PCs or printers which are consistently accessed by multiple users.
Click on the “DNS Configuration” tab and select “Enable DNS”. Enter the “DNS IP Address” obtained from your ISP in the “Server Search Order” location. Then click the “Add” button. Click on the “Gateway” tab and enter the 11g Wireless Broadband Router’s default gateway value 192.168.1.1 in the “New gateway” field, then click “Add” Button.
Click “OK”. Restart your PC to complete the TCP/IP installation.
Chapter 3: Internet Access This chapter describes the procedures necessary to configure the basic functions and begin using your 11g Wireless Broadband Router. If you follow these procedures correctly, there should be no problem in accessing the Internet via your 11g Wireless Broadband Router. Prepare your network information In order to allow quick referencing when setting up your 11g Wireless Broadband Router, it is suggested you complete the table below with the necessary information.
The “Username and Password Required” prompt box will appear. Leave the Username field empty and type “admin” (default password) in the Password field. Click “OK”. The setup screen will then appear. Basic Configuration – Setup The “OnePage Setup” screen is the first screen you will see when you access the Utility. If the router has already been successfully installed and set up, this screen’s values will already be properly configured. Host Name: This entry is required by certain ISPs.
inactive. Network Mode Select “B-only” , “G-only” or “Mixed(as default)”,for network type. SSID: As the acronym for Extend Service Set Identifier, ESSID is the unique name shared among all clients and Wireless Broadband Router in a same wireless network. The ESSID must be identical for all points and must not exceed 32 characters. SSID Broadcast: Router will broadcast the SSID to let WLANs clients easily search and connect to this wireless router by leaving this item as default setting “Enable”.
Passphrase Enter a alphanumeric text string in this column then click “Generate” button, and four 64-bit encryption key will be created automatically. Note that only one 128-bit key will be generated in 128-bit encryption mode. Manually You may need to enter the WEP key manually in case to join the existing wireless network. However, if not, the Pass phrase method is recommended. If you are not sure which way to use, check with your network administrator.
WPA Shared Key Enter a Shared Key of 8-32 characters Group Key Renewal Enter a Group Key Renewal Period, the router will renew the group key again when time is up.
WPA Algorithm Select TKIP (AES is not supported) as the type of WPA algorithm. RADIUS Server Address Enter the RADIUS server’s IP Address RADIUS Port Enter the RADIUS port number Shared Key Enter a key shared between the Router and the sever Group Key Renewal Enter a Group Key Renewal Period, the router will renew the group key again when time is up.
Obtain IP automatically It is the default option for the router. If your ISP automatically assigns an IP address and other values to the 11g Wireless Broadband Router, leave them there without making any changes. Static IP The WAN IP Address and Subnet Mask of the router entered here are used by external users of the Internet (including your ISP). If your ISP assigned a fixed IP address, select this item and enter the IP Address and Subnet Mask provided by your ISP.
User Name: Enter the user name your ISP provides you. Password: Enter the password your ISP provides you. Connect-on-demand: It is a utility used to trigger the PPPoE session when there is a packet being sent through the WAN port while it is on disconnected situation. Check the radio button to make this function active, and then you must enter the number of minutes you wish the network to remain idle before disconnection occurs in the “Max Idle Time” location.
information in the “Redial Period” field. 2nd PPPOE connection The advantage of multiple PPPoE sessions is that it provides the Service Provider with the ability to offer additional, revenue-enhanced access to content providers. Each connection has it's own specific authentication process, a unique set of IP, gateway and Domain Name Servers addresses. If you have another PPPoE connection for specific internet access requirement, you are supposed to fill in the required information.
RAS(for SingTel) If your ISP uses RAS to establish the connection, you should select this item and follow the steps below. User Name: Enter the user name your ISP provides you. Password: Enter the password your ISP provides you. RAS Plan: Choose the connection method that you want to use. Connect-on-demand: It is a utility used to trigger the RAS session when there is a packet being sent through the WAN port while it is on disconnected situation.
ISPs use this protocol as way to establish the initial connection between the CPE (end-user side) and DSLAM (ISP side). If your ISP uses PPTP to establish the connection, you should select this item and follow the steps below. Specify WAN IP Address: Enter the IP address provided by your ISP. If your ISP provides you an Alcatel Speed TouchTM modem, it is suggested that you enter 10.0.0.150 in this column. Subnet Mask: Enter the subnet mask values provided by your ISP.
situation, PPTP session cannot be established immediately after disconnection. This is because the system on the ISP’s site may need a little time to restore itself. You may need to check with your ISP to obtain detail of how long you need to wait before re-establish the PPTP session. Enter this information in the “Redial Period” field. HBS If your ISP uses HBS to establish the connection, you should select this item and follow the steps below. User Name: Enter the user name provided by your ISP.
to restore itself. You may need to check with your ISP to obtain detail of how long you need to wait before re-establish the HBS session. Enter this information in the “Redial Period” field. When you have properly configured the Setup page, click “Apply”. You can now test to see if the settings are all correct by attempting to connect to the Internet. IP Unnumbered(PPPOE) IP unnumbered allows you to do IP processing on a serial interface without assigning an explicit IP address for point-to-point links.
However, in some situation, PPPoE session cannot be established immediately after disconnection. This is because the system on the ISP’s site may need a little time to restore itself. You may need to check with your ISP to obtain detail of how long you need to wait before re-establish the PPPoE session. Enter this information in the “Redial Period” field.
Chapter 4: Advanced Applications This chapter provides information on how to set up and use the advanced functions of your 11g Wireless Broadband router . 4-1 DHCP Configuration A DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Server can automatically assign IP Addresses to each computer in your network. Unless you already have one in you LAN, it is highly recommended that you set your router to act as a DHCP server. Dynamic IP Address: Select “Enable” to use the DHCP server option of the router.
on LAN side) can use the IP Addresses assigned by Router’s DHCP server. Before the time is up, DHCP clients have to request to renew the DHCP information. DNS: The IP Address of the Domain Name Server, which is currently used. Multiple DNS IP settings are common. The first DNS entry will be use in most cases. WINS: Windows Internet Naming Service converts NETBIOS name to IP address.
IP Access Setting This function allows network administrators to restrict up to five groups of specified network users/computers from accessing the certain applications Protocol: Select the protocol type as “TCP” or “UDP” from the drop down list. If you are not sure which one to choose, select “Both”. Filter Group/LAN IP Enter the range of IP addresses which you want them to be a controlled group to have the same access Range: limitation.
web browsing. TOD Control Type: Select the control type from the drop down list and make this function active. Select “Block Outbound” to restrict the connection to the Internet from your LAN. Select “Block Inbound” to restrict any external connections from Internet to your LAN servers that were set as virtual servers or as DMZ host. Select “Block Both” to restrict both incoming and outgoing connections. Select “Disable” to turn off this function.
URL Access Limit: Check “Enable” or “Disable” to make this function active or inactive. Website Access: Check “Allow” to allow users on the network to access specific website listed on the location only. In contrast, to restrict users on the network to access the website listed on the location, check “Block” in this item. Block Access Website: Enter the website addresses to be accessed/blocked on the locations. Up to twenty website addresses can be entered into the locations.
Filtered MAC Address: There are fifty sets divided into five groups in this function. You can choose each group by selecting from the pop-down list. Enter the MAC addresses of the computers you wish to block in the columns, and then those users/computers cannot access Internet at all. 4-3 Virtual Server Settings The Virtual Server Settings application allows you to set up a maximum of ten public services that can be accessed by external users of the Internet, such as a Web Address, Email, FTP etc..
Set up individual network computers to act as servers and configure each with a fixed IP Address. Note: In the “One Page Setup” screen, ensure the “Private IP Address” is set to the Wireless Broadband router’s default setting of 192.168.1.1. If a fixed Public IP Address is to be used, select “Specify an IP address” and enter the IP Address and other necessary information provided by your ISP. Ports: Enter the desired service port numbers in the “Ports” fields.
function. FTP Port - Enter the port number (> 1024) that the FTP server will use as data connection port number. The client side should select passive mode and use the same port number entered here. Server IP Address - Enter the appropriate IP Addresses of the service computer. Apply Click this button after making any changes for activating the settings. Cancel Click this button if you are not satisfied with the settings in this page before clicking Apply.
UPnP Forwarding UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) is a standard introduced from Microsoft and UPnP Forum for interoperability. Currently, this function supported by this device allows you to set virtual server from Windows OS that supports UPnP, such as Windows XP. UPnP Function: Check “Enable” will allow LAN side PCs that support UPnP to set virtual server. Before you enable the UPnP Forwarding, you have to set up individual network computers to act as servers and configure each with a fixed IP Address.
IP Address” is set to the Router’s default setting of 192.168.1.1. If a fixed Public IP Address is to be used, select “Specify an IP address” and enter the IP Address and other necessary information provided by your ISP. UPnP Control: Check “Enable” will allow LAN side PCs that support UPnP to directly configure the settings provided in this page. Application Name UPnP has ten pre-setting forwarding rules, which are well-known applications.
is entered in “Ports” and 192.168.1.100 is entered in “IP Address”, then all HTTP requests from external Internet users will be directed to the PC/server with the 192.168.1.100 fixed IP Address. 4-4 DMZ Host The DMZ Host application allows unrestricted 2-way communication between a single LAN PC and other Internet users or servers.
using a fixed IP Address. Note: In the “One Page Setup” screen, ensure the Private IP Address is set to the Wireless Broadband router’s default setting of 192.168.1.1. In the Public IP Address area, select “Specify an IP Address”, and then enter the IP Address and other necessary information provided by your ISP. Click the “DMZ Host” option in the Advanced Menu and enter the fixed IP Address of the Exposed Host PC in the “DMZ Host” IP Address location. Remember, entering “0” will disable this application.
“RX” (receive) function. Show Routing Table: Click this button after clicking Apply to see current routing information. Apply: Click this button after making any changes for activating the settings. Undo: Click this button if you are not satisfied with the settings in this page before clicking Apply. Below is Routing Table Entry List. This table shows the status for routing information. You can click Refresh to update the table information.
Select Route entry: Select the route entry number from 1 to 20 that you wish to configure. Delete this entry Delete the selected route entry information. Destination LAN IP and Subnet Mask: Enter the IP Address and Subnet Mask of the destination LAN that the immediate LAN is to communicate with. Taking the above diagram as an example, enter 192.168.2.0 in the “Destination LAN IP” field and 255.255.255.0 in the “Subnet Mask” field.
Apply Click this button after making any changes for activating the settings. Click this button if you are not satisfied with the settings in this page before clicking Apply. Cancel Referring back to the above diagram, with the proper settings, PC1 would be able to access LAN 1, LAN 2 and the Internet while PC2 can only access LAN 2, LAN1. 4-7 Special Applications Some applications use multiple TCP/UDP ports to transmit data.
application uses when it sends packets outbound. The Outgoing Port Numbers act as the trigger. When the Wireless Broadband router detects the outgoing packets with these port numbers, it will allow the inbound packets with the Incoming Port Numbers that you set in the next column to pass through the Wireless Broadband router. Incoming Port Range: Enter the port number or range numbers the inbound packets carry. Apply Click this button after making any changes for activating the settings.
Beacon Interval: It’s the signal sent periodically by wireless access point to provide synchronization among the stations in wireless LAN. RTS Threshold: RTS packet is use to account for potential hidden stations. This feature allows you to set the size of RTS packet. If the length of data frame needing transmission exceeds the fragmentation threshold you set in the column, the data frame will be fragmented.
type. If you are not sure, select both. Station MAC Filter This function allows you to restrict wireless users to access Internet. As for the MAC table, you need to click” Active MAC Table” button, entering to the “Wireless Active MAC table” page, press “Update Filter List” button and update the list again. Active MAC Table The “Active MAC Table” shows the MAC addresses of wireless clients, which have the same ESSID and WEP key with Wireless Broadband router.
Apply Cancel Wireless MAC Entry There are 32 sets divided into four groups in this function. You can choose each group by selecting from the pop-down list. Enter the MAC addresses of the computers you wish to block in the columns and click the Filter field beside the MAC address, and then that user will be blocked to link to WLAN and Internet. If the “Filter” field isn’t checked, that MAC address won’t be blocked.
If your “WAN Connection Type”, as shown in One Page Setup section, is “Obtain IP Address Automatically”, “PPPoE”, or “PPTP” with dynamic IP address assigned by ISP, it will cause an error when you set up the public computer servers in your LAN side PCs. Internet users may not be able to reach your servers because your WAN side IP address may change each time you initiate the connection to your ISP.
Your IP Address It displays the IP Address currently assigned by your ISP. Status: This displays the current status of the DDNS function. Apply Click this button after making any changes for activating the settings. Update After clicking Apply to invoke the DDNS settings, you have to click this button to refresh the settings..
Chapter 5: Management This chapter provides information on using Macintosh computers in your network. The instructions given here are for system software version 8.0 or above, which comes with the TCP/IP Protocol preloaded and supports DHCP Addressing. 5-1 Device Administration Settings This feature allows the administrator to manage the Wireless Broadband router by setting certain parameters.
Administrator Password: Enter the password you want to use into the SNMP Function: As with the Password, SNMP community allows authorized persons to access this router through the SNMP Management tool. The Wireless Broadband router provides three fields to enter these communities.
through the Wireless Broadband router if there is LAN PC using IPSec for data communication with other Internet device. PPTP Pass Through: Check the Enable to allow the PPTP packets to pass through the Wireless Broadband router if there is LAN PC using PPTP for data communication with other Internet device. PPPoE Pass Through: Check the Enable to allow the PPPoE packets to pass through the Wireless Broadband router if there is LAN PC using PPPoE for data communication with other Internet device.
Product Name: This field shows the name of this router. Firmware Version: This field shows the installed version of the firmware. Login: This column shows the login information of PPPoE or PPTP. You can manually initiate the connection or make a disconnection by clicking the appropriate buttons. Be aware that, if you make a disconnection here, “Connect-on- demand” will not function until the connection button is clicked.
you selected “ Static IP” in “One Page Setup: Public IP Address”, the information will be the same as your input. DHCP Release: Click this button to eliminate the IP address obtained from DHCP server. DHCP Renew: Click this button to refresh the IP address from DHCP server. Note that the “DHCP Release” and “DHCP Renew” button only show up when you select “Get IP Address Automatically” in the OnePage Setup.
view the Log information. View Log: Click this button to view the log on-line. Apply Click this button after making any changes for activating the settings. Cancel Click this button if you are not satisfied with the settings in this page before clicking “Apply”. 5-4 Backup & Restore This function allows you to save router’s configuration as backup, or retrieve the configuration file you saved before to turn the setting back.
Browse.. Browse.. To select a file to upgrade, you have to enter path of the latest firmware you saved on the PC. You can choose “Browse” to view the folders and select the firmware. Upgrade After you enter or select the path, click “Upgrade” to start the firmware upgrade process.
Source IP: You can chose to issue the ping test from the LAN side by selecting Router’s private IP Address or from the WAN side by selecting Router’s WAN IP Address. Destination IP: Enter the IP Address of destination device you want to ping. If Router’s LAN IP address is selected as Source IP, you only can ping LAN side device and vice versa. Packet Number: Enter the packet numbers you wish to use to ping the destination device. The maximum numbers are four.
Router and destination device. Tracert: Click “Tracert” to start this test.
Chapter 6: Macintosh Setup This chapter provides information on using Macintosh computers in your network. The instructions given here are for system software version 8.0 or above, which comes with the TCP/IP Protocol preloaded and supports DHCP Addressing. 6-1 Hardware Connections Connect your Macintosh computer to your 11g Wireless Broadband router . If you have a newer computer, there will be a Ethernet port on the back. Older computers will need to have an Ethernet card installed.
select “Ethernet” in the “Connect via” location from the drop-down list. 11. In the “Setup” area: - Select “Manually” in the “Configure” location from the drop-down list. - In the “IP Address” location, enter the IP Address that you want to assign to the computer. (see the notes on Fixed IP Addresses 2-4 above). - Enter “255.255.255.0” in the “Subnet Mask” location. - Enter “192.168.1.1” (the 11g Wireless Broadband router ’s default IP Address) in the “Router Address” location.
- Enter “255.255.255.0” in the “Subnet Mask” location. - Enter “192.168.1.1” (the 11g Wireless Broadband router ’s default IP Address) in the “Router Address” location. - Enter the ISP’s IP Address in the “Name Server” location if your ISP has provided the information. - Close the window. 5. Click “Confirm”. TCP/IP is now configured for manual IP Addressing. 6. Configure your 11g Wireless Broadband router (see Chapter).
Chapter 7: Trouble Shooting This chapter provides solutions to problems you may encounter during installation and operation of your 11g Wireless Broadband router . Hardware Q: The Power LED is off. Check that the power cable is properly connected to the 11g Wireless Broadband router , the power adapter and the socket. Q: The LAN Link LED is off. Check that the computer, hub or switch is properly connected to the 11g Wireless Broadband router . Check that the computer’s Ethernet card is properly installed.
default IP address of 192.168.1.1 Finally, use the Ping command in MS-DOS mode to verify the network connection: Ping 127.0.0.1 to check the TCP/IP stack of your computer Ping gateway IP (Default: 192.168.1.1) to check the internal link of network. Note if you’re not able to view the web configuration screen for the 11g Wireless Broadband router , make sure that you remove any proxy setting within your Internet browser, or remove the dial-up settings within your browser.
Appendix A: Frequently Asked Questions Q: What is the maximum number of IP Addresses the 11g Wireless Broadband router can support? The 11g Wireless Broadband router 192.168.1.2~192.168.1.254. can support up to 253 IP Addresses in the range of Q: Where should the 11g Wireless Broadband router be installed on the network? In a typical environment, the 11g Wireless Broadband router should be installed between the ADSL/Cable modem and your LAN.
Yes, you can. Some people think having one Internet account mean that they can only have one E-mail account. However, E-mail is set by mailbox accounts and is different to the account you use to connect to your ISP. If you want more E-mail accounts, you should contact your ISP or you can browse the Internet to apply for a free E-mail account. Q: Can Internet users access LAN computers? 11g Wireless Broadband router uses NAT to route all in/out packets.
Appendix B: Technical Specifications Standards Compliance IEEE 802.3 10BASE-T IEEE 802.3u 100BASE-TX IEEE 802.
Power External, DC 12V, 1A Mounting Desktop / Wall-mounting 72
Appendix C: Glossary 10Base-T / 100Base-T The adaptation of the Ethernet standard for Local Area Networks (LANs). 10Base-T uses a twisted pair cable with maximum lengths of 100 meters and transmits data at 10Mbps maximum. 100Base-T is similar, but uses two different twisted pair configurations and transmits at 100Mbps maximum. Ad-hoc Network Also known as the peer-to-peer network, an ad-hoc network allows all PCs participating in a wireless network and being within range, to communicate with each other.
represents about a dozen IP Addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular Web pages. For example, in the URL http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html, the domain name is pcwebopedia.com. DoS DoS is the abbreviation for Denial of Service. This occurs when a computer or network is overwhelmed to the point that it can no longer function normally. For example, a hacker may use fake IP addresses to accumulate numerous connections to flood the server he wants to attack.
Protocol route messages based on the IP Address of the destination. The format of an IP address is a 32-bit numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods. Each number can be from zero to 255. IPSec Internet Protocol Security is a security standard for network transmission. It provides authentication and packet encryption over the Internet. ISP Short for Internet Service Provider, a company that provides access to the Internet, usually for a monthly fee.
Roaming The ability for a wireless device moving from one access point’s range to another without losing the connection. Router An Internet device that routes requests for information to other routers until the information’s location is found and the data can be transmitted back to the origin of the request. SPI SPI is an acronym for Stateful Packet Inspection.
