Vipersat CDD-56X Series Satellite Network Demodulator Router User Guide CDD-562L CDD-564/564L Part Number MN/22137 Revision 0
Vipersat CDD-56X Series CDD-562L, CDD-564/564L Version 1.5.x User Guide Part number MN/22137 Document Revision 0 Firmware Version 1.5.
COMTECH EF DATA VIPERSAT Network Products Group 3215 Skyway Court Fremont, CA 94539 USA Phone: (510) 252-1462 Fax: (510) 252-1695 www.comtechefdata.com Part Number MN/22137 Manual Revision 0 Firmware Version 1.5.x ©2008 by Comtech EF Data, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be copied or reproduced without prior written permission of Comtech EF Data, Inc. Comtech reserves the right to revise this publication at any time without obligation to provide notification of such revision.
Document Revision History Revision Date 0 3/10/08 Description Initial Release Note: This new document part number, MN/22137, supercedes the previous CDD-56X User Guide part number, 22137. New functionality in v1.5.
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Table of Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 How to Use This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Manual Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Chapter 1 — General . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Chapter 2 — Quick Start Configuration 1-1 Chapter 3 — Using the Command Line Interface (CLI) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Appendix A — Network Addressing . . 1-2 Appendix B — Automatic Switching . . 1-2 Appendix C — Dynamic Power Control1-2 Appendix D — Network Migration . . . 1-2 Appendix E — Glossary . . . . . . . .
5 – Entry Channel . . . . . . . . . . 3-12 Group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12 STDMA Power Hunt . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 Low Data Rate Fast Acquisition . . . . 3-13 Burstmap Multicast IP . . . . . . . . . 3-14 Outbound IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14 Cycles Per Burst Map . . . . . . . . . 3-15 Slot Guardband . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15 Slot Preamble Length . . . . . . . . . 3-16 Slot Data Length . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17 Nominal Data Length . . . . . . . . . 3-17 Maximum Data Length. . . .
Load Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3 Bandwidth Allocation and Load Switching by the STDMA Controller . . . . . . . . .B-3 Load Switching Process . . . . . . . . .B-6 Load Switching by a Remote . . . . . .B-7 Determining Need-for-Change. . . . . .B-8 Load Switch Example . . . . . . . . . . . .B-8 Reduced Data Flow in Switched Mode (SCPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10 Application Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-11 Type of Service (ToS) Switching . . . . . . .
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List of Figures Chapter 2 Figures Figure 2-1 Main Menu screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 Figure 2-2 Administration screen . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 Figure 2-3 Feature Configuration screen . . . . . 2-5 Figure 2-4 FAST Feature Code dialog . . . . . . . 2-5 Figure 2-5 Working Mode dialog . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 Figure 2-6 Ethernet Interface screen . . . . . . . . 2-7 Figure 2-7 Configuring the Route Table screen 2-9 Figure 2-8 Rx Configuration screen . . . . . . . .
Figure 3-63 Vipersat Migration prompt . . . . . . 3-49 Figure 3-64 UDP Port Base Address prompt . 3-50 Appendix D Figures Appendix A Figures Figure A-1 The Seven OSI Protocol Layers . . .A-2 Figure A-2 Bits and Bytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-4 Figure A-3 Binary to Decimal Conversion . . . .A-4 Figure A-4 IP Address Classes A, B, C . . . . . .A-7 Figure A-5 NAT Router Example . . . . . . . . . . .A-8 Figure A-6 Default Subnet Masks for IP Classes .
List of Tables Chapter 2 Tables Table 2-1 CDD-56X Network Roles and Functions 2-3 Table 2-2 Vipersat Feature Configuration . . . . 2-6 Appendix B Tables Table B-1 STDMA ACK Message . . . . . . . . . .
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CHAPTER GENERAL How to Use This Manual This manual documents the enhanced Vipersat features and functions of the CDD-56X Series (CDD-562L, CDD-564, and CDD-564L) of Satellite Network Demodulator Routers, and guides the user in how to configure these products for use in a Vipersat network. The material covered addresses only those areas specific to a CDD-56X running in Vipersat mode, and complements the universal features and functions described in the CDD-564L Installation and Operation Manual.
How to Use This Manual Chapter 3 — Using the Command Line Interface (CLI) Describes the use of the CLI for configuring and monitoring the CDD-56X in a Vipersat network. Each CLI screen is presented along with a detailed description and related commands. Appendix A — Network Addressing Supplemental reference information on binary math and network addressing to assist with integrating the CDD-56X into a Vipersat network.
P r o d u c t D e s c r i p t io n The following documents are referenced in this manual, and provide supplementary information for the reader: • CDD-564L L-Band Quad Demodulator with IP Module Installation and Operation Manual (Part Number MN/CDD564L.IOM) • CDM-570/570L Modem Installation and Operation Manual (Part Number MN/CDM570L.
Product Description • Data Rate Range from 16 kbps up to 9.
P r o d u c t D e s c r i p t io n In a typical Vipersat application used in conjunction with CDM-570/570L modems, the CDD-56X demodulators are drawn from a pool for assignment to a connection-oriented link. Traffic inbounds from remotes can be switched manually or automatically, application or load triggered, or scheduled, from shared STDMA (burst) mode to a dedicated SCPC connection.
Product Description Turbo Product Coding The Comtech Vipersat CDD-56X incorporates a Turbo Product Codec (TPC) error correction, delivering significant performance improvement when compared to Viterbi with concatenated Reed-Solomon. TPC simultaneously offers increased coding gain, lower decoding delay, and significant bandwidth savings. Header Decompression Header compression reduces the required Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) bandwidth by as much as 60%. Example: a G.
P r o d u c t D e s c r i p t io n multi-command message configuration (i.e., bit rate, modulation, FEC) look-up per BER table and used to modify the tatget Eb/No to sustain an acceptable bit performance over all possible waveform configurations. Delta Rain Fade Power Compensation DPC offsets in modem power that are necessary during rain fade conditions are now applied to incoming switch commands from the VMS.
C u s t o m e r S up p o r t SOTM (Satellite On The Move) Features supporting SOTM required for maritime and other mobile applications are now incorporated in this firmware release. Working in conjunction with the ROSS (Roaming Oceanic Satellite Server), these features include the TEK (Transmit Enable Keep-alive) message, a satellite ID, and an SOTM enable/ disable flag.
C u s t om e r S u p p o r t Reader Comments / Corrections If the reader would like to submit any comments or corrections regarding this manual and its contents, please forward them to a Vipersat Customer Support representative. All input is appreciated.
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CHAPTER QUICK START CONFIGURATION Introduction This chapter describes the minimum configuration of a Vipersat CDD-56X Series Demodulator Router that is necessary in order for the equipment to function in a Vipersat network. The Vipersat CDD-56X Demodulator Router stores its configuration in an ASCII file named the PARAM file. Equipment Configuration is typically performed through the use of the Command Line Interface (CLI), particularly the initial configuration.
I n i t i a l C o n f i gu r a t i o n Initial Configuration NOTE Note: Many of the settings required for equipment configuration are based on the LAN/WAN and Satellite network design, and should be obtained from the network administrator. Terminal Connection These procedures are performed using the CLI from a workstation connected to the CDD-56X either via a direct connection to the Console port (a console cable is shipped with each unit), or via a telnet connection to the Traffic 100 port.
I n i t i a l C o n f i g u r a t io n Table 2-1 CDD-56X Network Roles and Functions Demod Role / Location Expansion 1 2 3 4 Hub Hub Remote No Yes Yes STDMA SCPC SCPC SCPC SCPC SCPC SCPC SCPC SCPC SCPC SCPC SCPC Setting Vipersat CDD-56X Operating Parameters The following is an example of using the CLI to bring a Vipersat CDD-56X with factory default settings to the configuration which allows the Vipersat functions to be accessible.
I n i t i a l C o n f i gu r a t i o n Figure 2-1 Main Menu screen 2. From the Administration screen shown in figure 2-2, select the Features Configuration command by entering F at the command prompt. Figure 2-2 Administration screen 3. 2-4 From the Feature Configuration menu shown in figure 2-3, verify whether or not the Vipersat Feature Codes are Available (appears as shown in the figure).
I n i t i a l C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 2-3 Feature Configuration screen To enter the feature code, enter Y at the command prompt, then enter the 20 digit FAST Feature Code, as shown in figure 2-4. Figure 2-4 FAST Feature Code dialog Tip: The network administrator will have the FAST Feature codes. These are generated and stored by the unit serial number for the target CDD-56X. The target unit’s serial number can be found on the rear of the unit chassis. 4.
I n i t i a l C o n f i gu r a t i o n Figure 2-5 Working Mode dialog 5. When the reboot is completed, return to the Feature Configuration menu and configure the settings for Vipersat STDMA and Auto Switching according to the table below. Table 2-2 Unit Role Hub Hub Expansion Remote Expansion 6.
I n i t i a l C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 2-6 Ethernet Interface screen 2. Enter I at the command prompt, and enter the IP address for this unit. 3. Save the settings to flash by entering S at the command prompt. Configure the Route Table Routing in a Vipersat Network CDD-56X Demodulator Routers operating in Vipersat mode do not use the small or large network described in the CDD-564L Installation and Operation Manual.
I n i t i a l C o n f i gu r a t i o n usable addresses at the Hub as well as at the Remotes. For details on IP addressing, refer to Appendix A, "Network Addressing". By putting the one route statement “Remotes 172.16.128.0/17 Wan to Sat” in the TDM Hub modem, and by using the route statement “GW 0.0.0.0/0 Wan to Sat” at each of the remote modems, the network will successfully route packets. The remotes can then be sub-netted as class C networks or below.
I n i t i a l C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 2-7 Configuring the Route Table screen In a Hub configuration, the default gateway will typically point to a router on the same LAN as the CDD-56X Hub unit. In a Remote configuration, the default route will typically point to the satellite modem used for communications back to the Hub. 3. When prompted, enter the Route Name (GW), the IP Address, the Number of Bits in the subnet mask, the Route Interface (Ethernet or Satellite), and the Next Hop address.
I n i t i a l C o n f i gu r a t i o n 2. Enter R to access the Rx Configuration screen shown in figure 2-8. Set the Rx parameters for Frequency, Data Rate, FEC, Code Rate, and Modulation as specified by the network administrator. The Receive parameters must be set for each Demod. Enter Z at the command prompt to select the desired Demod, then set the Receive parameters for that Demod. Repeat for each Demod.
I n i t i a l C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 2-9 Vipersat Configuration screen (Hub) 2. Enter R at the command prompt to toggle the Unit Role to either Hub or Remote. This parameter will determine the role the target CDD-56X will perform in the network and what type of commands and functions it will receive from the VMS. 3. Enter E to set the Expansion Unit value to either Yes or No.
I n i t i a l C o n f i gu r a t i o n 7. Enter I at the command prompt to set the Managing IP Address. The Managing IP Address is the IP address of the VMS server. 8. Enter H to go to the Home State Configuration menu screen, then enter W to set the current configuration as the Home State. 9. Save the settings to flash by entering S at the command prompt. This completes the initial configuration of a CDD-56X from the factory default settings to a functioning, Vipersat-enabled unit.
CHAPTER USING THE COMMAND LINE INTERFACE (CLI) General This chapter describes the use of the CLI for configuring and monitoring the CDD-56X Demodulator/Router in a Vipersat network. Each CLI screen related to a CDD-56X operating in Vipersat mode is presented, along with a detailed description of the available commands. For descriptions of all other screens, refer to the CDD-564L L-Band Quad Demodulator Installation and Operation Manual.
General Common Screen Commands The following commands appear on each of the menu screens: Demod Select Some feature configurations apply to the CDD-56X as a unit, others are set on a per Demod basis. This command (enter Z) allows the selection of one of the two (CDD-562L) or four (CDD-564/564L) Demodulators. Save Parameters to Permanent Storage To Save the current parameter settings to permanent storage, enter S at the command prompt.
Menu Descriptions Menu Descriptions This section details the CLI menus and associated screens, and briefly discusses the function of each of the commands available on each menu. Main Menu The Main Menu, shown in figure 3-1, allows configuring both the Demodulator and Router functions of the target CDD-56X.
Menu Descriptions Figure 3-2 Administration screen Ensure that the Working Mode is set to Router-Vipersat. If it is not, enter C at the command prompt and change the setting by selecting 4, as shown in figure 3-3. The unit will reboot automatically in order to implement the change for this setting. Figure 3-3 Working Mode dialog NOTE Note: If the Router-Vipersat option does not appear as a selection, the Vipersat Feature Code has not yet been entered into this unit.
Menu Descriptions Feature Configuration Figure 3-4 Feature Configuration screen The Feature Configuration screen shown in figure 3-4 allows the Enabling and Disabling of the major Vipersat CDD-56X features.
Menu Descriptions Figure 3-5 FAST Feature Code dialog Tip: Contact either the network administrator or Comtech Vipersat Networks Customer Support to obtain the Feature codes. A convenient option is to use the Vipersat Vload utility to manage Feature codes. Vipersat Management This item is an information-only display, and indicates whether Vipersat Management is Enabled or Disabled in the target CDD-56X. Activation of the Vipersat Feature Code automatically enables the Vipersat Management feature.
Menu Descriptions To activate the Vipersat Auto Switching capabilities of the target CDD-56X, toggle the Auto Switching command to Enabled by entering W at the command prompt. See the section “STDMA/SCPC Automatic Switching” on page 3-29 for more details on the use of this feature. For additional information, refer to Appendix B, “Automatic Switching”.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Vipersat Configuration Entering V at the prompt from the CDD-56X Main Menu shown in figure 3-1 displays the Vipersat Configuration menu shown in figure 3-6. Figure 3-6 Vipersat Configuration screen (Hub) This menu lists the available commands for configuring a Vipersat CDD-56X. Note that for the Hub unit only, the command Primary Heart Beat is displayed in the Vipersat Configuration screen.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 3-7 STDMA screen (Hub, STDMA, Fixed type) Figure 3-8 STDMA screen (Hub/Remote, SCPC) STDMA This menu item is read-only and shows the current state of STDMA in the CDD-56X. In order to change the STDMA state, refer to the section “Feature Configuration” on page 3-5.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n STDMA Tx Rate This menu item shows the STDMA Transmit Rate (in bps) of data that the CDD-56X receives. This item is read-only and cannot be modified in this menu. Hub Type This menu item is only displayed if the CDD-56X is being used as a Hub in the network, and provides the functionality for the STDMA Burst Controller. Vipersat STDMA has five modes of operation: • Fixed — all remotes get the same data slot time (slot size) in the cycle, regardless of activity.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n 1 – Fixed In the Fixed mode, all remotes have the same data slot size regardless of type of traffic or load. This mode minimizes the amount of jitter between remote transmission times, and is useful for tuning STDMA as well as for troubleshooting purposes. 2 – Dynamic Slot In the Dynamic Slot mode, slot size is adjusted each cycle depending on the activity during the previous cycle.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n The GIR setting for each Remote is specified using the STDMA Remote Policies screen (refer to the section “Set Remote Policies” on page 3-21). When combined with Auto switching, GIR allows trigger points to be set where the Remote will jump out into SCPC mode. This is done using the Load Switch setting.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Allocation of bandwidth is shared among the remotes in an STDMA group. Depending on the number of remotes in a network, a Hub may have multiple burst controllers, each with its own set of remotes. This is accomplished by assigning a unique Group ID number to each controller and its associated remotes. NOTE Note: The STDMA Group ID number and the Network ID number are independent. There can be multiple STDMA groups within a single network.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n tion times at these data rates, even with higher noise, resulting in improved efficiency of the shared STDMA channel. Since signal lock is faster at higher data rates, BFAT is not active above 256 kbps. Entering A at the command prompt will toggle this feature On or Off. This feature requires Router firmware version 1.5.3 or later. The unit configuration must be set for operation at either 3/4 QPSK or .95 QPSK in order to utilize BFAT.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 3-12 Outbound IP prompt Cycles Per Burst Map This menu item, which appears for all Hub types except Dynamic Cycle and GIR, displays the number of spin cycles that will occur prior to each broadcast of the Burst Map by the burst controller to the remotes. One cycle is the amount of time it takes for all remotes in a group to burst on the common channel. The burst map provides each remote with its allocated bandwidth and position in the cycle.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n This value can be modified by entering a G at the command prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-14 and entering a new value. Figure 3-14 Slot Guardband prompt NOTE Note: The value entered at the command line in figure 3-14 is in milliseconds. The corresponding value expressed in bytes is calculated by the CDD-56X based on the STDMA transmit bit rate as shown in the menu in figure 3-7.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Tip: Refer to the Viper Calculator for determining Slot Preamble Length values to enter at the command prompt. For a copy of the latest Viper Calculator, contact a Comtech Vipersat Networks representative.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Figure 3-17 Nominal Data Length prompt Maximum Data Length This menu item, which appears for Dynamic Cycle Hub type, displays the current Maximum Data Length in milliseconds and bytes for the remotes in the group, and represents the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted or received in one spin of the STDMA cycle by each of the remotes belonging to that group. This is the maximum amount of time that the remote is provided to send data in the cycle.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Entering an M at the command prompt brings up the dialog shown in figure 3-19 allowing the minimum data length, in milliseconds, to be changed for the target CDD-56X. Figure 3-19 Minimum Data Length prompt Slot Cycle Length This menu item is for information only and displays the Slot Cycle Length in milliseconds and bytes for the remotes in the group.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Figure 3-20 STDMA Remotes Menu screen Adding a Remote to the STDMA Group Entering the item number for the Remote demodulator/router brings up the dialog shown in figure 3-21. A prompt to enter the Name to assign to the Remote unit appears, followed by a prompt to enter the IP Address for this unit.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n • R = Removed – This Remote is currently removed from the burstmap. When displayed, this status indicates that the Hub has removed this remote from the burstmap due to a communications fault. • D = Disabled – This Remote is currently disabled and is not in the burstmap. This status will be displayed when a remote is manually disabled by the operator or administrator. • S = Switched – This Remote is currently switched into SCPC mode.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n at the STDMA Remotes Menu command prompt displays the Remote Policies screens shown in figure 3-23 (GIR Hub) and figure 3-25 (Entry Channel Hub). Figure 3-23 STDMA Remote Policies screen (GIR Hub) Entering the Remote number at the command prompt in figure 3-23 allows the Guaranteed Information Rate and the Automatic Load Switch Rate for that Remote to be set, as shown in figure 3-24.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 3-25 Entry Channel Switch Rates screen Entering the Remote number at the command prompt in figure 3-25 allows the SCPC Data Rate and the Switch Type for that Remote to be set, as shown in figure 3-26. Switch type 0 corresponds to Load Switching; switch types 64 through 255 are user-defined, and must match VMS policies.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Figure 3-27 Global SCPC Data Rate prompt Similarly, the Global Switch Type command can be used to set the switch type for all or a majority of the Remotes. Enter H at the command prompt. Figure 3-28 Global Switch Type prompt Delete Remote Entering D at the command prompt shown in figure 3-20 brings up the Delete Remote dialog shown in figure 3-29.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 3-30 Enable/Disable Remote prompt Enter the number of the Remote at the command prompt to toggle the Remote from its current Enable/Disable configuration. In the example screen shown above, both Remotes 1 and 2 are Enabled. View Remote(s) Entering V at the command prompt shown in figure 3-20 will display the listing of Remote(s) that belong to the STDMA group for this Hub burst controller, and their status, as shown in figure 3-31.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Figure 3-32 Remove Timeout prompt The value entered at the command prompt defines the amount of time (in seconds) with no communication from a Remote to the Hub before that Remote is removed from the Burst Map. If communications are lost for this specified period of time, the Remote is removed from the STDMA group, and the bandwidth resources it had been allocated are then made available for use by the other remotes remaining in the group.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n This allows, again using a mobile Remote as an example, shutting down the Remote at one location, moving it to a new location, and then automatically reestablishing a connection to the satellite network. STDMA Statistics Entering V at the command prompt in the STDMA screen displays the STDMA Statistics screen as shown in either figure 3-34 (Hub) or figure 3-35 (Remote).
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Stats Accumulation Window Entering W at the command prompt displays the Stats Accumulation Window as shown in figure 3-36. The time period, in seconds, for capturing STDMA statistics can be specified. Figure 3-36 Stats Accumulation Window prompt Clear The STDMA statistics can be Cleared (reset) by entering a C at the command prompt in figure 3-34.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n In figure 3-37, Remote 1 with IP address 10.1.128.1 had activity during the averaging period. It captured 37.8% of the total slot time and had an average slot length of 283 ms. Remotes 2, 3, and 4 had 41.5%, 18.1% and 7.6% respectively. The dynamic range of STDMA is a function of the difference between the nominal Data Slot Size and the Minimum Data Slot Size parameters. These parameters are operator selectable.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Automatic Switching for the CDD-56X is an option that is available only when configured as an STDMA Hub unit (burst controller). Note that Automatic switching does not apply to either a Hub with Expansion or a Remote with Expansion; these configurations operate in dedicated SCPC mode and all switching control is performed by the VMS. As is shown in table 2-2, Auto Switching should be Disabled for these two configurations.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Current WAN Transmit Mode The Current WAN Transmit Mode item on the menu in figure 3-38 is information only and reflects the current transmit status of a unit. In the case of the CDD-56X, there is no transmit function (no modulator) and this parameter is not applicable. Load Switching The Load Switching command on the menu in figure 3-38 is a toggle Enabling and Disabling Load Switching on the target Hub CDD-56X.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Typically the default settings will be optimum, but there may be unique network configurations which require modifying the STDMA Slot Capacity value. STDMA Switch Delay In order to minimize unnecessary switching from STDMA to SCPC due to transient conditions, such as a temporary spike in network traffic for example, a switch delay parameter is provided. This setting is used to specify a delay before a switch occurs.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Typically the default value will be optimum, but if there may be a larger bandwidth requirement after the switch, the percent allocation value can be increased. In choosing a value for this allocation, future bandwidth requirements for the channel must be balanced against efficient bandwidth utilization. Keep Alive Timer for Carrier Inhibit This parameter applies to a Hub unit only.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n a means to coordinate timing and utilize buffering to eliminate these data outages. To access the Hitless Switching screen, enter H from the STDMA/SCPC Auto Switching screen (see figure 3-38). Figure 3-43 Hitless Switching screen This screen will initially display all lock times as -1, indicating that Hitless Switching is currently disabled. To enable the Hitless Switching feature, enter R at the command prompt to restore default lock times.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 3-44 Set LockTime prompt To disable Hitless Switching, enter -1 for all lock times. Apply Delay Values To implement any modifications to the Hitless Switching parameters, enter A at the command prompt to apply these values to the modem. SOTM Update This menu item appears for both the Hub unit and the Remote unit. However, this feature is not applicable to the CDD-56X.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Expansion Unit The Expansion Unit menu item in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-6) defines whether the target CDD-56X is to function as an Expansion unit (all demods configured to operate in SCPC mode) or not. Entering E at the command prompt will display the dialog shown in figure 3-46. Figure 3-46 Expansion Unit prompt The VMS uses this data when monitoring and controlling the network to determine the target CDD-56X’s function.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 3-47 Network ID prompt The Network ID is used by the VMS to identify units that are common to a network and allows the VMS to manage multiple networks, each with its own unique Network ID number. Unit Name The Unit Name command in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-6) is used to assign a name to the target CDD-56X. Enter N at the command prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-48 . Any name, up to 16 characters, can be entered for the unit.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n CDD-56X responds to the VMS server with a unicast containing its current configuration data, including the CDD-56X’s IP address. When the VMS receives the unicast response, it registers the CDD-56X on the network. Enter V at the command prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-6) to display the dialog shown in figure 3-49.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n multicast message. However, the modems WILL NOT send their registration messages until this address is set. Once the unit is registered, the I command is removed from the Vipersat Configuration menu. This managing address is automatically updated on a periodic basis for units that are newly enabled, incorrectly set, or following VMS changeovers (redundancy switching).
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n cally revert to its Home State settings and the VMS will remove all allocated resources (bandwidth, demod(s)), freeing them for use by any other Remote in the Vipersat network. Because this feature is configured in the VMS, the status (Disabled, or the time period in minutes) appears as an information-only display in the Vipersat Configuration menu (figure 3-6).
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 3-51 DPC Configuration screen (Hub, STDMA) Figure 3-52 DPC Configuration screen (Hub/Remote, SCPC) Tip: The DPC feature will not function unless the Outbound IP address is defined in the STDMA screen for the Hub BC modem. DPC Enabled The DPC Enabled command (enter E) is a toggle that allows the Dynamic Power Control feature to be either Enabled or Disabled.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Speed Up EbNo Normally, the DPC message is sent every 60 seconds from each terminal in the network. If the current Eb/No value of the terminal drops below the Speed Up EbNo set value, the corresponding terminal increases its message send rate to every 15 seconds until the current value becomes greater than the set value. This provides a loop speed up to rapidly regain link quality.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 3-54 Target DPC Address prompt The STDMA Burst Controller (Demod 1 on a CDD-56X configured as Hub with No Expansion) is not permitted to specify a DPC Target because the demodulator is receiving multiple bursts very rapidly from all Remotes in the group and is unable to utilize DPC to control the transmit power of the Remote modems. However, the transmit power of the Burst Controller adjusts to meet the target Eb/No values for the Remotes in the group.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Figure 3-55 Home State Configuration screen A CDD-56X’s Home State settings are typically selected so that it goes to a configuration which is optimum for its function in the network. These parameters are configured on an individual, per demod basis. Note that each of these Receive parameters are the same as found in the Rx Configuration screen that is in the Satellite Demod Configuration menu.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Force Modem to Home State If at any time it is desired to have a CDD-56X return to its Home State, this command (enter Y) can be executed. A warning message is displayed as shown in figure 3-56, requiring the command to be confirmed before it is executed. Figure 3-56 Force Modem to Home State warning This command will force the selected Demod to its Home State configuration, replacing its current configuration.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Note that this screen dialog example displays the frequency range for a CDD562L/564L L-Band Demodulator/Router. For a CDD-564, the range displayed will be either 50 to 90 MHz or 100 to 180 MHz. Receive Data Rate Enter N to use the dialog shown in figure 3-58 to set the Receive Data Rate for the selected Demod’s Home State.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Figure 3-60 Receive Coding Rate prompt Note that Coding Rate 6 (1/1) is not a valid selection when operating in Vipersat mode with Turbo Product Coding. Receive Modulation Type Enter Q to use the dialog shown in figure 3-61 to set the Receive Modulation Type for the selected Demod’s Home State.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Figure 3-62 Vipersat Summary screen The Node ID number that appears in this screen verifies that the unit is registered with the VMS and is active in the network. This number is automatically assigned by the VMS. Note that the four Demods of the CDD-56X are designated as 0 through 3 on this screen. The IF values represent the Intermediate Frequency (Hz) that this unit is currently using.
V i p e r s a t C o n f i g u r a t io n Vipersat Migration The Vipersat Migration command is used to set the compatibility mode for the Hub Burst Controller when conducting a firmware upgrade on the associated Remotes. Although this command appears in the menu for both the Hub modem and the Remote modem, it only applies to STDMA Controllers and TDM Outbound modems at the Hub. Enter M at the command prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen to display the Vipersat Migration dialog shown in figure 3-63.
V i p e r s a t C o nf i g u r a t i o n Figure 3-64 UDP Port Base Address prompt Caution: This command affects all communications for the VMS and STDMA. If the base address is changed, it must be changed in the VMS as well as in all modems in all networks controlled by the VMS. The base address must also be changed when using VLOAD with this network.
APPENDIX NETWORK ADDRESSING Introduction This Appendix is an overview of network addressing and how it applies to configuring the CDD-562L/564/564L for use in Vipersat Networks.
The OSI Reference Model The OSI Reference Model OSI is an acronym for Open Systems Interconnection. This is a network model created by ISO (the International Standardization Organization.) The OSI model is the basic standard which forms the basis for all networking protocols. Figure A-1 The Seven OSI Protocol Layers The OSI model defines the building blocks used to construct a working network protocol as shown in Figure A-1.
The OSI Reference Model Together, these two sub-layer protocols are responsible for moving packets on and off the network. Layer 3 / Network Layer – Layer 3 is responsible for routing packets through multiple networks. The Layer 3 protocol operates without regard to the underlying protocols in use. For example, routers operate at Layer 3.
B i na r y Ma t h Binary Math Network devices communicate using BITS, where a bit is a single digit represented by a 1 or a 0, or by using BYTEs, where a byte is made up of eight bits in any combination of 1’s or 0’s. A byte is also referred to as an octet. Figure A-2 Bits and Bytes An octet can be converted to or from binary using the technique shown in the decimal conversion chart in Figure A-3. The conversion chart also shows the decimal equivalent of the binary number.
B i n ar y M at h changed the numbering base (radix.) All digital processes are done in binary. The conversion to decimal is done whenever binary values need to be read or entered by humans as their decimal equivalents.
I P Ad d r e s s i n g IP Addressing An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique set of numbers assigned to a device on a network to uniquely identify that device (by its IP address). An IP address is a unique number composed of four octets, with each octet separated by a dot. This notation style is called dotted decimal notation. Each IP address can be broken down into two parts, as shown in the example below: Example: 128.121.188.
I P A d d r e s s in g • 16-bit network number • 16-bit node number CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C Address Class HighOrder-Bits 1st Octet Decimal Range Networks Available Hosts Available Class A 0 1-126.x.y.z 126 16,777,214 Class B 10 128-191.x.y.z 16,384 65,534 Class C 110 192-223.x.y.z 2,097,152 254 Figure A-4 IP Address Classes A, B, C Class C • 192.0.1.x to 223.255.254.
I P Ad d r e s s i n g Class E • 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 • Reserved for experimental use and limited broadcast Private Network IP Addresses RFC 1918 defines blocks of addresses for use on private networks: • 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 • 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 • 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.
I P A d d r e s s in g In the process of subnetting, bits are borrowed from the host ID portion of an IP address and are then given to the network ID. Then a “Subnet Mask” gets assigned to the host along with the IP address. Subnetting is required if the network is segmented. Subnet Mask The Subnet Mask is used by the host to determine if a destination IP address is on the local or on a remote network segment. The table in Figure A-6 shows the default subnet mask used for each class of IP address.
I P Ad d r e s s i n g Dotted Decimal Address Binary Values IP Address 192.168.2.66 11000000.10101000.00000010.01000010 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 ANDing Result 192.168.2.0 11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000 Figure A-7 ANDing an IP address and a subnet mask A calculator, available from SolarWinds, performs these IP and subnet mask calculations and can be found at: http://www.solarwinds.com/products/freetools/index.
I P A d d r e s s in g Each of the four subnets can, in turn, support 64 members. The example subnet used above yielded 4 subnets, but you can use a different mask to meet the specific requirements of your network. Default Gateways A default gateway is a network device, usually a router, that is responsible for routing data packets out of the local network segment.
I P Ad d r e s s i n g • The first six characters are issued to the organization. • The second six characters are assigned to the hardware interface by manufacturing.
APPENDIX AUTOMATIC SWITCHING General Automatic switching is a feature of the VMS that allows dynamically changing the network configuration in response to changes in either traffic type (Application switching) or network traffic loads (Load switching.) The following material applies to the Vipersat CDM-570/570L, CDD-562L/ 564/564L, and CDM-600. For purposes of simplicity, these units shall be referred to as modem/routers.
General meet their QoS and cost requirements within their bandwidth allocation. The result is a stable satellite network connection that automatically responds to the customer’s requirements while continuously monitoring and reacting to changing load, data type, and QoS requirements. Bandwidth Allocation and Load Switching Load Switching is the mechanism by which the Vipersat network switches a Remote terminal from STDMA to SCPC mode based on traffic levels at the Remote.
L o a d S w i t c h in g Load Switching The next sections describe the principles behind Load Switching and Rate Adjustment (Step Up/Step Down). Bandwidth Allocation and Load Switching by the STDMA Controller As part of normal STDMA processing, the Hub monitors the traffic levels from each of the Remotes for which it is allocating bandwidth. This is done using the STDMA ACK management message (table B-1) that is transmitted at the beginning of each burst from the Remote.
Load Switching If there is adequate upstream bandwidth available, the values of these two metrics will be the same. However, if there is not enough bandwidth to satisfy the traffic requirements of the Remote, or if the Remote has exceeded the maximum allocation, some data will be held for the next cycle. In this case, the number of Bytes in Queue will start to grow and will exceed the Queued Bytes. (In other words, the Bytes in Queue is the sum of the data not yet transmitted plus the new data received.
L o a d S w i t c h in g size and the remaining bandwidth is distributed amongst Remotes that have been assigned a GIR rate. This approach is based on the assumption that Remotes that have been assigned a GIR are paying a premium and should benefit from available excess bandwidth when needed. Note that the GIR allocations are restricted so that the assigned GIR totals cannot exceed available bandwidth.
Load Switching • Load Switching - This is a type of Automatic Switching that is based on the amount of traffic at a Remote. If this mode is not set, then no Remote will be switched based on load. • STDMA Slot Capacity - This is a threshold value. When the amount of outbound traffic at a Remote exceeds this percentage of the current STDMA slot capacity, a load switch is initiated.
L o a d S w i t c h in g current load, as indicated by the bytes queued during the delay period, multiplying it by the percent allocation and rounding up to the next 16 Kbps. A key point is that in most of the STDMA modes, the bandwidth allocated to each Remote is constantly being adjusted to the needs of the network. As long as the network is running below capacity, most Remotes will get the bandwidth they need and a switch will not be required.
Load Switching • SCPC Step Down Threshold - Similar to STDMA Slot Capacity at Hub, except Step Down is used to trigger a switch if the average load falls below this value. • SCPC Step Delay - Same as STDMA Switch Delay at Hub. • SCPC Stepup Excess - Same as Percent Allocation at Hub. Note that the value applies to both Step Up and Step Down switches, and if computed against the average traffic load at the time the switch is intiated.
L o a d S w i t c h in g Figure B-3 Load Switching diagram A load switch is illustrated in figure B-3 using the following process: 1. A load is generated by an application that is running at a Remote. In this example, the application is a video stream. 2. The data is connected to the Remote modem/router over an ethernet link for transmission to the satellite.
Load Switching channel space (bandwidth) requirements to accommodate the data flow requested by the STDMA Controller. 6. If the VMS finds available resources, it processes the switch request and sends tuning commands that switch the Remote out of STDMA and into SCPC mode. The modem/router continuously monitors traffic flow volume. Whenever a preset upper or lower limit is exceeded, the modem/router sends a request to the VMS to change bandwidth by the amount needed to meet the new requirement.
A p p l i c a t i o n S w i t c h in g Application Switching Application switching, illustrated in figure B-4, also is capable of changing bandwidth use, but the change is determined entirely by the type of application being requested, ignoring load requirements. Figure B-4 Application Switching diagram In a system configured for application switching, the Remote site modem/router looks for a packet in the data stream coming from the LAN that is configured using the H.
Application Switching • Voice over IP (VoIP) Each application type will have been assigned a bandwidth allocation when the policy for the Remote is established. The voice application, for example, might have had the bandwidth set in the policy to handle three simultaneous voice connections. When a VoIP protocol is detected in the H.225 signaling protocol, the modem/router requests the VMS to switch the bandwidth to accommodate three voice circuits.
T y p e o f S e r v i c e ( T o S ) S w i t c h in g Type of Service (ToS) Switching Type of Service (ToS) Switching is typically used on circuits carrying encrypted traffic where the packets cannot be examined to determine the type of traffic being carried. Normally, in a non-encrypted Vipersat network, packets are classified by the Remote modem/router using protocol classification detection and the results are forwarded to the VMS via ASR messages.
E n t r y C h a n n e l M od e ( E C M ) S w i t c h i n g Entry Channel Mode (ECM) Switching STDMA Entry Channel Mode provides a method for Remotes requiring SCPC access channels to enter/re-enter the network initially or after a power or other site outage. The switch time will be variable based on the burst rate (bps) of the STDMA group, the number of Remotes with slots in the group, and where in the burst cycle the Remote is when it acknowledges receipt of the Burst Map.
E n t r y C h a n n e l M o d e ( E C M ) S w i t c h in g Burst Map causing it to rejoin the network through ECM. The VMS will park the demodulator previously in use and free the bandwidth slot. 2. If the outage was due to an extended rain fade or other communications blockage with no loss of power, the Remote will rejoin the network via the previously assigned SCPC channel. When the VMS receives a PLDM it will send a Revert-to-Home State command and free the bandwidth slot and burst demodulator.
E n t r y C h a n n e l M od e ( E C M ) S w i t c h i n g ECM Switch Recovery > 3min. VMS State Connected Burst Demod Switched Demod Remote 0 0 Unit Reboot Satellite Delay 250 ms + 30ms E-E State Disconnected 180 Registration Acknowledgment Failure 189 Revert Switch Command 189.05 Revert Acknowledgment Failure 192 Switch Command ECM 240.28 Failure Failure 180.28 No Communications 189.35 No Communications > 240 Home State- STDMA TX Grant Burst ACK 240.
APPENDIX DYNAMIC POWER CONTROL Introduction Dynamic Power Control (DPC) provides a mechanism whereby VIPERSAT satellite links have their transmit power levels adjusted in order to optimize the receive signal quality (as measured by the demodulator Eb/No). This optimization process acts to either increase or decrease transmitted signal levels in order to: • Achieve a minimum level of received Eb/No consistent with providing an error free link.
Introduction control algorithm is a closed loop servo-mechanism with the received Eb/No values as the input function and the modulator’s transmit power as the output function. Only modulator transmit power is controlled by the algorithm since the receive chain has its own automatic gain control. DPC can be applied to any or all of the modems with the exception of the STDMA burst control demodulators.
Description Description Operation of the DPC algorithm is controlled by the parameters shown in table C-1, below.
D e s c r i p ti o n tion is established and data starts to flow, the modulator begins receiving DPC packets from the demodulator and adjusting its transmit power level accordingly. The transmit power level is compared to the received Eb/No. Depending on whether the transmit power is high or low, the modulator transmit output level is adjusted until the Eb/No is within the range set by the Target Range for no power adjustment.
Description 2 dB). This prevents loss of the link due to power value changes based on fade conditions. This feature is automatic and requires no operator intervention. Adjustment for Data Rate The maximum output power level is scaled according to the data rate at which the modulator is transmitting. Consider, for example, a system that normally runs at a data rate of 512 kbps with a Nominal Power Level of -10 dBm and a Maximum Power Level of -5 dBm.
D e s c r i p ti o n DPC Scaling Function Figure C-1 DPC Scaling Function Figure C-1 illustrates the scaling function, based on the ratio of power level to data rate, of the DPC system. Once this ratio is mapped out for the system, the DPC scaling function will automatically determine the appropriate power level for any given data rate.
Description menu). If these home state parameters have not been entered, DPC will not be able to function and will disable itself, resulting in an error message that is displayed in the CLI. Under most circumstances, the system will be running at the Calibrated Data Rate, at the Calibrated Nominal Power level. When the VMS sends a switch command to the CDM, the modem will go to a different data rate, and will calculate a nominal power level for the transmitter.
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APPENDIX NETWORK MIGRATION Upgrading CDM-570/CDD-56X Series Modems to Firmware Version 1.5.3 General This document covers the migration of networks with CDM-570 and CDD-56X series modems to IP Router firmware version 1.5.3 from any earlier versions of code. It addresses the issues customers will face when migrating their networks and provides a step-by-step plan to facilitate the process.
General provided to facilitate picking up new or offline units. This migration tool includes temporary control parameters for Hub units that allow the operator to select an operation mode that is compatible with Remotes running v1.5.2 (or earlier) firmware. When this operation mode is chosen for the TDM outbound and the appropriate Burst Controller(s), communications with v1.5.2 (or earlier) straggler/offline Remotes will be restored. At this point they can be upgraded to v1.5.
Firmware Upgrade Firmware Upgrade Upgrade Overview This procedure describes the v1.5.3 firmware upgrade process using both the Vipersat Vload Utility and a Telnet connection. For detailed information on using Vload, refer to the Vload Utility User Guide. Caution: This firmware installation procedure requires the modem to be rebooted which, in turn, will cause a satellite circuit to drop momentarily.
Firmware Upgrade 3) Save to Flash on all units and reset them to Latest/Oldest. 4) "Get Information" (VLOAD needs current information before performing each step). 5) Upgrade Bulk Image location #1 on the Base Modem to v1.4.5 and reset all boxes to "Latest" code. Note this is only necessary if unit is running < v1.4.4. 6) "Get Information" and load v1.5.1 Base Modem code to "Oldest" and reset all the modems to "Latest". 7) Load v1.5.
Firmware Upgrade Figure D-2 Main Menu, Telnet 2. Ensure that the Upgrade To setting is Oldest; if not, enter U to modify the setting. Figure D-3 Operations and Maintenance Menu 3. Enter S to save the setting. Repeat the above steps for each unit. Getting Information with VLOAD 1. The first step in getting information is to discover the units in the network. Do this by performing either an Add or an Add All with Vload, as shown in the figures below.
Firmware Upgrade Note that Add All will find all units on the network, which for a large network will result in an extensive list. Once the list is generated, units can be removed individually. Figure D-4 Initial Vload screen Figure D-5 Add All dialog Note that the Receive Multicast Address for the modem/routers is the same as the Transmit Multicast Address for the VMS. This IP address can be found under the VMS ViperView tree view “Vipersat Manager”/Properties.
Firmware Upgrade 2. Select, Edit, or Add the desired Multicast address(es) in the Add All dialog, then click OK. The list of units appears in the main Vload window, along with the progress status of connecting and retrieving information for each unit. Figure D-6 Get Information for IP Address It is very important to continue to get information after each step. VLOAD needs to be aware of the current configuration of the modem/routers when making decisions about “Oldest” and “Latest.” 3.
Firmware Upgrade Network or installed networks with large TDM or DVB Outbound Carriers. Take care not to over-run the outbound (TDM) transmission rate. • CodeCast - Vload will multicast to all selected IP addresses. The units must all have the same CodeCast address. CodeCast is useful for large networks that have limited bandwidth available on the TDM outbound. Refer to the Vload Utility User Guide for a description of each type and to determine which suits your network best.
Firmware Upgrade Figure D-8 Progress Status, Put Application Save and Reboot to Latest 1. Using either VMS or CLI, Save the parameters for each unit to flash. Then, using Vload, reboot with Hard Reset to Latest.
Firmware Upgrade Figure D-9 Hard Reset screen 2. Observe the main window again to monitor the progress status for successful completion of this Put operation.
Firmware Upgrade Get Information for Router v1.5.3 Figure D-11 Unit Information screen (Router) The new unit information will show that Image 1 Version=1.5.3 and that the Application Version=1.5.3. The application CurrentBoot should = the image slot location of 1.5.3, and NextBoot=Latest and Save=Oldest. The next part of this step is very important. Prior to version 1.5.3 code, the configuration files did not include all modem parameters or any Out Door Unit (ODU) parameters.
Firmware Upgrade 2. Save the configuration file. Open it using WordPad. Insure that the lines shown in figure D-13 are in the configuration near the bottom of the file. Figure D-13 Configuration File Text 3. If this text is not displayed, Save to flash again, get the configuration and check for them in the configuration file once more. Note that the contents of the text lines will differ based on the actual configuration and modem type. Upgrade Base Modem to v1.5.1 (CDM-570 Only) For units with v1.3.
Firmware Upgrade 2. Put the v1.4.5 modem firmware using the appropriate selected mode (Consecutive, Concurrent, or CodeCast). Figure D-15 Download v1.4.5 and Hard Reset screen 3. When the file transfer is completed, Hard Reset the Modem(s). Upgrade Image 1 on Base Modem to v1.5.1 4. Get Unit Information to show that v1.4.5 modem code is loaded in Image 1 and that the Base Modem Current Image = Image 1.
Firmware Upgrade If the file can not be found, it can be downloaded from the Comtech EF Data web site: http://www.comtechefdata.com/ The FW10805U.bin file can be found under Downloads, Flash Upgrades. Figure D-17 Download v1.5.1 and Hard Reset screen Download Base Modem v1.5.1 to Image 2 1. Get Unit Information to show that the current Base Modem image is Image 2, which is v1.5.1 firmware.
Firmware Upgrade 2. Repeat the Download procedure for the Base Modem v1.5.1 firmware file, but do not perform a Hard Reset; it is not necessary to reboot the modem again. This will insure that the v1.5.1 firmware is in both images in the Base Modem, as shown in figure D-19. Figure D-19 Unit Information screen (Base Modem v1.5.1) Download Router v1.5.3 to Image 2 1. Download the v1.5.3 firmware file to the Router Image 2. This insures that the latest firmware code is loaded in all images. 2.
Firmware Upgrade Completing Migration Picking Up Straggler/Offline Remotes Ideally, all Remote units will be online during the migration phase. However, in a live network this cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, Vipersat provides a way to temporarily revert the TDM outbound and Burst Controller(s) to v1.5.2 HDLC WAN Framing compatibility mode. Remotes that had lost power or otherwise were offline during the upgrade can be recovered at this time. Remotes running the v1.5.
Firmware Upgrade Figure D-22 Vipersat Configuration screen The Vipersat Migration Parameter "M" is available only on Hub non-expansion units. Figure D-23 Vipersat Migration prompt Select O to set the old framing mode to v1.5.2 or earlier. This parameter must be set in both outbound and inbound units to properly transmit/receive to/from Remote units.
Firmware Upgrade The straggler Remotes will now frame on the TDM outbound signal. The associated Burst Controller(s) will frame on the inbound signals from these Remotes ONLY. Download the v1.5.3 Router firmware and Reset the straggler Remotes. Return the network to N (1.5.3) compatibility.
APPENDIX GLOSSARY A ALC Automatic Limit Control – A closed loop mechanism controlling the gain stabilization of the HPA’s RF output power. APL Asynchronous Party Line – A VIPERSAT term for RS-485 multi-drop bus used for control of indoor equipment. See also SPL. ARP Address Resolution Protocol – A protocol for a LAN device to determine the MAC address of a locally connected device given its IP address. See also MAC.
BPS BPSK Bits Per Second – A measure of transmission speed. See also kb/s & Mb/s. Binary Phase Shift Keying – A modulation technique in which the carrier is phase shifted +/-180 degrees. See also QPSK. C C-Band A frequency band commonly used for satellite communications (and sometimes terrestrial microwave). For terrestrial earth stations the receive frequency band is 3.7-4.2 GHz and transmit 5.925-6.425 GHz. See also Ku-band.
E Eb/No E&M Eb/No Ratio Eb = energy per bit No = noise power density per Hz. The bit error rate (BER) for digital data is a decreasing function of this ratio. Eb is the energy of an information bit. Eb is measured in Joules, or equivalently in Watts per Hertz. Ear & Mouth (literally) – The signaling leads used to carry telephone circuit signaling or indicate circuit activity or status. F FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access – A technique where multiple users can access a common resource (e.g.
GUI Graphical User Interface – A form of graphical shell or user interface to a computer operating system. H HDLC High Level Data Link Control – A standard defining how data may be transmitted down a synchronous serial link. HPA High Power Amplifier – The amplifier used in satellite communications to raise the transmit signal to the correct power level prior to transmission to satellite. See also SSPA. HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol – The Internet standard for World Wide Web (WWW) operation.
Ku-Band A frequency band used for satellite communications. For terrestrial earth stations the receive frequency band is in the range 10.95 – 12.75 GHz and transmit 14.0 – 14.5 GHz. See also C-band. L L-Band A frequency band commonly used as an IF for satellite systems using block up/ down conversion. Usually 950-1450 MHz.
N NAT Network Address Translation – An Internet standard that enables a local-area network (LAN) to use one set of IP addresses for internal (private) traffic and a second set of addresses for external (public) traffic. NOC Network Operation Center – Has access to any earth station installed using the VIPERSAT Network Control System (VNCS). An NOC can remotely interrogate, control, and log network activities.
Q QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying – A modulation technique in which the carrier is phase shifted +/-90 or +/-180 degrees. See also BPSK. R RF Radio Frequency – A generic term for signals at frequencies above those used for baseband or IF. RFC Request For Comment – The de-facto Internet standards issued by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
STDMA Selective Time Division Multiple Access – A multiple access technique where users time-share access to a common channel with selective sized time slots allocated on usage. T TCP/IP TDMA TFTP TPI Tx Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol – A standard for networking over unreliable transmission paths. See also UDP. Time Division Multiple Access – A multiple access technique where users contend for access to a common channel on a time-shared basis. See also FDMA and STDMA.
VOS Vipersat Object Service W Wizard A specialized program which performs a specific function, such as installing an application (installation wizard). WRED Weighted Random Early Detection – A queue management algorithm with congestion avoidance capabilities and packet classification (QoS) providing prioritization.
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