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Cisco™ CCNA : OSI and TCP/IP

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CCNA Network Simulator CCNA Exam Simulator CCENT Exam Simulator CCNA ICND2 Exam Simulator CCNP BSCI Exam Simulator

Application : Responsible for identifying and establishing the availability of desired

comm partner and verifying sufficient resources exist for comm. Ex: FTP, SMTP

Presentation : Responsible for presenting the data in standard formats. Some

Presentation layer standards are JPEG, MPEG, MIDI, PICT, Quick Time, TIFF.

Session : Responsible for co-ordinating communication between systems/nodes.

Some of the session layer protocols and interfaces: NFS, RPC, SQL, ASP, DNA SCP

OSI MODEL

Transport : Responsible for multiplexing upper-layer applications, session mgmt

tearing down of virtual circuits, flow control and to maintain data integrity.

TCP/IP MODEL

Application : Defines TCP/IP application protocols and how

host programs interface with transport layer services to use

the network. Ex: FTP, SMTP, Telnet

Transport : Provides communication session management between

host computers. Ex: TCP, UDP

Internet : Performs routing of IP datagrams.

Ex: IP, ARP, ICMP

Some important port numbers

FTP : Port 20-21 Telnet : Port 23 DHCP : Ports 67 and 68 POP3 : Port 110

TFTP : Port 69 SMTP : Port 25 DNS : Port 53 HTTP : Port 80

Network : Responsible for sending packets from the source network to the destination

network using routing methods. Routers work at network layer.

Datalink : Consists of LLC sublayer and MAC sublayer. LLC handles error control, flow

flow control, framing etc. MAC handles access to shared media such as ethernet.

Physical : Responsible for ultimate transmission of data over network communications

media. Some of the standard interfaces at physical layer are EIA/TIA-232, V.24,V.35, HSSI

Physical : Controls the hardware devices and media that make

up the network.

Port numbers used by TCP/UDP

0-255 : Used for public applications

255-1023 : Assigned to companies

Above 1023 : Used by upper layers to set up sessions with other hosts and by

TCP to use as source and destination addresses.

Summary of content (19 pages)

PAGE 1
cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : OSI and TCP/IP OSI MODEL Application : Responsible for identifying and establishing the availability of desired comm partner and verifying sufficient resources exist for comm. Ex: FTP, SMTP TCP/IP MODEL Presentation : Responsible for presenting the data in standard formats. Some Presentation layer standards are JPEG, MPEG, MIDI, PICT, Quick Time, TIFF. Session : Responsible for co-ordinating communication between systems/nodes.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : IOS Internal memory components of a cisco router Router Cursor Commands ROM : Memory containing micro-code for basic functions to start and maintain the router. RAM/DRAM : Stores the running configuration, routing tables, and packet buffers. NVRAM : Memory that does not lose information when power is lost. Stores the system’s configuration file and the configuration register. Flash Memory : Stores the compressed IOS image.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : Password Recovery Procedure 1 Procedure 2 Complete these steps in order to recover your password: Complete these steps in order to recover your password: 1. Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation to the console port of the router and set terminal settings to 9600 baud rate, No parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, No flow control. The configuration register is usually set to 0x2102 or 0x102.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : IPv4 Addressing Converting Binary to Decimal Converting Decimal to Binary Binary is a base 2 system with only two numbers 0 or 1. The weightage of binary digits from right most bit position to the left most bit position is given below. Decimal is a Base 10 system with 10 possible values (0 to 9) To convert decimal to binary, simply divide the decimal value by 2 and then write down the remainder, repeat this process until you cannot divide by 2 anymore.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : IPv4 Addressing IP Address Intro IP Address Classes ( Public IP range) 1. An IP address (32 bit number, 4 bytes) consists of four octets seperated by dots. Class Format A N.H.H.H 0 0-126 127 B N.N.H.H 10 128-191 16,384 C N.N.N.H 110 192 -223 2,097,152 The octet is a binary number of eight digits, which equals the decimal numbers from 0 to 255.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : Subnetting Requirement for IPv4 Subnetting Subnetting Scenarios 1. Efficient use of available IP address space 2. Network traffic isolation 3. Improved security 4. Limiting broadcast messages The subnetting scenarios may broadly be divided in to two categories: 1. Optimize for a given number of hosts 2. Optimize for a given number of subnets Finally, determine the host address range for each available subnet.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : Subnetting Subnetting Scenario Question 2 How many subnet bits are required for X number of hosts ? (Assume X value to be 5 in this case) Tip : Convert X (for the subnets) to binary, determine the number of bits needed for the host portion, additionally determine the subnet mask from the remaining bits, using formula 2ⁿ, find the relevant number of subnets in this scenario. . Solution : Step 1: Consider the Class C address N.N.N.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : Subnetting Subnetting Scenario Question 3 Determine the range of valid IP Addresses for an X subnet mask ? (Assume X value to be 240 in this case) Tip : Convert X to binary and determine the decimal value of lowest high order bit, start the range of addresses at that value, and increment the range by that value. . Solution : Step 1: Convert 240 to binary.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : Routing Protocols Routing Protocols Types of Routing Protocols Routed Protocols Routing protocols job is to maintain routing tables and route packets appropriately. Examples of routing are RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF. Distance Vector: Distance vector routing determines the direction and distance to any link in the internetwork. Smaller the metric, better the path. Distance vector routing is useful for smaller networks. Ex: RIP and IGRP.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : EIGRP and OSPF EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol) Important terms used in EIGRP Routing metrics used by IGRP Successor: A route (or routes) selected as the primary route(s) used to transport packets to reach destination. Note that successor entries are kept in the routing table of the router. Feasible successor: A route (or routes) selected as backup route(s) used to transport packets to reach destination.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : Frame Relay Types of virtual circuits (Vcs) in Frame Relay Frame relay sub-interfaces Frame Relay is purely a Layer 2 standard. Two types of Vcs in FR When configuring frame-relay using sub interfaces the physical interfaces on which sub interfaces are configured would not be assigned any IP address. Even if one is assigned it should be removed prior to configuring frame-relay. 1.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : Access-Lists Wild Card Masking Access Lists Wild card masking is used to permit or deny a group of addresses. For example, if we have a source address 185.54.13.2 and want all the hosts on the last octet to be considered, we use a wild card mask, 185.54.13.255. The 32 bit wildcard mask consists of 1’s and 0’s 1 = ignore this bit 0 = check this bit IP access lists are a sequential list of permit and deny conditions that apply to IP addresses or upper layer protocols.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : NAT Address Classification Static NAT Inside Local : An actual address assigned to an inside host Maps an unregistered IP address to registered IP (globally unique) addresses on one-to-one basis. Inside Global : An inside address seen from the outside The command, ip nat inside source static configures address translation for static NAT.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : IPv6 Addressing IPv6 Header IPv6 : Points to Remember 1. IPv6 address is 128 bits in length represented in hexadecimal 2. IPv6 Loopback address is 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, also expressed as ::1. 3. IPv6 reserves two special addresses. They are 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 and 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1. 4.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : Configuration Commands A. Setting Passwords Sl. No.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : VLANs and VTP VTP – Points to Remember VLANs – Points to Remember 1. VLAN 1 is the management VLAN. 2. Static VLAN : VLAN is statically assigned to the physical port and never changes. 3. Dynamic VLAN : VMPS automatically assigns VLAN based on MAC 4. Access Link : An access link can carry only one VLAN (used between host and switch port) 5. Trunk Link : A trunk link can carry multiple VLANs. Used to connect to other switches, routers, or servers 6.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : Spanning Tree Protocol STP – Points to Remember STP Port Roles 1. STP is a layer 2 protocol that runs on switches and bridges, the purpose of STP is to remove switching loops. By default, STP is enabled on cisco switches. 2. All switches participating in STP exchange info with other switches in the network Through messages known as BPDUs (Sent out at a frequency of 2 sec on every port) 3. STP port states are Blocked, Listen, Learn, Forward, Disabled 4.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : Show Commands Router Show commands Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
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cvcccccCisco Cisco™ CCNA : Show Commands 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. show ip protocols show users show ipv6 interface show ipv6 rip show ipv6 ospf show ipv6 route show ipv6 protocols show ip dhcp binding Displays parameters and current state of the active routing protocol process. Displays users connected to the router. Displays ipv6 interface configuration information. Displays information about all current IPV6 RIP processes.