Control and Automation Solutions Guide Edition 1, December 2011
Control and Automation Solutions Guide A message from the Senior Vice President, Industrial and Medical Solutions Group Dear Customers, Over 28 years ago Maxim was founded with the goal of providing high-quality integrated circuits for the industrial marketplace. We have continued to build on that industrial foundation, with more than 28% of our $2.5 billion in revenue now coming from industrial products. Our original mission has never wavered.
ii Control and Automation Solutions Guide
Table of Contents Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) Environmental Automation 3 Overview 83 Overview 6 Analog Input Functions Featured Products 85 Elements of Environmental Automation Systems Featured Products 12 Analog Output Functions Featured Products 95 Building Energy Measurement and Management Featured Products 21 Digital I/O Functions Featured Products 102 Control Systems Featured Products 24 Fieldbus Functions Featured Products 109 Recommended Solutions 30 CPU Functions 31
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Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) 1
2 Control and Automation Solutions Guide
Overview Introduction Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have been an integral part of factory automation and industrial process control for decades. PLCs are dedicated computers that have an architecture designed to accommodate control functions. They control a wide array of applications from simple lighting functions to environmental systems to complete chemical processing plants.
Basic Process Control How simple can process control be? Consider a common household oven. The oven’s components are enclosed inside one container, so no long distance communication is necessary. When the user sets the thermostat to the desired temperature, the oven maintains the internal temperature at the set point. When the thermostat setting senses that the oven temperature is low, the switch is closed, completing the circuit to open the gas valve to the main burner.
PLC Design Goals Robustness Communications PLCs are expected to work flawlessly for years in industrial environments that are hazardous to the very microelectronic components that give modern PLCs their excellent flexibility and precision. No mixed-signal IC company understands this better than Maxim.
Analog Input Functions Overview The analog input portion of a PLC accepts analog signals from a variety of sensors via factory or field wiring. These sensors are used to convert physical phenomena (such as light, temperature, pressure, proximity, sound, gas, or vibration) into electrical representations. In the analog-input signal path, signals are conditioned for maximum integrity, range, and resolution before being sampled by the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs).
Applications that require extraction of phase information between channels are well suited for multiple ADCs or simultaneous-sampling multichannel ADCs. Although PLCs are used in distinct ways, many PLC designs share some common factors. For example, ADCs and DACs used in process-control systems range from 10 to 16 bits with 16 bits being one of the most common resolutions. Maxim offers many choices from 10-bit to 24-bit ADCs for a wide range of input voltages.
Featured Products Eliminate External Overvoltage Protection (OVP) Circuitry and Reduce BOM Complexity with High-Voltage Multiplexers Benefits MAX14752/MAX14753 The MAX14752/MAX14753 are 8-to-1 and dual 4-to-1, respectively, high-voltage analog multiplexers designed for high-voltage PLC applications. Both devices operate with dual supplies of ±10V to ±36V or a single supply of 20V to 72V, and a low 0.03Ω (typ) RON flatness.
Improve Accuracy with Precision Over Time and Precision Over Temperature from UltraHigh-Precision Op Amps MAX44251/MAX44252* The MAX44251/MAX44252 are 20V, ultra-precision, low-noise, low-drift amplifiers that offer near-zero DC offset and drift through the use of patented autocorrelating zeroing techniques. This method constantly measures and compensates the input offset, thereby eliminating drift over time and temperature, and the effect of 1/f noise.
16-Bit ADC with Software-Programmable Input Ranges on Each ADC Channel Saves Design Time Benefits MAX1300*/MAX1301, MAX1302*/MAX1303 The MAX1300/MAX1301/MAX1302/MAX1303 ADC family is an ideal fit for PLC applications because they measure many unique unipolar and bipolar input ranges, all with 16-bit operation and no missing codes. The eight single-ended or differential-input ranges vary as low as a unipolar 0 to 2.048V full scale up to a bipolar ±12.288V full scale.
24-Bit ADC Offers the Highest Resolution for 4–20mA Loops MAX11210 The MAX11210 24-bit, 1-channel ADC offers an industry-leading 23.9 bits effective resolution at < 300µA (max) supply current. The MAX11210’s higher effective resolution eliminates power-hungry gain stages while achieving the highest precision possible from the sensor. Applications such as 4–20mA loop sensors put a premium on power dissipation.
Analog Output Functions Overview Analog output signals are required in situations where a compatible transducer or instrument needs to be driven. Common examples include proportional valves and current-loop-controlled actuators. It can be part of a simple open-loop control system or part of a complex control loop in a proportionalintegral-derivative (PID) system where the result of this output is sensed and fed back to the PLC for PID processing.
loops, where signaling is analog using any current within the loop range. Practical loop lengths can be up to tens of kilometers. The only caveat is that the resistance of the loop should not cause the transmitter to run out of voltage while working to maintain the proper current. For many sensors, the current provides all the operating power needed. Any measured current-flow level indicates information just as an analog voltage can indicate information.
Featured Products DACs Ideal for Loop-Powered Applications Without Sacrificing Precision and Accuracy for Low Power MAX5214/MAX5216 The MAX5214/MAX5216 are pin-compatible, 14-bit and 16-bit single-channel, low-power, buffered voltage-output DACs. Power consumption is extremely low in order to accommodate low-power and low-voltage applications, yet the parts accept a wide 2.7V to 5.25V supply voltage range.
System Flexibility and Reduced Cost with Multichannel DACs Benefits The MAX5134–MAX5137 are pin- and software-compatible 16-bit and 12-bit DACs offering low power, buffered voltage output, and high linearity. They use a precision internal reference or a precision external reference for rail-to-rail operation. The MAX5134–MAX5137 accept a wide 2.7V to 5.25V supply voltage range to accommodate most low-power and low-voltage applications.
Enhance System Safety and Reliability with an Output Conditioner Benefits • Enhance robustness ◦◦ Outputs are protected against overcurrent conditions ◦◦ Outputs are protected against a short to ground or supply voltages up to ±35V MAX15500/MAX15501 The MAX15500/MAX15501 analog output conditioners provide a programmable current up to ±24mA, or a voltage up to ±12V proportional to a control voltage signal. The control voltage is typically supplied by an external DAC with an output voltage range of 0 to 4.
16-Bit DAC with Integrated Voltage and Current Output Conditioner Reduces Board Area and Eliminates External Components Benefits • Simplifies board design ◦◦ Software-selectable voltage output or current output MAX5661 • Eliminates external components ◦◦ Integrated output buffer ◦◦ No additional discrete components required for switching between output modes The MAX5661 controls output voltage, output current, and output gain adjustments.
Improve System Accuracy for High-Voltage Applications in a Harsh Environment with High-Precision Output Conditioners and Drivers Benefits • Easily drives 24V biased 4–20mA lines throughout factory floors ◦◦ High supply-voltage operation and high-output drive exceed currentmode communication requirements MAX9943/MAX9944 The MAX9943/MAX9944 are high-voltage amplifiers (6V to 38V) that offer precision (100µVOS), low drift (0.4µV/°C), and low 550µA power consumption.
Resistor Network Saves Cost and Space Without Sacrificing System Precision MAX5490, MAX5491, MAX5492 The MAX5490 family of precision resistor-dividers consists of two accurately matched resistors with access to the ends and center of the divider. This family offers excellent resistance matching of 0.035% (A grade), 0.05% (B grade), and 0.1% (C grade); includes an extremely low resistance-ratio temperature drift of 2ppm/°C over -40°C to +85°C; and has an end-to-end resistance of 30kΩ.
Save Space in Low-Power Process-Control Equipment with a Single-Chip HART Modem DS8500 The DS8500 is a single-chip modem with HART capabilities that satisfy the HART physical-layer requirements. This device operates in half-duplex fashion, and integrates the modulation and demodulation of the 1200Hz/2200Hz FSK signal while consuming very low power. It only needs a few external components because of the integrated digital-signal processing.
Digital I/O Functions Overview Digital I/Os communicate digitally to industrial sensors and actuators. The sensors and actuators are located in the field and, thus, are represented on the lowest level of the control system’s hierarchy. In contrast to analog I/O modules, digital I/O modules send or receive information that is either 1-bit (binary) information or quantized values. The information flow can be unidirectional or bidirectional, depending on the interface type.
Featured Products IO-Link Master Transceiver Enables High-Density IO-Link Masters Benefits MAX14824 • Lowers cost for high-port-count IO-Link systems ◦◦ SPI in-band addressing The MAX14824 is an IO-Link master transceiver designed for high-channelcount IO-Link port-count applications. The MAX14824 integrates an IO‑Link physical interface with an additional digital input and two regulators. A high-speed 12MHz SPI interface allows fast programming and monitoring of the IO-Link interface.
Simplest, Most Economical Solution for High-Port-Count IO-Link Systems Benefits MAX14830 The MAX14830 is an advanced quad, serial UART with 128-word FIFOs for high-portcount I/O systems like an IO-Link system. By reducing the number of signals that need be isolated, the serial SPI/I2C host interface is optimized for industrial systems that require galvanic isolation.
Fieldbus Functions Overview A fieldbus is the communications link between dispersed process-control equipment. The official meaning of fieldbus describes the set of protocols that have been recognized by the Fieldbus Foundation. Distributed control allows local and hierarchical control. There is an important advantage of such a noncentralized control strategy: it avoids high processing power and extensive cabling. Control subsystems can be located close to the sensors and actuators in the field.
in order to tolerate any ground differences on the factory floor and to protect against any electrical noise on the lines from peripheral sensors. Harsh conditions typical of industrial applications can make protecting the interface cabling and devices a challenge. It is crucial, therefore, that both the device(s) and system withstand harsh conditions. Only in this way can one ensure that the PLC system’s signal integrity and system reliability are maintained.
Featured Products Transceiver Meets PROFIBUS DP Standards and Protects Against ±35kV ESD MAX14770E The MAX14770E PROFIBUS DP transceiver meets strict PROFIBUS standards with a high-output-drive differential (greater than 2.1V) and an 8pF bus capacitance. The high-ESD protection (±35kV HBM), high-automotivetemperature grade, and space-saving 8-pin TQFN package make the MAX14770E ideal for space-constrained, harsh industrial environments.
RS-485 Transceivers with Integrated Termination Simplify Equipment Installation MAX13450E/MAX13451E RS-485 half-duplex and full-duplex networks operating at high data rates must have their transmission lines terminated at both ends in order to minimize reflections from termination-impedance mismatch. To perform the termination, typically discrete resistors are either put into the equipment or added externally at the end-point devices on the line.
Isolated RS-485 Transceiver Reduces BOM Complexity Benefits • Complete isolation solution in one package; saves board space ◦◦ 2500VRMS RS-485 bus isolation using on-chip high-voltage capacitors MAX3535E Galvanic isolation between the PLC’s backplane and the fieldbus is required due to the harsh conditions and large common-mode voltages that can occur between remotely located subsystems. Maxim offers RS-485 transceivers with integrated isolation based on capacitors, transformers, and optical techniques.
Industry’s Smallest RS-485 Transceivers Save Board Space and Reduce BOM Complexity Benefits MAX13430E–MAX13433E As industrial modules become smaller, pressure mounts for PLC designers to shrink their designs and transition away from the traditional industry-standard packages like SO, SSOP, and PDIP. Maxim offers a full family of RS-485 transceivers available in tiny µMAX/TDFN packages with integrated features that reduce BOM complexity, board space, and cost.
CPU Functions Overview The PLC control program was historically developed in ladder logic, which is a graphical, diagram-based construct used when relays were the primary logic elements controlling an industrial process. But modern development tools allow PLC programmers to use highlevel programming environments and to create structured software. If desired, within these sophisticated programming environments PLC programming can still be done using ladder logic. control program.
Nonisolated and Isolated Power-Supply Functions Overview Power Functions Typically PLCs have a backplane power rail of +24V DC, although the actual voltage can differ, usually from 12V to 48V. The power comes from an isolated DC-DC converter connected to a factory AC to DC supply. The PLC can be equipped with an auxiliary battery with a special ORing controller.
Featured Products Flexible Solution for Push-Pull and Half-/FullBridge Power Supplies, Ideal for High-Power Applications Benefits • Wide load range provides design flexibility ◦◦ Can provide over 100W output power MAX5069 • Eases design by accepting wide input voltage range ◦◦ Rectified 85V AC to 265V AC input range ◦◦ 36V DC to 72V DC input range ◦◦ UVLO assures proper startup and brownout response The MAX5069 is a high-frequency, current-mode PWM controller with dual MOSFET drivers.
High Level of Integration Reduces Design Cost and Complexity in Universal Offline Power Supplies MAX17497, MAX17498 The MAX17497 simplifies your power design by eliminating multiple discrete components. This multiple-output device integrates the control circuitry needed for a universal (85V to 265V AC) flyback/forward power supply. It also integrates a secondary-side synchronous buck regulator with on-board MOSFETs.
Save Space and Costs by Integrating Three Switching Controllers Benefits MAX15048/MAX15049 The MAX15048/MAX15049 are triple-output, PWM, step-down DC-DC controllers with tracking (MAX15048) and sequencing (MAX15049) options. The devices operate over the 4.7V to 23V input voltage range. Each PWM controller provides an adjustable output down to 0.6V and delivers up to 15A of load current with excellent load and line regulation.
Save Cost and Reduce Solution Footprint with Integrated DC-DC Converters That Power Off a 24V Nominal Industrial Bus MAX15062*, MAX17501*, MAX17502* The MAX15062, MAX17501, and MAX17502 make a family of high-voltage, internal FET synchronous buck regulators built for space-constrained automation and control applications. Designed specifically for industrial applications, these devices operate off the 24V nominal rail while supporting supply line transients up to 65V.
36V Transformer Driver Simplifies Isolated Power MAX13256 The MAX13256 enables a simple and flexible approach to the design of an isolated DC-DC supply. The MAX13256 operates from a wide 8V to 36V DC supply and can deliver up to 10W of isolated power. Maxim’s transformer drivers provide system designers with greater flexibility by using an external transformer’s winding ratio to allow the selection of virtually any isolated output voltage.
Recommended Solutions Analog Input Functions Part Description Features Benefits Active Filters MAX7409/10 5th-order, switched-capacitor, lowpass filters (Bessel or Butterworth) Clock or capacitor-adjustable corner frequency to 15kHz, 1.2mA supply current Save space over discrete implementations.
Part Description Features Benefits Multiplexers MAX14778 Above/below the rails dual 4-to-1 multiplexers High ±25V signal range, lowvoltage 3V to 5.5V supply, 1.5Ω (max) RON, ±6kV ESD Simplifies system designs by reducing high-voltage powersupply dependency. MAX354/55 Fault-protected analog multiplexers Fault protection up to ±40V, 0.02nA (typ) leakage currents, digital inputs are CMOS/TTL compatible High fault protection eliminates external protection circuitry.
Part Description Features Benefits Signal Conditioners MAX1452 Low-cost, precision sensor signal conditioner Multitemperature calibration, current and voltage excitation, fast 150µs response, singlepin programmable, 4–20mA applications High accuracy simplifies designs in multiple platforms; reduces inventory and cost MAX1454 Precision sensor signal conditioner with over/reverse voltage protection 45V over/reverse voltage protection, input fault detection, 16-bit resolution with 6V/V to 2048V/V sig
Analog Output Functions Part Description Features Benefits HART DS8500 HART modem HART compliant, integrated digital filter, 5mm x 5mm x 0.8mm TQFN package, 3.6864MHz clock, 285µA active-mode current Single-chip solution with small PCB footprint saves space and power. MAX9943/44 38V high-output-drive, single and dual op amps Output voltage swing to 38V, output-current drive exceeds 50mA, drives 1nF load Easily drive 4–20mA loops at 24V.
Part Description Features Benefits Thermal Management MAX6631 Low-power digital temperature sensor ±1°C accuracy from 0°C to +70°C, 50µA (max) supply current Very low-supply current for minimal impact on system power usage. DS7505 Low-voltage, precision digital thermometer and thermostat ±0.5°C accuracy from 0°C to +70°C, 1.7V to 3.7V operation; industrystandard pinout Industry-standard pinout allows easy accuracy upgrade and supply voltage reduction from LM75.
Digital I/O Functions Part Description Features Benefits MAX14830 Quad SPI/I2C UART with 128-byte FIFOs 24Mbps (max) data rate, automatic transceiver control, 16 GPIOs, 7mm x 7mm 48-pin TQFN package Serial interface reduces cost for isolators. MAX14824 IO-Link master transceiver IO-Link master transceiver; a Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 digital input; addressable SPI interface Addressable SPI reduces cost for isolation in high-port-count masters.
CPU Functions Part Description Features Benefits Microcontrollers MAXQ2010 Low-power, 16-bit mixed-signal LCD microcontroller 64KB flash; 8-channel, 12-bit SAR ADC; 160-segment LCD, hardware multiplier; SPI/I2C and two USART interface; 370nA stop-mode current High integration in a single chip; low power consumption.
Nonisolated and Isolated Power-Supply Functions Part Description Features Benefits MAX17499/500 Isolated/nonisolated current-mode PWM controllers ideal for flyback/ forward topologies 85V AC to 265V AC universal offline input voltage range (MAX17500), 9.5V DC to 24V DC input voltage range (MAX17499), programmable switching frequency up to 625kHz, 1.5% reference accuracy Topology allows wide power range for use in multiple offline applications.
Part Description Features Benefits Nonisolated DC-DC Internal FET Regulators MAX15062* 36V, synchronous, micro buck regulator 4V to 36V input voltage range, fixed 700kHz switching frequency, integrated high-side and low-side FETs, internal compensation Internal MOSFETs and compensation increase efficiency, while reducing solution size and cost. MAX17501*/02* 65V, high-efficiency current-mode synchronous buck regulators 3.
Part Description Features Benefits Thermal Management DS7505 Low-voltage, precision digital thermometer and thermostat ±0.5°C accuracy from 0°C to +70°C, 1.7V to 3.7V operation, industrystandard pinout Industry-standard pinout allows easy accuracy upgrade and supply voltage reduction from LM75. MAX6602 5-channel precision temperature monitor Local and four remote digital sensing channels, ±1°C accuracy Reduces board space compared to five separate temperature sensors.
Sensors 47
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Overview Introduction receiving the goods and services that we paid for to live more productive and comfortable lives and to run our industrial processes safely and efficiently. Maxim offers a range of products extending from sensors for properties such as temperature, light, acceleration, etc., to products that shape and convert a sensor’s electrical signals into usable information.
Pressure Sensors and Weigh Scales (Force Sensing) Overview transducers are more sensitive and linear, but have large temperature dependence and large initial offsets. The need to detect and measure pressure and weight is a very common requirement for modern industrial control and system monitoring. Pressure measurement is especially important, as it is also used indirectly to measure flow, altitude, and other properties.
Complete Signal-Chain Solutions The sensor signal chain must handle extremely small signals in the presence of noise. Accurately measuring changes in the output voltage from a resistive transducer requires circuitry that provides the following electrical functions: excitation, amplification, linearization, offset nulling, filtering, and acquisition.
Featured Products Flexible ADCs Interface with a Wide Range of Sensor Signal Levels MAX1415/MAX1416 Pressure sensors commonly have high sensitivity to temperature. Therefore, a pressure sensor circuit should monitor temperature as well as the output of the pressure sensor. The MAX1415/MAX1416 feature two differential inputs that allow measurement of both pressure and temperature (using a resistance temperature detector, RTD).
Maintain High Accuracy Over Time and Temperature MAX9617/MAX9618, MAX11200 One of the biggest challenges when interfacing to sensors is dealing with the low signal levels. Since the signal bandwidth (BW) lies in the low hertz range for many sensors, the 1/f noise of op amps is an important factor. Maxim’s MAX9617/ MAX9618 low-power (< 100µA) autozero op amps offer the industry’s lowest noise (42nV/√Hz) operation. These devices have the best-in-class peak-to-peak noise of < 420nVP-P for 0.1Hz to 10Hz BW.
Low-Cost, High-Precision Analog Sensor Signal Conditioner Simplifies Sensor Design MAX1452 The MAX1452 is a versatile analog sensor signal conditioner that accepts output from all types of resistive elements. Its fully analog signal path enables fast response and provides current or voltage excitation for optimal design flexibility. Four integrated 16-bit DACs and a PGA provide high-resolution input compensation, amplification, and calibration.
Low-Power, Low-Noise, Multichannel Digital Sensor Signal Conditioner Saves Cost and Board Space MAX1464 The MAX1464 is a highly integrated, digital, multichannel sensor signal conditioner optimized for industrial process-control and automotive applications. Typical implementations include pressure sensing, RTD and thermocouple linearization, weight sensing/classification, and remote process monitoring with limit indication.
High-Performance Sensor Signal Conditioner with Fully Analog Signal Path MAX1454 The MAX1454 is a high-performance, robust, reliable, and highly integrated sensor signal conditioner. The fully analog signal path provides amplification, calibration, and temperature compensation of the input signal while introducing no quantization noise to the signal. Offset and span are calibrated with integrated 16-bit DACs, allowing sensors to be truly interchangeable.
Temperature Sensing Overview Temperature sensing is critically important for implementing three key functions in industrial systems. Thermistors, RTDs, thermocouples, and ICs are some of today’s most widely used temperature-sensing technologies. Each design approach has its own strengths (e.g., cost, accuracy, temperature range) that make it appropriate for specific applications. Each of these technologies will be discussed. 1.
Thermistors Thermistors are temperaturedependent resistors, usually made from semiconducting materials like metaloxide ceramics or polymers. The most widely used thermistors have a negative temperature coefficient of resistance and, therefore, are often referred to as NTCs. There are also positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistors.
In addition to all the components shown in Figure 3, Maxim manufactures the MAX31855 family of thermocouple-todigital converters, which perform the signal-conditioning functions for J-, K-, R-, S-, T-, and E-type thermocouples. These devices simplify the design task and significantly reduce the number of components required to amplify, cold-junction compensate, and digitize the thermocouple’s output. For more information, refer to Reference Design 5032 at: www.maxim-ic.com/AN5032.
or one that is integrated on the die of another IC. Microprocessors, fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs), and ASICs often include one or more sensing transistors, usually called thermal diodes, similar to the one shown in Figure 4. There is an important advantage to remote temperature sensors: they allow you to monitor more than one hot spot with a single IC. A basic single remote sensor like the MAX6642 in Figure 4 can monitor two temperatures: its own and an external temperature.
Featured Products Simple, Integrated RTD-to-Digital Conversion MAX1402, MAX4236/MAX4237 Any appreciable resistance in the RTD’s leads will cause errors in temperature measurement. Therefore, for long wire lengths use a 3- or 4-wire connection to eliminate lead-resistance errors. The circuit in Figure 1 is a 4-wire RTD interface using the MAX1402 oversampling ADC. The MAX1402 has two matched current sources, which significantly reduce the IC count in an RTD converter.
Complete Thermocouple Interface Designs Eliminate External Components, Use Less Space DS600, MAX1416, MAX6133, MAX31855 The thermocouple circuit shown in Figure 1 uses the MAX1416 ADC that allows direct interfacing with thermocouples, thereby eliminating external components and reducing the overall footprint. The internal PGA eliminates the need for an external precision amplifier; self-calibration avoids expensive calibration procedures during manufacture.
Complete Thermocouple Interface Designs Eliminate External Components, Use Less Space (continued) DS600, MAX1416, MAX6133, MAX31855 Figure 2 shows a fully integrated thermocouple circuit using the MAX31855 thermocouple-to-digital converter. With the ADC, reference, gain, and cold-junction compensation all integrated, the MAX31855 measures positive and negative temperature values from a K-type thermocouple and requires no external components. 3.
Light Sensing Overview Since light is not sensitive to vibration, magnetic field, or humidity, it provides robust readings. Light sensing is used in a variety of applications ranging from light dimming based on ambient light intensity to sophisticated industrial process-control applications where critical decisions are based on the sensor’s output. Light may be sensed to monitor light intensity, to use light in a feedback loop, or to use light as a signal itself as in indicators, traffic signals, etc.
Featured Products Save Power, Reduce System Cost and Complexity with an Integrated Ambient Light Sensor Benefits The MAX44009 is a highly integrated ambient light sensor with a digital output. Its 1µA current consumption saves power in the system. The integrated ADC and an I2C communication channel reduce cost by eliminating external components. Space is also conserved, as this integrated solution has a 2mm x 2mm footprint.
Optical Fusion—RGB-IR-Ambient and Temperature Sensing MAX44006*/MAX44008* The MAX44006/MAX44008 integrate five optical sensors in each of two products: red, green, blue (RGB) sensors; an ambient light (clear) sensor; and an ambient infrared sensor with an I2C interface. These sensors include five parallel ADCs to provide faster and noise-immune measurements. These highly integrated optical sensors also include a temperature sensor to improve reliability and performance.
Maximize System Accuracy in Photodiode and High-Ohmic Sensor Applications MAX9945 The MAX9945 operational amplifier features an excellent combination of low-operating power and low-input-voltage noise. MOS inputs enable the MAX9945 to feature low 50fA input-bias currents and low (15nV/√Hz) input-current noise. The MAX9945 simplifies the interface between high-ohmic sensors or low-current TIA applications.
Proximity Sensing Overview Proximity sensing is used in many applications to control position, to sense an object, and to control speed. It can be achieved by sensing a magnetic field or light. Using light for proximity sensing is a good way to isolate components from the environment and from each other. 68 Infrared (IR) light is usually used for this purpose. In addition, digital IR proximity sensors can be employed to sync the transmitter and receiver, thereby rejecting noise from DC IR sources.
Featured Products Reliable Hall-Effect Sensor Interface Provides Flexibility and Reduces Component Count MAX9621 The MAX9621 provides a single-chip solution to interface two 2-wire Halleffect sensors to low-voltage microprocessors (µP) through either a digital output for Hall-effect switches or an analog output for linear information, or both. The MAX9621 protects the Hall-effect sensors from supply transients up to 60V at the BAT supply. Normal operating supply voltage ranges from 5.5V to 18V.
Integrated Digital Ambient Light and Proximity Sensor Benefits • Minimizes power requirements ◦◦ Ultra-low 1µA operating current consumption ◦◦ VCC is 1.7V to 3.6V, reducing the need for multiple supply rails MAX44000 The MAX44000 combines a wide dynamic range ambient light sensor with an integrated infrared proximity sensor. While sensing both ambient light and proximity, the supply current, including the external IR LED current, can be as low as 11μA (time averaged).
Temperature and Humidity Data Logging Overview Data logging is a common requirement in control and automation systems as a way of providing confirmation of proper operation over time. The data logging function may be included as a part of a control system, or it may be a stand-alone function that can provide data independent of the main system.
Featured Products High-Accuracy Digital Temperature and Data Loggers Offer Highest Data Integrity and Temperature Recording DS1922L/DS1922T, DS1922E The DS1922L/T/E iButton temperature loggers are rugged, self-sufficient systems that measure temperature and record the result in a protected memory section. The recording is done at a user-defined rate. A total of 8192 8-bit readings or 4096 16-bit readings taken at equidistant intervals ranging from 1s to 273hrs can be stored.
Digital Temperature/Humidity Data Logger Ensures Accurate Reading DS1923 The DS1923 temperature/humidity logger Hygrochron iButton is a rugged, selfsufficient system that measures temperature and/or humidity and records the result in a protected memory section. The recording is done at a user-defined rate. A total of 8192 8-bit readings or 4096 16-bit readings taken at equidistant intervals ranging from 1s to 273hr can be stored.
Sensor Communications Interface Analog Communication A sensor communicates its “sensed” information with analog or digital techniques. Analog techniques are based on either voltage signals or current loops. The analog voltage signal range is typically from 0 to +10V, but can be as wide as -15V to +15V. Current loops are from 0 or 4–20mA.
Featured Products Industry’s Smallest RS-485 Transceivers Save Board Space and Reduce BOM Complexity MAX13485E/MAX13486E, MAX13430E–MAX13433E As industrial modules become smaller, pressure mounts for PLC designers to shrink their PCBs and transition from the traditional industry-standard packages like SO, SSOP, and PDIP. Maxim offers a full family of RS-485 transceivers available in tiny µDFN/TDFN packages with integrated features that reduce BOM complexity, board space, and cost. VCC 0.
Reduce PCB Footprint with IO-Link/Binary Sensor Interface Benefits MAX14820, MAX14821 The MAX14820 and MAX14821 are transceivers with a 24V binary interface for sensors and actuators. Designed for IO-Link device applications, they support all the specified IO-Link data rates. The MAX14820 has a minimum C/Q drive of 300mA, while the MAX14821 has a minimum drive of 100mA. Both of these devices contain additional 24V digital inputs and outputs (I/Os).
Recommended Solutions Pressure Sensors and Weigh Scales Part Description Features Benefits ADCs MAX1415/16 16-bit, low-power, 2-channel, sigma-delta ADCs Two differential channels, PGA, single-supply operation Highly flexible ADC; interfaces with a wide range of sensors.
Temperature Sensors Part Description Features Benefits Thermal Management DS600 Precision analog-output temperature sensor Industry’s highest accuracy analog temp sensor: ±0.5°C from -20°C to +100°C Improves thermocouple interface designs with industry’s best analog cold-junction accuracy. DS7505 Low-voltage, precision, digital thermometer and thermostat ±0.5°C accuracy from 0°C to +70°C, 1.7V to 3.
Light Sensors Part Description Features Benefits Ambient Light Sensors MAX44009 Digital ambient light sensor 1µA ultra-low power and 22-bit wide dynamic range operation with automatic gain control Precision light sensing in a small space. MAX44007 Digital ambient light sensor with IR sensor 1µA ultra-low power and 22-bit wide dynamic range operation with automatic gain control down to 0.025lx sensitivity Precise ambient light and IR sensing with board space and cost saving.
Proximity Sensors Part Description Features Benefits Proximity Sensors MAX44000 Integrated proximity sensor and ambient light sensor 7µA low-power IR-based reliable proximity sensor integrated with 0.03lx sensitive ambient light sensor Single IC provides proximity and light sensing with wide dynamic range and digital functions for reliable sensing in harsh environments.
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Overview Introduction Environmental automation refers to the automated controls for systems that regulate the environmental conditions of the interiors of all kinds of buildings. Systems for commercial buildings— office buildings, skyscrapers, hospitals, etc.—are called building automation systems (BASs) or building management systems (BMSs). Systems for residential buildings—homes and apartments— are called home automation systems (HASs).
Building Automation Systems (BASs) BASs provide similar advantages as DCSs in factory automation systems such as reduced cabling, faster response to sensor inputs, improved data gathering, comprehensive communications resulting in enhanced operations, and easier upgrades and modifications. Technical floor of a smart building HVAC system.
Elements of Environmental Automation Systems Water Supply Systems Because water is needed in any residential or commercial building, water supply systems are critical to the design. It is often assumed that a building will have a reliable, clean supply of water, but the water supply from a city system may not meet the water purity standards of some establishments or even for some home use.
usage needs, such as known low DHW usage in a building during the night, it can allow the temperature to drop, which could save energy. Boilers create steam that is often used by the HVAC system. Some “combi” boilers not only create steam, but also DHW. There are many types of boilers and steam generators with a variety of instrumentation and control needs. In the past, boiler explosions were quite common because there were no sensors or indicators to warn of dangerous conditions.
HVAC&R Systems Introduction HVAC&R equipment performs space heating and/or cooling and refrigeration for residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. The HVAC&R system is responsible for providing fresh outdoor air to ensure that CO2 levels do not get too high for the occupants; to heat, cool, and control humidity levels; and to dilute or remove airborne contaminants such as volatile chemicals, cooking smoke, and other airborne particles.
systems. On the evaporator, the heat exchanger transfers the coldness into the water to be piped throughout the building for cooling in the AHUs and related equipment. On the condenser, the heat exchanger warms water that is carried away, often to cooling towers on the outside of the building that are designed to discard this heat. After being cooled by the tower, this water returns to the condenser heat exchanger, coming full circle.
Thermostat Programmable electronic thermostats in homes and similar, but more sophisticated systems for commercial buildings keep track of time and days of the week, allowing for temperature profiles that increase comfort and save energy. In a home, for example, a programmable thermostat performs slow, energyefficient heating in the morning in anticipation of occupants getting up to start their day.
a fuel-burning capability for heating and a refrigeration unit for cooling. MAUs differ from AHUs in that they use only fresh outside air. They do not use return air from the building. These are often used for commercial kitchen ventilation, laboratory ventilation, and anywhere large amounts of fresh air are needed to replace contaminated air.
Smoke detectors are the most often seen air quality monitors in homes and hotel rooms. Now carbon monoxide detectors are required by law in California in dwelling units, especially rentals, that have (1) a fossil fuelburning heater, appliance, or fireplace (for example, a gas stove or water heater), or (2) an attached garage. HVAC systems used in BASs monitor CO2 levels to ensure that enough air is injected from the outside to keep CO2 sufficiently low and oxygen levels sufficiently high.
to condense. The heat generated by the vapor is often discarded. However, in some systems the heat generated is later used to warm water, or used to reduce the energy required to heat water for DHW or other uses. In a heat pump, this heat is used to heat a home. The liquid refrigerant, still under high pressure, enters an expansion valve that allows only a slow flow of liquid to escape, keeping its inlet side at high pressure.
of events and the corresponding lighting and A/V equipment needs are preprogrammed so that, as an event progresses, the operator simply triggers the next settings as needed. Similar systems are available for the HAS that can control everything from lights, temperature, A/V components, TV/movie playing, and even powered drapes. With occupancy sensing and response, lights can be programmed to automatically come on when you approach and turn Environmental Automation off, with some delay, after you leave.
Featured Products Simple to Implement Resistive Touch-Screen Controllers Reduce µP Overhead MAX11800–MAX11803 The MAX11800–MAX11803 low-power touch-screen controllers operate from a 1.70V to 3.6V single supply, targeting power-sensitive applications. The devices contain a 12-bit SAR ADC and a multiplexer to interface with a resistive touch-screen panel. Digital preprocessing and the smart interrupt function generator greatly reduce the frequency of interrupt servicing required from the microprocessor.
Building Energy Measurement and Management In the days of abundant, low-cost energy, the consumption of energy to run a building was treated as an unavoidable and unmanaged expense. But energy prices continue to climb relentlessly and energy use increases in response to the expanding population of urbanized citizens. As a result, building operators and international organizations are focusing on this large use of energy and responding by seeking ways to reduce costs and resource consumption.
such as PLCs or industrial computers (see the Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) chapter). These transceivers and computing systems manage the data and feedback commands to open (or not open) the door’s electric strike. Some companies are running Internet protocol to each door and providing power by PoE (like the MAX5980 and MAX5969D), which means that the door only needs a single CAT5 cable.
Equipment includes fire alarm control panels, which are the hub of the system. The panels communicate through various means with the BAS, and potentially directly with the fire department in some larger facilities.
This equipment and the main controller are usually in a machine room located at the top of the building. Alternatives exist where there are machine roomless designs where the motors are within the elevator shaft. These reduce space and equipment costs, but can be harder to service. Some potential exists for using linear induction motors and linear switched reluctance machines (LSRMs) for elevator applications.
Featured Products Octal Power and Energy Measurement IC Provides Accurate Data from Power Distribution Units Benefits 78M6618 The 78M6618 measures power from up to eight single-phase power paths, providing accurate usage data on eight branch circuits. The 32-bit compute engine and the 21-bit delta-sigma ADC provide accuracy beyond that required for metering applications.
RFID Keycard Meets International Standards for Data Authentication and Transmission to Provide Secure Contactless Entry Systems MAX66140 The MAX66140 keycard secure memory complies with ISO 15693 RF interface and ISO 10118-3 SHA-1 authentication to provide secure contactless entry systems for buildings and protected areas of all kinds. It also provides asset tracking capability.
Add Programmable Thermostat Function to Any Equipment with Single IC DS7505 The DS7505 is a single IC thermostat that offers high-precision, nonvolatile thresholds over a wide range of temperatures and user-programmable number-of-events filtering before tripping to avoid false alarms. AIR HEAT AC POWER COMMUNICATION TO BAS HEATER/COOLER UNIT Benefits • Very high-precision silicon solution spans wide temperature range ◦◦ Operation over -55°C to +125°C ◦◦ ±0.
Control Systems Hierarchy are most often implemented using BACnet, a data communication protocol for building automation and control networks, and LonTalk® from Echelon Corp., as the communications standard, which are tailored to BASs as opposed to other protocols found in factory automation systems such as PROFIBUS, Modbus®, ControlNET, etc. Note that all these communication standards can use RS-485 as the physical layer. BACnet and LonTalk do not specify what the physical layer must be.
since its outputs are used for several other things.) Responding to the BAS, the VAV unit simply needs to generate a fixed temperature at its output plenum and is programmed to always set it to the maximum allowed room temperature. It also must keep the plenum pressure at a fixed level. As the room thermostat sees its set point moved up by a message from the BAS, it responds by requesting warm air from the TU.
once the PD is removed. The PSE must also protect the cable and the PD from overcurrent and short-circuit conditions. These protections in PoE provide unique safety and power-savings capabilities. PoE is becoming an option in a growing number of industrial applications due to new computing devices, lighting, sensors, and user-interface units all declining in power consumption. Furthermore, PoE standards are being expanded to support high power levels.
Transmit power, antenna gains and losses, transmission medium losses, receiver sensitivity, noise, interference sources, and other environmental factors can all have an effect. Errors in the data can be detected and corrected using cyclic redundancy checking (CRC) or more sophisticated algorithms, or a retransmission can be requested. Repeaters can be used to extend the length of the link. Maxim has some of the most sensitive receivers on the market providing extended link range.
Featured Products PoE Controllers at Both Ends of the Link Enable Power Beyond Standards While Lowering Power Loss Benefits MAX5980, MAX5969D The MAX5980 quad PSE controller and MAX5969D PD controller work together to allow power transfer beyond IEEE 802.3af/at standards. While the standard limits PSEs to 12.95W(af ), 25.5W(at) per port, with the MAX5980 one can design PSEs to provide up to 70W/port, while offering the lowest power loss in the industry with only 0.3Ω channel resistance.
Enable Wireless Links That Need No Battery Replacement MAX17710 The MAX17710 is an energy-harvesting battery charger/protector. It is designed to capture power from unconventional sources such as light, vibrating piezoelectric elements, thermoelectric modules, radio frequency energy, and magnetic energy. It takes the electrical signals from these unregulated, sometimes low-voltage sources and boosts them as needed to enable charging a battery, supercapacitor, or microenergy cell.
Radio Links Ease Installation of Remote Occupancy Sensors MAX1472, MAX7057, MAX9636/MAX9637/MAX9638, MAX9060–MAX9064 The MAX1472 and MAX7057 ISM-Band radio transmitters, along with the MAX9636/7/8 low-noise op amps and MAX9060–MAX9064 comparators, can be used as critical building blocks in occupancy sensors for building security.
Recommended Solutions Thermal Management Part Description Features Benefits Temperature Sensors DS7505 Thermostat with nonvolatile thresholds High precision ±0.5°C accuracy from 0°C to +70°C, user-definable, nonvolatile thermostat settings Provides thermostat function on stand-alone equipment with thresholds saved, even when powered down. MAX6682 Thermistor-to-digital converter Converts thermistor temperature to SPI data, 10-bit resolution Eases design with direct conversion to digital data.
Light and Proximity Sensors Part Description Features Benefits Ambient Light Sensors MAX44009 Ambient light sensor with industry’s lowest power < 1µA operating current. 1.7V to 3.6V supply, 0.045 lux to 188,000 lux range, rejects IR and UV, 22-bit dynamic range Provides optimal visual display brightness. Proximity and ambient light sensor Integrated IR LED driver and receiver IR LED pulsing avoids proximity errors from extraneous IR sources.
Control Panels and Displays Part Description Features Benefits Touch-Screen Controllers MAX11800, MAX11802 Resistive touch-screen controller with SPI interface 4-wire touch interface with ±8kV ESD on inputs and extended temperature range for high reliability, processes touches to minimize system interrupts Minimize overhead on system microprocessor.
Power over Ethernet (PoE) Part Description Features Benefits Quad IEEE 802.3at/af powersourcing equipment controller for PoE Up to 70W per port, low-powerloss solution keeps equipment small, while meeting PSE-ICM V2 requirements Eases thermal design of small high-output power-sourcing equipment for PoE applications. IEEE 802.
Interface Part Description Features Benefits RS-485 Transceivers MAX13448E ±80V fault-protected full-duplex RS-485 transceiver Fail-safe against open or shorted inputs, ±8kV ESD protection Provides a robust interface protected against various fault conditions. Wireless Part Description Features Benefits Transmitters MAX7044 ASK transmitter in tiny package +13dBm transmit power, SOT23 package, 2.1V to 3.6V supply, data rates to 100kbps, 7.
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Overview Introduction Motor control design for industrial applications requires attention to both superior performance and ruggedness. Maxim’s feature integration and superior specifications enhance motor controller equipment precision while improving robustness in harsh industrial environments. Motor controllers either control variable power supplies to the motor or to electronic switches between the power supply and the motor.
Controllers for BDC Motors The only variable available to control the speed of a BDC motor is the supply voltage. The voltage can be varied or a fixed voltage can be pulsed with variable duty cycle. For high efficiency in a variable voltage approach, a switchmode power supply is required. Most as a part of normal motor operation. This, in turn, creates EMI/RFI and small amounts of ozone. Where system cost is a priority, BDC motors are a lowcost solution.
user adjusts the speed control or when the microcontroller receives a command through the electronic interface, the microcontroller then instructs the current sink/source DAC (e.g., DS4432) to change its output current value. This forces the regulator to change the output voltage to the motor up or down, respectively, to keep the feedback pin’s voltage constant.
Controllers for BLDC Motors Since the commutation in a BLDC motor (Figure 4) is electronic, some means is required for detecting rotor position relative to the stationary armature. Typical solutions for this are Hall-effect sensors and rotary encoders such as optical encoders, resolvers, or rotary variable differential transformers (RVDTs). More designs are using sensorless approaches where stator coil back EMF variation is sensed, which indicates rotor position.
Controllers for Stepper Motors Stepper motors are constant power motors if driven with a constant supply voltage. As speed increases, torque decreases. This happens because of the limitation on current ramp rates in the windings due to their inductance. Maximum torque is realized at zero speed. So to increase torque at higher speeds, high-voltage drivers with current limiting are sometimes used (Figure 6).
Controllers for SRMs SRMs are similar to stepper motors because they need power switched to the proper windings at the appropriate times. The most common configuration is similar to an H-bridge, but differs somewhat. The driver is called an N+1 switch and diode asymmetric bridge converter (Figure 7). It allows each phase of a 3-phase motor to be energized by the top FET and the appropriate bottom FET, which are both turned on simultaneously (Figure 8).
AC Induction Motor The AC induction motor (Figure 9) is the workhorse motor for many industrial applications such as those for driving pumps, blowers, conveyors, cranes, etc. It is one of the simplest and most reliable motor designs and can range in size from a few watts to many kilowatts. The induction motor is an asynchronous motor and is basically an AC transformer with a rotating shorted secondary.
that provides complete control capability over motor soft-starting, acceleration, torque, speed maintenance, deceleration, and holding torque. Synchronous Motors A synchronous motor runs synchronously with the AC excitation it receives. Various configurations are possible. One approach applies the AC line to the stator windings around the frame while a DC excitation is applied through slip rings to the rotor. In many synchronous motors the rotor has permanent magnets instead of DC-excited windings.
Featured Products Sink/Source Current DAC Adjusts PowerSupply Output Voltage to Vary Supply to Motors Benefits The DS4432 contains two I2C programmable current DACs that are each capable of sinking and sourcing current up to 200µA. Each DAC output has 127 sink and 127 source settings that are programmable using the I2C interface. The current DAC outputs power up in a high-impedance state. Full-scale range for each DAC is set by external resistors providing highly scalable outputs.
Precise Current Measurements Ensure Better Motor Control Benefits MAX9918/MAX9919/MAX9920 The MAX9918/MAX9919/MAX9920 are current-sense amplifiers with a -20V to +75V input range. The devices provide unidirectional/bidirectional current sensing in very harsh environments where the input common-mode range can become negative. Uni/bidirectional current sensing measures charge and discharge current in a system. The single-supply operation shortens the design time and reduces the cost of the overall system.
Highly Accurate, Reliable Monitoring of Motor Speed and Position with a Sensor Interface Benefits • Integrated functionality eases motor control design, reduces system cost ◦◦ Select the analog or digital output to monitor the Hall-effect sensor’s condition ◦◦ High-side current-sense architecture eliminates the need for a groundreturn wire and saves 50% of the wiring cost MAX9621 The MAX9621 is a dual, 2-wire Hall-effect sensor interface with analog and digital outputs.
Improve Performance and Reliability in Motor Applications with a Differential VR Sensor Interface Benefits • High integration provides accurate phase information for precise sensing of rotor position ◦◦ Differential input stage provides enhanced noise immunity ◦◦ Precision amplifier and comparator allow small-signal detection ◦◦ Zero-crossing detection provides accurate phase information MAX9924–MAX9927 The MAX9924–MAX9927 VR, or magnetic coil, sensor interface devices are ideal for sensing the position
Resolve Very Fine Motor Adjustments and Operate Higher Accuracy Systems with Simultaneous-Sampling ADCs MAX11044/MAX11045/MAX11046 MAX11047/MAX11048/MAX11049 The MAX11044–MAX11049 ADCs are an ideal fit for motor control applications that require a wide dynamic range. With a 93dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), these ADCs detect very fine changes to motor currents and voltages, which enables a more precise reading of motor performance over time.
Recommended Solutions Part Description Features Benefits MAX17499/500 Isolated/nonisolated current-mode PWM controllers ideal for flyback/ forward topologies 85V AC to 265V AC universal offline input voltage range (MAX17500), 9.5V DC to 24V DC input voltage range (MAX17499), programmable switching frequency up to 625kHz, 1.5% reference accuracy Primary-side regulation eliminates optocouplers, allowing low-cost isolated supplies.
Part Description Features Benefits Operational Amplifiers MAX9617/18/19/20 High efficiency, zero drift, op amps with low noise and RRIO 10µV (max) VOS over time and temperature range of -40°C to +125°C, 59µA supply current, 1.5MHz GBW, SC70 package Allow sensing low-side motor current with high accuracy at low power consumption.
Part Description Features Benefits MAX13448E Fault-protected RS-485 transceiver ±80V fault protected, full-duplex operation, 3V to 5.5V operation Makes equipment more robust and tolerant of misconnection faults. MAX14840E High-speed RS-485 transceiver 40Mbps data rates, ±35kV (HBM) ESD tolerance, 3.3V, +125°C operating temperature, small 3mm x 3mm TQFN package High receiver sensitivity and hysteresis extend cable lengths in harsh motor control environments.
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The goal of calibration is to maintain a piece of equipment in its most accurate state. The goal of automated calibration is to improve efficiency and consistency of the calibration process, while minimizing the down time required to verify equipment performance. Accuracy vs. Precision The terms accuracy and precision are often used synonymously, but they are not the same thing. Both are, however, needed to achieve the best results.
Test Equipment Calibration Benefits of Automated Calibration While calibration of the end product is required to establish its performance, the production test equipment used to calibrate it must, of course, also be operating within its specifications (Figure 3). This calibration is maintained with more accurate test equipment and reference standards used only occasionally for this purpose. Eventually these standards must also be calibrated.
Such environmental factors include temperature, humidity, vibration, contamination, and component aging. These factors are accounted for with a combination of self-test at power-up and periodic or continuous testing. The field testing can be as simple as sensing temperature and compensating accordingly, or it can be more complex. A simple example of power-up selftesting is to automatically briefly short the inputs of an amplifier together to set a zero reading point (Figure 4).
Implementing Electronic Calibration Digital pots, which can guarantee 50,000 write cycles, allow periodic adjustments to occur repeatedly over long equipment life spans. Conversely, the best mechanical pots can support only a few thousand adjustments. Location flexibility and size are also advantages. Digitally adjustable pots can be mounted on the circuit board directly in the signal path, exactly where they are needed.
Recommended Solutions Part Description Features Benefits CDPots MAX5481 1024-tap (10-bit) CDPot with SPI or up/down interface 1.0µA (max) in standby, 400µA (max) during memory write Minimal power use for batteryoperated portable devices. MAX5477 Dual, 256-step (8-bit) CDPot with I2C interface EEPROM write protection, singlesupply operation (2.7V to 5.25V) EEPROM protection retains calibration data for safety.
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Trademark Information iButton is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. µMAX is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. 1-Wire is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. CompoNet is a trademark of OMRON Corporation. HART is a registered trademark of the HART Communication Foundation. HomePlug is a registered service mark of HomePlug Powerline Alliance, Inc. Hygrochron is a trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
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Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. 120 San Gabriel Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94086 www.maxim-ic.com/control-auto For a complete list of Maxim’s sales offices and franchised distributors, visit www.maxim-ic.com/sales © 2011 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. All rights reserved. Innovation Delivered, Maxim, and the Maxim logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc., in the United States and other jurisdictions throughout the world.
