COBALT CacheRaQ 4 User Manual
©2000 Cobalt Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. Part Number: Date: 070-00253-01 09-2000 Cobalt Networks and Cobalt CacheRaQ are trademarks of Cobalt Networks, Inc. All other company, brand, and product names may be registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective companies and are hereby recognized. This publication and the information herein is furnished AS IS, subject to change without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Cobalt Networks, Inc. Furthermore, Cobalt Networks, Inc.
Important Safeguards For your protection, please read all these instructions regarding your CacheRaQ™ 4 and retain for future reference. 1. Read instructions Read and understand all the safety and operating instructions before operating the appliance. 2. Ventilation The CacheRaQ 4’s vents (on the front) and the fan opening(s) (on the back panel) are provided for ventilation and reliable operation of the product and to protect it from overheating. These openings must not be blocked or covered.
. 5. Power cord ! CAUTION: The power supply cord is used as the main disconnect device. Ensure that the socket outlet is located or installed near the equipment and is easily accessible. ! ATTENTION: Le cordon d’alimentation sert d’interrupteur général. La prise de courant doit être située ou installée à proximité du matérial et offrir un accès facile. ! ACHTUNG: Zur sicheren Trennung des Gerätes vom Netz ist der Netzstecker zu ziehen. Vergewissern Sie sich, daß die Steckdose leicht zugänglich ist.
Regulations and information 7. Browsers Both Netscape Navigator® and Microsoft® Internet Explorer have bugs that can cause intermittent, unexplained failures. When using a Web browser to interact with your Cobalt CacheRaQ 4, you may occasionally experience a browser failure. Released product versions of the browsers are usually more reliable than beta versions, and later versions typically work the most reliably.
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Preface This user manual is for anyone who will set up the CacheRaQ 4 network server appliance for a group of users. You should be familiar with Microsoft® WindowsTM, Macintosh® or other operating systems, and Netscape Navigator®, Microsoft® Internet Explorer or other Web browsers.
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Table of Contents Important Safeguards Regulations and information iii v Preface vii Table of Contents ix 1 Introduction 1 General Front view of the CacheRaQ 4 Rear view of the CacheRaQ 4 CacheRaQ 4 requirements Target audience for the user manual Cobalt Developer Network How to use this user manual Organization of the user manual Customer Service and Technical Support General Cobalt information Cobalt Technical Support and Service Email contact Technical Support telephone numbers Further informatio
Table of Contents 2 Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 Mode of operation Phase 1: Making the connection Installing the CacheRaQ 4 Connecting to the network Connecting the power supply Powering on the CacheRaQ 4 Configuring the CacheRaQ 4 for the network Using the LCD console to configure the network Configuring the network settings 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 15 15 Phase 2: Setting up with the Web browser Active Assist — Online Help Configuring the CacheRaQ 4 with the Setup Wizard 1.
Filter setup Report setup Email Report settings Threshold settings Cache statistics Summary Statistics Usage statistics Cache logs Network usage CPU usage 42 43 43 44 45 45 47 47 48 49 Maintenance Admin Setup Time Setup Upgrade Software Installing a package file 50 50 51 52 52 A Using the LCD Console Set up network Reboot Power down Reset network Resetting the CacheRaQ 4 Administrator password B Product Specifications Caching features Performance System Management Browser-based user interface Reporting
Table of Contents Software Features System management Physical data Regulatory approval 63 63 63 64 64 C Sample Network Topologies 65 Traditional Proxy Caching mode Installation notes Advantage Disadvantage Transparent Caching mode using one network interface Installation notes Advantage Disadvantage Transparent Caching mode using two network interfaces Installation notes Advantages Disadvantage CacheRaQ 4 for workgroups Installation notes Advantage Deployment in an ISP Installation notes Advantage Disa
Cluster in Traditional Proxy Caching mode Installation notes Advantages Disadvantage Cluster in Transparent Caching mode Installation notes Advantage Disadvantage Enterprise cluster with an L4 switch Installation notes Advantages Disadvantage D Advanced Information Serial console port Initializing the CacheRaQ 4 through the serial console port E Licenses 73 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 77 77 77 79 THE BSD COPYRIGHT GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE SSL LICENSE F Glossary 79 80 86 87 Cobalt CacheRaQ 4
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Chapter 1 Introduction The Cobalt CacheRaQ 4 is a dedicated World Wide Web caching device — it stores documents that have been retrieved from the Web. Once a document has been retrieved from the Web, users can obtain it from the CacheRaQ 4 without having to access the Web again. This reduces the communication load on the Wide Area Network (WAN) and helps users obtain Web documents much more quickly. The Cobalt CacheRaQ 4 can operate in several modes: • Traditional Proxy Caching mode.
Chapter 1: Introduction General Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the CacheRaQ 4 controls, indicators and connectors. Front view of the CacheRaQ 4 Figure 1. CacheRaQ 4 front view S E 1 1. 2 3 4 5 6 The Status Indicators signal Ethernet and hard drive activity: Tx/Rx (Transmit/Receive) blinks when there is network traffic on the primary interface. Link indicates an active network connection on the primary interface. Col blinks when a collision is detected on the primary interface.
General Rear view of the CacheRaQ 4 Tx/Rx Link Link Cobalt Networks and Cobalt CacheRaQ are trademarks of Cobalt Networks, Inc. www.cobalt.com P/N 550-00192-01 Tx/Rx Figure 2. CacheRaQ 4 rear view 100 - 240 VAC 50/60 Hz 1.4 A 60W max 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. The Security lock hole is used to lock the unit to a secure location. 2. The Cooling fans maintain proper operating temperature. Ensure that the ventilation holes are not blocked. 3.
Chapter 1: Introduction CacheRaQ 4 requirements To use the CacheRaQ 4, you need the following: • A10BaseT, 10/100BaseTX or 100BaseTX Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) -based local area network (LAN) • A personal computer (attached to the network) that uses a Web browser (for example, Netscape Navigator, versions 4.7 or later, or Microsoft Internet Explorer, version 5.0 or later).
How to use this user manual How to use this user manual Organization of the user manual The user manual is organized according to the user interface (UI). See Figure 3. For a list of chapters and appendices, see “Preface” on page vii. Figure 3.
Chapter 1: Introduction Customer Service and Technical Support For Cobalt product information, visit the support section of the Cobalt Web site at http://www.cobalt.com/support/. The site includes a Knowledge Base that customers can query; a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) that provide additional information is also available through the Knowledge Base. General Cobalt information In the U.S.A., call (888) 70-COBALT or (888) 702-6225, or send email to info@cobalt.com. Outside the U.S.A.
Further information Further information Cobalt also offers other information resources. Discussion Groups Cobalt has made available a number of discussion groups through which users can share information. To view the current list of Cobalt discussion groups, type the URL http://www.cobalt.com/support/resources/usergroups.html. The names of the discussion groups show up as hypertext links.
Chapter 1: Introduction Before contacting Technical Support First, make an effort to resolve the problem on your own. Take note of all actions you perform and any error messages so that, if necessary, you can describe them to a member of the Technical Support team. Try our online services to answer your questions. The Technical Support KnowledgeBase, the User Groups, the Online Documentation and the Solutions page offer a wealth of information and may answer your question quickly.
Cobalt logo badge Cobalt logo badge For more information on the CacheRaQ 4 server, click on the Cobalt Networks logo badge in the top left corner. • the amount of RAM • the size of the hard disk • the version of the Cobalt OS • Cobalt Networks trademark information The table also contains two hypertext links: • Cobalt Networks, Inc. Web site takes you to the URL http://www.cobalt.com. • Credits and Acknowledgements acknowledges the software used on the CacheRaQ 4.
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Chapter 2 Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 This chapter guides you through the process of connecting and configuring the CacheRaQ 4 for your network. If the CacheRaQ 4 has been configured previously for a different network, refer to “Changing the Network Configuration,” in Appendix A. The configuration process occurs in two phases. • “Phase 1: Making the connection” covers the physical setup and connection of the CacheRaQ 4 to a power source and the network.
Chapter 2: Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 ISP POP environment, this can be done by configuring your access concentrators to use the CacheRaQ 4 as the gateway. Appendix C describes sample network configurations. If you use Traditional Proxy mode, the HTTP and FTP proxy port numbers for browser configuration are both 3128 by default (they can be changed as described later in this chapter).
Phase 1: Making the connection If you plan to operate the CacheRaQ 4 in an equipment rack, first connect the mounting ears to the sides of the CacheRaQ 4 (see Figure 5), near either the front or the rear of the case. Attach the ears to the equipment rack. Figure 5. Mounting ears for the CacheRaQ 4 S E S E Connecting to the network Determine which of the CacheRaQ 4’s network interface(s) to use, according to the mode of operation you have chosen; see “Mode of operation” on page 11.
Chapter 2: Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 Connecting the power supply Connect the power supply cord to the CacheRaQ 4 and to an electrical outlet (100-240 volts AC, 50/60 Hz, as listed in Appendix B, “Product Specifications”). Powering on the CacheRaQ 4 Turn on the power by pressing the On/Off switch on the back panel. The hard disk spins up, the fan turns on, and the LCD screen lights up. The Cobalt logo and the Cobalt Networks name scroll across the screen.
Phase 1: Making the connection Using the LCD console to configure the network Figure 7 shows the LCD console for the CacheRaQ 4. The LCD screen on the front of the CacheRaQ 4 displays two lines of text. The top line of the LCD presents instructions on data to enter; the bottom line displays the data already entered. Use the arrow buttons to the right of the LCD screen to enter the required network information manually. Appendix A, “Using the LCD Console”, provides more information about the LCD console.
Chapter 2: Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 1. When you see the prompt PRIMARY IP ADDR: 000.000.000.000 enter the IP address assigned to the primary network interface (Network 1) of the CacheRaQ 4 using the arrow buttons on the LCD console. 2. Press E . If the IP address is valid, the next prompt appears: PRIMARY NETMASK: 255.000.000.000 3. Enter the IP address of the netmask of your network. 4. Press E . If the netmask is valid, the following prompt appears: ENTER GATEWAY: 000.000.000.000 5.
Phase 2: Setting up with the Web browser Phase 2: Setting up with the Web browser The remainder of the setup process is performed through a Web browser on any computer on your network. Use one of the standard browsers available (for example, Netscape Navigator or Microsoft Internet Explorer, versions 4.0 or later) to do this; the browser must support HTML frames and JavaScripts. Once the setup process is complete, the CacheRaQ 4 can be managed from any computer on the network that has a browser.
Chapter 2: Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 If the CacheRaQ 4’s network settings were configured successfully, then the Cobalt Welcome screen appears; see Figure 8. Click the Start button to begin using the Setup Wizard. A second browser window opens to the Setup Wizard. Figure 8. CacheRaQ 4 Welcome screen Active Assist — Online Help Active Assist provides real-time context-sensitive help on the UI. To access Active Assist, place the cursor over the icon beside any item.
Phase 2: Setting up with the Web browser Configuring the CacheRaQ 4 with the Setup Wizard To configure the CacheRaQ 4, enter information into the fields on the Setup Wizard screens. These fields are described in the sections that follow. The Setup Wizard is a series of five screens that guide you through the setup process. After completing each step, click on the NEXT button to apply the changes and move on to the next step. You can return to earlier screens by clicking on the BACK button.
Chapter 2: Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 1. Cache setup The Cache Setup screen allows you to configure the CacheRaQ 4’s caching software. This screen has three tables: Cache Mode, Cache Settings and Cache Proxy Settings. See Figure 9. Figure 9.
Phase 2: Setting up with the Web browser Cache Mode table The most important setting on this page is the Cache Mode. Select from among Traditional Proxy Caching mode, Transparent mode with one network interface and Transparent mode with two network interfaces. These modes are described in Chapter 1, “Introduction”. Cache Settings table There are five fields in the Cache Settings table. HTTP Proxy Port Number The value for the is 3128.
Chapter 2: Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 Document Maximum Time Before Expiration This setting specifies the maximum amount of time (in hours) that a document remains in the cache before it expires. This value is used in conjunction with the value for the document expiration age fraction. A cached document expires by the earlier of the two methods: document expiration age fraction or maximum time before expiration.
Phase 2: Setting up with the Web browser This look-ahead feature shows the greatest performance improvements on high-latency links. Normally, a client Web browser connects to a remote server to download the Web page; if the page has referenced objects, the client’s browser may make a new connection to retrieve each object. With the look-ahead feature, the CacheRaQ 4 retrieves the referenced objects while the Web page is still downloading to the client’s browser.
Chapter 2: Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 2. Network setup The Network Setup screen allows you to configure network-related settings that are not configured through the LCD console. See Figure 10. Figure 10.
Phase 2: Setting up with the Web browser Network settings You can configure the following settings for the network: • Host name • Domain name • Default gateway • IP address of the primary DNS server • IP address of the secondary DNS server Network 1 interface settings You can configure the following settings for the Network 1 interface: • IP address • Subnet mask Network 2 interface settings If you selected a configuration that requires the Network 2 interface, you can configure the following
Chapter 2: Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 The Network Setup screen also displays the media access control (MAC) addresses of the two network interfaces. You cannot change the MAC addresses. When you have entered the required information on the Network Setup screen, click NEXT to move to the next screen. 3. Administrator setup The Administrator Setup screen appears. The CacheRaQ 4 has an Administrator user for performing normal administrative and maintenance tasks. These tasks are performed through the UI.
Phase 2: Setting up with the Web browser Password guidelines Use the following guidelines when choosing a password: 1. Use between six and eight alphanumeric characters; you can use a password with more than eight characters, but Linux truncates the password at eight characters and verifies the password against those eight characters only. The valid characters include: a-z A-Z 0-9 % ! @ $ ^ & * - _ = \ | . , / ? ; : + a. Use both upper- and lower-case letters. A password is case-sensitive. b.
Chapter 2: Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 4. Time setup The Time Setup screen appears. On this screen, you enter time and time zone information. It is important to enter the correct values here to ensure that the nightly log-file rotation and statistics programs run at the correct times. See Figure 12. Choose the correct settings from the pull-down menus on this screen. When you are finished, click NEXT. Figure 12.
Phase 2: Setting up with the Web browser 5. Registration The Product Registration screen appears; see Figure 13. If you are connected to the Internet, you can register the CacheRaQ 4 by completing the online registration. ✍ Note: If you are not yet connected to the Internet, you cannot register online. Figure 13.
Chapter 2: Setting up the CacheRaQ 4 If you are not connected to the Internet, this screen does not appear. Fill out the registration card included in the packaging materials and return it to Cobalt Networks, Inc. By doing so, you will receive notifications of system and security upgrades and new product information. Cobalt Networks, Inc.
Chapter 3 CacheRaQ 4 Administration This chapter describes the Cobalt CacheRaQ 4’s administrative functions, which are available through the Web interface.
Chapter 3: CacheRaQ 4 Administration Home The Home button takes you to a default home page that describes the CacheRaQ 4. See Figure 14. Figure 14. CacheRaQ 4 home page Network setup The Network Setup screen (see Figure 15) is the same as described in the Setup Wizard. For information on this screen, see “2. Network setup” on page 24. Figure 15.
Cache setup Cache setup The first seven options on the Cache Setup screen—Cache Mode, HTTP Proxy Port Number, Documentation Expiration Age Fraction, Maximum Time Before Expire, Maximum Size of Cacheable Documents, Disk Space for Log Files and Disk Space of Usage Statistics—also appear in the Setup Wizard; see Figure 16. These options are described in “1. Cache setup” on page 20. The Cache Setup screen presents some additional configuration options that are not in the Setup Wizard.
Chapter 3: CacheRaQ 4 Administration Figure 16. Cache configuration screen Cache Cluster settings To access the Cache Cluster Master Settings, click Cluster at the top. The Cache Cluster Master Settings table appears. See Figure 17. This option lets you configure the CacheRaQ 4 as a Cluster Master. To do this, you simply enter the host names (or IP addresses) of Cluster Slaves in the fields marked “Cluster Slave 1”, “Cluster Slave 2” and so on.
Cache setup The Cluster Master can operate in any caching mode — Traditional Proxy Caching mode or Transparent mode with one or two network interfaces. In Transparent Caching mode, all client traffic should be routed through the Cluster Master, just as if the Cluster Master were a standalone CacheRaQ 4 operating in Transparent mode. If you make any changes, click Save Changes before leaving this screen. Figure 17.
Chapter 3: CacheRaQ 4 Administration Inter-Cache Communication Protocol (ICP) settings To access the ICP Settings, click ICP at the top. The Peer Settings table appears; see Figure 18. Figure 18. ICP configuration screen ICP is an Internet protocol used to create cache hierarchies.
Cache setup Figure 19 shows a parent/child configuration of cache servers. Figure 19. Parent/child configuration Parent Child Child Child In addition to the parent-child relationships, the CacheRaQ 4 supports the notion of siblings. Siblings are cache servers at the same level in the hierarchy, provided to distribute cache server load.
Chapter 3: CacheRaQ 4 Administration The Peer Settings table allows you to configure ICP peer hosts for the CacheRaQ 4. You may wish to configure ICP if, for example, your Internet service provider (ISP) operates an ICP-compliant cache with which you want to peer. In the Peer Settings table, specify the following information for each peer: the peer host name, an indication of whether the peer is a “parent” or a “sibling” (in ICP terminology), and the HTTP and ICP port numbers to use for the specified peer.
Cache setup Web Cache Communication Protocol v1 (WCCP) To access the WCCP Settings, click WCCP at the top. The WCCP Settings table appears. WCCP allows the CacheRaQ 4 to communicate with a WCCP-enabled router (usually a piece of equipment from Cisco Systems®) and to be integrated into a WCCP-enabled network. ✍ Note: The CacheRaQ 4 only supports version 1 (v1) of the Web Cache Communication Protocol.
Chapter 3: CacheRaQ 4 Administration Disable Caching ✍ Note: The Disable Caching feature is available only when clients are using the CacheRaQ 4 in Transparent Caching mode. Occasionally, CacheRaQ 4 users may have trouble accessing certain Web sites through the cache. This is often due to authentication schemes in which the server-side software authenticates users based on the IP address from which the user connects to the server.
Cache setup To configure a new host or network for which you want to disable caching, click Add Entry above the table. See Figure 21. When you add an entry, the following items are required: • Host or Network number (IP address). This is the address of the host or network whose HTTP traffic you do not want to cache. • Subnet mask for this host or network. This is the subnet mask for the host or network. Common values are 255.255.255.255 for a single host and 255.255.255.0 for a class C network.
Chapter 3: CacheRaQ 4 Administration Filter setup The CacheRaQ 4 is capable of filtering HTTP traffic that passes through it. The Filter Setup screen allows you to choose among three options. See Figure 22. • No Filtering. The CacheRaQ 4 allows all HTTP traffic. This is the default option. • Deny Access. The CacheRaQ 4 blocks access to specified sites and URLs. • Limit Access. The CacheRaQ 4 blocks access to all sites and URLs except ones that are explicitly specified.
Report setup Report setup You can configure optional email reports that the system sends nightly to the admin user. Email messages to the admin user can be forwarded to an arbitrary email address. See “Maintenance” on page 50 for information about how to configure the admin email alias. Email Report settings You can enable two types of email reports: • Usage Report.
Chapter 3: CacheRaQ 4 Administration Threshold settings You can set four thresholds for generating reports: bytes per client, documents per client, bytes per server and documents per server. In each of these fields, enter a value beyond which the CacheRaQ 4 generates a report. To list all clients or servers (or both) in a report, enter “0” in these fields. Figure 23 shows the Report Setup screen. Figure 23.
Cache statistics Cache statistics The CacheRaQ 4’s caching software records information on all HTTP requests it receives. Statistics are calculated nightly from this data and are available on a daily basis for the current month and the preceding month. To use the Cache Statistics page, you first set the parameters for the statistics you want to view and then you generate the statistics.
Chapter 3: CacheRaQ 4 Administration • Number of bytes sent to clients from cache misses • Total number of bytes sent to clients • Average cache hit object size. This is the average document size for documents which were delivered from the cache. • Average cache miss object size. This is the average document size for documents which had to be retrieved from their original servers. • Cache hit rate. This number refers to the ratio of cache hits to total cache requests. • Bandwidth savings.
Cache logs Usage statistics Four options let you view HTTP traffic statistics for individual clients (users) and individual HTTP servers. Each option returns a list of client or server host names, and for each host name, a count of documents sent by a server or received by a client and a count of bytes sent by a server or received by a client. • All clients. This option returns a list of clients that requested documents through the CacheRaQ 4.
Chapter 3: CacheRaQ 4 Administration Software on the CacheRaQ 4 rotates the access.log and cache.log files once per day. Log files are saved until they exceed the disk space allocation for log files. At this point, old log files are deleted until disk space consumption is within the specified limit. The Cache Logs screen offers two options: View Logs, for viewing the current day’s log files and Download Logs, for downloading log files from previous days. • View Log Files.
CPU usage Figure 24. Network Usage screen CPU usage This screen displays a graph of the CacheRaQ 4’s load average as it varies over time. The load average is a rough indicator of overall system activity. Generally, a high load average indicates a busy system. A CacheRaQ 4 with a load average that routinely exceeds 1.0 may be overloaded—a Cache Cluster might be appropriate for the workload in this situation.
Chapter 3: CacheRaQ 4 Administration Maintenance The Maintenance section combines three unrelated maintenance features. Admin Setup This screen lets you configure the CacheRaQ 4 Administrator password (which is required) and an external email address that will receive mail to the admin user (this email address is optional). Email reports (described in “Report setup” on page 43) are sent to admin, so use the Admin Setup page to set the real email address to which you want the reports sent. 1.
Maintenance Time Setup This screen lets you set the time and time zone on the CacheRaQ 4. It is important to set the time correctly, because the CacheRaQ 4 software rotates the log files and generates the statistics shortly after midnight each day. This time is chosen because it is close to the start of the day. This way, each day’s log files and statistics accurately reflect the actual usage that occurred on the corresponding calendar day. 1. Click Maintenance on the left.
Chapter 3: CacheRaQ 4 Administration Upgrade Software From time to time, Cobalt Networks, Inc. issues updates to critical software that runs on its products. Updates can be obtained from the Cobalt Networks Web page (http://www.cobalt.com). Updates come in the form of a “package” file with a “.pkg” file name suffix. The Update Software screen allows you to install new packages on the CacheRaQ 4; see Figure 27. Installing a package file To install a package file: 1. Obtain the .
Maintenance Once the package is installed, the system may prompt you through the UI to reboot the CacheRaQ 4. Some packages require you to reboot the system for the new software package to take effect. Cobalt recommends that you reboot the server now. You can choose not to reboot, but the new software will not come into effect and it may stop some processes from running. Figure 27.
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Appendix A Using the LCD Console During startup, the LCD screen on the front panel of the CacheRaQ 4 displays status information about the boot process itself. When setting up the CacheRaQ 4, you use the LCD console to enter network configuration information for the CacheRaQ 4. Once the CacheRaQ 4 is running, the LCD console serves several purposes.
Appendix A: Using the LCD Console Set up network To reset the IP address or change the network configuration of the Network 1 interface: 1. On the LCD console, hold down the S button for approximately two seconds. The LCD screen displays: SELECT: SETUP NETWORK 2. Press the E button. 3. Enter the IP address using the arrow buttons. The left and right arrow buttons move the cursor position to the left or right. The up and down arrow buttons increase or decrease the digit at the cursor position. 4.
Reboot Reboot To reboot the CacheRaQ 4: 1. On the LCD console, hold down the S button for approximately two seconds. The LCD screen displays: SELECT: SETUP NETWORK 2. Press the S button until Reboot appears in the LCD screen: SELECT: REBOOT 3. Press the E button. 4. Use the arrow buttons to toggle the cursor between [Y] and [N]. Select [Y] to reboot the system. 5. Press the E button. The CacheRaQ 4 reboots.
Appendix A: Using the LCD Console Power down ! Caution: To prevent the potential loss of data, it is important to follow the proper power-down procedure before turning off the CacheRaQ 4. To power down the CacheRaQ 4: 1. On the LCD console, hold down the S button for approximately two seconds. The LCD screen displays: SELECT: SETUP NETWORK 2. Press the S button until Power down appears in the LCD screen: SELECT: POWER DOWN 3. Press the E button. 4.
Reset network Reset network The Reset Network function resets the host name, IP address, subnet mask, gateway and DNS information to that of a new, unconfigured system. This function is useful if you are moving the CacheRaQ 4 to a new network. To reset the CacheRaQ 4 to a factory-fresh state: 1. On the LCD console, hold down the S button for approximately two seconds. The LCD screen displays: SELECT: SETUP NETWORK 2.
Appendix A: Using the LCD Console Resetting the CacheRaQ 4 Administrator password ☞ IMPORTANT: After you clear the password, enter a new one as soon as possible to protect the security of the CacheRaQ 4. At this point, anyone on the network can assign the CacheRaQ 4 Administrator password until you assign a new one. If you forget the CacheRaQ 4 Administrator password, you can clear it by following these steps. 1.
Appendix B Product Specifications Caching features • Caches HTTP and FTP traffic (only HTTP traffic is cached in transparent mode) • Configurable for both Transparent Caching and Traditional Proxy Caching mode • Supports HTTP/1.
Appendix B: Product Specifications System Management Browser-based user interface • Compatible with Netscape Navigator, version 4.7 or later, or Microsoft Internet Explorer, version 5.
Hardware Hardware The CacheRaQ 4 has the following hardware components. • x86-compatible superscalar processor • 64-MB to 512-MB PC-100 SDRAM DIMMs (2 slots) (3.3 v, 168-pin, non-parity, unbuffered) • One internal Ultra ATA/33 hard drive • Two 10/100 BaseT ethernet network interfaces • Dual serial console interface • LCD console for easy set-up and administration Software The CacheRaQ 4 has the following software features. Features • Linux 2.
Appendix B: Product Specifications Physical data The CacheRaQ 4 has the following physical characteristics. • Dimensions: 17.00 in. x 12.50 in. x 1.75 in. (43.2 cm x 31.8 cm x 4.5 cm; fits in a standard single-unit, 19-in. equipment rack) • Weight: 9 lbs. 3 oz. (4.
Appendix C Sample Network Topologies This appendix shows how the Cobalt CacheRaQ 4 can be used in a variety of ways in different network environments. It illustrates the connections among the network components and gives configuration details for each setup. Traditional Proxy Caching mode Installation notes • Configure the CacheRaQ 4 for Traditional Proxy Caching mode. • Configure the clients’ browsers to use the CacheRaQ 4 as the HTTP proxy. Instructions for Internet Explorer Version 5.0 1.
Appendix C: Sample Network Topologies Instructions for Netscape Navigator Version 4.7 1. From the Edit menu, choose Preferences. 2. In the Category list, click Advanced. 3. Under the Advanced list, click Proxies. 4. Click the radio button for Automatic Proxy Configuration. 5. In the URL field, enter http:///proxy.pac. Advantage • If the CacheRaQ 4 fails, the outside network is still accessible (contrast this with Transparent Caching mode discussed later).
Transparent Caching mode using one network interface Transparent Caching mode using one network interface Installation notes • To avoid changes to the clients’ configuration, assign the existing gateway address used by the clients to the CacheRaQ 4’s Network 1 interface. • Assign a new IP address to the router/firewall. • Use the new IP address of the router/firewall as the gateway setting on the CacheRaQ 4. Advantage • The client machines do not require a special configuration.
Appendix C: Sample Network Topologies Transparent Caching mode using two network interfaces Installation notes • To avoid changes to the clients’ configuration, assign the existing gateway address used by the clients to the CacheRaQ 4’s Network 2 interface. • Create a new subnet containing two hosts: the router (assign it a new IP address) and the CacheRaQ 4’s Network 1 interface. Ensure that the IP addresses you assign to the router and to Network 1 are on a subnet different from the clients’ network.
CacheRaQ 4 for workgroups CacheRaQ 4 for workgroups Installation notes • You can configure the CacheRaQ 4 for either Traditional Proxy Caching mode or Transparent Caching mode (using one or two network interfaces). • To set up the mode you choose, follow the instructions given in “Traditional Proxy Caching mode” on page 65 for Traditional mode, or “Transparent Caching mode using one network interface” on page 67 or “Transparent Caching mode using two network interfaces” on page 68 for Transparent mode.
Appendix C: Sample Network Topologies Deployment in an ISP Installation notes • Configure the CacheRaQ 4 for Transparent Caching mode using one network interface. • Configure the access concentrators (“DIAL UP”) to use the CacheRaQ 4 as their gateway. • Enter the IP address of the router as the gateway for the CacheRaQ 4. • One CacheRaQ 4 should be able to handle 1 Mb/s to 2 Mb/s of wide area network (WAN) traffic. Contact Cobalt Networks, Inc. for more detailed deployment guidelines.
Cluster deployment in an ISP Cluster deployment in an ISP Installation notes • Configure one CacheRaQ 4 as the Cluster Master (see “Cache Cluster settings” on page 34). • Configure the Cluster Master to operate in Transparent Caching mode using one network interface. • The Cluster Slaves require no special configuration. • Enter the IP address of the router as the gateway for the Cluster Master. • Configure the access concentrators (“DIAL UP”) to use the Cluster Master as their gateway.
Appendix C: Sample Network Topologies Cluster deployment with an L4 switch in an ISP Installation notes • Configure the CacheRaQ 4s for Transparent Caching mode using one network interface. • You do not need a Cluster Master because the L4 switch replaces the Cluster Master. • The CacheRaQ 4s can be connected either directly to the L4 switch or through a hub. • Refer to the manual of the L4 switch for instructions on configuring the redirection of cache requests.
Cluster in Traditional Proxy Caching mode Cluster in Traditional Proxy Caching mode Installation notes • Configure one CacheRaQ 4 as the Cluster Master (see “Cache Cluster settings” on page 34). • The Cluster Slaves require no special configuration. Advantages • Distributed caching allows for faster response time and more storage space. • Clustered CacheRaQ 4s are scalable—you can add more Cluster Slaves as needed. Disadvantage • You must change the browser configuration of each client.
Appendix C: Sample Network Topologies Cluster in Transparent Caching mode Installation notes • Configure the Cluster Master for Transparent Caching mode. (The figure above shows a two-interface configuration. A one-interface configuration is also possible.) • Configure the Cluster Slaves for Traditional Proxy Caching mode. • Enter the Cluster Slave information into the Cluster Master configuration (see “Cache Cluster settings” on page 34).
Enterprise cluster with an L4 switch Enterprise cluster with an L4 switch Installation notes • Configure the CacheRaQ 4s for Transparent Caching mode using one interface. • The CacheRaQ 4s can be connected either directly to the L4 switch or through a hub. • You do not need a Cluster Master because the L4 switch replaces the Cluster Master. • Refer to the manual of the L4 switch for instructions on configuring the redirection of cache requests.
Appendix C: Sample Network Topologies 76 Cobalt CacheRaQ 4 User Manual
Appendix D Advanced Information Serial console port You can connect a console terminal to the DB-9 connector on the back panel of the CacheRaQ 4. The terminal can be either an ASCII terminal or a PC running terminal software. The console terminal should have the following communications parameters—115 200 baud, 8 data bits, no parity and one stop bit.
Appendix D: Advanced Information 1. Connect a null modem serial cable to the serial console port on the back panel of the CacheRaQ 4. See the following figure. Serial console port 2. Serial port Network connectors Configure your terminal software to the following parameters: • 115 200 Baud • 8 data bits • no parity • 1 stop bit 3. Power on the CacheRaQ 4 with the power switch on the back panel. 4. A number of boot messages are displayed on your terminal screen. 5.
Appendix E Licenses THE BSD COPYRIGHT Copyright ©1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2.
Appendix E: Licenses GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. b.
Appendix E: Licenses 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above, provided that you also do one of the following: a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, b.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.
Appendix E: Licenses 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING, THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Appendix E: Licenses SSL LICENSE Copyright (c) 1998-1999 Ralf S. Engelschall. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2.
Appendix F Glossary 10/100 BaseTX An Ethernet connection over twisted-pair cables with a throughput of 10 Mb/s or 100 Mb/s. 10BaseT A 10-Mb/s baseband Ethernet specification using two pairs of twisted-pair cabling (Category 3, 4, or 5): one pair for transmitting data and the other for receiving data. 10BaseT (part of the IEEE 802.3 specification) has a distance limit of approximately 328 feet (100 meters) per segment.
Appendix F: Glossary Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) A protocol that requires carrier sense and in which a transmitting data station that detects another signal while transmitting stops sending, sends a jam signal and then waits for a variable period of time before sending again. Used in ethernet LAN technology. CGI See Common gateway interface (CGI).
Domain name The location of an organization or other entity on the Internet. For example, the address www.cobalt.com locates an Internet address for the domain name “cobalt.com” at a particular IP address and a particular host server named “www.” Domain Name System (DNS) The Internet service responsible for translating a human-readable host name such as cobalt.com into a numeric IP address (111.123.45.67) for TCP/IP communications.
Appendix F: Glossary FTP See File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Gateway A network device that acts as an entrance to another network. A gateway can also be any device that passes packets from one network to another network across the Internet. HTML See HyperText Markup Language (HTML). HTTP See HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HyperText Markup Language (HTML) A set of “markup” symbols or tags inserted in a text file intended for display on a World Wide Web browser.
Inter-Cache Communication Protocol (ICP) An Internet protocol used to create cache hierarchies. A cache hierarchy is a collection of caching proxy servers organized in a logical parent/child and sibling arrangement so that cache servers closest to Internet gateways (closest to the backbone transit entry-points) act as parents to cache servers at locations farther from the backbone.
Appendix F: Glossary Internet Protocol (IP) A network-layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack offering a connectionless internetwork service. IP provides features for addressing, type-of-service specification, fragmentation and reassembly, and security. IP is defined in RFC 791. InterNIC The former organization responsible for registering and maintaining the com, edu, gov, net and org domain names on the World Wide Web. Domain name registration is now performed by Network Solutions, Inc.
Logical memory See virtual memory. Media access control (MAC) sublayer The lower of the two sublayers of the data link layer defined by the IEEE. The MAC sublayer handles access to shared media, such as whether token passing or contention is used. Media access control (MAC) address A standardized data-link-layer address that is required for every port or device that connects to a LAN.
Appendix F: Glossary Network Time Protocol (NTP) A protocol built on top of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) that synchronizes the time of a local computer client or server to radio clocks and atomic clocks located on the Internet. This protocol is capable of synchronizing distributed clocks within milliseconds over long time periods. Some configurations include cryptographic authentication to prevent accidental or malicious protocol attacks. NTP See Network Time Protocol (NTP).
Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) Post Office Protocol (POP) is a standard protocol for receiving email. POP is a client/server protocol in which email is received and held for you by your Internet server. When you read your mail, all of it is immediately downloaded to your computer and no longer maintained on the server. POP3 is built into the Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers. POP can be thought of as a store-and-forward service.
Appendix F: Glossary Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Secure Sockets Layer is a program layer created by Netscape Communications for managing the security of message transmissions in a network. Netscape’s idea was that the programming for keeping your messages confidential ought to be contained in a program layer between higher-level protocols (such as HTTP or IMAP) and the TCP/IP layers of the Internet.
Server A system program that awaits requests from client programs in the same computer or across a network, and services those requests. A server can be dedicated, in which case this is its sole function, or non-dedicated, where the system can be used in other ways, such as a workstation.
Appendix F: Glossary SMTP see Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). SNMP See Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). SSL See Secure Socket Layer (SSL). Subnet mask A number that, in conjunction with an IP address, defines the set of IP addresses that are considered “local.” For example, if your IP address is 192.168.25.77 and your subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, then addresses between 192.168.25.1 and 192.168.25.255 are considered local. Also known as netmask.
Virtual memory A concept that, when implemented by a computer and its operating system, allows programmers to use a very large range of memory or storage addresses for stored data. WCCP See Web Cache Communication Protocol (WCCP). Web Cache Communication Protocol (WCCP) This protocol, developed by Cisco Systems, Inc., allows you to use a caching router to handle web traffic, reducing transmission costs and downloading time.
Appendix F: Glossary 100 Cobalt CacheRaQ 4 User Manual
