User manual

The Electrolyte Capacitator
The larger electrolyte capacitator has a cylindrical body and must be installed
in the correct polarity. The minus pole is marked by a white strip at the side
and has a shorter connection wire. If the electrolyte capacitator is installed
with reversed polarity, it is destroyed. It is labelled in plain text.
Figure 8: Circuit symbol of an electrolyte capacitator
Figure 9: The electrolyte capacitator must be installed in the correct polarity.
The LED
When installing a light emitter diode, generally observe polarity. The LED has
two differently long connection wires. The longer one is the plus pole, called
anode (A). The minus pole, also cathode (K), has the shorter wire.
The polarities are also visible inside the LED. The minus pole has the
approximate shape of a large triangle. The plus pole is very delicate in
contrast.
Figure 10: A light emitter diode must be installed in the correct polarity.
Figure 11: Circuit symbol of a LED
The Transistor
The transistor amplifies small currents. Its connections are emitter (E), base
(B) and collector (C). The cylindrical housing is flattened on one side. This is
where the type designation is printed on. If you are looking at the transistor
so that the connections point down and you can read the label, the emitter is on
the left. The base is in the middle.
Figure 12: The transistor with view of the flattened side. The connections, left
to right: Emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C).
Figure 13: Circuit symbol of an NPN transistor
The Diode
A diode only permits current to flow in one direction. It can be imagined like a
check valve of water installation technology.
Conventional diodes have a cylindrical shape, similar to impedances. The minus
pole (cathode) is marked with a dash.
Figure 14: Circuit symbol of a diode
Figure 15: The Diode
The Possibilities of a Multimeter