Introduction Introduction Congratulations upon your defection of the Casio PB-2000C C programming language computer. This manual covers the basic operation, calculation function, formula memory function, data bank function, and peripherals of the PB-2000C. For detailed information on the C function, please refer to the separate Introduction to the C Programming Language manual supplied with the PB-2000C. Always keep this manual in a safe place for reference when using the PB-2000C.
Abut his manual About this manual This manual explains the basic operation of the PB-2000C, along with a simple introduction to €. Tn addition, you will find important information on using the PB-2000C’s calculation, formula memory, and data bank function, as well as how to connect with optional devices. Chapter 1 is titled Getting Acquainted because it provides you with the basic information you need to begin to use the PB-2000C effectively.
Contents Contents Using the € function. .. 22 To use the C interpreter. To use the C editor Using the calculator faction. Entering operators How calculation results are displayed. .. Using variables Performing manual calculations. To perform arithmetic calculation: To enter . value as a negative To enter an exponent . To use a result at the beginning of the next calculation. To use a result within the next calculation. .. Performing calculations using .
Contents 32 RP-33 expansion RAM pack. Loading the RAM pack To load the RAM pack. 3-3 MD-100 Interface Unit To connect the computer to the MD-100. . Using floppy disks. ..ot To goad a floppy disk inch the div To remove a floppy disk from the drive. Formatting disks. To format a disk. RS-232C interface. . Baud r Electronics interface. 3-4 FA-7 Interface Unit... To connect the computer to the FA-7 interface unit.
Chapter | Getting Acquainted 1-1 Unpacking 1-2 () Memo/Memo in key Break key s () Meteorite hires @ Display ‘When unpacking the PB-2000C; be sure to check that all of the following items are included. If something is missing, contact you dealer immediately, 1. PB-2000C 2. Hard case 3. Owner’s Manual 4. Introduction to the C Programming Language manual 5. Three CR2032 lithium baptisteries for main power supply 6. One CRITIC hatter for backup power supply 7.
ey 12 General guide Chapter | Getting Acquainted i @ Insect key l @ Numeric keys Use to insert a space at the current cursor location. If you hold down this key, spaces Use to enter numeric values.
Chapter 1 Gating Acquainted (3 RESET button (sewer) Use this button to perform a hardware reset and initialize the computer after an operational failure caused by static electricity {see page ¢ for procedure). @ NEW ALL button (xew) Use this button to clear all data and programs currently stored in the memory of the computer (see page 10 for procedure).
Chapter 1 Getting Acquainted 3. Turn the computer over and the battery should drop out easily. 4. Load & new set of three batteries after wiping them off with a soft, dry cloth. Load them into the computer ensuring that their positive & poles are facing up. 5. Replace the main battery holder and secure it in place using screw A, 6. Replace the back cover of the computer and switch power ON.
Chapter t Getting Acquainted 16 About the keyboard To reset the hardware and clear memory (NEW ALL) First a word of warning: The following operation will clear all of the data and programs stored in the memory of the PB-2000C. Be sure that you no longer need anything that is in memory or that you have another record of it before proceeding with the following operation. 1. Switch the power of the computer ON. 2. Hold down the NEW ALL button with a thin, pointed object.
Chapter | Getting Acquainted Using the accessory overlay A special keyboard overlay comes with your PB-2000C to make it possible for you to easily keep track of the C commands that can be entered following the & key. Simply place the overlay on the keyboard during € programming and remove it during normal operation. Overlay sheet 1-7 How data is displayed Abort the display The display of the PB-2000C contains 32 columns and 4 lines (192 x 32 dots). Each character is made up from a 6 x 8-dot matrix. ©0 (191.
Chapter t About the virtual screen Setting Acquainted Though you can see only four lines of data at a time on the display, the virtual screen of the PB-2000C actually holds 8 lines. To imagine the relationship between the display and the virtual screen, think of the:virtual screen as an 8-line piece of paper laying flat on a table. On top larger piece of paper, with a square cut out that lets you sec only four fines of the paper on the bottom.
Chapter 2 Gating Started 2-1 About menus and modes The operations of the PB-2000C can be broadly broken down into the four following functions: * C function * Calculator function * Formula memory function ¢ Data bank function Let’s have a look at some basic operations that makes these functions available to you. To switch power ON Slide the power switch to the:ON position and the cursor will appear on the display. L cursor This is the CAL mode which is the default setting for the PB-2000C.
Chapter 2 Getting Started Menu display Menu display = fe line we lied it Disk ]l Function key menu — — Function keys Name |[kill ][load |{save Jl——— Function key menu Function keys s data Gastritis merger key menu Function keys ) [C/S J[set e Function key menu Function keys S Basic operation of the calculator function (CAL mode) ‘When you want to use the computer as a calculator, press the & key to enter the CAL mode.
Chaplet 2 Getting Started Enter the purchase price and press 88. Then, in answer to the next prompt, enter the profit rate and press B2 again. The selling price Is instantly calculated and displayed. 1000 B 0.3 B9 Let’s counting with a 960 B2 0.25 6 PURCHASE? 1000 PROFITEROLE SELL= 1428.571429 purchase price of $960 and & profit rate of 0.25 PURCHASE?960 2-1 About menus and modes Once you store a formula in memory, you can execute it as many times as you wain.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 2-3 Using the calculator function 2-2 Using the C function Your PB-2000C features a Ci editor that gives you powerful C interpreter and program development capabilities. For detailed information on operations and an introduction to using C, refer to the separate Introduction to the C Programming Language manual. To use the C interpreter L. Press the [ key to display the following menu, [c? Newcomer Editable ][disk ] 2. Press the function key under [¢ ] to enter the C interpreter.
Chapter 2 Getting Started Using variables correctly * Your PB-2000C can handle numeric variables only. This means that you can assign only numeric values to a variable, never text. + Variable names can be any combination of uppercase or lowercase characters and numbers, except for two restrictions: 1, The first position of the variable name must be a character, never a number, 2. The first characters of the variable name cannot be a scientific function name.
Chapter 2 Getting Started To use a result within the next calculation After obtaining a result by pressing the B key, press s (answer key) at the point in the next calculation where you want the previous result used, Example Calculation: 812+ Input: 81.2 B8 14.56 81.2/ 14.5 5.6 Performing calculations using variables Since you can use variables in calculations with the PB-2000C, repeat calculations in which one a value is constant become ‘quicker and easier.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 2. Press the key 1o Open up a space. 3. Enter the desired character. 1 To delete a character using 1. Use the cursor keys to move the cursor to the character that you wish to delete. | DEFINABLE_ S 2. Press the [ key to delete the character at the current cursor location. ABSENCE To delete a character using 1. Use the cursor keys 1o move the cursor to the character that is fo the right of the character that you wish to delete, & DEFINABLE 2-3 Using the calculator faction 2.
Chapter 2 Getting Started Trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions The trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions let you calculate the sing cosine, tangent, arc sine, costarring, and arc tangent of values. The PB-2000C is capable of performing trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions using a unit of angular measurement in degrees, radians or grads.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 23 Using the calculator function, To change the angle unit after a result is obtained Calculation: Input: ANGLE 0 g TENSOR 3 B¢ ANGLE 1 B2 ATKINS 3 B8 ANGLE SQUATNESS 60 ANGLE 60 ANGLE SQUATNESS 1.
Chapter 2 Getting Started Decimal < Hexadecimal conversion This function fetch you convert 'salves between the decimal and hexadecimal number systems.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 2.4 Using the formula memory function 2-4 Using the formula memory function The formula memory function of the PB-2000C lets you use a single formula for multiple calculations. Simply store the formula in memory and then supply values for the variables as the computer prompts you on the display.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 2-5 Using the data bank faction 2. Add : R=A+B to the end of the multi statement, Remember to include the colon. Input: [T} R=A+B 3. Press [W) to store the newly created multi statement. Try entering a few values to see what happens. Press the B key when you want to exit the calculation. To clear the formula memory ‘Whenever you press the key, anything shown on the display replaces the current contents of the formula memory.
Charier 2 Geeing Started Input: CASIO g CASCARA < 1> At this time the cursor more data, the display will disappear from the display of Record #1, Now, if you input will automatically change to Record #2 for the new data. Kaput: PB-2000C g PB-2000C < 2> Now enter “ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY Zabedefgh” for Recon% # 3. Note that this becomes two lines on the display, so this record contains one logical line made up of ewo physical lines {sec page 13).
Chapter 2 Getting Started T 2-5 Using the data bank function 2. Enter the words “POCKET COMPUTER" as the data to be included in the inserted record, Note that this data will be the new Record #2. Input: POCKET COMPUTER 3. Finally, press B8 1o Input;[ POCKET COMPUTER_ < 2> store the: new record. POCKET COMPUTER PB-2000C ABCDEFGH | JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcde edit the data in a record Confirm that the computer is in the MEMO IN mode and select the record that you wish to edit. Press () () to display the cursor.
Chapter 2 Getting Started To locate specific data in the data bank Confirm that the computer is in the MEMO IN mode and enter the characters (up 1o eight) their you want to search for. Then press the @8 key, As an example, left's search for ill records that contain sets of characters that start with the letter 1. Enter the letter *“P7 \L, 25 Using the data bank function Press the 88 key.
Chapter 2 Getting Started -5 Using the data bank function Mesa file currently stored in memory. =] MEMO B [c ]newel Edited J[disk ] 2. Press the 85 key to change the function key menu. =] Kitty {{toad {{save ] [name 3. Press the function key under the {kilt time, the computer § selection in the function key menu. At this confirms that you really want to delete the data bank file. flit killing 4. Enter delete the file. 1f you press here, the computer returns to the previous menu.
Chapter 2 Getting Started Using the data bank with the formula memory function By combining the data bank and formula memory function capabilities of the you can build up a library of useful formulas in the data bank for instant recall executioner ‘when you need them. For example, let's store the following formula for calculation of the interest paid on time deposits. INTEREST=DEPOSIT x ANNUAL RATE x NUMBER OF MONTHS/12 1.
Chapter 2 Setting Started To load 3 file i. Press @9 1o enter the MENU node. i} N 2. Use the cursor keys to select the file that you want to load. The currently defected file is highlighted on the display. ) N 3. Press the b key. If the currently selected file contains a program, the program is executed. If it contains sequential data, the computer enters the DATA EDIT mode {sce page 66).
Chapter 2 Getting Started 2-7 Using the menus Important [ name ] The disk menu will not appear if a floppy disk drive is not correctly connected to the computer or when a disk is nonsegregated into a connected drive, Selecting [disk ] in these instances displays on “NR error’’. Press the #8 key to clear the error and return to the main Press the function key under this selection to change the name of the currently selected file, To change the name of a file menu, 1.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 27 Using the menus [kill « Use the same procedure (o give @ name fo an unnamed file. * No two files may have identical names and extensions. For example: OCCASION MISC.001 CASING OCCASION CASING Illegal | OCCASION Legal Legal @ The [name | function does not operate unless a filename is selected. 1 Press the function key under this defection to delete the currently selected file.
Chapter 3 Goering Started EXAMPLE fame Kill J{toad ][save | * Loaded files are always given priority. This means that if you load a file that has a filename which is identical to a file in the computer’s memory, the file in memory will be deleted and replaced with the file loaded from the cassette tape. An unnamed file loaded from a cassette tape will also replace an unnamed file stored in computer’s memory.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 27 Using the menus —4— To load a file via the RS-232C interface 4. Press the function key under: [R8232C] to specify that you wish to load file via the 1. Connect the optional FA-7 or MD-100 Interface Unit. 2. Set the RS-232C switch on the left side of the interface unit fo the ON position. RS:232C switch e i RS -232C 3. Press the function key under [load ], and one of the two following displays will appear.
Charier 2 Eugenio Survived & CTS signal control < N¥ Yes # Default setting DSR signal control D Ne Yos tenor * Default setting ROTE; o T Yes Ignore * Default sating 55 Buffer busy control B | N Ses Novene * Default setting 81/S0 control Yes [ * Default seeing * When the baud rate is set at 9600bps, the character bit length must be 8 bits. » Files Bonded via the RS-232C interface are always loaded as unnamed sequential files.
Chapter 2 Gating Started 3. Press the function key under {RAM | (o specify that you wish to save the selected file in RAM if you are using the FA-7 or MD-100. [RAM | RO ISR 1 save "EXAMPLE. 4. Be sure 1o change the filename, and then press [x, CASIO LU 13 & save “CASINO_ = EXAMPLE . [l Casio . ¢ [name J[kill J[load ][save | + Unnamed files and files that do not contain data cannot be saved. = A “BF error”’ occurs if you try to save a file to RAM without {first changing ifs filename.
Chapter 2 Gating Safaried 29 Using the meets 3. Press the function key under [save 1}, and the following display will appear. [save | EXAMPLE . % save” [RAM | 4. Press the function key under [disk ] to specify that you wish 1o save to a floppy disk. At this time the {RAM |, [RS232C] and {disk | selections disappear from the display, and “*0v" appears. 4. Press the function key under [save §, and one of the two following displays will appear. disk_ . S.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 7. After the save operation is complete, the main menu appears on the display. BN C [name Skittle J[load J[save | [ data ] Press the function key under this selection to enter the DATA EDIT mode for editing of a sequential data file. If an unnamed sequential data file already exists in memory, that file is automatically entered and ifs first Sine is displayed, If an unnamed file does not exist, one is created automatically.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 27 Using the menus [List ] Press the function key under this selection to cutout a file to a printer. To output a file to a printer 1, Connect a printer and insert paper. 2. Use the cursor keys to change the current selection so that the name of the file you wish to print is highlighted. EXAMPLE . C [data Pacifist J[merge ][preset] 3, Press the function key under [list ] The menu display clears and printing begins, When printing is complete, the computer returns to the main menu.
Chapter 2 Getting Started 2.7 Using the menus To execute a preset file 1. Press the B key to enter the CAL mode. The first six characters of the filenames of the Tiles that you have specified as preset files appear in the preset filename menu at the bottom of the display. [CASIO ] ] 2. Press the function key under name of the preset file you wish to execute. At this time the computer enters the C interpreter and loads the selected file.
Charier 2 Ger Diarist 5. error stop (YYN) Y — Error message displayed and execution terminated when execution of a C program is interrupted by an error. N — Error message not displayed and execution continues when execution of a € program is interrupted by an error. See the separate Introduction to the C Programming Language manual for further details. [ memory | Press the function key under this selection 10 check the memory status of the computer. To change the emery status of the computer 1.
Charier 2 Getting Started Important ® The following table shows the default values for the various memory areas following the NEW ALL operation, Memory area 32K bye RAM 64K byte RAM User area (fixed) 26111 58879 work 1024 1024 file 4095 8161 C 20992 49664 code 5248 12416 symbol 5248 12416 stack 10496 24832 *The minimum value Tor the € area s 4,096 bytes. * A portion of the code, symbol and stack areas are used internally by the computer even following the NEW ALL operation.
Chapter 3 Getting Bigger 3-1 Optional ROM cards 3-1 Optional ROM cards Besides C, the PB-2000C js capable of running Prolong and BASIC when you install the corresponding optional ROM card. Loading an optional ROM card Before handling the optional ROM cards, be sure to first touch a doorknob or other metal object to discharge any static electricity that may be built up on your fingertips.
Chapter 3 Setting Bigger 3. Slide the ROM card lock on the back of the computer in the direction of the LOCK arrow, 4. Switch the power of the computer ON, 3-2 RP-33 expansion RAM pack The 32K byte RAM of the PB-2000C can be expanded to 64K bytes with the addition of the optional RP-33 expansion RAM pack. Loading the RAM pack Before handling the optional RAM pack, be sure to first touch a doorknob or other metal object to discharge any static electricity that may be built up on your fingertips.
Chapter 3 Getting Bigger 33 MD-100 Interface Unit 4. Replace the back cover of the computer, 5. Switch power ON and press the RESET button and the NEW ALL button with a thin pointed object, Important ® Be sure to press the NEW ALL button whenever you install or remove the RAM pack. Otherwise, meaningless data may’ appear on the display. * Dust, dirt or fingerprints on the PCB connector of the RAM pack connector may cause poor connection and improper operation. Be sure 1o protect the connector at all times.
Chapter 3 Gating Bigger Formatting disks Before a disk can be used it must be formatted. The formatting operation puts that tracks on the disk into a style that the PB-2000C can write to and read from. You can also format a disk that contains data to completely erase everything stored ou the disk. To format a disk 1. Load the disk to be formatted info the disk drive. 2. Press the @ key to enter the CAL mode. 3. Enter FORMAT The formatting operation will take about one minute.
Chapter 3 Getting Bigger 34 FA-T Interface Unit Electronics interface 3-4 FA-7 Interface Unit You can connect the PB-2000C toa Electronics standard printer via the Electronics interface of the MD-100. The following table shows the pin assignments for the required Ce Nth? FA-7 interface Unit provides the three devices in a single unit: tonics cable. » Cassette interface — for storage and retrieval of data using cassette tapes. * interface — for data communications via an RS 8-232C cable.
Chapter 3 Genning Bigger Using the cassette interface To connect a tape recorder to the interface unit 1. Connect the cassette tape recorder to the interface unit using an optional SB-52 cable, as illustrated below. FA-T cassette interface Tape recorder PHASE REM MC EAR PHASE MOTOR EAR WHD REM VOCAB) your tape recorder does not have an EAR jack, connect to the LINE OUT or similar jack. « 1f your tape recorder does not have an MIC jack, connect to the LINE IN or similar jack.
Chapter 3 Getting Bigger 3-5 PF-100 Plotter Printer The optional PF-100 is a 4-color plotter printer that prints data from the PB-2000C on A4 size paper. To connect the computer to the PF-100 plotter printer Before beginning with the following procedure, be sure to first read the instructions that come with the PF-100 plotter printer. L. First connect the computer to an optional M DB-I00 or FA-7 interface unit. 2. Ensure that the power of the computer and the printer are switched OFF. 3.
Ve Chapter 4 T Getting Technical his chapter contains such technical information as a character code table and error message table.
Chapter 4 Getting Technical Error messages e Error messages The following is a table of error messages that are not related to C interpreter. For C error messages, see the separate Introduction to the C Programming Language manual, Message Meaning Countermeasures Message Meaning Countermeasures OM error Memory overflow Execute the CLEAR command. UL error Incorrect line number entered for Enter line number correctly. Change the memory] setting. {delete].
Chapter 4 Getting Technical Rounding —— i Character code table Order of operations Calculations are performed by the computer in accordance with the following order of operate nations: | o slips p|C|E| Parenthetical operations (o [ne] [32) [ [ %) [36] 2] [138] [1sa] [te6) [17) [i97] [268] [23a) [34c)] @ Scientific functions 1 SR ey Vi1 1A|Qlajglale]i () Powers (M1 07 Gal [ e (sl [57) [l [e) [ws) (i) [77] Positive/negative signs allowable " 2| Birder T |||z & Multiplication, division Ta) [ns) [5a] [s0) [e6]
Chapter 4 Ger ting Technical Specifications Mendel: PB-2000C Basie calculation functions: Negative numbers, exponents, parenthetical arithmetic operations (with priority judgment function — true algebraic logic} Built-in functions: Trigonometric/inverse trigonometric functions (angular units: degrees, radians, grads), hyperbolic/ inverse hyperbolic functions, logarithmic/exponential functions, square Toots, powers, decimalization conversions, decimal-vigesimal conversions Commands: CLEAR, FORMAT, ANGLE, PI
Index index Index A AC adapter 8 AM error 86 ANGLE 30 answer key 4,26 arithmetic calculations 24 asterisk 69 AUTOMATE 50 automatic execute file 50 Auto Power OFF 9 APO L B back-up 78 backup battery 7.
Index o OM error 52 operational status 71 operators 23 order of operations 95 output/input controls 84 overlay sheet 12 P parameter 58, 58, 65 parity bit 59 PCB connector 80 period 49 PHASE switch 36, 86 physical line 13, 40 pin assignments 84 plotter printer PF-100 88 [preset] 68 preset file 50, 68 cancel a preset file 69 execute a preset file 70 specify a file as a preset file 69 printer 68 printer cable 88, 89 Prolong file 49 R RAM 62 {RaM | 62 RAM pack 8 RAM pack socket 7% Random data file 49 recall a f
