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BEFORE READING- THT.MANUALRE'RTNTEDMAR.H.,eso PLEASE CHECK FOR CHANG E INFORMATION AT THE REAR OF THIS MANUAL.
Rronix COMM.IrTED TO EXCELLENCE Tektronix, lnc. P.O.
WARRANTY Tektronix warrants that this product is free from defects in materials and workmanship. The warranty period is one (1) year from the date of shipment. Tektronix will, at its option, repair or replace the product if Tektronix determines it is defective within the warranty period and if it is returned, freight prepaid, to a service center designated by Tektronix. Tektronix is not obligated to furnish service under this warranty a.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Page LIST OF SAFETY ILLUSTRATIONS SUMMARY BEFORE OPERATING I iv Y 1 . NTRODUCTI ON 1 OPERATING SAFETY . LINE VOLTAGE SELECTION REGULATING RANGE SELECTION INSTRUMENT COOLING 2 2 3 3 PRE VERTICAL . . 4 4 . 6 DISPLAY AND CALIBRATOR DM44 OPTION 19 LIMINARY PRESET INSTRUMENT CONTROLS NORMAL SWEEP DISPLAY MAGNIF IED SWEEP DISPLAY DELAYED SWEEP DISPLAY ALTERNATE SWEEP DISPLAY . . X-Y DISPLAY .
t . ADJUSTMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS ,Npur coupL,NG age (contl cApAc,roR PRECHARGING .........'.36 37 ,,......37 BASIC4OSB TIMING CHECK ............ 37 DMrt4 TtMtNG CHECK . . .......39 ATRIGGER INPUT COUPLING CHECK . . . . . 40 EXTERNAL HORIZONTAL GAIN CHECK ...40 MAKING PRECISION MEASUREMENTS . .. . . . 41 AC PEAK-TO-PEAK VOLTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . 41 INSTANTANEOUS DC VOLTAGE .... ..... 42 ALGEBRAIC ADDITION .. .....43 . . . . 45 COMMON.MODE REJECTION AMPLITUDE COMPARISON .....46 TIMEDURATION ....
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont) Page Page 74 SPECI FICATION VERTICAL SYSTEM 74 79 TRIGGER SYSTEM HOR IZONTAL DEF LECTION SYSTEM 81 CALIBRATOR Z-AXIS INPUT SIGNAL OUTPUTS 85 86 86 87 88 88 POWER SOURCE CATHODE.RAY TUBE DM44 OPTIONS (cont) . 98 INFORMATION 98 SPECIF ICATION 99 oPTroN 05 ACCESSORTES . 100 OPERATINGINFORMATION. ...100 Installation of Video Graticule . . 100 Operation of the SyncSeparator . . . . . 101 TriggeringtheSweep ....1O2 OPTION 05 TV SYNC SEPARATOR .
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1 2 3 Regulating range selection and line fuse. Vertical controls, connectors, and indicators. . . 2 5 20 Rise time. Time difference between two time-related 7 21 Phase 10 13 15 22 23 24 Pulse 27 29 10 Temperatu re measu rement. 31 11 Probe compensation. . Basic 4658 timing check. 36 5 6 7 I I 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 tv 19 17 Time differerence between two time-related Time duration and frequency. . Rise time.
SAFETY SUMMARY The general safety information in this summary is for operating personnel. Specific warnings and will be found throughout the manual where they apply and do not appear in this summary. cautions TERMS ln This Manual CAUTION statements identify conditions or practices that could result in damage to either the instrument or other property. WARNING statements identify conditions or practices that could result in either personal injury or loss of life.
SYMBOLS As Marked on Equipment /1 O oeNcER - High voltase. trorective ground (earth) terminal. Power Source This product is intended to operate from a power source that will not apply more than 250 volts rms between the supply conductors or between either supply conductor and ground. A protective ground connection by way of the grounding conductor in the power cord is essential for safe operation. Grounding the Product This product is grounded through the grounding conductor of the power cord.
Use the Proper Power Cord Use only the power cord and connector specified for your product. Use only a power cord that is in good condition. Refer cord and connector changes to qualified service personnel. Use the Proper Fuse To avoid f ire hazard, use only the fuse specified for your product. Replacement fuses should be identical in type, voltage rating, and current rating.
2?56-33 4658 Oscilloscope with DM44 Digital Multimeter.
BEFORE OPERATING INTRODUCTION The Tektronix 4658 Oscilloscope is a dual-channel, four-trace portable instrument, providing traces for two input channels, a trigger view from an external trigger input, and an add function. Calibrated deflection factors from 5 millivolts/division to 5 volts/division are provided by the dc-to-l00 MHz vertical system for the input chan' nels and add function.
OPERATING SAFETY Refer to the Safety Summary in the front of this manual power source, grounding, and other safety considerations pertaining to use of the instrument. Before applying power, verify that the Line Voltage Selector Switch and the Regulating Range Selector Bar are both set for the line voltage being used and that the proper line fuse is installed.
REGULATING RANGE SELECTION Table Regulating Ranges The Regulating Range Selector assembly located on the rear panel contains the Regulating Range Selector Bar and the line fuse (Figure 1). Verify that the selector bar is set for the average line voltage being used and that the proper line fuse is installed. To change the regulating range: 1 Regulating Range Selector Bar Position to 132 volts to 1 26 volts 99 to 121 volts 108 104 1. Disconnect the instrument from its power source.
CONTROLS, CONNECTORS, AND INDICATORS VERTICAL Refer to Figure 2 for location of items 1 through 1 1. UNCAL lndicator-A LED that lights when the VAR VOLTS/DIV control is out of the calibrated detent, and the vertical deflection factor is uncalibrated. Switches-Select the vertical deflection factor for Channel 1 and Channel 2 in a 1'2-5 se- @uotts/DlV quence. VAR control must be in the calibrated detent to obtain a calibrated deflection factor.
GND position-The input of the vertical amplifier is grounded to provide a ground reference and to allow the input coupling capacitor to precharge. DC position-All frequency components of the input signal are passed to the vertical input amplifier. VERT MODE Switches-Select mode of operation for vertical amplifier system. When either CHOP or ALT mode is selected, display of any combination of CH 1, CH 2, ADD, and A TRIG VIEW (EXT ONLY) is allowed.
CH 1-Displays Channel 1 signals when push button is pressed in. A TRIG VIEW-Displays the A external trigger input signal when push button is pressed in and when the A TRIGGER SOURCE switch is s'et to EXTor EXT/I0. ADD-Displays the algebraic sum of the Channel 1 and Channel 2 input signals when ADD push button is pressed in. The INVERT switch in Channel 2 allows the display to be either CH 1 plus CH2 or CH 1 minus CH 2.
T: t ' fm) 3$rf,""".=.R vorrsrDru ;@; A"u) ffi,tr Ho l* '@ cH2 o /A\ tr __--a}; tr vorrgou \ oo? /A\\ \ E \V/ o ,,-..----.. ((@)) -ffi *Lr* ? @ E'E M Figure REV A AUG 1979 ,H@ tlnffi 6PoJIFlO 3. Display, calibrator, and DM44 controls, connoctors, and indicators.
INTENSITY Control-Determines overall brightness of the A Sweep and B Sweep crt displays. lnteracts with B INTENSITY control on B sweep crt displays. Focus control-Adiusts for optimum display DM44 OPTION 60-) lnput connectors-Two banana iacks provide coM - (blackl and + (red) inputs for dc voltage and resistance measurements- definition. Cef-f BRATOR Loop-A combination 3O-miiliamp G) \-/ current loop and O.
frequency. An illuminated 1/ms LED indicates frequency in kilohertz and an illuminated 14rs LED indicates megahertz. Frequency in hertz is indicated when both LEDs are in a non-illuminated RANGE-Pushbutton switches select from 0.2 volts ranges or from 200 ohms to to 1.2 kilovolts dc in five 20 megohms in six ranges. state. FUNCTION-Five pushbutton switches IVOLTS, OHMS, TEMP (oC), 1/TlME, and TIMEI are used to select. respective functions for measurement.
TRIGGER (BOTH A AND B lF APPLICABLE) Refer to Figure 4 for location of items 27 through 35. TRIG MODE Switches-Three push button switches determine the mode of trigger operation for the A Sweep. @ft!fl@ AUTO-Sweep is initiated by the applied trigger signal. ln the absence of an adequate trigger signal, or if the trigger repetition rate is less than about t^G OlV :JPry-x lA n! 2A hertz, the sweep free runs and provides a bright flmE I @l ,4 ;K reference trace.
READY lndicator-LED illuminates to indicate that A Sweep is "armed" and will present a single-sweep display upon receipt of an adequate trigger signal. AC-Signals are capacitively coupled to the input of the trigger circuit. Dc is rejected, and signals below about 30 hertz are attenuated. Triggering is allowed only on the ac portion of the vertical signal. TRIG lndicator-LED illuminates to indicate that A Sweep is triggered and will produce a stable display.
SLOPE Switch-Selects the slope triggers the sweeP. of the signal that 1-A sample of the signal applied to theCH 1 input is used as a trigger signal. Channel 2 signal is CH unstable if it is not time'related. +: Sweep can be triggered from the positive-going portion of a trigger signal. CH 2-A sample of the signal applied to the CH 2 input is used as a trigger signal. Channel -i Sweep can be triggered from the negative- unstable if it 1 sigpal is is not time'related.
EXT/l0 (n Trigger Circuit Only)-External of 10. trigger signal is attentuated by a factor STARTS AFTER DELAY (e Trigger Circuit Only)-B Sweep starts immediately after the delay time selected by the DELAY TIME POSITION 39 IA t IIFTO ll tri o T|ME 'tri control and is independent of the B Trigger signal. When making differential time measurements, you must use this mode to obtain valid measurements.
switch (pull out and rotate to unlock) selects the sweep rate for the B Sweep circuit for: delayed sweep operation only. VAR control must be in the calibrated detent for calibrated A Sweep rates. When the A TIME/DlV switch is rotated fully counter' clockwise to the X-Y position, the horizontal (X-axis) deflection is controlled by the Channel 1 input signal. A AND B TIME/DIV AND DELAY TIME Switches (used with DM44l-Operation is the same as 36a. The A TIME/DIV functions.
DELAY TIME POSITION (used with DlVl44)Operates in the same manner as 42a. ln addition, when the DM44 is in the TIME or 1/TIME function, this control operates in conjunction with the A TIME control. The DELAY TIME POSITION control moves both the reference point and the time-measurement point, while the A TIME control moves only the time-measurement point. With the time-measurement point to the left of the reference point the Readout indicates a negative time difference.
A-Horizontal deflection is provided by A Sweep at a sweep rate determined by the setting of the A TIME/DlV switch. Only A Sweep is displayed; B B INTENSITY Control-Determines the intensity of the B Trace. Sweep is inoperative. REAR PANEL A INTEN-Displays the A Sweep at a rate determined by the A TIME/DlV switch. An intensified portion can appear on the display during the B Sweep time.
Figure @ 7. Rear panel and left side panel controls, @nnectors, and indicators.
Regulating Range Selector Bar-Selects the regulating of the 4658 power supplies to match the available power input source. lt is shown on Figure 7 in the Medium regulating range. See Table 1 for LEFT SIDE PANEL range change information. Variable Balance Controls (accessible through left @ side panel)-Screwdriver adiustments to set balance of the vertical channels. Line Fuse Holder-Contains the line fuse and the regulating range selector. See Table 2 for change information.
BASIC OSCI LLOSCOPE DISPLAYS PRELIMINARY The procedures in this section will allow you to set up and operate your instrument to obtain the most commonly used basic oscilloscope displays. Before proceeding with these instructions, verify that the Line Voltage Selector switch and the Regulating Range Selector bar are placed in the proper positions and that the correct fuse is installed @ for the line voltage being used.
PRESET INSTRUMENT CONTROLS Preset the instrument controls as follows: VERTICAL MODE voLTs/Dtv VERT HORIZONTAL TIME/DIV Switches 1 Proper setting determined A TIME/DIV VAR HORIZ DISPLAY by amplitude of signal to XlO MAG be applied CH detent VOLTS/DIV VAR AC.GND.
NORMAL SWEEP DISPLAY 1. Preset instrument controls and pull the POWER switch (onl. After allowing the instrument to warm up connect a signal to the CH 1 input connector. NOTE vertical and horizontal POSITION controls; release the BEAM FIND push button. Adjust LEVEL control if necessary. 3. Set the CH 1 VOLTS/DlV switch and the vertical lnstrument warmup time required to meet all specifi' cation accuracies is 20 minutes. horizontal POSITION controls within the graticule area. to 4.
MAGNIFIED SWEEP DISPLAY 1. preset instrument controls and obtain Sweep Display. a Normal Z, Adiust the horizontal POSITION control to move the are; to be magnified to within the center graticule division of the crt (0.5 division on each sid; of the center vertical graticule line). Change the TIME/DIV switch setting as desired. 3. Push the X10 MAG switch (on) and adiust the horizontal POSITION control for precise positioning of the magnified display.
4. Adjust the DELAY TIME POSITION control to move the intensified zone to cover the por:tion of the dis' play that will be displayed in delayed form. Trigger SOURCE switch and adjust the B 'LEVEL control for a stable display. is equipped with a DM44, delayed displays of two vertical channel signals can be obtained at the same time. The DM44 will indicate the time difference between the delayed displays. To obtain two delayed displays, select the TIME function and set the VERT MODE to ALT, CH 1 and CH 2.
of B Sweep may be changed by adjusting the DELAY TIME POSITION control. 4. The start 6. The display now contains a second intensified zone on the A INTEN trace (upper) and a second signal, which may be partially or fully superimposed, on the B DLY'D trace (lower). is equipped with a DM44 and a time difference (or period) measurement is desired, select the TIME function and adjust the A TIME control to move the time-measurement point with respect to the 5. lf the instrument 7.
SINGLE SWEEP DISPLAY 1, Prsset instrument controls and obtain a Normal Sw€ep Display. For random signals, set the trigger circuit to trigger on a signal that is approximately the same amplitude and frequency as the random signal. 2. e 3. When the sweep is complete, the circuit is "locked out", and the READY indicator turns off. SWP push button again to prepare the circuit for another Single Sweep Display. 4. Press the SINGL the SINGL SWP push button on the A TRIG MODE switch.
DM44 DISPLAYS AND MEASUREMENTS Except for the TIME and 1/TIME functions, the DM44 is independently usable whenever the oscilloscope is turned on. The TIME and 1/TIME functions are discussed in the Adjustments and Measurements section under the subsection titled DM44 Delayed Sweep Time Measurements. Additional use of the DM44 in the TIME and 1/TIME functions is describ€d in of this manual Displays section under the the Basic Oscilloscope Delayed Sweep Display subsection. RESISTANCE 3.
RESISTANCE INPUT OHMS FUNCTION SELECTOR RANGE SELECTION Figure @ 8. Resistan@ (465/DM-O-2 )2039-9 maasurement.
Table 3 Resistancr Ranges Range 20 MQ 2Mo 200 ko 20 ko 2kO 200 s, Readout Measurement 20.00-02.00 2.000-0.200 200.0-20.00 20.00-02.00 2.000-0.200 200.0-000.0 20 Mo-2 Mo 2 MQ-200 kO 200 ko-20 ko 20 ko-2 ko 2 kO-200 Q 200 rl-0 s, VOLTS lf the readout exceeds The maximum sfe input voltage is !1200 volts (dc + peak ac) between the + and COM inputs or between the + input and chasis. The maximum COM floating voltage is !500 volts (dc + peak ac) to chassr.s.
,#$ VOLTAGE INPUT ...;;: VOLTS FUNCTION SE LECTOR REFERENCE RANGE SELECTION (465/DM-O-3)2039-10 Figure @ 9. Volts measurement.
3. Observe the readout. Press the next lower-value RANGE push buttons as necessary to obtain a proper Table 4 Voltage Ranges readout (see Table 4). NOTE while in the is 0000, readout the 20 volt to 1.2 kitovott ranges, AIso' blink' may elements readout and individual noise picked up by the meter leads may increase the tf no voltage is applied to the DM44 readout white in the 0.2 volt and 2 volt Range Readout 1.2 kV 1.200-0.200 200.0-020.0 20.000-02.00 2.000-0.200 0.200-0.
TEMPERATURE FUNCTION SELECTOR 2756-tO Figure 10. Temperature measuroment.
TEM PERATURE ACCURACY CHECKS The DM44 is calibrated to its original temperature probe and should be recalibrated to any replacement probe. Refer to the DM44 lnstruction Manual for calibration tip into the water, avoiding the sides or bottom of the container. Wait for the readout to stabilize, indicating the probe has reached the water 2. Put the probe temperature. procedures. 3. The readout should be between For the following accuracy checks, use an accurate thermometer to verify water temperature.
Table 5 Tempe ratu re Conversion CENTIGRADE -50 FAHRENHEIT -30 -40 - 50 CENTIGRADE -40 -30 -20 10 -10 10 20 -10 20 40 30 FAHRENHEIT 40 CENTIGRADE 50 60 FAHRENHEIT 130 CENTIGRADE FAHRENHEIT 1738-35 @ 60 100 140 230 BO 90 100 150 160 170 180 190 120 240 50 110 90 70 110 220 70 130 120 100 200 210 140 250 260 270 280 290 4658/DM44 Operators 30 1s0 300 33
ADJUSTMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS This .section provides the procedures and information you will need to make precision measurements with the 4658 an.d the DM44 (if your instrument is equipped with this option). lt is divided into three subsections. The first contains basic operating information and techniques that should be considered before attempting any measurements.
PROBE COMPENSATION Misadjustment of probe compensation is one of SIGNAL CONNECTIONS Probes the of operator error. Most attenuator probes are equipped with compensation adjustments. To ensure greatest sources Generally. probes offer the most convenient means of connecting an input signal to the instrument. They are shielded to prevent pickup of electrostatic interference.
plifier input. The precharging network also provides a mea- sure of protection to the external circuitry by reducing the current levels that can be drawn from the external circuitry CORRECT duri ng capacitor charging.
OPERATOR'S CHECKS AND ADJUSTMENTS To verify the operation and accuracy of your instrument, perform the following checks and adjustments before making a lf adiustments are required beyond the scope of these operator's checks and adjustments, refer to a qualified service technician for instrument calibration. measurement. TRACE ROTATION ADJUSTMENT 1. Preset instrument controls and obtain a Normal Sweep Display (refer to Basic Oscilloscope Displays section of this manual). 3.
graticule division (see Figure 12]l. Use the horizontal NOTE POSITION control Attach a bnc-to-binding post adapter to the A TRIG' GER external input iack. Using a test lead with an attigator ctip at each end, connect one alligator clip to the adapter and the other clip to the xl kHz CAL' I.BRATOR output. to align the waveform with graticule lines. 2. Set A TRIGGER SOURCE switch to EXT. 3. Depress VERT MODE A TRIG VIEW push button and release CH 1 VERT MODE push button. 4.
5. Usins the DM44 A TIME control, move the timemeasurement point to the leading edge of the next DM44 TIMING CHECK 1. perform steps r through 5 of the preceding Basic square wave (see Figure 13' Point B)' 4658 Timing Check. 2. Depress HORIZ DISPLAY A INTEN push button. 3.
6. Observe the DM44 readout. lt approximately 1 should indicate .000 ms. the A TIME control to position the timemeasurement point to each suceeding square'wave 7. Using leading edge, observe that respective readouts indicate approximately 2.000 ms, 3.000 ms, 4,000 ms, etc. A TRIGGER INPUT COUPLING CHECK 1. Perform steps 1 through 5 of the 4. Move the A TRIGGER COUPLING lever to HF REJ. The display should show rounding off of the rising and falling edges of the square'wave input.
MAKING PRECISION MEASUREMENTS 4. AC PEAK-TO-PEAK VOLTAGE Measure the vertical deflection from peak to to Point B). peak (see Figure 14, Point A NOTE Either channel input connector may be used for the signal input. lJse the VERT MODE switch to select the appropriate channel for display. 1. Obtain a Normal Sweep Display (refer POSITION TO CENTERLINE to Basic Oscilloscope Displays section of this manual, using the signal to be measured as the channel input.
INSTANTANEOUS DC VOLTAGE NOTE lf the amplitude measurement is critical or if the trace is thick as a result of hum and/or noise on the signal, a more accurate measurement can be obtained by measuring from the top of a peak to the top of a valley. This will eliminate trace thickness from the measurement. NOTE Either channel input connector may be used for the signal input. Use the VERT MODE switch to select the appropriate channel for display. Normal Sweep Display (refer to Basic of this manual).
I the baseline to the bottom graticule line. lf a negative voltage is to be measured, position the baseline to the top graticule line. 4. Switch the AC-GND-DC switch to DC. Measure the divisions of vertical deflection between the reference line and the desired point on the waveform (see Figure 15). 5.
total deflection factor in the ADD mode is equal to the deflection factor indicated by either VOLTS/DlV switch (when both VOLTS/DIV switches are set to the same position factor). A common use for the ADD mode is to provide a dc offset for a signal riding on a dc level. 2. Do not apply signals that exceed the equivalent of about eight times the VOLTS/DlV switch settings, since large voltages may distort the display. For example, with a VOLTS/DlV switch setting of 0.
1. Multiply 3 divisions by the VOLTS/DlV switch setting to determine the dc-level value. CH 1 SIGNAL WITH UNWANTED LINE FREOUENCY 2. To the Channel 2 input apply a negative dc level (or a positive level, using the Channel 2 INVERT switch) Iq' COMPONENT 9q of the value determined (see Figure 168). 3. Depress the ADD push button to put the resultant display within the operating range of the POSITION controls (see Figure 16C). CH 2 SIGNAL FROM LINE FREOUENCY SOURCE (INVERTED) (A} CH 4.
1. Connect a line frequency signal to the Channel 2 1. Set the amplitude of the reference signal to an exact number of vertical divisions by adjusting the VOLTS/ DIV and VAR VOLTS/DlV controls. 2. Establish a vertical conversion factor, using the following formula (reference signal amplitude must input. 2. Set the VERT MODE ALT switch out and the Channel 2 INVERT switch in.
EXAMPLE: The reference signal amplitude is 30 volts, with a VOLTS/DIV switch setting of 5 and the VAR VOLTSiDIV control adjusted to provide a vertical deflection of exactly four divisions. TIME DURATION a Normal Sweep Display (ensure that the VAR TIME/DIV control is set to the calibrated 1. Obtain detent). Substituting these values in the vertical conversion factor formula: Vertical 30 volts Conversion = Factor 4divisionsXSvolts/divisaon = 1.5 2.
3. Measure the horizontal distance between the time- measurement points 1. Measure the time duration of one waveform cycle using the preceding Time Duration measurement procedure. 4. Calculate time duration, Time using the following formula: horizontal distance X (divisionsl Duration . TIME/DIV switch 2. Calculate the reciprocal of the time duration value to determine the frequency of the waveform. setting magnification EXAMPLE: The signal shown duration of 16.6 milliseconds.
1. Obtain a Normal Sweep Display (refer to Basic Oscilloscope Displays section of this manual). 7. Measure the horizontal distance between the 107o and 90% points and calculate the time duration using the following formula: SLOPE control to *. Use a sweep speed setting that displays several cycles or events (if possible) and ensure that the VAR TIME/DlV control is in the calibrated detent. 2.
EXAMPLE: The horizontal distance between the 10% and 90% points is 5 divisions (see Figure 19) and the TIME/ DIV switch is set to 1 ls. No magnification is us€d. frequency signals and ALT is best for high-fre{uency signals. Center each of the displays vertically (see Figure 20)' NOTE Substituting the given values: Rise time Sdivisions X = 1 psldivision lnput signals must be time related for a = 5lts ( measu TIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO TIME-RELATED PULSES 1.
the horizontal difference between the two signals and calculate the time difference using the 5. Measure following formula: TIME/DlV horizontal switch X difference setting (divisions) Time = magnification Difference signals can then be quickly and accurately compared with the reference signal without disturbing the setting of the VAR TIME/DIV control. The procedure is as follows: 1.
5. Measure the horizontal deflection of the unknown Arbitrary signal in divisions and calculate its time duration Deflection = 1.37 X 50ps/division = 68.5ps/division formula: Arbitrary Deflection "X -;;;;r* using the following lme = Duration I Factor horizontal deflection Ai;;.,"*i The time duration of the unknown signal can then be computed by substituting values in the formula: Time unknown signal can then be determined by calculating the reciprocal of its time 6.
CHOP is more suitable for low-frequency signals. The reference signal should precede the comparison signal in time. 8. Measure the horizontal difference between cor- responding points on the waveforms at a common horizontal graticule line (at 50% of risetime) and cal- culate the phase difference using the following formula: 4. lt the signals are of opposite polarity, set the INVERT switch to invert the Channel 2 display. 5.
EXAMPLE: The horizontal difference is 0.6 division with a sweep rate of 4s"/division as shown in Figure 21. Substituting the given values: phase Difference = 6 divisions x 4.5./division = 2zo Substituting the given values: ^,lly L,lTrerence = 0.
PULSE JITTER MEASURE TIME FROM ATOB Pulse jitter is displayed as the slight horizontal movement of a pulse and includes the inherent jitter of the delayed sweep. 1. Obtain a Normal Sweep Display (refer to Basic Oscilloscope Displays section of this manual). Ensure that the vAR TIME/DlV switch is in the calibrated detent. JITTER 2. Set the B TIME/DIV switch to intensify the full I 7 38-34 rising portion of the pulse. Figure 3. SEt thE HORIZ DISPLAY SWitCh tO 4. Referring to Pulse jitter.
the Xl0 MAG switch. The sweep rate of the delayed sweep (B Sweep) is not actually increased. The apparent magnification is the result of delaying the B Sweep an amount of time determined by both the A TIME/DlV switch and the DELAY TIME POSITION control before the display is at the sweep rate selected by the B TIME/DlV switch. The following method uses the STARTS AFTER DELAY position of the B (DLY'D) TRIGGER SOURCE switch to allow the delayed portion to be positioned with the DELAY TIME POSITION control.
8. Time measurement can be made from the B Sweep display in the conventional manner. The sweep rate is determined by the setting of the B TIME/DlV switch. The B DLY'D switch of the HORIZ DISPLAY may Triggered Delay Sweep Magnification The delayed sweep magnification method just described may produce excessive jitter at high apparent magnification be used, as well as the ALT switch. for time measurements. INTENSIFIED ZONE TO BE MAGNIFIED 9.
ranses. Operatins the B Sweep in a trissered mode provides a more stable display, since the delayed display is triggered at the same point each time. 1. Perform steps 1 through 6 of the preceding Masniried sweep starts Arter Deray piocedu'el BASIC 4658 DELAYED SWEEP TiME MEASUREMENTS -o_perating the 4658 oscilloscope in ALT HORIZ lltj.n:.,il:"i'ITlj:3';fi':ttil;}f::1;. than attained with A HORIZ DISPLAY. accuracy 2.
3. Use the DELAY TIME POSITION control to move the start of the intensified zone so that it iust touches the intersection of the signal and the center horizon' ta! graticule line (see Figure 25, Point Al. 4. Record the DELAY TIME POSITION control dial setting. 5. Use the DELAY TIME POSITION control to move the start of the intensified zone to the second time measurement point (see Figure 25, Point B). 6. Record the DELAY TIME POSITION control dial setting. 7.
Frequency (Basic 4658) 2. Set the VOLTS/DIV switch and VAR control (or rhe rrequency or a recurrent by EXAMPLE: rhe time duration of one event (point A to sisnar is determined computing the reciprocal of the time duration of one event. Point B, Figure 25) is 16.66 milliseconds. :llffil t il:l[:i;t lt€n exact rive-division disprav on *t:l!H;:l: #::'.T:'J "i'd'J'l*""*?,,.ttx""""n:: line and the top of the waveform touches the IOO% graticule line (see Figure 26).
4. Set the A TIME/DlV switch for a single-event display, with the rise time spread horizontally as much possible. Horizontally position the display so the 10% point of the waveform intersects the second vertical graticule line (see Figure 26). 5. 9. Record the DELAY TIME POSITION dial Depress either the A INTEN HORIZ DISPLAY push button or the ALT HORIZ DISPLAY push button. Set the B (DLY,D} TRIGGER SOURCE SWitCh tO STARTS AFTER DELAY.
STARTS AFTER DELAY. For the most accurate measurement, set the B TIME/DIV switch to the fastest sweep that provides usable (visible) intensified zones. Use the DELAY TIME POSITION control to move the intensif ied zone to the first pulse (see Figure 27, A Sweep Display). EXAMPLE: The first dial setting is 1.31 and the second dial setting is 8.81 with the A TIME/DIV switch set to 0.2 ps (see Figure 27],. Substituting the given values: Time Difference = (8.81 1.31) (0.2) = 1.5ps TIME DIFFERENCE 3.
Time Difference Between Two Time-Related Pulses (Basic 4658) 1. Obtain a Normal Sweep Display (refer Oscilloscope Displays section of to Basic this manual). Ensure that the VAR TIME/DlV control is in the calibrated detent. 2. Set the display (see Figure 28). Point A and Point B relate to intensified zones on Figure 29. 6. Depress the ALT HORIZ DISPLAY push button and release the CH 2 VERT MODE push button.
pulse and adjust until the rising portion is centered at some vertical graticule line (see Figure 29, Point A). 7. Record the DELAY TIME POSITION control dial setting. 8. Press CH 2 VERT MODE push button and release CH 1 push button. Adiust Channel 2 POSITION and CHANNEL 1 (REFERENCEI HORIZONTAL *t DIFFERENCE TRACE SEP controls if necessary.
Table 6 DM44 Delayed Sweep Displays DM44 FUNCTION HOR IZ VERT DISPLAY MODE any one of: A INTENA cH 1, CH 2, DISPLAY OBTAINED One intensified zone. DELAY TIME POSITION control moves intensified zone. A TRIG VIEW or ADD CH 1 and CH 2 and VOLTS, either OHMS, or TEMP ALT or CHOP either ALT A TRIG One intensified zone on each of two channel traces. lntensified zones are coincident in time. DELAY TIME POSITION control moves both intensified zones. Sweep and B Sweep.
Table 6 (contl DM44 FUNCTION HORIZ DISPLAY A INTENb VERT any one of: cH 1, CH2 or A TRIG VIEW Two intensified zones. DELAY TIME POSITION control moves both intensified zones. A TIME control moves only one intensified zone. CH 1 and Two intensified zones on each channel trace. DELAY TIME POSITION control simultaneously moves both intensified zones on both channels. A TIME control moves one intensified zone on each trace.
Table 6 (cont) DM44 FUNCTION TIME or 1 /TIM E (cont) HOR IZ DISPLAY VERT A INTEN traces for both Channel CH 1 and CH 2 and CHOP ALT (cont) CH 1 and CH 2 and ALT @ DISPLAY OBTAINED MODE 1 and Channel 2,each with two intensified zones. Two B Sweep traces (partially of fully superimposed) for Channel 1 and two B Sweep traces (partially or fully superimposed) for Channel 2. DELAY TIME POSITION control moves all four A Sweep intensified zones and all four B Sweep traces.
Time Duration Using DM44 Obtain a Delayed Sweep Display, with controls set as follows: FUNCTION HOR IZ D ISPLAY DM44 @ TIME \ ALT l B (DLY'D) TRIGGER SOURCE VAR TIME/DIV A TIME/DIV B TIME/DIV DM44 A TIME I STARTS AFTER DELAY Calibrated detent position Set to disPlay a single event Three or four Positions more clockwise than A TIME/DlV setting L / I I IN I ENDITII '-'.
3. Slightly readjust the A TIME control to superimpose the waveforms on the B Sweep display (see Figure 30). 4. Read the time duration (or waveform period) on the DM44 Readout. NOTE A blinking display indicates an overrange condition. This will occur under the following conditions: With A TIME/DIV And Spacing Bettnrcen Switch Set To Decade lntensified Zones ls Multiples Of Less Than Frequency Using DM/$4 To determine the frequency of a recurring waveform: 1.
1. Set the A TIME/DlV switch to a setting that displays INTENSIFIED ZONES all of the rising edge of the waveform. 2. Adjust the VOLTS/DlV and VAR VOLTS/DlV controls to display signal amplitude of exactly five divisions. f MEASURE SIGNAL AMPLITUDE 3. Vertically position the trace so that the zero reference of the waveform iust touches the O% graticule line and the top of the waveform touches TIME FROM A TO -*f Ir"3[itf$Jf t F"*roM.o_l1 the 100% graticule line (see Figure 31). 4.
VAR TIME/DIV A TIME/DIV B TIME/DIV Calibrated detent position To display two pulses Three or four positions more clockwise than A 4. Using the A TIME control and observing movement of the B Sweep waveform, move the timemeasurement point to the second pulse (Figure 32, Point B). TIME/DlV setting DM44 A TIME To move the time measurement point to the right of the reference TIME DIFFERENCE point 1. Position the two traces approximately as shown in Figure 32. (A} A DISPLA 2.
5. Sliqhtly readiust the A TIME control to the B Sweep display waveform. superimpose 2. Adjust VOLTS/DIV switches for vertical displays of about two divisions. 6. Read the time difference on the DM44 Readout. 3. Adiust the channel POSITION controls and the TRACE SEP control for a display similar to Figure 33. 7.
4. Adiust the DELAY TIME POSITION control to move the reference point to desired spot on the reference signal trace (see Figure 33, Point t' A). a leading edse of the B su'€ep comparison signal and use the A TIME control to superimpose the reference and comparison signal leading fffrfi:51'Jl1r"+ffitrt3,?,ili:H:::1",:?:T:il to 7' observe the 8. Read the time difference on the DM44 edges. Readout. convenient vertical graticule line. 6.
SPECIFICATION The following electrical characteristics (Table 7l are valid only if the instrument has been calibrated at an ambient temperature between +2Oo C and +30o C, the in Environmental characteristics of the 4658 are presented Table 8, and physical characteristics listed in Table 9.
Table 7 (contl Supplemental lnformation VERTICAL SYSTEM (contl Low-Frequency Li 0.1 division or less compression or expansion of a 2-division signal at center screen with waveform positioned to upper and lower extremes of graticule area. nearity 5-division reference signal centered vertically from a 25-ohm source with Frequency Response VAR VOLTS/DlV control in calibrated detent position. Bandwidth C to +40o C Dc to at least 100 MHz. +4Oo C to +55o C Dc to at least 85 MHz.
Table 7 (contl Supplemental lnformation Characteristics VERTICAL SYSTEM (cont) ion reference signal centere vertically, dc coupled at all deflection factors, from a 25-ohm source with Step Response VAR VOLTS/DlV control in calibrated detent position. Rise Time (O' C to +40" Cl 3.5 nanoseconds or less. Positive-Going Step (Excluding ADD Mode) Aberrations (go C to +40" C) +4o/o, +60/o, p-g or less (5 mV to 2 V). p-p or less (5 V setting -60/o,6% -4o/o,4o/o only).
Table 7 (contl Supplemental I nformation Characteristics VERTICAL SYSTEM (contl At least 10:1 at 20 MHz for common Common-Mode Reiection Ratio mode signals of 6 divisions or less, (ADD Mode with Channe! 2 with GAIN adiusted for lnverted) best CMRR at 50 kHz. 1.0 division or less. Trace Shift as VAR VOLTS/DIV is Rotated Less lnverted Trace Shift than 2 divisions when switching from noninverted to inverted. lnput Gate Current +2oo C to +3oo -15o 0.5 nA or less (0.
Table 7 (contl VERTICAL SYSTEM (contl lnput R and ( Resistance 1 MO. within Capacitance Approximately 20 pF. Within 3%. 2%. R and C Product Aberrations (+2oo c to +30o C) probe. 2o/o or less using a F6105 Maximum lnput Voltage DC Coupled 250 V (dc + peak ac). 500 V (p-p ac at 1 kHz or less). AC Coupled 250 V (dc + peak ac). 500 V (p-p ac at 1 kHz or less). CH 1 VERT SIGNAL OUT into CH 2 input; AC coupled; using 50-ohm, 42-inch, RG58 A/U cable terminated in 50 O at CH 2 input.
Table 7 (contl Characteristics Supplemental I nformation TRIGGER SYSTEM Sensitivity When in EXT/I0, multiply performance requirement by 10. AC Coupled Signal 0.3 divisions internal or 50 mV external from 30 Hz to 10 MHz, increasing to 1.5 divisions internal or 150 mV external at 100 MHz. LF REJ Coupled Signal 0.5 divisions internal or 100 mV external from 50 kHz to 10 MHz, increasing to 1.5 divisions internal or 300 mV external at 100 MHz. Attenuates signals below about 50 kHz.
Table 7 (contl TRIGGER SYSTEM (cont) External Trigger lnPuts Maximum lnput Voltage 250 V (dc + peak ac). 250 V (p-p ac at 1 kHz or less). lnput 1 Mo. Resistance Within 107o. Approximately 20 pF, within 10%. lnput Capacitance LEVEL Control Range EXT At least +2 and EXT/l0 At least +20 and -2O -2Y:4 V P-P. Y;40 V P'P. Trigger View (A TR IGGER) DC trigger COUPLING only; checked Deflection Factor EXT 100 mV per division !5o/o. EXT/l0 1 V per division tio/o.
Table 7 (contl Characteristics TRIGGER SYSTEM (cont Trisger View (A TRIGGER) (cont) Delay Difference
Table 7 (contl HORIZONTAL DE FLECTION SYSTEM (con Sweep Rate (cont) 50 ms per division to 0.02 ps per division in 20 steps in a 1-2-5 sequence. X10 MAG extends maximum sweep rate to 2 ns Per division. B Sweep Accuracy +2Oo C to +30o C -15o C to +55o C Unmagnified Magnified Within t2% Within 13% Within t3% within t4% Accuracy specification applies over the full 10 divisions. When in Xl0 MAG, exclude first and last 50 ns of the sweep on 2-ns, 5-ns, 1O-ns, and 20-ns sweep rates.
Table 7 (contl Supplemental lnformation Characteristics HOR IZONTAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM (contl Sweep Length (A Only) A Trigger Holdoff Variable 10.5 to 1 1.5 divisions. lncreases A Sweep holdoff time by at least a factor of 10. X1 Within 0.2 divisions from graticule 0 Magnifier, Registration center (Xl0 MAG on to Xl0 MAG off). Start of sweep must position to right of graticule center. End of sweep must position to left of graticule Position Range center.
Table 7 (contl Supplemental lnformation Characteristics Delay Time Jitter HORIZONTAL DEF LECTION SYSTEM (contl One part (or less) in 50,000 (0.002%l of ten times the A TIME/DIV switch setting, when operating on Powerline frequencies other than 50 Hz. One part (or less) in 20,000 (0.005%) of A TIME/DlV switch setting, when operating on 50 Hz power-line frequency. Calibrated Delay Time Continuous from O.2 tts to at least 5 seconds after start of the delaying With VAR control in calibrated detent.
Table 7 (contl Supplemental I nformation Characteristics HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM (contl X-Y Operation (cont) lnput R and C Resistance 1 MO. Within 2%. Capacitance Approximately 20 pF. within 3%. Maximum Usable lnput Voltage DC Coupled 250 V (dc + peak ac). 500 V (p-p ac at 1 kHz or less). AC Coupled 250 V (dc + peak ac). 500 V (p-p ac at 1 kHz or !ess). Within 3o, from dc to 50 kHz. Phase Difference Between X and Y Axis Amplifiers Deflection Accuracy Within !4o/o.
Table 7 (contl Supplemental lnformation LIBRATOR +2Oo C to +30o C 30 mA, within 2%. 30 mA, within -1bo c to +sbo c 2.5Yo. Z.AXIS INPUT Sensitivity 5-volt p-p signal causes noticeable modulation at normal intensity. Usable Frequency Range Dc to 50 MHz. Positive-going signal decreases intensity. 25 V (dc + peak ac). Maximum lnput Voltage SIGNAL OUTPUTS Channel 1 Output Voltage At least 50 mV per division into 1 MO. At least 25 mV per division into 50 f). Approximately 50 O.
Table 7 (contl Supplemental I nformation POWER SOURCE Line Voltage Ranges 1 15 V Nominal (Low) 99 V to 121 V. {Medium) 104 V to 126 V. (High) 108 V to 132 V. 230 V Nominal (Low) 1 (Medium) 208 V to 250 V. (High) 216 V to 250 V. Line Frequency 98 V to 242Y. 48 Hz to 44O Hz. Power Consumption Typical 65 W at 115 V, 60 Hz, medium range. Maximum 85 W at 1 15 V, 60 Hz medium range.
Table 7 (cont) CATHODE.RAY TUBE Display Area 8x10 cm. tilt or bowing. Geometry 0.1 division or less of Trace Rotation Range Adequate to align trace with horizontal center line. At least 3%. Standard Phosphor P31. Optional Phosphor P11. DM44 Dc Voltage Ranges 0 2 to 1.2 kV in 5 steps: 200 mV, V ,20 V, 200 V, and 1 .2 kV. Resolution 100 pV. Accuracy Within lnput Resistance 10 MS), all ranges (user has option to remove an internal wire strap to increase input resistance to 1000 MQ O.
Table 7 (cont) Performance Requirements Dc Voltage (cont) Rejection Ratio Normal Mode At Common Mode At least 100 dB at dc; 80 dB at 50 and 60 Hz. Recycle Time Approximately 3.3 measurements least 60 dB at 50 and 60 Hz. per second. Response Time Within 0.5 second. Temperatu re Dependence 45 parts/million/"C. Maximum Safe lnput Voltage, 11200 V (dc + peak ac) between + and COM inputs or between + inPut All Ranges and chassis. COM (Common) Floating Voltage 1500 V (dc + peak ac) to chassis.
Table 7 (contl 200O and2 kS) Ranges Within O.25Yo, tl count, + Probe resistance. 20 kS),200 kO, and 2 MO Within 0.25o/o, +1 Within O.3Oo/o, count. Ranges 20 MO Ranse Recycle Time t1 count. Approximately 3.3 measurements per second. Response Time 200 O through 200 kO Ranges Within 2 MO and 20 MS) Ranges Within 5 seconds. Maximum Safe lnput Voltage 1 second. 120 V rms between t and COM inputs for an indefinite time. 220 V rms between * and COM inputs for 1 minute or less.
Table 7 (cont) Supplemental lnformation DM44 (contl RANGE CURRENT 200Qand2kO 1mA 100pA 20kO 10pA 200 kO 2MO lpA 100 nA 20 MO OHMS Approximate current supplied to unknown resistance Temperature to +150o C in one range.
Table 7 (cont) Supplemental I nformation Characteristics DM44 (cont) 1/TIME Accuracy +15o C to +35o C -1bo C to +b5o C Within 2% of reading, +1 count. Within 3.5o/o, t1 count. Table E nvi ron I mental Characteristics Description Gharacteristics Temperature Operating -15o c to +55o Storage -62" c to +85o c. C. Altitude 92 Operating To 4,500 m (15,000 ft). Maximum operating temperature decreased 1o C per 300 m (1,000 ft) above 1,500 m (5,000 ft). Storage To 15,000 m (50,000 ft).
Table 8 (contl Description Characteristics Humidity (Operating and Storage) Five cycles (120 hr) referenced to MIL-T-288008, para3.9.2.2. Class C,95Yo (Operating) Shock (Operating and Nonoperating) to 97o/o humidity. 15 minutes along each of three major axes at a total displacement of 0.025 inch p-p (4 g at 55 Hz) with frequency varied from 10 Hz to 55 Hz to 10 Hz in one-minute sweeps.
Table 9 (cont) Description Characteristics Domestic Shipping Weight 14.9 ks (32.7 lb}. Export Shipping Weight Approximately 22kg (48 lbl. Height With Feet and Pouch 19.1 cm (7.5 in). Without Pouch 15.7 cm (6.2 in). Width With Handle 32.8 cm (12.9 in). Without Handle 29.2 cm (11.5 in). Depth 94 lncluding Panel Cover 46.0cm (18.1 in). With Handle Extended 51.6 cm (20.3 in).
ACCESSORIES OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES STANDARD ACCESSORIES INCLUDED 2 Probes, lOX,2 m, with accessories 1 Accessory Pouch, Snap {w/o DM) 010-6105-03 1 Accessory Pouch (DM) 016-0594-00 1 Accessory Pouch, Zipper 016-0537-00 1 Operator's Manual 070-2756-00 1 Service Manual (4658) 2 Fuses, 1.5 A, 3AG,fast-blow 1 Fuse,0.
OPTIONS Your4658maybeequippedwithoneormoreinstrumentoptions.Abriefdescriptionofeachoptionisgiveninthe presented on .or" a"tuir"J operating information pertaining to options 05 and 07 are following discussion. unique .no this sectton. porlurtt.i information on instrument options, Tektronix Field Otfice or representative' ;;;;i;n-p;; ;f see vour Tektronix catalos or contact vour GENERAL DESCRIPTION oPTloN oPTloN 01 This option deletes the temperature probe from the DM44.
oPTroN 07 Option 07 permits operation of the instrument on either 12 or 24 Ydc with no performance deterioration. Circuitry is provided to protect against damage due to connection of 24 V when in the 12 V mode of operation. The 24-volt ex- ternal input permits use with marine and aircraft conventional dc power. The modified oscilloscope has a threeposition voltage input selection slide switch (visible through the right-hand side panel) at the rear of the line voltage selector switch.
oPTloN 05 TV SYNC SEPARATOR The information and instructions presented in this part apply only to use of the 4658 Option 05 instrument in TV applications. GENERAL INFORMATION Option 05 provides the instrument with front-panel of additional processing of trigger signals to facilitate observation and measurement of composite video and related television waveforms. Added circuits provide amplification, selectable polarity inversion, clip' selection ping, and vertical-sync recognition.
Triggering SPECIFICATION Electrical characteristics and performance requirements in the listed Specification section Sync Separation of this manual are Stable video rejection and sync separation from sync' positive applicable to the 4658 Option 05 oscilloscope with the following exceptions or additions.
OPTION 05 NOTE ACCESSORIES Graticule, NTSC (CCIR System M): -40 to +100 units, with 7.5-unit setup line; horizontal divisions along line 0. Tektronix Part Number 337-1674-02. Graticule, CCIR (CCIR System B): 0 to +100 units, 35unit setup line; horizont;l divisions along line 30. Tektronix Part Number 337-1674-03. The extended tab at the bottom of the graticule mates with the slightly wider (bottom) margin of the graticule cover.
Operation of the Sync Separator To trigger the 4658 on a video signal, perform the following three steps: 1. Set the A TRIGGER COUPLING switch to either TV FIELD or TV LINE. 2. Apply a suitable Composite Sync or Composite Video waveform to the A External Trigger input connector. NOTE triggering, the sync portion of the displayeil waveform should be at least 10 units, or 0.5 division on the CCIR graticule; 14 units, or about 0.75 division on the NTSC graticule.
Triggering the Sweep Vertical Operating Modes-Speciat Considerations The output of the Sync Separator is fed directly to the A Sweep Trigger circuit; all that is required for triggering is the proper setting of the A TRIGGER LEVEL control. To trigger the B Sweep from the Line-rate trigger output, DUAL TRACE MODES. For dual trace operation, the Sync Separator input must be taken from CH 1 , CH 2, or an external source.
It is not necessary to display Channel 1 or Channel 2 to obtain CH 1 or CH 2 triggering. Whenever the AC-GND-DC switch for the channel is not in GND, the input amplifier and trigger channel are active, regardlesss of the selection of VERT MODE pushbuttons. ADD MODE. A single-channel trigger signal amplitude is not affected by the contribution of the other channel to an ADD mode display.
lf the displayed field is not the desired one, first rotate the A TRIGGER SLOPE control momentarily to the Selecting an lndividual Line NOTE systems, refer to tdentifying Fields, Frames, & Lines in 525/60 and 625/50 TV Systems at the end of this section. For fietd and line identification opposite polarity then rotate back again until the start of the desired field is displayed.
Special Measurements OVERSCANNED DISPLAYS. For various video meait may be desirable to magnify the video waveform vertically beyond the limits of the screen. Under these circumstances, the trigger amplifiers or Sync Separator may be overloaded, blocking out some sync pulses in the vicinity of strong video transitions, or losing sync pulses altogether.
CCIR System B and Similar 625150 Systems (including PAL) ln most 625-line, 50 Hz field-rate systems, identification of parts of the picture relies primarily on continuous line numbering rather than on field'and-line identification, In the four-field PAL sequence with Bruch Sequence Color-burst blanking, the fields are identified as follows: Field 1 : Field that except for PAL systems. Field 1; a half-line of video appears on line 23.
OPTION 07 EXTERNAL DC OPERATION AC SPECIFICATION power switch. Electrical characteristics and performance requirements listed in the Specification section Permits application of ac power to the oscilloscoPe of this manual are applicable to the 4658 Option 07 oscilloscope with the following exceptions or additions : DC 12 Permits operation of the instrument from an external 12-volt source. DC REOUIREMENTS. Either 11.5 to 14 volts or 22to 28 volts. Operation with 11.
OPTIONAL ACCESSORY 11OG BATTERY PACK. This unit permits freedom to operate the Tektronix 4658 Option 07 oscilloscope at remote locations or when isolation from the line or ground is required. lt supplies 22 to 26 volts dc at a 140 watt-hour capacity from full charge. The oscilloscope and battery pack can be carried or operated separately. For carrying ease, this provides two packages of almost equal weight, with its own handle.
|-: I rI I i I l I I NOTES
NOTES .
