Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators Notice: This document contains references to Agilent. Please note that Agilent’s Test and Measurement business has become Keysight Technologies. For more information, go to www.keysight.com.
Notices © Keysight Technologies, Inc. 2004-2015 No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including electronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agreement and written consent from Keysight Technologies, Inc. as governed by United States and international copyright laws.
Contents Table of Contents 1. Signal Generator Overview Signal Generator Models and Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 E8257D PSG Analog Signal Generator Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 E8267D PSG Vector Signal Generator Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents 32. Standby LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 33. SYMBOL SYNC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 34. DATA CLOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 35. DATA . .
Contents 33. EXT 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 34. PULSE SYNC OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 35. PULSE VIDEO OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 36.
Contents Modifying and Viewing Header Information in the Dual ARB Player. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Playing a Waveform File that Contains a Header. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Accessing the Dual ARB Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents To Level with a mm–Wave Source Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Creating a User Flatness Correction Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Working with User–Defined Setups (Modes)-Custom Arb Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Modifying a Single–Carrier NADC Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Customizing a Multicarrier Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Recalling a User–Defined Custom Digital Modulation State . .
Contents Generating a Real Time MSGPS Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Configuring the External Reference Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Real Time GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Real Time GPS Introduction . . .
Contents Signal Loss While Working with a Spectrum Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 No Modulation at the RF Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Sweep Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Sweep Appears to be Stalled . .
Documentation Overview Installation Guide — Safety Information — Getting Started — Operation Verification — Regulatory Information User’s Guide — Signal Generator Overview — Basic Operation — Basic Digital Operation — Optimizing Performance — Analog Modulation — Custom Arb Waveform Generator — Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband — Multitone Waveform Generator — Two-Tone Waveform Generator — AWGN Waveform Generator — Peripheral Devices — Troubleshooting Programming Guide — Getting Started with Remote Operatio
SCPI Reference — Using this Guide — System Commands — Basic Function Commands — Analog Commands — Digital Modulation Commands — Digital Signal Interface Module Commands — SCPI Command Compatibility Service Guide — Troubleshooting — Replaceable Parts — Assembly Replacement — Post-Repair Procedures — Safety and Regulatory Information Key Reference xii — Key function description Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 1 Signal Generator Overview In the following sections, this chapter describes the models, options, and features available for Keysight E8257D/67D and E8663D PSG signal generators. The modes of operation, front panel user interface, and front and rear panel connectors are also described.
Signal Generator Overview Signal Generator Models and Features Signal Generator Models and Features Table 1-1 lists the available PSG signal generator models and frequency–range options. Table 1-1 PSG Signal Generator Models Model Frequency Range Options E8257D PSG analog signal generator 250 kHz to 20 GHz (Option 520) 10 MHz to 20 GHz (Option 521) 250 kHz to 31.
Signal Generator Overview Signal Generator Models and Features E8257D PSG Analog Signal Generator Features The E8257D PSG includes the following standard features: — a source module interface that is compatible with Keysight 83550 Series millimeter–wave source modules for frequency extension up to 110 GHz and Oleson Microwave Labs (OML) AG–Series millimeter–wave modules for frequency extensions up to 325 GHz — automatic leveling control (ALC) on and off modes; power calibration in ALC–off mode is available
Signal Generator Overview Signal Generator Models and Features Option 1EU—high output power (standard with E8267D) Option 1EM—moves all front panel connectors to the rear panel Option 1SM—provides improved performance in Exponential (Log) AM mode Option UK6—commercial calibration certificate and test data Option UNR (Discontinued)—enhanced phase noise Option UNX—ultra low phase noise Option UNY—enhanced ultra low phase noise Option UNT—AM, FM, phase modulation, and LF output — open–loop or closed–loop AM —
Signal Generator Overview Signal Generator Models and Features — selectable external pulse triggering: positive or negative Option UNW—narrow pulse modulation — generate narrow pulses across the operational frequency band of the PSG — includes all the same functionality as Option UNU E8267D PSG Vector Signal Generator Features The E8267D PSG provides the same standard functionality as the E8257D PSG, plus the following: — internal I/Q modulator — external analog I/Q inputs — single–ended and differential
Signal Generator Overview Signal Generator Models and Features — a source module interface that is compatible with Keysight 83550 Series millimeter–wave source modules for frequency extension up to 110 GHz and Oleson Microwave Labs (OML) AG–Series millimeter–wave modules for frequency extensions up to 325 GHz — automatic leveling control (ALC) on and off modes; power calibration in ALC–off mode is available, even without power search — CW output from 100 kHz to the highest operating frequency, depending on
Signal Generator Overview Signal Generator Models and Features Option 503—frequency range from 100 kHz to 3.2 GHz Option 509—frequency range from 100 kHz to 9.0 GHz Option 521—ultra 0.1-3.2 GHz (with Option 503) or 0.
Signal Generator Overview Options — generate narrow pulses across the operational frequency band of the PSG — includes all the same functionality as Option UNU Options PSG signal generators have hardware, firmware, software, and documentation options. The Data Sheet shipped with your signal generator provides an overview of available options. For more information, visit the Keysight PSG web page at http://www.keysight.com/find/psg, select the desired PSG model, and then click the Options tab.
Signal Generator Overview Firmware Upgrades 6. In the “Documents and Downloads” table, click the link in the “Upgrade Assistant Software” column for the E8257D/67D or E8663D PSG to download the PSG/ESG Upgrade Assistant. 7. In the File Download window, select Run. 8. In the Welcome window, click OK and follow the on–screen instructions. 9. At the desktop shortcut prompt, click Yes. 10.Once the utility downloads, close the browser and double–click the PSG/ESG Upgrade Assistant icon on the desktop. 11.
Signal Generator Overview Modes of Operation Modes of Operation Depending on the model and installed options, the PSG signal generator provides up to four basic modes of operation: continuous wave (CW), swept signal, analog modulation, and digital modulation. Continuous Wave In this mode, the signal generator produces a continuous wave signal. The signal generator is set to a single frequency and power level. The E8257D, E8267D, and E8663D can produce a CW signal.
Signal Generator Overview Modes of Operation — Two Tone mode produces two separate continuous wave signals (or tones). The frequency spacing between the two signals and the amplitudes are adjustable. To learn more, refer to “ Two–Tone Waveform Generator” on page 261. — Multitone mode produces up to 64 continuous wave signals (or tones). Like Two Tone mode, the frequency spacing between the signals and the amplitudes are adjustable. To learn more, refer to “Multitone Waveform Generator” on page 251.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Front Panel This section describes each item on the PSG front panel. Figure 1-1 shows an E8267D front panel, which includes all items available on the E8257D and E8663D. Figure 1-1 Standard E8267D Front Panel Diagram 2 37 5 4 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 36 35 13 14 34 15 33 16 18 32 30 31 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 17 E8267D only E8257N, 8257D, and E8267D Table 1-2 12 1. Display 10. Help 19. SYNC OUT 28. Local 2. Softkeys 11.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Table 1-2 7. Recall 16. RF On/Off 25. Return 34. DATA CLOCK 8. Trigger 17. Numeric Keypad 26. Contrast Decrease 35. DATA 9. MENUS 18. RF OUTPUT 27. Contrast Increase 36. Q Input 37. I Input 1. Display The LCD screen provides information on the current function. Information can include status indicators, frequency and amplitude settings, and error messages. Softkeys labels are located on the right–hand side of the display.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Pressing this hardkey displays a menu of choices that enable you to save data in the instrument state register. The instrument state register is a section of memory divided into 10 sequences (numbered 0 through 9), each containing 100 registers (numbered 00 through 99). It is used to store and recall frequency, amplitude, and modulation settings.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 8. Trigger This key initiates an immediate trigger event for a function such as a list, step, or ramp sweep (Option 007 only). Before this hardkey can be used to initiate a trigger event, the trigger mode must be set to Trigger Key. For example: press the Sweep/List hardkey, then one of the following sequences of softkeys: — More (1 of 2) > Sweep Trigger > Trigger Key — More (1 of 2) > Point Trigger > Trigger Key 9.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 11. EXT 1 INPUT This female BNC input connector (functional only with Options UNT, UNU, or UNW or on the E8663D) accepts a ±1 Vp signal for AM, FM, and ΦM. For these modulations, ±1 Vp produces the indicated deviation or depth. When ac–coupled inputs are selected for AM, FM, or ΦM and the peak input voltage differs from 1 Vp by more than 3 percent, the HI/LO display annunciators light.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 16. RF On/Off Pressing this hardkey toggles the operating state of the RF signal present at the RF OUTPUT connector. Although you can set up and enable various frequency, power, and modulation states, the RF and microwave output signal is not present at the RF OUTPUT connector until RF On/Off is set to On. The RF On/Off annunciator is always visible in the display to indicate whether the RF is turned on or off. 17.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 22. GATE/ PULSE/ TRIGGER INPUT This female BNC input connector (functional only with Options UNU or UNW or on the E8663D) accepts an externally supplied pulse signal for use as a pulse or trigger input. With pulse modulation, +1 V is on and 0 V is off (trigger threshold of 0.5 V with a hysteresis of 10 percent; so 0.6 V would be on and 0.4 V would be off). The damage levels are ±5 Vrms and 10 Vp. The nominal input impedance is 50 ohms.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 30. Line Power LED This green LED indicates when the signal generator power switch is set to the on position. 31. LINE In the on position, this switch activates full power to the signal generator; in standby, it deactivates all signal generator functions. In standby, the signal generator remains connected to the line power and power is supplied to some internal circuits. 32.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 35. DATA This female BNC input connector (Options 601/602 only) is CMOS compatible and accepts an externally supplied serial data input for digital modulation applications. The expected input is a 3.3 V CMOS signal (which is also TTL compatible) where a CMOS high = a data 1 and a CMOS low = a data 0. The maximum input data rate is 50 Mb/s.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display Front Panel Display Figure 1-2 shows the various regions of the PSG display. This section describes each region. Figure 1-2 Front Panel Display Diagram Table 1-4 1. Active Entry Area 5. Amplitude Area 2. Frequency Area 6. Error Message Area 3. Annunciators 7. Text Area 4. Digital Modulation Annunciators 8.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display 1. Active Entry Area The current active function is shown in this area. For example, if frequency is the active function, the current frequency setting will be displayed here. If the current active function has an increment value associated with it, that value is also displayed. 2. Frequency Area The current frequency setting is shown in this portion of the display.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display ERR This annunciator appears when an error message is in the error queue. This annunciator does not turn off until you either view all the error messages or cleared the error queue. To access error messages, press Utility > Error Info. EXT This annunciator appears when external leveling is on.
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display annunciator is on, frequency accuracy is degraded. This condition should occur for several minutes after the signal generator is first connected to line power. 24 PULSE This annunciator (Options UNU or UNW only or on the E8663D) appears when pulse modulation is on. R This annunciator appears when the signal generator is remotely controlled over the GPIB, RS–232, or VXI–11/Sockets LAN interface (TELNET operation does not activate the R annunciator).
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display during normal operation. A second annunciator, ALC OFF, will appear in the same position when the ALC circuit is disabled. UNLOCK This annunciator appears when any of the phase locked loops are unable to maintain phase lock. You can determine which loop is unlocked by examining the error messages. 4. Digital Modulation Annunciators All digital modulation annunciators (E8267D with Option 601/602 only) appear in this location.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Rear Panel This section describes each item on the PSG rear panel. Four consecutive drawings show the standard and Option 1EM rear panels for the E8267D, E8257D, and the E8663D. (Option 1EM moves all front panel connectors to the real panel.) Figure 1-3 Standard E8267D Rear Panel Table 1-5 26 1. EVENT 1 11. WIDEBAND Q INPUTS 21. LAN 2. EVENT 2 12. COH CARRIER (Serial Prefixes >=US4646/MY4646) 22. 10 MHz OUT 3. PATTERN TRIG IN 13.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Table 1-5 44. Flash Drive (Serial Prefixes >=US4829/SG4829/MY4829 (E8267D) and >=US4928/SG4928/MY4928 (E8257D)) Figure 1-4 E8267D Option 1EM Rear Panel Table 1-6 1. EVENT 1 16. GPIB 31. RF OUT 2. EVENT 2 17. 10 MHz EFC 32. EXT 1 3. PATTERN TRIG IN 18. ALC HOLD (Serial Prefixes >=US4722/MY4722) 33. EXT 2 4. BURST GATE IN 19. AUXILIARY INTERFACE 34. PULSE SYNC OUT 5. AUXILIARY I/O 20. 10 MHz IN 35. PULSE VIDEO OUT 6. DIGITAL BUS 21. LAN 36.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Table 1-6 11. WIDEBAND Q INPUTS 26. SWEEP OUT 42. DATA 12. COH CARRIER (Serial Prefixes >=US4646/MY4646) 27. TRIGGER OUT 41. Q IN 13. 1 GHz REF OUT (Serial Prefixes >=US4646/MY4646) 28. TRIGGER IN 43. LF OUT 14. Q–bar OUT 29. SOURCE SETTLED 15. AC Power Receptacle 30. SOURCE MODULE INTERFACE Figure 1-5 Standard E8257D and E8663D Rear Panel 29 22 44 30 28 27 26 25 23 21 13 19 17 16 20 15 Table 1-7 28 5. AUXILIARY I/O 19.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Figure 1-6 E8257D and E8663D Option 1EM Rear Panel 31 32 33 43 35 34 29 36 28 37 27 22 30 44 26 25 23 21 20 13 19 17 16 15 Table 1-8 13. 1 GHz REF OUT (Serial Prefixes >=US4646/MY4646) 22. 10 MHz OUT 32. EXT 1 15. AC Power Receptacle 23. STOP SWEEP IN/OUT 33. EXT 2 16. GPIB 25. Z–AXIS BLANK/MKRS 34. PULSE SYNC OUT 17. 10 MHz EFC 26. SWEEP OUT 35. PULSE VIDEO OUT 19. AUXILIARY INTERFACE 27. TRIGGER OUT 36.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 1. EVENT 1 This female BNC connector is used with an internal baseband generator (Option 601/602). On signal generators without Option 601/602, this female BNC connector is non–functional. In real–time mode, the EVENT 1 connector outputs a pattern or frame synchronization pulse for triggering or gating external equipment. It may be set to start at the beginning of a pattern, frame, or timeslot and is adjustable to within ± one timeslot with one bit resolution.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 4. BURST GATE IN This female BNC connector is used with an internal baseband generator (Option 601/602). On signal generators without Option 601/602, this connector is non–functional. This connector accepts a 3–volt CMOS input signal for gating burst power. Burst gating is used when you are externally supplying data and clock information. The input signal must be synchronized with the external data input that will be output during the burst.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Figure 1-7 Auxiliary I/O Connector (Female 37–Pin) View looking into rear panel connector EVENT 3: Used with an internal baseband generator. In arbitrary waveform mode, this pin outputs a timing signal generated by Marker 3. A marker (3.3 V CMOS high for both positive and negative polarity) is output on this pin when a Marker 3 is turned on in the waveform. Reverse damage levels: > +8 V and < −4 V. EVENT 4: Used with an internal baseband generator.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel this female BNC connector is used to output the quadrature–phase component of an external I/Q modulation that has been fed into the Q input connector. The nominal output impedance of the Q OUT connector is 50 ohms, dc–coupled. 8. I OUT This female BNC connector (E8267D only) is used with an internal baseband generator (Option 601/602) to output the analog, in–phase component of I/Q modulation.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 11. WIDEBAND Q INPUTS These female SMA connectors: Q IN (+) and Q–bar IN (−) (Option 016 only) are used with differential wideband external I/Q inputs. They accept wideband AM and allow direct high–bandwidth analog inputs to the I/Q modulator in the 3.2-44 GHz range (frequency limit is dependant on the option). This input is not calibrated. The recommended input power level is −1 dBm with a +/− 1 VDC input voltage. The nominal impedance for this connector is 50 ohms.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel without Option 601/602, this female BNC connector can be used to output the complement of the quadrature–phase component of an external I/Q modulation that has been fed into the Q input connector. Q–bar OUT is used in conjunction with Q OUT to provide a balanced baseband stimulus. Balanced signals are signals present in two separate conductors that are symmetrical relative to ground and are opposite in polarity (180 degrees out of phase).
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 18. ALC HOLD (Serial Prefixes >=US4722/MY4722) This female BNC connector (E8267D only) is a TTL–compatible input that controls ALC action with bursted I/Q signals from an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). A high signal allows the ALC to track the RF signal and maintain constant RF output level as the I/Q inputs vary. A low input signal allows the ALC to be held for a brief time (less than 1 second) and not track the RF signal.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel For Option UNR/UNX or instruments with serial prefixes > US4805/MY4805, this BNC connector accepts a signal with a nominal input level of 5 ±5 dBm. The external frequency reference must be 10 MHz, within ±1 ppm. The nominal input impedance is 50 ohms with a damage level of ≥ 10 dBm. 21. LAN This LAN interface allows ethernet local area network communication through a 10Base–T LAN cable.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 26. SWEEP OUT This female BNC connector outputs a voltage proportional to the RF power or frequency sweep ranging from 0 V at the start of sweep and goes to +10 V (nominal) at the end of sweep, regardless of sweep width. The nominal output impedance is less than 1 ohm and can drive a 2 kohm load. When connected to an Keysight Technologies 8757D network analyzer, it generates a selectable number of equally spaced 1 ms, 10 V pulses (nominal) across a ramp (analog) sweep.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Figure 1-9 Interface Signals of the Source Module Connector The codes indicated on the illustration above translate as follows. Mod D0 Source module data line zero. Signals MOD D0 through MOD D3 are the mm source module data bus lines (bi-directional). MOD D1 Data line one. MOD D2 Data line two. MOD D3 Data line three. MOD C1 Source module control line zero. Signals MOD C0 and MOD C1 are the control lines for the read/write to and from the mm source module.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel ANLG GND RET Analog ground return. 31. RF OUT This connector outputs RF and microwave signals. The nominal output impedance is 50 ohms. The reverse power damage levels are 0 Vdc, 0.5 watts nominal. On signal generators without Option 1EM, this connector is located on the front panel. The connector type varies according to frequency option. 32.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 36. PULSE/TRIG GATE INPUT This female BNC input connector (functional only with Options UNU or UNW) accepts an externally supplied pulse signal for use as a pulse or trigger input. With pulse modulation, +1 V is on and 0 V is off (trigger threshold of 0.5 V with a hysteresis of 10 percent; so 0.6 V would be on and 0.4 V would be off). The damage levels are ±5 Vrms and 10 Vp. The nominal input impedance is 50 ohms.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel synchronize the first bit of the first symbol. The maximum clock rate is 50 MHz. The damage levels are > +5.5 V and < −0.5V. The nominal input impedance is not defined. SYMBOL SYNC can be used in two modes: — When used as a symbol synchronization in conjunction with a data clock, the signal must be high during the first data bit of the symbol. The signal must be valid during the falling edge of the data clock signal and may be a single pulse or continuous.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 44. Flash Drive (Serial Prefixes >=US4829/SG4829/MY4829 (E8267D) and >=US4928/SG4928/MY4928 (E8257D)) The removable compact flash drive is not hot swappable – always turn the power off to the instrument when removing or inserting the memory. Use only Keysight provided or certified compact flash cards. This flash drive (Options 008 and 009 only) outputs data to a removable flash card.
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 44 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 2 Basic Operation In the following sections, this chapter describes operations common to all Keysight PSG signal generators: — “Using Table Editors” on page 46 — “Using the User-Defined RF Output Power Limit (Option 1EU, or 521 only)” on page 48 — “Configuring a Continuous Wave RF Output” on page 50 — “Configuring a Swept RF Output” on page 54 — “Using Ramp Sweep (Option 007)” on page 59 — “Extending the Frequency Range” on page
Basic Operation Using Table Editors Using Table Editors Table editors simplify configuration tasks, such as creating a list sweep. This section provides information to familiarize you with basic table editor functionality using the List Mode Values table editor as an example. Press Preset > Sweep/List > Configure List Sweep. The signal generator displays the List Mode Values table editor, as shown below.
Basic Operation Using Table Editors Table Editor Softkeys The following table editor softkeys are used to load, navigate, modify, and store table item values.
Basic Operation Using the User-Defined RF Output Power Limit (Option 1EU, or 521 only) Using the User-Defined RF Output Power Limit (Option 1EU, or 521 only) Selecting a User-Defined RF Output Power Limit To protect external components and instruments against damage the PSG has a user-defined RF output limit (see Figure 2-2). The factory default value of the RF output limit is set to 25 dBm and the RF adjusting limit value softkey is not available (see Figure 2-2).
Basic Operation Using the User-Defined RF Output Power Limit (Option 1EU, or 521 only) Figure 2-2 User-Defined RF Output Limit Softkey Menu Amplitude > More > More This softkey is only active when the RF Output Limit softkey is set to “Adjust”. SCPI Commands: To enable changing the RF output limit: The default RF Output Limit value is shown in here. When the amplitude is within 1 dB of the RF output limit value or exceeds the RF Output Limit value, the value is displayed in bold text.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Configuring the RF Output This section provides information on how to create continuous wave and swept RF (page 54) outputs. It also has information on using a mm–Wave source module to extend the signal generator’s frequency range (page 68).
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output 6. Press the up arrow key. Each press of the up arrow key increases the frequency by the increment value last set with the Incr Set hardkey. The increment value is displayed in the active entry area. 7. The down arrow decreases the frequency by the increment value set in the previous step. Practice stepping the frequency up and down in 1 MHz increments. You can also adjust the RF output frequency using the knob.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output 5. Increment the output frequency by 1 MHz: Press the up arrow key. The FREQUENCY area display changes to show 1.000 000 000 MHz, which is the frequency output by the hardware (700 MHz + 1 MHz) minus the reference frequency (700 MHz). The frequency at the RF OUTPUT changes to 701 MHz. 6. Enter a 1 MHz offset: Press More (1 of 3) > Freq Offset > 1 > MHz. The FREQUENCY area displays 2.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Setting the Amplitude Reference and Amplitude Offset The following procedure sets the RF output power as an amplitude reference to which all other amplitude parameters are relative. The amplitude initially shown on the display is 0 dB (the power output by the hardware minus the reference power). Although the display changes, the output power does not change. Any subsequent power changes are shown as incremental or decremental to 0 dB. 1. Press Preset. 2.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output 3. Press Optimize S/N to On. Configuring a Swept RF Output A PSG signal generator has up to three sweep types: step sweep, list sweep, and ramp sweep. Ramp sweep is available with Option 007. The signal generator indicates the sweep advance in a progress bar on the front panel display. If the sweep time is greater than one second, the progress bar sweep advances according to the frequency span of each segment.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output or Press Pulse > Pulse Source > Scalar > Pulse Off On to On Using Step Sweep Step sweep provides a linear progression through the start–to–stop frequency and/or amplitude values. You can toggle the direction of the sweep, up or down. When the Sweep Direction Down Up softkey is set to Up, values are swept from the start amplitude/frequency to the stop amplitude/frequency.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output 9. Press # Points > 9 > Enter. This sets the number of sweep points to nine. 10.Press Step Dwell > 500 > msec. This sets the dwell time at each point to 500 milliseconds. 11.Press Return > Sweep > Freq & Ampl. This sets the step sweep to sweep both frequency and amplitude data. Selecting this softkey returns you to the previous menu and turns on the sweep function. 12.Press RF On/Off. The display annunciator changes from RF OFF to RF ON. 13.Press Single Sweep.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output 1. Press Sweep Repeat Single Cont. This toggles the sweep repeat from continuous to single. The SWEEP annunciator is turned off. The sweep will not occur until it is triggered. 2. Press Sweep Type List Step. This toggles the sweep type from step to list. 3. Press Configure List Sweep. This opens another menu displaying softkeys that you will use to create the sweep points. The display shows the current list data.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output 9. Highlight the frequency item for point 8, then press Insert Item. Pressing Insert Item shifts frequency values down one row, beginning at point 8. Note that the original frequency values for both points 8 and 9 shift down one row, creating an entry for point 10 that contains only a frequency value (the power and dwell time items do not shift down). The frequency for point 8 is still active. 10.Press 590 > MHz. 11.Press Insert Item > –2.5 > dBm.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Using Ramp Sweep (Option 007) Ramp sweep provides a linear progression through the start–to–stop frequency and/or amplitude values. Ramp sweep is much faster than step or list sweep, and is designed to work with an 8757D Scalar Network Analyzer. This section describes the ramp sweep capabilities available in signal generators with Option 007. You will learn how to use basic ramp sweep, and how to configure a ramp sweep for a master/slave setup (see page 65).
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-3 Equipment Setup 2. Turn on both the 8757D and the PSG. 3. On the 8757D, press System > More > Sweep Mode and verify that the SYSINTF softkey is set to ON. This ensures that the system interface mode is activated on the 8757D. The system interface mode enables the instruments to work as a system. 4. Press Utility > GPIB/RS–232 LAN to view the PSG’s GPIB address under the GPIB Address softkey.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output NOTE During swept RF output, the FREQUENCY and/or AMPLITUDE areas of the signal generator’s display are deactivated, depending on what is being swept. In this case, since frequency is being swept, nothing appears in the FREQUENCY area of the display. 7. Press Frequency > Freq CW. The current continuous wave frequency setting now controls the RF output and ramp sweep is turned off. 8. Press Freq Start.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-4 Using Markers Bandpass Filter Response on 8757D 1. Press Markers. This opens a table editor and associated marker control softkeys. You can use up to 10 different markers, labeled 0 through 9. 2. Press Marker Freq and select a frequency value within the range of your sweep. In the table editor, notice how the state for marker 0 automatically turns on. The marker also appears on the 8757D display. 3.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-5 Marker Table Editor 5. Move the cursor back to marker 1 and press Marker Freq. Turn the front panel knob while observing marker 1 on the 8757D. On the 8757D, notice that the displayed amplitude and frequency values for marker 1 are relative to marker 0 as the marker moves along the trace. Refer to Figure 2-6. Figure 2-6 Delta Markers on 8757D 6. Press Turn Off Markers. All active markers turn off.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output This opens a menu of sweep control softkeys and displays a status screen summarizing all the current sweep settings. 2. Press Configure Ramp/Step Sweep. Since ramp is the current sweep type, softkeys in this menu specifically control ramp sweep settings. When step is the selected sweep type, the softkeys control step sweep settings. Notice that the Freq Start and Freq Stop softkeys appear in this menu in addition to the Frequency hardkey menu. 3.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output The signal generator alternates between the original saved sweep and the current sweep. You may need to adjust 8757D settings to effectively view both sweeps, such as setting channel 2 to measure sensor A. Refer to Figure 2-7. Figure 2-7 Alternating Sweeps on 8757D Configuring an 1. Press Return > Sweep > Off. Amplitude Sweep This turns off both the current sweep and the alternate sweep from the previous task. The current CW settings now control the RF output. 2.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output NOTE The master/slave setup applies to ramp sweep only, not step sweep or list sweep. To use this setup, you must have two sources from the same signal generator family. For example, you cannot us a PSG with an 83640B or a PSG with an 83751B. 1. Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 2-8. Use a 9–pin, D–sub-miniature, male RS–232 cable with the pin configuration shown in Figure 2-9 to connect the auxiliary interfaces of the two PSGs.
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-8 Master/Slave Equipment Setup Figure 2-9 RS–232 Pin Configuration Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide 67
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Extending the Frequency Range You can extend the signal generator frequency range using an Keysight 83550 series millimeter–wave source module or other manufacturer’s mm–source module. For information on using the signal generator with a millimeter–wave source module, refer to “Using Keysight Millimeter-Wave Source Modules” on page 307.
Basic Operation Modulating a Signal Modulating a Signal This section describes how to turn on a modulation format, and how to apply it to the RF output. Turning On a Modulation Format A modulation format can be turned on prior to or after setting the signal parameters. 1. Access the first menu within the modulation format. This menu displays a softkey that associates the format’s name with off and on. For example, AM > AM Off On.
Basic Operation Modulating a Signal Applying a Modulation Format to the RF Output The carrier signal is modulated when the Mod On/Off key is set to On, and an individual modulation format is active. When the Mod On/Off key is set to Off, the MOD OFF annunciator appears on the display.When the key is set to On, the MOD ON annunciator shows in the display, whether or not there is an active modulation format.
Basic Operation Using Data Storage Functions Using Data Storage Functions This section explains how to use the two forms of signal generator data storage: the memory catalog and the instrument state register. Using the Memory Catalog The Memory Catalog is the signal generator’s interface for viewing, storing, and saving files; it can be accessed through the signal generator’s front panel or a remote controller.
Basic Operation Using Data Storage Functions This displays a menu of alphabetical softkeys for naming the file. Store to: is displayed in the active function area. 4. Enter the file name LIST1 using the alphabetical softkeys and the numeric keypad (for the numbers 0 to 9). 5. Press Enter. The file should be displayed in the “Catalog of List Files”, showing the file name, file type, file size, and the date and time the file was modified. Viewing Stored Files in the Memory Catalog 1.
Basic Operation Using Data Storage Functions referenced by its file name. Once an instrument state has been saved, recalling that state will setup the generator with the saved settings and load the associated file data. For more information on storing file data such as modulation formats, arb setups, and table entries refer to “Storing Files to the Memory Catalog” on page 71.
Basic Operation Using Data Storage Functions After making changes to an instrument state, you can save it back to a specific register by highlighting that register and pressing Re–SAVE Seq[n] Reg[nn]. Recalling an Instrument State Using this procedure, you will learn how to recall instrument settings saved to an instrument state register. 1. Press Preset. 2. Press the Recall hardkey. Notice that the Select Seq softkey shows sequence 1. (This is the last sequence that you used.) 3. Press RECALL Reg.
Basic Operation Using Data Storage Functions This deletes all registers in the selected sequence. Deleting All Sequences CAUTION Be sure you want to delete the contents of all registers and all sequences in the instrument state register. 1. Press Preset. 2. Press the Recall or Save hardkey. Notice that the Select Seq softkey shows the last sequence that you used. 3. Press Delete All Sequences. This deletes all of the sequences saved in the instrument state register.
Basic Operation Using Security Functions Using Security Functions This section describes how to use the PSG’s security functions to protect and remove classified proprietary information stored or displayed in the instrument. All security functions described in this section also have an equivalent SCPI command for remote operation. (Refer to the “System Commands” chapter of the Keysight PSG Signal Generators SCPI Command Reference for more information.
Basic Operation Using Security Functions Memory Type and Size Data Retained Base Instrument Memory (Continued) Writable During Table 2-2 Firmware Memory (Flash) No Yes Purpose/Contents main firmware image Data Input Method factory installed or firmware upgrade CPU board (same chip as main flash memory, but managed separately) 12 MB Battery Backed Memory (SRAM) Yes LAN configuration front panel entry or remotely Because this 32 MB memory chip contains 20 MB of user data and 12 MB of firmwa
Basic Operation Using Security Functions Memory Type and Size Data Retained Baseband Generator Memory (Options 601 and 602) Writable During Table 2-3 Wavefor m Memory (SDRAM) Yes No waveforms (including header and marker data) and PRAM normal user operation No Yes firmware image for baseband generator firmware upgrade Yes No operating memory of baseband coprocessor CPU During normal operation, some user information, such as payload data, can remain in the memory.
Basic Operation Using Security Functions Hard Disk Memory (Option 005)a Memory Type and Size Writable During Data Retained Table 2-4 Buffer Memory (DRAM) No No Purpose/Contents buffer (cache) memory Data Input Method Remarks normal operation through hard disk 512 kB a. Instruments with serial prefix < US4829/SG4829/MY4829.
Basic Operation Using Security Functions Removing Sensitive Data from PSG Memory When moving the PSG from a secure development environment, you can remove any classified proprietary information stored in the instrument. This section describes several security functions you can use to remove sensitive data from your instrument.
Basic Operation Using Security Functions Erase and Sanitize All This function performs the same actions as Erase and Overwrite All and then adds more overwriting actions. After executing this function, you must manually perform some additional steps for the sanitization to comply with Department of Defense (DoD) standards. These actions and steps are described below. SRAM All addressable locations are overwritten with random characters.
Basic Operation Using Security Functions When a user–defined IQ calibration has been performed, the cal file data is removed by setting the cal file to default, as follows: 1. On the front panel, press: I/Q > I/Q Calibration > Revert to Default Cal Settings 2. Send these commands: — :CAL:IQ:DEF — :CAL:WBIQ:DEF Using the Secure Mode The secure mode automatically applies the selected Security Level action the next time the instrument’s power is cycled. Setting the Secure Mode Level 1.
Basic Operation Using Security Functions For removal and replacement procedures, refer to the Keysight PSG Signal Generators Service Guide. Processor Board Either — Discard the processor board and send the instrument to a repair facility. A new processor board will be installed and the instrument will be repaired and calibrated. If the instrument is still under warranty, you will not be charged for the new processor board.
Basic Operation Using Security Functions ACTIVATED ***, and the front panel keys are disabled. Once this function is activated, the power must be cycled to re–enable the display and front panel keys.
Basic Operation Enabling Options Enabling Options You can retrofit your signal generator after purchase to add new capabilities. Some new optional features are implemented in hardware that you must install. Some options are implemented in software, but require the presence of optional hardware in the instrument. This example shows you how to enable software options. Enabling a Software Option A license key (provided on the license key certificate) is required to enable each software option. 1.
Basic Operation Using the Web Server a. Highlight the desired option. b. Press Mod ify License Key, and enter the 12–character license key (from the license key certificate). c. Verify that you want to reconfigure the signal generator with the new option: Proceed With Reconfiguration > Confirm Change The instrument enables the option and reboots. Using the Web Server You can communicate with the signal generator using the Web Server.
Basic Operation Using the Web Server 4. Launch your PC or workstation web browser. 5. Enter the IP address of the signal generator in the web browser address field. For example, http://101.101.101.101. Replace 101.101.101.101 with your signal generator’s IP address. Press the Enter key on the computer’s keyboard. NOTE The IP (Internet Protocol) address can change depending on your LAN configuration.
Basic Operation Using the Web Server 7. Click the Signal Generator Web Control menu button on the left of the page. A new web page will be displayed as shown below in Figure 2-14. Figure 2-14 Web Page Front Panel This web page remotely accesses all signal generator functions and operations. Use the mouse pointer to click on the signal generator’s hardkeys and softkeys. The results of each mouse click selection will be displayed on the web page.
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 3 Basic Digital Operation This chapter provides information on the functions and features available for the E8267D PSG vector signal generator with Option 601 or 602.
Basic Digital Operation Custom Modulation Custom Modulation For creating custom modulation, the signal generator offers two modes of operation: the Arb Waveform Generator mode and the Real Time I/Q Baseband mode. The Arb Waveform Generator mode has built–in modulation formats such as NADC or GSM and pre–defined modulation types such as BPSK and 16QAM that can be used to create a signal.
Basic Digital Operation Custom Modulation Custom Arb Waveform Generator The signal generator’s Arb Waveform Generator mode is designed for out–of–channel test applications. This mode can be used to generate data formats that simulate random communication traffic and can be used as a stimulus for component testing. Other capabilities of the Arb Waveform Generator mode include: configuring single or multicarrier signals. Up to 100 carriers can be configured.
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers An ARB waveform file header enables you to save instrument setup information (key format settings) along with a waveform. When you retrieve a stored waveform, the header information is applied so that when the waveform starts playing, the dual ARB player is set up the same way each time. Headers can also store a user–specified 32–character description of the waveform or sequence file.
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Figure 3-1 Custom Digital Modulation First–Level Softkey Menu First–Level Softkey Menu (Some ARB formats have a second page) At this point, a default file header has been created, with default (unspecified) settings that do not reflect the current signal generator settings for the active modulation.
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers If a setting is unspecified in the file header, the signal generator’s current value for that setting does not change when you select and play the waveform in the future. NOTE The Current Inst. Settings column shows the current signal generator settings for the active modulation. These settings become the saved header settings when they are saved to the file header (as demonstrated in step 2).
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers I/Q Mod Filter: The I/Q modulator filter setting. The modulator filter affects the I/Q signal modulated onto the RF carrier. I/Q Output Filter: The I/Q output filter setting. The I/Q output filter is used for I/Q signals routed to the rear panel I and Q outputs. Mod Attenuation: The I/Q modulator attenuation setting. 3. Return to the ARB Setup menu: Press Return.
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers NOTE If you turn the modulation format off and then on, you overwrite the previous AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM file and its file header. To avoid this, rename the file before you turn the modulation format back on (see page 110). Storing a waveform file (see page 110) stores the saved header information with the waveform.
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Figure 3-4 Differing Values between Header and Current Setting Columns Values differ between the two columns Page 1 Values differ between the two columns Page 2 Figure 3-5 Saved File Header Changes Page 1 Page 2 Storing Header Information for a Dual ARB Player Waveform Sequence When you create a waveform sequence (described on page 105), the PSG automatically creates a default file header, which takes priority over the headers for the wa
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Modifying and Viewing Header Information in the Dual ARB Player Once a modulation format is turned off, the waveform file is available only to the dual ARB player. This is also true for downloaded waveform files. Because of this, future edits to a waveform’s header information must be performed using the dual ARB player.
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Viewing Header Information with the Dual ARB Player Off One of the differences between a modulation format and the dual ARB player is that even when the dual ARB player is off, you can view a file header. You cannot, however, modify the displayed file header unless the dual ARB player is on, and the displayed header is selected for playback. With the dual ARB player off, perform the following steps. 1. Select a waveform: a.
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Viewing Header Information for a Different Waveform File While a waveform is playing in the dual ARB player, you can view the header information of a different waveform file, but you can modify the header information only for the waveform that is currently playing. When you select another waveform file, the header editing softkeys are grayed–out (see Figure 3-6). This task guides you through the available viewing choices. 1.
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers playing waveform, either press View Different Header, select the current playing waveform file, and press View Header, or press Return > Header Utilities.
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Playing a Waveform File that Contains a Header After a waveform file (AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM) is generated in a modulation format and the format is turned off, the file becomes accessible to and can only be played back by the dual ARB player. This is true for downloaded waveform files (downloading files is described in the Keysight Signal Generators Programming Guide).
Basic Digital Operation Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player The dual arbitrary (ARB) waveform player is used to create, edit, and play waveform files. There are two types of waveform files: segments and sequences. A segment is a waveform file that is created using one of the signal generator’s pre–defined ARB formats. A sequence can be described as several segments strung together to create one waveform file.
Basic Digital Operation Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player Creating Waveform Segments There are two ways to provide waveform segments for use by the waveform sequencer. You can either download a waveform via the remote interface, or generate a waveform using one of the ARB modulation formats. For information on downloading waveforms via the remote interface, see the Keysight Signal Generators Programming Guide. A waveform sequence is made up of segments but can also contain other sequences.
Basic Digital Operation Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player NOTE Because there can be only one AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM waveform in memory at any given time, you must rename this file to clear the way for a second waveform. 2. Create the first waveform segment: a. Press Mode > Dual ARB > Waveform Segments > Load Store to Store. b. Highlight the default segment AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM. c. Press Rename Segment > Ed iting Keys > Clear Text. d.
Basic Digital Operation Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player d. Press Done Inserting 2. Optional: Enable markers as desired for the segments in the new sequence: see page 121. 3. Name and store the waveform sequence to the Catalog of Seq Files in the memory catalog: a. Press Name and Store. b. Enter a file name (for example, TTONE+MTONE). c. Press Enter.
Basic Digital Operation Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player Playing a Waveform This procedure applies to playing either a waveform segment or a waveform sequence. This example plays the waveform sequence created in the previous procedure. 1. Select a waveform sequence: a. Press Mode > Dual ARB > Select Waveform. b. Highlight a waveform sequence (for this example, TTONE+MTONE) from the Sequence column of the Select Waveform catalog, and press Select Waveform.
Basic Digital Operation Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player You have now changed the number of repetitions for each waveform segment entry from 1 to 100 and 200, respectively. The sequence has been stored under a new name to the Catalog of Seq Files in the signal generator’s memory catalog. For information on playing a waveform sequence, refer to page 107.
Basic Digital Operation Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform (E8267D with Option 403) The signal generator with option 403 can apply AWGN (additive white gaussian noise) to a carrier in real time while the modulating waveform file is being played by the Dual ARB waveform player. The AWGN can be configured using front panel softkeys.
Basic Digital Operation Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player Storing and Loading Waveform Segments Waveform segments can reside in volatile memory as WFM1 files, or they can be stored to non–volatile memory as NVWFM files, or both. To play or edit a waveform file, it must reside in volatile memory. Because files stored in volatile memory do not survive a power cycle, it is a good practice to store important files to non–volatile memory and load them to volatile memory whenever you want to use them.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Using Waveform Markers The signal generator provides four waveform markers to mark specific points on a waveform segment. When the signal generator encounters an enabled marker, an auxiliary output signal is routed to the rear panel event connector (described in Rear Panel) that corresponds to the marker number.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Waveform Marker Concepts The signal generator’s ARB formats provide four waveform markers to mark specific points on a waveform segment. You can set each marker’s polarity and marker points (on a single sample point or over a range of sample points). Each marker can also perform ALC hold or RF Blanking and ALC hold.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers This is especially important when the segment plays as part of a sequence because the previously played segment could have different marker and routing settings.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers CAUTION Incorrect ALC sampling can create a sudden unleveled condition that may create a spike in the RF output, potentially damaging a DUT or connected instrument. To prevent this condition, ensure that you set markers to let the ALC sample over an amplitude that accounts for the higher power levels encountered within the signal.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Example of Incorrect Use Waveform: 1022 points Marker range: 110–1022 Marker polarity: Negative This figure shows that a negative polarity marker goes low during the marker on points; the marker signal goes high during the off points. The ALC samples the waveform during the off marker points.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers When using an ARB format other than Dual ARB, you must turn on the format to enable the Set Markers softkey. NOTE Most of the procedures in this section begin at the Marker Utilities softkey menu. Viewing Waveform Segment Markers Markers are applied to waveform segments. Use the following steps to view the markers set for a segment (this example uses the factory–supplied segment, SINE_TEST_WFM). 1. In the Marker Utilities menu (page 115), press Set Markers.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Select a segment The Set Marker display The display below shows the I and Q components of the waveform, and the marker points set in a factory–supplied segment. First sample point shown on display These softkeys change the range of waveform sample points shown on the marker display. Each press of the softkey changes the sample range by approximately a factor of two Marker points on first sample point 1.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers 5. Repeat from step 3 for any remaining marker points that you want to remove. Clearing a Range of Marker Points The following example uses a waveform with marker points (Marker 1) set across points 10−20. This makes it easy to see the affected marker points. The same process applies whether the existing points are set over a range (page 118) or as individual points (page 119). 1.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers 2. Highlight the desired waveform segment. In an ARB format, there is only one file (AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM) and it is already highlighted. 3. Highlight the desired marker number: Press Marker 1 2 3 4 4. Set the first sample point in the range (in this example, 10): Press Set Marker On Range Of Points > First Mkr Point > 10 > Enter. 5.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Use the steps described in Placing a Marker Across a Range of Points, but set both the first and last marker point to the value of the point you want to set. For example, if you want to set a marker on point 5, set both the first and last value to 5. Placing Repetitively Spaced Markers The following example sets markers across a range of points and specifies the spacing (skipped points) between each marker.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers 3. Controlling Markers in a Waveform Sequence (Dual ARB Only) In a waveform segment, an enabled marker point generates an auxiliary output signal that is routed to the rear panel event connector (described in Rear Panel) corresponding to that marker number. For a waveform sequence, you enable or disable markers on a segment–by–segment basis; this enables you to output markers for some segments in a sequence, but not for others.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers For each segment, only the markers enabled for that segment produce a rear panel auxiliary output signal. In this example, the Marker 1 auxiliary signal appears only for the first segment, because it is disabled for the remaining segments. The Marker 2 auxiliary signal appears only for the second segment, and the marker 3 and 4 auxiliary signals appear only for the third segment.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Viewing a Marker Pulse When a waveform plays (page 107), you can detect a set and enabled marker’s pulse at the rear panel event connector that corresponds to that marker number. This example demonstrates how to view a marker pulse generated by a waveform segment that has at least one marker point set (page 118). The process is the same for a waveform sequence. This example uses the factory–supplied segment, SINE_TEST_WFM in the Dual ARB Player.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Using the RF Blanking Marker Function While you can set a marker function (described as Marker Routing on the softkey label) either before or after setting the marker points (page 118), setting a marker function before you set marker points may change the RF output. RF Blanking includes ALC hold (described on page 113, note Caution regarding unleveled power). The signal generator blanks the RF output when the marker signal goes low. 1.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Setting Marker Polarity Setting a negative marker polarity inverts the marker signal. 1. In the Marker Utilities menu (page 115), press Marker Polarity. 2. Select the marker polarity as desired for each marker number. Default Marker Polarity = Positive Set each marker polarity independently. See Also: “Saving Marker Polarity and Routing Settings” on page 112. As shown on page 124: Positive Polarity: On marker points are high (≈3.3V).
Basic Digital Operation Triggering Waveforms Triggering Waveforms Triggering is available in both ARB and real–time formats. ARB triggering controls the playback of a waveform file; real–time custom triggering controls the transmission of a data pattern. The examples and discussions in this section use the Dual ARB Player, but the functionality and method of access (described on page 128) are similar in all (ARB and real–time) formats.
Basic Digital Operation Triggering Waveforms Source The Trigger hardkey A command sent through the rear panel GPIB, LAN, or Auxiliary (RS–232) interface An external trigger signal applied to either the PATTERN TRIG IN connector, or the PATT TRIG IN 2 pin on the AUXILIARY I/O connector (connector locations are shown in Figure 1-3 on page 26).
Basic Digital Operation Triggering Waveforms — Segment Ad vance (Dual ARB only) causes a segment in a sequence to require a trigger to play. The trigger source controls how play moves from segment to segment (example on page 131). A trigger received during the last segment loops play to the first segment in the sequence.
Basic Digital Operation Triggering Waveforms — To display the response selections available for a given trigger mode, press Trigger Setup, then select the desired trigger mode. To see the selections for Single mode in an ARB format, select Retrigger Mode; in real–time Custom, selecting Single mode causes the data pattern to play once when triggered. — To display the trigger source options, press Trigger Setup > Trigger Source.
Basic Digital Operation Triggering Waveforms 1. Connect the output of a function generator to the signal generator’s rear panel PATTERN TRIG IN, as shown in the following figure. This connection is applicable to all external triggering methods. The optional oscilloscope connection enables you to see the effect that the trigger signal has on the RF output. 2. Preset the signal generator. 3. Configure the carrier signal output: — Set the desired frequency. — Set the desired amplitude.
Basic Digital Operation Triggering Waveforms Press ARB Off On to On. 8. On the function generator, configure a TTL signal for the external gating trigger. 9. (Optional) Monitor the current waveform: Configure the oscilloscope to display both the output of the signal generator, and the external triggering signal. You will see the waveform modulating the output during the gate inactive periods (low). The following figure shows an example display.
Basic Digital Operation Triggering Waveforms a. Press Mode > Dual ARB > Select Waveform. b. Highlight a waveform sequence file. c. Press Select Waveform. 4. Select the waveform trigger method and trigger source: a. Press Trigger > Segment Ad vance. b. Press Trigger > Trigger Setup and note that the Seg Ad vance Mode softkey displays the default selection (Continuous), which is the selection used in this example. c. Press Trigger Source > Trigger Key. 5.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping Using Waveform Clipping Waveforms with high power peaks can cause intermodulation distortion, which generates spectral regrowth (a condition that interferes with signals in adjacent frequency bands). The clipping function enables you to reduce high power peaks by clipping the I and Q data to a selected percentage of its highest peak. The clipping feature is available only with the Dual ARB mode.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping Figure 3-11 Combining the I and Q Waveforms How Peaks Cause Spectral Regrowth Because of the relative infrequency of high power peaks, a waveform will have a high peak–to–average power ratio (see Figure 3-12). Because a transmitter’s power amplifier gain is set to provide a specific average power, high peaks can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation. This causes intermodulation distortion, which generates spectral regrowth.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping Spectral regrowth is a range of frequencies that develops on each side of the carrier (similar to sidebands) and extends into the adjacent frequency bands (see Figure 3-13). Consequently, spectral regrowth interferes with communication in the adjacent bands. Clipping can provide a solution to this problem.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping Figure 3-14 Circular Clipping Figure 3-15 Rectangular Clipping 136 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping Figure 3-16 Reduction of Peak–to–Average Power Configuring Circular Clipping This procedure shows you how to configure circular clipping. The circular setting clips the composite I/Q data (I and Q data are clipped equally). For more information about circular clipping, refer to “How Clipping Reduces Peak–to–Average Power” on page 135. 1. Press Preset > Mode > Custom > Arb Waveform Generator > Digital Modulation Off On to On.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping 2. Press Mode > Dual ARB > Select Waveform and ensure that AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM is highlighted on the display. AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM is the default name assigned to the waveform you generated in the previous step. 3. Press Select Waveform. This selects the waveform and returns you to the previous softkey menu. 4. Press ARB Off On to On. The Dual Arb player must be turned on to display the CCDF plot in the following steps. 5.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping 5. Press ARB Setup > Waveform Utilities > Waveform Statistics and ensure that AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM is highlighted on the display. 6. Press CCDF Plot and observe the position of the waveform’s curve, which is the darkest line. 7. Press Return > Return > Clipping. 8. Ensure that the Clipping Type |I+jQ| |I|,|Q| softkey is set to |I|,|Q|.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Scaling Using Waveform Scaling Waveform scaling is used to eliminate DAC over–range errors. The PSG provides two methods of waveform scaling. You can perform runtime scaling, which enables you to make real–time scaling adjustments of a currently playing waveform, or you can permanently scale a non–playing waveform file residing in volatile memory.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Scaling Figure 3-18 Waveform Overshoot How Scaling Eliminates DAC Over–Range Errors Scaling reduces or shrinks a baseband waveform’s amplitude while maintaining its basic shape and characteristics, such as peak–to–average power ratio.
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Scaling Scaling a Currently Playing Waveform (Runtime Scaling) This procedure enables you to make real–time scaling adjustments to a currently playing waveform. This type of scaling does not affect the waveform file and is well suited for eliminating DAC over–range errors. 1. Press Preset > Mode > Custom > Arb Waveform Generator > Digital Modulation Off On to On. This generates a custom arbitrary waveform for use in this procedure.
Basic Digital Operation Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset The baseband frequency offset specifies a value to shift the baseband frequency up to ±20 MHz within the BBG 80 MHz signal bandwidth, depending on the signal generator’s baseband generator option. When the Baseband Frequency Offset is non–zero, the hardware rotator accumulates phase–shift of the baseband signal. This phase is automatically reset when the baseband frequency offset is returned to 0 Hz.
Basic Digital Operation Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset b. Set the amplitude to 0 dBm. c. Turn on the RF OUTPUT. 4. Press ARB Setup > More (2 of 3) > Baseband Frequency Offset > 20 MHz. The modulated RF signal is now offset from the carrier frequency by 20 MHz.
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 4 Optimizing Performance In the following sections, this chapter describes procedures that improve the performance of the Keysight PSG signal generator.
Optimizing Performance Using the ALC Figure 4-1 Decision Tree for Automatic ALC Bandwidth Selection No AM OFF PULSE OFF ALC BW 100 Hz Yes Yes ARB On AM OFF No PULSE ON Yes AM ON PULSE ON No Yes AM ON PULSE OFF Yes Yes No RF OUTPUT < 2 MHz No ALC BW 1 kHz ALC BW 10 kHz ALC BW 100 kHz To Select an ALC Bandwidth Press Amplitude > ALC BW > 100 Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz, or 100 kHz. This overrides the signal generator’s automatic ALC bandwidth selection with your specific selection.
Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling Using External Leveling External leveling works from –15 dBm to maximum power. CAUTION The PSG signal generator can be externally leveled by connecting an external sensor at the point where leveled RF output power is desired. This sensor detects changes in RF output power and returns a compensating voltage to the signal generator’s ALC input.
Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling Configure the Signal Generator 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Frequency > 10 > GHz. 3. Press Amplitude > 0 > dBm. 4. Press RF On/Off. 5. Press Leveling Mode > Ext Detector. This deactivates the internal ALC detector and switches the ALC input path to the front panel ALC INPUT connector. The EXT indicator is activated in the AMPLITUDE area of the display.
Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling external detector output voltage. You must then add the coupling factor to determine the leveled output power. The range of power adjustment is approximately –20 to +25 dBm. Figure 4-3 Typical Diode Detector Response at 25° C External Leveling with Option 1E1 Signal Generators Signal generators with Option 1E1 contain a step attenuator prior to the RF output connector.
Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling For example, leveling the CW output of a 30 dB gain amplifier to a level of -10 dBm requires the output of the signal generator to be approximately -40 dBm when leveled. This is beyond the amplitude limits of the ALC modulator alone, resulting in an unleveled RF output. Inserting 45 dB of attenuation results in an ALC level of +5 dBm, well within the range of the ALC modulator.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction User flatness correction allows the digital adjustment of RF output amplitude for up to 1601 frequency points in any frequency or sweep mode. Using an Keysight E4416A/17A or E4418B/19B power meter (controlled by the signal generator through GPIB) to calibrate the measurement system, a table of power level corrections is created for frequencies where power level variations or losses occur.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Creating a User Flatness Correction Array In this example, you create a user flatness correction array. The flatness correction array contains ten frequency correction pairs (amplitude correction values for specified frequencies), from 1 to 10 GHz in 1 GHz intervals.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction NOTE During the process of creating the user flatness correction array, the power meter is slaved to the signal generator via GPIB. No other controllers are allowed on the GPIB interface. Figure 4-4 User Flatness Correction Equipment Setup Configure the Signal Generator 1. Press Preset. 2. Configure the signal generator to interface with the power meter. a.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction 4. Press Configure Step Array. This opens a menu for entering the user flatness step array data. 5. Press Freq Start > 1 > GHz. 6. Press Freq Stop > 10 > GHz. 7. Press # of Points > 10 > Enter. Steps 4, 5, and 6 enter the desired flatness–corrected frequencies into the step array. 8. Press Return > Load Cal Array From Step Array > Confirm Load From Step Data.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction NOTE A power meter timeout may occur at low power levels. If a power meter timeout error message appears, increase the timeout value by pressing Amplitude > More (1 of 2) > User Flatness > More (1 of 2) > Meter Timeout. 2. Press Done. Pressing the Done softkey loads the amplitude correction values into the user flatness correction array. If desired, press Configure Cal Array.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Save the User Flatness Correction Data to the Memory Catalog This process allows you to save the user flatness correction data as in the signal generator’s memory catalog. With several user flatness correction files saved to the memory catalog, any file can be recalled, loaded into the correction array, and applied to the RF output to satisfy specific RF output flatness requirements. 1. Press Load/Store. 2. Press Store to File. 3.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Returning the Signal Generator to GPIB Listener Mode During the user flatness correction process, the power meter is slaved to the signal generator via GPIB, and no other controllers are allowed on the GPIB interface. The signal generator operates in GPIB talker mode, as a device controller for the power meter. In this operating mode, it cannot receive SCPI commands via GPIB.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Creating a User Flatness Correction Array with a mm–Wave Source Module CAUTION Option 521 signal generators can damage MM source modules. Consult the MM source module’s operating manual for input damage levels. In this example, a user flatness correction array is created to provide flatness–corrected power at the output of an Keysight 83554A millimeter–wave source module driven by an E8257D.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction NOTE The equipment setups in Figure 4-5 and Figure 4-6 assume that the steps necessary to correctly level the RF output have been followed. If you have questions about leveling with a millimeter–wave source module, refer to “To Level with a mm–Wave Source Module” on page 150. Configure the Power Meter 1. Select SCPI as the remote language for the power meter. 2. Zero and calibrate the power sensor to the power meter. 3.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Figure 4-5 160 User Flatness with mm–Wave Source Module for a Signal Generator without Options 1EA, 1EU, or 521 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Figure 4-6 User Flatness with mm–Wave Source Module for Signal Generators with Options 1EA, 1EU, or 521 CAUTION Option 521 signal generators can damage MM source modules. Consult the MM source module’s operating manual for input damage levels.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction NOTE For specific frequency/amplitude ranges, see the mm–wave source module specifications. 2. Configure the signal generator to interface with the power meter. a. Press Amplitude > More (1 of 2) > User Flatness > More (1 of 2) > Power Meter > E4416A, E4417A, E4418B, or E4419B. b. Press Meter Address > enter the power meter’s GPIB address > Enter. c.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Perform the User Flatness Correction NOTE If you are not using an Keysight E4416A/17A/18B/19B power meter, or if your power meter does not have a GPIB interface, you can perform the user flatness correction manually. For instructions, see Performing the User Flatness Correction Manually below. 1. Press More (1 of 2) > User Flatness > Do Cal. This creates the user flatness amplitude correction value table entries.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction 7. Use the down arrow key to place the cursor over the frequency value for the next row. The RF output changes to the frequency value highlighted by the cursor, as shown in the AMPLITUDE area of the display. 8. Repeat steps 2 through 7 for each entry in the User Flatness table.
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction 6. Press Return > Flatness Off On. This activates flatness correction using the data contained in the file FLATCAL2.
Optimizing Performance Using the Option 521 Detector Calibration (Option 521) Using the Option 521 Detector Calibration (Option 521) CAUTION Using the Option 521 Detector Calibration softkey changes the factory calibration. Avoid using this feature unless following a service center’s recommendations. This calibration should be done whenever the instrument temperature changes beyond specified parameters or and when greater amplitude flatness is required around the 500 MHz frequency transition.
Optimizing Performance Adjusting Reference Oscillator Bandwidth (Option UNR/UNX/UNY) Adjusting Reference Oscillator Bandwidth (Option UNR/UNX/UNY) The reference oscillator bandwidth (sometimes referred to as loop bandwidth) in signal generators with Option UNR/UNX/UNY (improved close–in phase noise <1 kHz) is adjustable in fixed steps for either an internal or external 10 MHz frequency reference.
Optimizing Performance Optimizing Phase Noise and Harmonics Below 3.2 GHz (Option UNX/UNY) Optimizing Phase Noise and Harmonics Below 3.2 GHz (Option UNX/UNY) Included with the Ultra-Low Phase Noise (Option UNX/UNY), is the ability to improve both phase noise and harmonic performance below 3.2 GHz. Refer to the PSG’s Data Sheet.
Optimizing Performance Optimizing Phase Noise and Harmonics Below 3.2 GHz (Option UNX/UNY) Optimizing Phase Noise Below 250 MHz (serial prefix > xx4928 and higher) This feature is available on instruments with Option UNX or Option UNY, and serial number prefix > xx4928 and higher. CAUTION Maximum available power below 3.2 GHz is lower when the Optimizing Phase Noise Below 250 MHz softkey is been pressed. Refer to the PSG’s Data Sheet.
Optimizing Performance Optimizing Phase Noise and Harmonics Below 3.2 GHz (Option UNX/UNY) Optimizing Harmonics Below 2 GHz CAUTION Maximum available power below 3.2 GHz, is lower when the Low Pass Filter Below 2 GHz softkey is been pressed. Refer to the PSG’s Data Sheet. The PSG’s harmonic performance can be improved below 3.2 GHz by using the Low Pass Filter Below 2 GHz softkey. Refer to the PSG’s Data Sheet.
Optimizing Performance Wideband IQ/FM Mode <3.2 GHz (Option 018) Wideband IQ/FM Mode <3.2 GHz (Option 018) Wideband IQ/FM mode (Option 018) provides the following features for frequencies <3.2 GHz: — Wideband I/Q bandwidth — Improved IQ frequency response (with an internal BBG) — Wider FM and Phase-modulation deviation External differential inputs, on the rear panel (Wide I and Wide Q) are provided for direct access to the microwave I/Q modulator. To enable the wideband I/Q inputs refer to Figure 4-9.
Optimizing Performance Wideband IQ/FM Mode <3.
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 5 Analog Modulation In the following sections, this chapter describes the standard continuous waveform and optional analog modulation capability in the Keysight E8257D PSG Analog, E8663D, Analog, and E8267D PSG Vector signal generators.
Analog Modulation Analog Modulation Waveforms Analog Modulation Waveforms Available standard internal waveforms include: Sine sine wave with adjustable amplitude and frequency Dual–Sine dual–sine waves with individually adjustable frequencies and a percent–of– peak–amplitude setting for the second tone (available from function generator only) Swept–Sine swept–sine wave with adjustable start and stop frequencies, sweep rate, and sweep trigger settings (available from function generator only) Triangle
Analog Modulation Configuring AM (Option UNT) Configuring AM (Option UNT) In this example, you will learn how to generate an amplitude–modulated RF carrier. To Set the Carrier Frequency 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Frequency > 1340 > kHz. To Set the RF Output Amplitude Press Amplitude > 0 > dBm. To Set the AM Depth and Rate 1. Press the AM hardkey. 2. Press AM Depth > 90 > %. 3. Press AM Rate > 10 > kHz.
Analog Modulation Configuring FM (Option UNT) Configuring FM (Option UNT) In this example, you will learn how to create a frequency–modulated RF carrier. For a E8267D with Option 018, see also “Wideband IQ/FM Mode <3.2 GHz (Option 018)” on page 171. To Set the RF Output Frequency 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Frequency > 1 > GHz. To Set the RF Output Amplitude Press Amplitude > 0 > dBm. To Set the FM Deviation and Rate 1. Press the FM/ΦM hardkey. 2. Press FM Dev > 75 > kHz. 3. Press FM Rate > 10 > kHz.
Analog Modulation Configuring ΦM (Option UNT) Configuring ΦM (Option UNT) In this example, you will learn how to create a phase–modulated RF carrier. For a E8267D with Option 018, see also “Wideband IQ/FM Mode <3.2 GHz (Option 018)” on page 171. To Set the RF Output Frequency 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Frequency > 3 > GHz. To Set the RF Output Amplitude Press Amplitude > 0 > dBm. To Set the FM Deviation and Rate 1. Press the FM/ΦM hardkey. 2. Press the FM ΦM softkey. 3. Press ΦM Dev > .25 > pi rad. 4.
Analog Modulation Configuring Pulse Modulation (Option UNU/UNW) Configuring Pulse Modulation (Option UNU/UNW) In this example, you will learn how to create a gated, pulse–modulated RF carrier with an external trigger. To Set the RF Output Frequency 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Frequency > 2 > GHz. To Set the RF Output Amplitude Press Amplitude > 0 > dBm. To Set the Pulse Period, Width, and Triggering 1. Press Pulse > Pulse Period > 100 > usec. 2. Press Pulse > Pulse Wid th > 24 > usec. 3.
Analog Modulation Configuring Pulse Modulation (Option UNU/UNW) be set to different pulse widths, pulse repetition intervals (PRI), and RF output frequencies. Refer to “Configuring FM (Option UNT)” on page 176 and to “Configuring Pulse Modulation (Option UNU/UNW)” on page 178. 1. Ensure the two PSGs should have the same "Analog Mod Gen" PC board part numbers installed (i.e. E8251-60306) and board software code version (i.e. A0100).
Analog Modulation Configuring Pulse Modulation (Option UNU/UNW) — An external pulse source as the pulse trigger: Set the trigger mode to Internal Trigger for both PSGs by selecting the Pulse hardkey, and then selecting the Pulse Source and Internal Triggered on PSG 1 and PSG2. — PSG1 as the internal pulse source: a. Set PSG1 trigger modes to Free Run by selecting the Pulse hardkey, then selecting the Pulse Source and Int Free-Run softkeys. b.
Analog Modulation Configuring the LF Output (Option UNT) Configuring the LF Output (Option UNT) With Option UNT, the signal generator has a low frequency (LF) output (described on page 16). The LF output’s source can be switched between Internal 1 Monitor, Internal 2 Monitor, Function Generator 1, or Function Generator 2.
Analog Modulation Configuring the LF Output (Option UNT) NOTE Internal modulation (Internal Monitor) is the default LF output source. Configuring the Internal Modulation as the LF Output Source 1. Press Preset. 2. Press the FM/ΦM hardkey. 3. Press FM Dev > 75 > kHz. 4. Press FM Rate > 10 > kHz. 5. Press FM Off On. You have set up the FM signal with a rate of 10 kHz and 75 kHz of deviation. The FM annunciator is activated indicating that you have enabled frequency modulation.
Analog Modulation Configuring the LF Output (Option UNT) Configuring the Low Frequency Output 1. Press LF Out Amplitude > 3 > Vp. This sets the LF output amplitude to 3 Vp. 2. Press LF Out Off On. The LF output is now transmitting a signal using Function Generator 1 that is providing a 3 Vp swept–sine waveform. The waveform is sweeping from 100 Hz to 1 kHz.
Analog Modulation Configuring the LF Output (Option UNT) 184 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 6 Custom Arb Waveform Generator In the following sections, this chapter describes the custom arbitrary waveform generator mode, which is available only in E8267D PSG vector signal generators with Option 601 or 602: — “Overview” on page 186 — “Working with Predefined Setups (Modes)” on page 187 — “Working with Filters” on page 191 — “Working with Symbol Rates” on page 199 — “Working with Modulation Types” on page 201 — “Configurin
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Overview Overview Custom Arb Waveform Generator mode can produce a single modulated carrier or multiple modulated carriers. Each modulated carrier waveform must be calculated and generated before it can be output; this signal generation occurs on the internal baseband generator (Option 601 or 602). Once a waveform has been created, it can be stored and recalled which enables repeatable playback of test signals.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Predefined Setups (Modes) Working with Predefined Setups (Modes) When you select a predefined mode, default values for components of the setup (including the filter, symbol rate, and modulation type) are automatically specified. Selecting a Custom ARB Setup or a Custom Digital Modulation State 1. Preset the signal generator: press Preset. 2. Press Mode > Custom > Arb Waveform Generator > Setup Select. 3.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with User–Defined Setups (Modes)-Custom Arb Only Working with User–Defined Setups (Modes)-Custom Arb Only Modifying a Single–Carrier NADC Setup In this procedure, you learn how to start with a single–carrier NADC digital modulation and modify it to a custom waveform with customized modulation type, symbol rate, and filtering. 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > Custom > ARB Waveform Generator > Setup Select > NADC. 3.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with User–Defined Setups (Modes)-Custom Arb Only Customizing a Multicarrier Setup In this procedure, you learn how to customize a predefined multicarrier digital modulation setup by creating a custom 3–carrier EDGE digital modulation state. 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > Custom > Arb Waveform Generator > Multicarrier Off On. 3. Press Multicarrier Define > Initialize Table > Carrier Setup > EDGE > Done. 4. Highlight the Freq Offset value (500.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with User–Defined Setups (Modes)-Custom Arb Only 12.Enter a file name (for example, EDGEM1) using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad, and press Enter. The user–defined multicarrier digital modulation state is now stored in non–volatile memory. NOTE The RF output amplitude, frequency, and operating state settings (such as RF On/Off) are not stored as part of a user–defined digital modulation state file.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters Working with Filters This section provides information on using predefined (page 192) and user–defined (page 193) FIR filters. NOTE The procedures in this section apply only to filters created in either the Custom Arb Waveform Generator or Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband mode; they do not work with downloaded files, such as those created in Matlab.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters — (Custom Realtime I/Q Baseband Only) Optimize FIR for EVM ACP enables you to optimize a Nyquist or root Nyquist filter for minimized error vector magnitude (EVM) or for minimized adjacent channel power (ACP); the softkey is grayed out when any other filter is selected. — Restore Default Filters replaces the current FIR filter with the default FIR filter for the selected format. Using a Predefined FIR Filter Selecting a Predefined FIR Filter 1.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters The FIR filter is now optimized for minimum error vector magnitude (EVM) or for minimum adjacent channel power (ACP). This feature applies only to Nyquist and root Nyquist filters; the softkey is grayed out when any other filter is selected. Restoring Default FIR Filter Parameters 1. Preset the instrument: Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > Custom > ARB Waveform Generator > Digital Mod Define > Filter > Restore Default Filter.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters 6. Press Generate. NOTE The actual oversample ratio during modulation is automatically selected by the instrument. A value between 4 and 16 is chosen dependent on the symbol rate, the number of bits per symbol of the modulation type, and the number of symbols. 7. Press Display Impulse Response. A graph displays the impulse response of the current FIR coefficients. 8. Press Return. 9. Highlight coefficient 15. 10.Press 0 > Enter. 11.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters The contents of the current FIR Values editor are stored to a file in the Memory Catalog and the Catalog of FIR Files is updated to show the new file. To Create a User–Defined FIR Filter with the FIR Values Editor In this procedure, you use the FIR Values editor to create and store an 8–symbol, windowed, sinc function filter with an oversample ratio of 4. The Oversample Ratio (OSR) is the number of filter coefficients per symbol.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters 6. Use the numeric keypad to type the first value (-0.000076) from the following table and press Enter. As you press the numeric keys, the numbers are displayed in the active entry area. (If you make a mistake, you can correct it using the backspace key.) Continue entering the coefficient values from the table until all 16 values have been entered. Table 6-1 Coefficient Value Coefficient Value Coefficient Value 0 -0.000076 6 0.043940 12 0.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters limited to 64 symbols for real–time waveform generation, and 512 symbols for arbitrary waveform generation. The number of symbols equals the number of coefficients divided by the oversample ratio. 9. Press More (1 of 2) > Display FFT (fast Fourier transform). A graph displays the fast Fourier transform of the current set of FIR coefficients. The signal generator has the capability of graphically displaying the filter in both time and frequency dimensions.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters 198 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Symbol Rates Working with Symbol Rates The Symbol Rate menu enables you to set the rate at which I/Q symbols are fed to the I/Q modulator. The default transmission symbol rate can also be restored in this menu. — Symbol Rate (displayed as Sym Rate) is the number of symbols per second that are transmitted using the modulation (displayed as Mod Type) along with the filter and filter alpha (displayed as Filter).
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Symbol Rates To Restore the Default Symbol Rate (Custom Real Time I/Q Only) — Press Mode > Custom > Real Time I/Q Baseband > Symbol Rate > Restore Default Symbol Rate. This replaces the current symbol rate with the default symbol rate for the selected modulation format.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types Working with Modulation Types The Modulation Type menu enables you to specify the type of modulation applied to the carrier signal when the Mod On Off hardkey is on. When the Custom Off On softkey is on: — For Custom Arb, the BBG (baseband generator) creates a sampled version of the I/Q waveform based on a random data pattern and the modulation type that has been selected.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types NOTE Although this procedure provides a quick way to implement a 128QAM modulation format, it does not take full advantage of the I/Q modulator’s dynamic range. This is because you begin with a 256QAM constellation, and delete unwanted points. The remaining points that make up the 128QAM constellation are closer together than if you had mapped each point specifically.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types 5. Press the Delete Row softkey 16 times. Repeat this pattern of steps using the following table: Goto Row... Press the Delete Row softkey...
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types Creating a QPSK I/Q Modulation Type User File with the I/Q Values Editor In I/Q modulation schemes, symbols appear in default positions in the I/Q plane. Using the I/Q Values editor, you can define your own symbol map by changing the position of one or more symbols. Use the following procedure to create and store a 4–symbol unbalanced QPSK modulation. 1. Press Preset. 2.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types When the contents of an I/Q Values table have not been stored, I/Q Values (UNSTORED) appears on the display. 6. Press More (1 of 2) > Load/Store > Store To File. If there is already a file name from the Catalog of IQ Files occupying the active entry area, press the following keys: Ed iting Keys > Clear Text 7. Enter a file name (for example, NEW4QAM) using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad. 8. Press Enter.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types Creating an FSK Modulation Type User File with the Frequency Values Editor Use this procedure to set the frequency deviation for data 00, 01, 10, and 11 to configure a user–defined FSK modulation. 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > Custom > Real Time I/Q Baseband > Modulation Type > Define User FSK > More (1 of 2) > Delete All Rows > Confirm Delete All Rows. This accesses the Frequency Values editor and clears the previous values. 3. Press 600 > Hz.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types 3. Press Freq Dev > 1.8 > kHz. 4. Press 4–Lvl FSK. This sets the frequency deviation and opens the Frequency Values editor with the 4–level FSK default values displayed. The frequency value for data 0000 is highlighted. 5. Press –1.81 > kHz. 6. Press –590 > Hz. 7. Press 1.805 > kHz. 8. Press 610 > Hz. As you modify the frequency deviation values, the cursor moves to the next data row.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types It is possible to use the signal generator’s internal arbitrary waveform generator (ARB) as a baseband source while using the wideband inputs at RF. The internal ARB I and Q signals are available at the I and Q OUT and the I–bar and Q–bar OUT rear panel connectors. Use the following steps to set up the internal ARB as a baseband source and enable the wideband inputs. 1. Set up the internal baseband generator with the desired signal. 2.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types 7. Press I/Q Path Wide (Ext Rear Inputs). 8. Press I/Q On.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Configuring Hardware Configuring Hardware To Set a Delayed, Positive Polarity, External Single Trigger Using this procedure, you learn how to utilize an external function generator to apply a delayed single–trigger to a custom multicarrier waveform. 1. Connect an Keysight 33120A function generator or equivalent to the signal generator PATT TRIGGER IN port, as shown in Figure 6-1. Figure 6-1 2. On the signal generator, press Preset. 3.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Configuring Hardware The externally single–triggered custom multicarrier waveform should be available at the signal generator’s RF OUTPUT connector 100 ms after receiving a change in TTL state from low to high at the PATT TRIG IN.
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Configuring Hardware 212 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 7 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband In the following sections, this chapter describes the custom real–time I/Q baseband mode, which is available only in E8267D PSG vector signal generators with Option 601 or 602: — “Overview” on page 214 — “Working with Predefined Setups (Modes)” on page 214 — “Working with Data Patterns” on page 215 — “Working with Burst Shapes” on page 221 — “Configuring Hardware” on page 226 — “Working with Phase
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Overview Overview Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband mode can produce a single carrier, but it can be modulated with real time data that allows real time control over all of the parameters that affect the signal. The single carrier signal that is produced can be modified by applying various data patterns, filters, symbol rates, modulation types, and burst shapes.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns Working with Data Patterns This section provides information on the following: — “Using a Predefined Data Pattern” on page 216 — “Using a User–Defined Data Pattern” on page 216 — “Using an Externally Supplied Data Pattern” on page 220 The Data menu enables you to select from predefined and user defined data patterns. Data Patterns are used for transmitting continuous streams of unframed data.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns Using a Predefined Data Pattern Selecting a Predefined PN Sequence Data Pattern 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > Custom > Real Time I/Q Baseband > Data > PN Sequence. 3. Press one of the following: PN9, PN11, PN15, PN20, PN23. Selecting a Predefined Fixed 4–bit Data Pattern 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > Custom > Real Time I/Q Baseband > Data > FIX4. 3. Press 1010 > Enter > Return.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns This opens the Bit File Editor, which contains three columns, as shown in the following figure. Offset (in Hex) NOTE Bit Data Cursor Position indicator (in Hex) Hexadecimal Data File Name indicator When you create a new file, the default name is UNTITLED, or UNTITLED1, and so forth. This prevents overwriting previous files. 3. Using the numeric keypad (not the softkeys), enter the 32 bit values shown.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns Enter These Bit Values Cursor Position indicator Hexadecimal Data 4. Press More (1 of 2) > Rename > Ed iting Keys > Clear Text. 5. Enter a file name (for example, USER1) using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad. 6. Press Enter. The user file should be renamed and stored to the Memory Catalog with the name USER1.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns If you have not already created, stored, and recalled a data pattern user file, complete the steps in the previous sections, “Creating a Data Pattern User File with the Bit File Editor” on page 216 and “Selecting a Data Pattern User File from the Catalog of Bit Files” on page 218. Navigating the Bit Values of an Existing Data Pattern User File 1. Press Goto > 4 > C > Enter.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns This inverts the bit values that are positioned 4C through 4F. Notice that hex data in this row has now changed to 76DB6DB6, as shown in the following figure. Hex Data changed Bits 4C through 4F inverted To Apply Bit Errors to an Existing Data Pattern User File This example demonstrates how to apply bit errors to an existing data pattern user file.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Burst Shapes Working with Burst Shapes — “Configuring the Burst Rise and Fall Parameters” on page 222 — “Using User–Defined Burst Shape Curves” on page 223 The Burst Shape menu enables you to modify the rise and fall time, rise and fall delay, and the burst shape (either sine or user file defined).
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Burst Shapes User–Defined Values User–Defined Values Power 1 0 Rise Delay Rise Time Fall Delay Fall Time Time Burst shape maximum rise and fall time values are affected by the following factors: — the symbol rate — the modulation type When the rise and fall delays equal 0, the burst shape attempts to synchronize the maximum burst shape power to the beginning of the first valid symbol and the ending of the last valid symbol.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Burst Shapes Using User–Defined Burst Shape Curves You can adjust the shape of the rise time curve and the fall time curve using the Rise Shape and Fall Shape editors. Each editor enables you to enter up to 256 values, equidistant in time, to define the shape of the curve. The values are then resampled to create the cubic spline that passes through all of the sample points.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Burst Shapes This changes the fall shape values to a mirror image of the rise shape values. Figure 7-1 5. Press More (1 of 2) > Display Burst Shape. This displays a graphical representation of the waveform’s rise and fall characteristics. Figure 7-2 NOTE To return the burst shape to the default conditions, press Return > Return > Confirm Exit From Table Without Saving > Restore Default Burst Shape. 6. Press Return > Load/Store > Store To File.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Burst Shapes 8. Press Enter. The contents of the current Rise Shape and Fall Shape editors are stored to the Catalog of SHAPE Files. This burst shape can now be used to customize a modulation or as a basis for a new burst shape design.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Configuring Hardware Configuring Hardware — “To Set the BBG Reference” on page 226 — “To Set the External DATA CLOCK to Receive Input as Either Normal or Symbol” on page 226 — “To Set the BBG DATA CLOCK to External or Internal” on page 227 — “To Adjust the I/Q Scaling” on page 227 To Set the BBG Reference Setting for an External or Internal Reference 1. Press Mode > Custom > Real Time I/Q Baseband > More (1 of 3) > Configure Hard ware.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Configuring Hardware — When set to Normal, the DATA CLOCK input connector requires a bit clock. — When set to Symbol, a one–shot or continuous symbol sync signal must be provided to the SYMBOL SYNC input connector. To Set the BBG DATA CLOCK to External or Internal 1. Press Mode > Custom > Real Time I/Q Baseband > More (1 of 3) > Configure Hard ware.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Phase Polarity Working with Phase Polarity To Set Phase Polarity to Normal or Inverted 1. Press Mode > Custom > Real Time I/Q Baseband > More (1 of 3) > Phase Polarity Normal Invert.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding These four symbols can be differentially encoded during the modulation process by assigning symbol table offset values associated with each data value. Figure 7-3 on page 229 shows the 4QAM modulation in the I/Q Values editor. Figure 7-3 NOTE The number of bits per symbol can be expressed using the following formula.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding encodes the raw data by using symbol table offset values to manipulate I/Q mapping at the point of modulation, differential data encoding uses the transition from one bit value to another to encode the raw data. Differential data encoding modifies the raw digitized data by creating a secondary, encoded data stream that is defined by changes in the digital state, from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1, of the raw data stream.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding The following I/Q State Map illustrations show all possible state transitions using a particular symbol table offset value. The actual state–to–state transition depends on the state in which the modulation starts.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding When applied to the user–defined default 4QAM I/Q map, starting from the 1st symbol (data 00), the differential encoding transitions for the data stream (in 2–bit symbols) 0011100001 appear in the previous illustration. As you can see, the 1st and 4th symbols, having the same data value (00), produce the same state transition (forward 1 state).
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding (1.000000 and −1.000000). These 4 symbols will be traversed during the modulation process by the symbol table offset values associated with each symbol of data. Accessing the Differential State Map Editor — Press Configure Differential Encod ing. This opens the Differential State Map editor. At this point, you see the data for the 1st symbol (00000000) and the cursor prepared to accept an offset value.
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding 2. Press +/– > 1 > Enter. This encodes the second symbol by adding a symbol table offset of –1. The symbol rotates backward through the state map by 1 value when a data value of 1 is modulated. NOTE At this point, the modulation has one bit per symbol. For the first two data values (00000000 and 00000001) only the last bits (the 0 and the 1, respectively) are significant. 3. Press 2 > Enter.
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 8 GPS Modulation (Option 409) Option 409 includes real time multiple-satellite and single-satellite global positioning system (GPS) signal generation capabilities. This feature is available only in E8267D PSG Vector Signal Generators with Option 602.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS Real Time MSGPS In Real Time MSGPS mode, selectable scenario files define simulated multiple-satellite conditions. The E8267D generates a signal (C/A code only) simulating multiple satellite transmissions from the information in the selected scenario file.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS Signal Generation Block Diagram Figure 8-1 shows how the signal is generated within the PSG for a four satellite MSGPS simulation. The PSG produces a simulated signal for each satellite and then sums them together to produce the MSGPS signal. Use the Number of Satellites softkey to specify the number of satellites in the MSGPS simulation.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS Downloading Scenario Files Using the PSG Web Interface The following procedure describes how to download scenario files to a PSG using the PSG Web interface and LAN connection: 1. Open your web browser and type in the IP address of your PSG. The PSG’s Welcome webpage is displayed. 2. Click Signal Generator FTP Access on the left hand side. An explorer file window will be opened. 3.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS 2. Click Signal Generator Web Control. Below the graphical representation of the PSG front panel is a field for entering SCPI commands. 3. Enter the following command in the SCPI command field: :MEMory:DATA "", where file_name is the name of the destination file in PSG memory and GPS: specifies the destination directory. Refer to the Programming Guide for a description of the parameter.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS $GPGSV,3,2,12,24,39,000,,10,36,000,,26,35,000,,25,32,000,35*71 $GPGSV,3,3,12,19,29,000,,03,20,000,33,16,19,000,34,18,19,000,*71 Table 8-1 describes each field for the first of the three GPGSV messages in the example: $GPGSV,3,1,12,21,71,000,,27,68,000,34,08,62,000,33,29,52,000,,*71 Table 8-1 GPGSV Fields GPGSV Field Description $GPGSV, 3, Number of GPGSV messages in this set 1, Number of this GPGSV in the set (1 of 3) 12, Total number of satellites in vie
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS Generating a Real Time MSGPS Signal This procedure uses the internal reference clock with the factory preset settings (the C/A chip rate is 1.023 Mcps with a clock reference of 10.23 Mcps). Set the carrier frequency and amplitude 1. Press the Preset hardkey. 2. Press the Frequency hardkey. Using the numeric keypad, set the signal generator RF output carrier frequency to 1.57542 GHz. 3. Press the Amplitude hardkey.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS Figure 8-2 Real Time MSGPS Scenario Configuring the External Reference Clock 1. Connect the external reference clock source to the rear panel connector BASEBAND GEN REF IN. 2. Set the chip rate of the external clock to the desired value. 3. Press Mode > More (1 of 2) > GPS > Real Time MSGPS > More (1 of 2) > GPS Ref Clk Ext Int to Ext. 4. Press GPS Ref (f0). 5. Use the numeric keypad to set the GPS reference clock to the same chip rate as the external clock.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Real Time GPS This real-time personality simulates GPS satellite transmissions for single channel receiver testing. Basic GPS signal building capabilities include: — P code generation at 10.23 Mcps with the standard GPS 10.23 Mcps reference1 — C/A code generation at 1.023 Mcps with the standard GPS 10.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Figure 8-3 GPS Signal Generation Diagram Data Modes and Subframe Structures You can select one of the three following data modes for use with the C/A or C/A+P ranging code: — Raw - The Raw data mode enables the continuous transmission of 300 bits of data per subframe without incorporating parity bits. Use this mode for BER and low-level demodulation testing.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Figure 8-4 Subframe Structures The TLM word is 30-bits long, with an 8-bit preamble, 16 reserve bits (bits 9 to 24, all set to zero), and 6 parity bits (bits 25 to 30). The HOW word is 30-bits long, with the first 17 bits used for an incrementing time-of-week (TOW), bits 23 and 24 used for parity computation, and bits 25 to 30 used for parity bits. During a GPS signal transmission, a pulse signal is generated every 6 seconds at the EVENT 1 rear panel connector.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS The P and C/A code chip rates are determined by the reference clock frequency whether you are using the internal or an external chip clock reference. The P code chip rate matches the reference clock frequency and the C/A code chip rate is one-tenth of the reference clock frequency. Refer to Figure 8-3 on page 244 for a block diagram showing how the GPS signal is generated within the PSG.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS you can define signal structures that are not available internally in the PSG. For example, if you require a fully-coded signal consisting of frames structured according to GPS standards (1 frame consisting of 5 subframes and 25 pages), you can develop this signal externally and download it to the PSG. User files can be in either binary or bit format. Save user files to the bin directory.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS The real-time GPS signal is now available at the signal generator RF OUTPUT connector. Figure 8-6 on page 248 shows what the signal generator display should like after all steps have been completed. Notice the GPS, I/Q, and RF ON annunciators are on and the parameter settings for the signal are displayed in the status area of the signal generator display.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS The maximum data rate for this input connector is 50 Mb/s with a voltage range of −0.5 to 5.5 V. The chip rate of the external source must match the chip rate value set using the GPS Ref (f0) softkey. NOTE Figure 8-7 on page 249 shows what the signal generator display should look like after all the steps have been completed.
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Figure 8-8 Setup for a Receiver Sensitivity Test 2. Set the GPS data mode to TLM. 3. Set the power level on the PSG. 4. Set the L-band frequency on the PSG. 5. Set up the UE (user equipment) to receive the signal from the PSG. 6. Turn on the GPS personality and the RF output on the PSG.
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 9 Multitone Waveform Generator In the following sections, this chapter describes the multitone mode, which is available only in E8267D PSG Vector Signal Generators with Option 601 or 602: — “Overview” on page 252 — “Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms” on page 253 See also: Chapter 3, “Basic Digital Operation”, on page 89 251
Multitone Waveform Generator Overview Overview The multitone mode builds a waveform that has up to 64 CW signals, or tones. Using the Multitone Setup table editor, you can define, modify, and store waveforms for playback. Multitone waveforms are generated by the internal I/Q baseband generator. The multitone waveform generator is typically used for testing the intermodulation distortion characteristics of multi–channel devices, such as mixers or amplifiers.
Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms This section describes how to set up, generate, and optimize a multitone waveform while viewing it with a spectrum analyzer. Although you can view a generated multitone signal using any spectrum analyzer that has sufficient frequency range, an Keysight Technologies PSA high–performance spectrum analyzer was used for this demonstration.
Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms The waveform has nine tones spaced 1 MHz apart with random initial phase values. The center tone is placed at the carrier frequency, while the other eight tones are spaced in 1 MHz increments from the center tone. If you create an even number of tones, the carrier frequency will be centered between the two middle tones.
Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms Figure 9-3 Multitone Channels Intermodulation Distortion To Edit the Multitone Setup Table This procedure builds upon the previous procedure. 1. Press Initialize Table > Number of Tones > 10 > Enter. 2. Press Done. 3. Highlight the value (On) in the State column for the tone in row 2. 4. Press Toggle State. 5. Highlight the value (0 dB) in the Power column for the tone in row 4. 6. Press Ed it Item > –10 > dB. 7.
Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms You have now changed the number of tones to 10, disabled tone 2, and changed the power and phase of tone 4. Figure 9-4 shows what the multitone setup table display on the signal generator should look like after all steps have been completed. The spectrum analyzer should display a waveform similar to the one shown in Figure 9-5 on page 256.
Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms To Minimize Carrier Feedthrough This procedure describes how to minimize carrier feedthrough and measure the difference in power between the tones and their intermodulation distortion products. Carrier feedthrough can only be observed with even–numbered multitone waveforms. This procedure builds upon the previous procedure. 1. On the spectrum analyzer, set the resolution bandwidth for a sweep rate of about 100 to 200 ms.
Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms Figure 9-6 Tone 1 Tone 10 Minimized Carrier Feedthrough Intermodulation Distortion Carrier Feedthrough Distortion To Determine Peak to Average Characteristics This procedure describes how to set the phases of the tones in a multitone waveform and determine the peak to average characteristics by plotting the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). 1.
Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms Figure 9-7 CCDF Plot with Fixed Phase Set Peak Power 7. Press Mode Setup > Initialize Table. 8. Press Initialize Phase Fixed Random to Random. 9. Press Random Seed Fixed Random to Random. 10.Press Done. 11.Press Apply Multitone. 12.Press More (1 of 2) > Waveform Statistics > Plot CCDF. You should now see a display that is similar to the one shown in Figure 9-8.
Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms Figure 9-8 CCDF Plot with Random Phase Set Peak Power 260 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 10 Two–Tone Waveform Generator In the following sections, this chapter describes the two–tone mode, which is available only in E8267D PSG vector signal generators with Option 601 or 602: — “Overview” on page 262 — “Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms” on page 263 See also: “Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers” on page 92 261
Two–Tone Waveform Generator Overview Overview The two–tone mode builds a waveform that has two equal–powered CW signals, or tones. The default waveform has two tones that are symmetrically spaced from the center carrier frequency, and have user–defined amplitude, carrier frequency, and frequency separation settings. The user can also align the tones left or right, relative to the carrier frequency.
Two–Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms This section describes how to set up, generate, and modify a two–tone waveform while viewing it with a spectrum analyzer. Although you can view a generated two–tone signal using any spectrum analyzer that has sufficient frequency range, an Keysight Technologies PSA Series High–Performance Spectrum Analyzer was used for this demonstration.
Two–Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms Figure 10-2 To View a Two–Tone Waveform This procedure describes how to configure the spectrum analyzer to view a two–tone waveform and its IMD products. Actual key presses will vary, depending on the model of spectrum analyzer you are using. 1. Preset the spectrum analyzer. 2. Set the carrier frequency to 20 GHz. 3. Set the frequency span to 60 MHz. 4. Set the amplitude for a 10 dB scale with a 4 dBm reference. 5.
Two–Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms Figure 10-3 Two–Tone Channels Carrier Feedthrough Intermodulation Distortion Carrier Feedthrough Distortion To Minimize Carrier Feedthrough This procedure describes how to minimize carrier feedthrough and measure the difference in power between the tones and their intermodulation distortion products. Carrier feedthrough only occurs with center–aligned two–tone waveforms. This procedure builds upon the previous procedure.
Two–Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms 7. Turn on waveform averaging. 8. Create a marker and place it on the peak of one of the two tones. 9. Create a delta marker and place it on the peak of the adjacent intermodulation product, which should be spaced 10 MHz from the marked tone. 10.Measure the power difference between the tone and its distortion product. You should now see a display that is similar to the one shown in Figure 10-4.
Two–Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms NOTE Whenever a change is made to a setting while the two–tone generator is operating (Two Tone Off On set to On), you must apply the change by pressing the Apply Settings softkey before the updated waveform will be generated. When you apply a change, the baseband generator creates a two–tone waveform using the new settings and replaces the existing waveform in ARB memory. 3.
Two–Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms 268 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 11 AWGN Waveform Generator In the following sections, this chapter contains examples for using the AWGN waveform generator, which is available only in E8267D vector PSGs with Options 601 or 602 and Option 403: — “Arb Waveform Generator AWGN” on page 270 — “Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN” on page 271 For adding real–time AWGN to waveforms using the Dual ARB player, see “Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform (E8267D with Optio
AWGN Waveform Generator Configuring the AWGN Generator Configuring the AWGN Generator The AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) generator is available for the Arb Waveform Generator mode and the Real Time I/Q Baseband mode. The AWGN generator can be configured with user–defined noise bandwidth, noise waveform length, and noise seed parameters. — Bandwidth – the noise bandwidth can be set from 50 kHz to 15 MHz. — Waveform Length – the waveform length is the length in samples of the noise waveform.
AWGN Waveform Generator Configuring the AWGN Generator Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > More (1 of 2) > AWGN > Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN 3. Press Band wid th > 10 > MHz. Configuring the RF Output 1. Set the RF output frequency to 500 MHz. 2. Set the output amplitude to −10 dBm. 3. Press RF On/Off. Generating the Waveform Press AWGN Off On until On is highlighted. This generates an AWGN waveform with the parameters defined in the previous procedure.
AWGN Waveform Generator Configuring the AWGN Generator 272 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 12 Peripheral Devices This chapter provides information on peripheral devices used with PSG signal generators.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Clock Timing This section describes how clocking for the digital data is provided. Clock timing information and diagrams are supplied for the different port configurations (serial, parallel, or parallel interleaved data transmission) and phase and skew settings. All settings for the interface module are available on the signal generator user interface (UI).
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Table 12-1 Warranted Parallel Output Level Clock Rates and Maximum Clock Rates Warranted Level Clock Rates Maximum Clock Rates (typical) IQ Signal Type IF Signal Typea IQ Signal Type IF Signal Type LVTTL and CMOS 100 MHz 100 MHz 150 MHz 150 MHz LVDS 200 MHz 400 MHz 400 MHz 400 MHz Logic Type a. The IF signal type is not available for a serial port configuration.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Table 12-4 Input Serial Clock Rates Logic Type Data Type Minimum Rate Maximum Rate LVDS Samples 1 x (word size) kHz 400 Pre-FIR Samples 1 x (word size) kHz the smaller of: 50a x (word size) MHz or 400 MHz N/A 1 x (word size) kHz 150 MHz LVTTL and CMOS a. The maximum sample rate depends on the selected filter when the data rate is Pre-FIR Samples. Refer to “Input Mode” on page 287 for more information.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module — selected filter for Pre-FIR Samples Refer to Table 12-6 for the Input mode parallel and parallel interleaved port configuration clock rates. Table 12-6 Input Parallel and Parallel Interleaved Clock Rates Logic Type Data Type Minimum Rate Maximum Rate N/A Samples 1 kHz 100 MHz Pre-FIR Samples 1 kHz 50a MHz a. The maximum sample rate depends on the selected filter when the data rate is Pre-FIR Samples.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module When the clock source is Internal, a frequency reference must be applied to the Freq Ref connector. The frequency of this applied signal needs to be specified using the Reference Frequency softkey, unless the current setting matches that of the applied signal. The selected clock source provides the interface module output clock signal at the Clock Out and the Device Interface connectors.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-3 Frequency Reference Setup Diagrams for the N5102A Module Clock Signal Internally Generated Clock Device (DUT) Supplied Clock NOTE: Use only one of the two signal generator frequency reference inputs. Externally Supplied Clock NOTE: Use only one of the two signal generator frequency reference inputs.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Clock Timing for Parallel Data Some components require multiple clocks during a single sample period. (A sample period consists of an I and Q sample). For parallel data transmissions, you can select one, two, or four clocks per sample. For clocks per sample greater than one, the I and Q samples are held constant to accommodate the additional clock periods.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module 2 Clocks Per Sample Sample rate decreases by a factor of two 1 Sample Period 2 Clocks Clock I sample 4 bits per word Q sample 4 bits per word 4 Clocks Per Sample Sample rate decreases by a factor of four 1 Sample Period 4 Clocks Clock I sample 4 bits per word Q sample 4 bits per word Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide 281
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Clock Timing for Parallel Interleaved Data The N5102A module provides the capability to interleave the digital I and Q samples. There are two choices for interleaving: — IQ, where the I sample is transmitted first — QI, where the Q sample is transmitted first When parallel interleaved is selected, all samples are transmitted on the I data lines.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module 2 Clocks Per Sample The I sample is transmitted for one clock period and the Q sample is transmitted during the second clock period; the sample rate decreases by a factor of two.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Clock Timing for Serial Data Figure 12-6 shows the clock timing for a serial port configuration. Notice that the serial transmission includes frame pulses that mark the beginning of each sample while the clock delineates the beginning of each bit. For serial transmission, the clock and the bit rates are the same, but the sample rate varies depending on the number of bits per word that are entered using the Word Size softkey.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-7 is an example of a phase and skew adjustment and shows the original clock and its phase position relative to the data after each adjustment. Notice that the skew adjustment adds to the phase setting.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-8 Example Setup using the PSG 10 MHz Frequency Reference Signal generator 10 MHz Out Common Freq Ref cable Freq Ref connector Device under test Break-out board Device interface connection User furnished ribbon cable(s) connect between the device and break-out board. The clock to the device is in the ribbon cable. 1.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Data Types The following block diagram indicates where in the PSG signal generation process the data is injected for input mode or tapped for output mode. Pre-FIR Samples Output Mode Samples PSG LO FIR Data Generator I,Q DACs Filtering Pre-FIR Samples I/Q Modulator RF Samples Input Mode Output Mode When using an ARB format, the data type is always Samples and no filtering is applied to the data samples.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Table 12-7 Maximum Sample Rate for Selected Filter Fil ter Maximum Rate Gaussian Nyquist Root Nyquist Rectangle Edge UN3/4 GSM Gaussian IS-95 IS 95 w/EQ 50 MHz IS-95 Mod IS-95 Mod w/EQ 25 MHz APCO 25 C4FM 12.5 MHz The Filter softkey accesses a menu that enables you set the desired filtering parameters.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module This accesses the UI (first-level softkey menu shown in Figure 12-9) that is used to configure the digital signal interface module. Notice the graphic in the PSG display showing a setup where the N5102A module is generating its own internal clock signal. This graphic changes to reflect the current clock source selection.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module CAUTION Changing the logic type can increase or decrease the signal voltage level going to the device under test. To avoid damaging the device and/or the N5102A module, ensure that both are capable of handling the voltage change. 2. Select the logic type required for the device being tested. A caution message is displayed whenever a change is made to the logic types, and a softkey selection appears requesting confirmation. 3. Refer to Figure 12-10.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-11 Data Setup Menu Location Accesses the data setup menu This softkey menu accesses the various parameters that govern the data received by the device under test. The status area of the display shows the number of data lines used for both I and Q along with the clock position relative to the data. When the port configuration is parallel or parallel interleaved, the number of data lines indicated is equivalent to the word (sample) size.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-12 Data Setup Softkey Menu with Parallel Port Configuration Inactive for ARB formats Inactive for word size = 16 bits Inactive for a serial port configuration Frame polarity is active for a serial port configuration 2. If a real-time modulation format is being used, press the Data Type softkey. (This softkey is inactive when an ARB modulation format is turned on.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module From this softkey menu, select the bit order, swap I and Q, select the polarity of the transmitted data, and access menus that provide data negation, scaling, gain, offset, and IQ rotation adjustments. 7. Press the Data Negation softkey. Negation differs from changing the I and Q polarity.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module From this softkey menu, set all of the clock parameters that synchronize the clocks between the N5102A module and the PSG. You can also change the clock signal phase so the clock occurs during the valid portion of the data. Figure 12-14 shows the clock setup menu.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module This error is reported when the output FIFO is overflowing in the digital module. This error can be generated if an external clock or its reference is not set up properly, or if the internal VCO is unlocked. 806 Digital module output FIFO underflow error; There are not enough samples being produced for the current clock rate. Verify that the digital module clock is set up properly.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module For the External selection, the signal is supplied by an external clock source and applied to the Ext Clock In connector. For the Device selection, the clock signal is supplied through the Device Interface connector, generally by the device under test. If Internal is Selected Using an external frequency reference, the N5102A module generates its own internal clock signal.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module NOTE The clock phase and clock skew may need to be adjusted any time the clock rate setting is changed. Refer to “Clock Timing for Phase and Skew Adjustments” on page 284. 7. Enter the required phase adjustment. 8. Press the Return softkey to return to the clock setup menu. 9. Press the Clock Skew softkey. This provides a fine adjustment for the clock relative to its current phase position. The skew is a phase adjustment using increments of time.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module If changes are made to the baseband data parameters, it is recommended that you first disable the digital output (N5102A Off On softkey to Off) to avoid exposing your device and the N5102A module to the signal variations that may occur during the parameter changes. NOTE Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode This section shows how to set the parameters for the N5102A Option 004 module using the signal generator UI in the input direction.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Press Data Setup > Direction Input Output to Input and press Return. NOTE If only Option 004 is installed, the direction softkey will be unavailable and the mode will always be input. Choosing the Logic Type and Port Configuration Figure 12-16 Logic and Port Configuration Softkey Menus 1. Refer to Figure 12-16. Press the Logic Type softkey. From this menu, choose a logic type.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module NOTE Within the data and clock setup softkey menus, only softkeys that are relative to the current configuration are active. Softkeys that are grayed out are not available for the current setup. Refer to the help text to determine which parameter is causing the softkey to be unavailable. To get help information, press the Help hardkey, then press the unavailable softkey. 4. Select the port configuration for the device being tested.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module clock rate under the clock setup menu. 804 Digital module input FIFO underflow error; There are not enough samples being produced for the current clock rate. Verify that the digital module clock is set up properly. This error is reported when the digital module clock setup is not synchronized with the rate the samples are entering the digital module. Verify that the input clock rate matches the specified clock rate under the clock setup menu.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module — clock polarity selection 2. Press the Clock Source softkey. From this menu, select the clock signal source. With each selection, the clock routing display in the signal generator clock setup menu will change to reflect the current clock source. This will be indicated by a change in the graphic. 3. Select the clock source. If External or Device is Selected Press the Clock Rate softkey and enter the clock rate of the externally applied clock signal.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module b. There should be no clock signal applied to the Ext Clock In connector when Internal is being used. 4. Press the Clock Phase softkey. From the menu that appears, the phase of the clock relative to the data can be changed in 90 degree increments. The selections provide a coarse adjustment for positioning the clock on the valid portion of the data. Selecting 180 degrees is the same as selecting a negative clock polarity.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Selecting the Data Parameters This procedure guides you through the data setup menu. Softkeys that have self-explanatory names (for example, the Word Size softkey) are generally not mentioned. For more information on all of the softkeys, refer to the Keysight PSG Signal Generators Key Reference. 1. Refer to Figure 12-19. Press the Data Setup softkey.
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-20 Data Setup Softkey Menu with Parallel Port Configuration Inactive for a serial port configuration Frame polarity is active for a serial port configuration Only available when the N5102A digital module is turned on Only available when data type is Pre-FIR Samples 2. Press the Data Type softkey. In this menu, select the data type to be either filtered (Samples) or unfiltered (Pre-FIR Samples).
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module 7. Press the Data Negation softkey. Negation differs from changing the I and Q polarity. Applied to a sample, negation changes the affected sample by expressing it in the two's complement form, multiplying it by negative one, and converting the sample back to the selected numeric format. This can be done for I samples, Q samples, or both. The choice to use negation is dependent on the device being tested. 8.
Peripheral Devices Millimeter-Wave Source Modules Millimeter-Wave Source Modules You can extend the signal generator’s RF frequency using an Keysight 8355x series millimeter-wave source module or any other external source module. The output frequency range depends on the frequency range of the mm-wave source module.
Peripheral Devices Millimeter-Wave Source Modules Figure 12-21 E8257D PSG without Option 1EA, 1EU, or 521 Figure 12-22 Setup for E8267D PSG and E8257D PSG with Option 1EA, 1EU, or 521 308 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Peripheral Devices Millimeter-Wave Source Modules Configuring the Signal Generator 1. Turn on the signal generator’s line power. NOTE Refer to the mm-wave source module specifications for the specific frequency and amplitude ranges. 2. Press Frequency > (3 of 3) > Source Module, toggle the Keysight 8355x Source Module Off On softkey to On.
Peripheral Devices Millimeter-Wave Source Modules — E8257D PSG without Option 1EA, 1EU, or 521 — E8257D PSG with Option 1EA or E8267D PSG uses the setup in Figure 12-24. Figure 12-23 E8257D PSG without Option 1EA, 1EU, or 521 Figure 12-24 Setup for E8267D PSG and E8257D PSG with Option 1EA, 1EU, or 521 Configuring the Signal Generator The following procedure configures a PSG for use with any external source module that has a WR (waveguide rectangular) frequency range of 90-140 GHz.
Peripheral Devices Millimeter-Wave Source Modules 1. Turn on the signal generator’s line power. NOTE Automatic leveling at the source module output is not available with the OEM Source Mod ule selection. 2. Press Frequency > (3 of 3) > Source Module. Toggle the Keysight 8355x Source Module Off On softkey to Off. 3. Toggle the OEM Source Off On softkey to On. 4. Press OEM Source Module Config > Standard WR Freq Bands > WR8 90-140GHz.
Peripheral Devices Millimeter-Wave Source Modules 312 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Keysight Technologies E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide 13 Troubleshooting This chapter provides basic troubleshooting information for Keysight PSG signal generators. If you do not find a solution here, refer to the Keysight PSG Signal Generators Service Guide. NOTE If the signal generator displays an error, always read the error message text by pressing Utility > Error Info.
Troubleshooting RF Output Power Problems RF Output Power Problems Check the RF ON/OFF annunciator on the display. If it reads RF OFF, press RF On/Off to toggle the RF output on. No RF Output Power when Playing a Waveform File (E8267D only) Preset the signal generator, then replay the waveform file. If a header file is not specified for a waveform, the signal generator uses a default header file with unspecified settings.
Troubleshooting RF Output Power Problems REF tells you that the amplitude reference mode is activated. When this mode is on, the displayed amplitude value is not the output power level. It is the current power output by the signal generator hardware minus the reference value set by the Ampl Ref Set softkey. To exit the reference mode, follow these steps: a. Press Amplitude > More (1 of 2). b. Press Ampl Ref Off On until Off is highlighted. You can then reset the output power to the desired level. 2.
Troubleshooting RF Output Power Problems The internally leveled signal generator RF output (and ALC level) is –8 dBm. The mixer is driven with an LO of +10 dBm and has an LO–to–RF isolation of 15 dB. The resulting LO feedthrough of –5 dBm enters the signal generator’s RF output connector and arrives at the internal detector. Depending on frequency, it is possible for most of this LO feedthrough energy to enter the detector.
Troubleshooting RF Output Power Problems reverse power can cause amplitude modulation of the signal generator’s RF output. The rate of the undesired AM equals the difference in frequency between the spectrum analyzer’s LO feedthrough and the RF carrier of the signal generator. Reverse power problems can be solved by using one of two unleveled operating modes: ALC off or power search. Setting ALC Off Mode ALC off mode deactivates the automatic leveling circuitry prior to the signal generator’s RF output.
Troubleshooting RF Output Power Problems A successful power search is dependent on a valid power search reference and the instrument’s ability to level at a set power level without modulation. There are three power search modes: manual, automatic, and span. Manual When Power Search is set to Manual, pressing Do Power Search executes the power search calibration routine for the current RF frequency and amplitude.
Troubleshooting RF Output Power Problems CAUTION If the power search reference has the incorrect RMS voltage, the output power will be incorrect. Refer to Figure 13-3, "Calculating the Output Power Error for a Single Waveform Sample Point" and Figure 13-4, “Calculating the RMS Voltage of the Waveform.
Troubleshooting No Modulation at the RF Output CAUTION Fixed During Fixed, the Power Search Reference is set fixed RMS reference level and is used to bias the I/Q modulator. Manual RMS During the Manual RMS, the user selects a DC bias level (0 to 1.414 Vrms) as a Power Search Reference to be applied to the I/Q modulator during the power search.
Troubleshooting Sweep Problems Sweep Problems Sweep Appears to be Stalled The current status of the sweep is indicated as a shaded rectangle in the progress bar. You can observe the progress bar to determine if the sweep is progressing.
Troubleshooting Sweep Problems 3. Edit the dwell values if they are incorrect. NOTE The effective dwell time at the RF OUTPUT connector is the sum of the value set for the dwell plus processing time, switching time, and settling time. This additional time added to the dwell is generally a few milliseconds. The TTL/CMOS output available at the TRIG OUT connector, however, is asserted high only during the actual dwell time. If the list dwell values are correct, continue to the next step. 4.
Troubleshooting Data Storage Problems Data Storage Problems Registers With Previously Stored Instrument States are Empty The save/recall registers are backed–up by a battery when line power to the signal generator is not connected. The battery may need to be replaced. To verify that the battery has failed: 1. Turn off line power to the signal generator. 2. Unplug the signal generator from line power. 3. Plug in the signal generator. 4. Turn on the signal generator. 5.
Troubleshooting Cannot Turn Off Help Mode Cannot Turn Off Help Mode 1. Press Utility > Instrument Info/Help Mode 2. Press Help Mode Single Cont until Single is highlighted. The signal generator has two help modes; single and continuous. When you press Help in single mode (the factory preset condition), help text is provided for the next key you press. Pressing another key will exit the help mode and activate the key’s function.
Troubleshooting Signal Generator Locks Up Signal Generator Locks Up If the signal generator is locked up, check the following: — Make sure that the signal generator is not in remote mode (in remote mode, the R annunciator appears on the display). To exit remote mode and unlock the front panel keypad, press Local. — Make sure that the signal generator is not in local lockout condition. Local lockout prevents front panel operation.
Troubleshooting Signal Generator Locks Up CAUTION Carefully read the entire message! It may list additional risks with this procedure. 3. Release the Preset key. 4. To continue with the sequence, press Continue (to abort with no lost files, press Abort). 5. When the sequence concludes, do the following: a. Cycle power. Cycling power restores all previously installed options. Because calibration files are restored from EEPROM, you should see several error messages. b. Perform the DCFM/DCΦM calibration.
Troubleshooting Error Messages Error Messages If an error condition occurs in the signal generator, it is reported to both the front panel display error queue and the SCPI (remote interface) error queue. These two queues are viewed and managed separately; for information on the SCPI error queue, refer to the Keysight Signal Generators Programming Guide. When there is an unviewed message in the front panel error queue, the ERR annunciator appears on the signal generator’s display.
Troubleshooting Error Messages Error messages appear in the lower–left corner of the display as they occur. Explanation provided in the Error Message List (This is not displayed on the instrument) Error Message Types Events do not generate more than one type of error. For example, an event that generates a query error will not generate a device–specific, execution, or command error.
Troubleshooting Error Messages Execution errors are reported after rounding and expression evaluation operations are completed. Rounding a numeric data element, for example, is not reported as an execution error. Command Errors (–199 to –100) indicate that the instrument’s parser detected an IEEE 488.2 syntax error. Errors in this class set the command error bit (bit 5) in the event status register (IEEE 488.2, section 11.5.1). In this case: — Either an IEEE 488.
Troubleshooting Contacting Keysight Sales and Service Offices Contacting Keysight Sales and Service Offices Assistance with test and measurement needs, and information on finding a local Keysight office are available on the Internet at: http://www.keysight.com/find/assist You can also purchase E8257D/67D or E8663D PSG accessories or documentation items on the Internet at: http://www.keysight.com/find/psg If you do not have access to the Internet, contact your field engineer.
Troubleshooting Returning a Signal Generator to Keysight Technologies Returning a Signal Generator to Keysight Technologies To return your signal generator to Keysight Technologies for servicing, follow these steps: 1. Gather as much information as possible regarding the signal generator’s problem. 2. Call the phone number listed on the Internet (http://www.keysight.com/find/assist) that is specific to your geographic location. If you do not have access to the Internet, contact your field engineer.
Troubleshooting Returning a Signal Generator to Keysight Technologies 332 Keysight E8357D/67D & E8663D PSG User’s Guide
Index Index Symbols ΦM 22, 177 Numerics 003, option 5 004, option 5 005, option 5 007, option 3, 6, 7, 10, 59 008, option 3, 6 009, option 5 015, option 5 016, option 5 1 GHz REF OUT connector 34 10 MHz EFC connector 35 10 MHz IN connector 36 10 MHz OUT connector 37 128QAM I/Q modulation, creating 201 1410, application note 252, 262 1E1, option 3, 7 1EA, option 3, 7 1ED, option 3, 7 1EH, option 3, 7, 52 1EM, option 4, 7 1EU, option 4, 7 1SM, option 4, 7 2’s complement description 292, 305 27 kHz pulse 54 40
Index AUXILIARY I/O connector 31 AUXILIARY INTERFACE connector 36 AWGN ARB 269 dual ARB player 109 real-time 269 B bandwidth ALC, selecting 145 reference oscillator, adjusting 167 baseband clipping 133–139 frequency offset softkey location 143 scaling 140–142 BASEBAND GEN CLK IN connector 37 baseband generator 90 AWGN 269 custom arb mode 10, 185 custom real-time I/Q mode 10, 213 dual arb mode 11, 89 multitone mode 11, 251 settings 226, 227 two-tone mode 11, 261 basic operation digital 89 standard 45 BbT, a
Index configuration 153 load from step array 154 viewing 155 See also user flatness correction couplers/splitters, using 147 custom arb 91 custom arb waveform generator 10, 185–211 custom mode 90 custom real-time I/Q baseband 10, 213–234 CW mode configuring 50 description 10 D DAC over range error 143 DAC over-range errors 140–142 data clock 226, 227 encoding, differential 228–234 fields, editing 47 files 71 framed 127 input methods 76 patterns triggering 126 using 215 removal 80 sensitive 76, 80 storage pr
Index E8663D optional features 6 Edit Item softkey 47 Erase All 80, 81, 82, 83 erase and overwrite 80 erase and sanitize 81 erasing memory 76, 80, 81, 82, 83 ERR annunciator 23, 327 error messages DAC over range 143 DAC over-range 140–142 display 25 message format 327 overview 327 queue 327 types 328 EVENT connectors 30 EVM 192, 222 EXT annunciators 23 EXT 1 connector 40 EXT 1 INPUT connectors 16 EXT 2 connector 40 EXT 2 INPUT connector 16 extend frequency 68 extend frequency range 68 external data clock,
Index G GATE/PULSE/TRIGGER connector 18 gated 178 gated triggering 127, 129 Gaussian filter, selecting 192 Goto Row softkey 47 GPIB 35, 157 GPS chip clock reference 245 configuring external reference clock 248 data modes 244 default navigation data 244 handover word 244 overview 243 satellite ID range 243 sensitivity testing 249 signal generation diagram 243 subframe indicator 245 subframe structures 244 TLM word 244 user files 246 H handover word, GPS 244 hardkeys 12–18 hardware, configuring 210, 226 harmo
Index mm-wave source module, using 307 LF OUT connector 42 LF output 181–183 LF OUTPUT connector 16 license key 85 limits, clock & sample rates, logic outputs 274 line power LED 19 line switch 19 list error messages 327 files 71 mode values table editor 46 sweep 56, 321 listener mode annunciator 23 Load/Store softkey 47 Local hardkey 18 logic type output levels 274 selecting 289 low frequency output.
Index multicarrier waveform 186, 189, 210 multitone 90 multitone mode 11 multitone waveform generator 251–260 N N5102A 274 baseband data 288 clock rates 274 clock settings 293, 300 clock source description 277 clock timing 274, 280 common frequency reference 278 connections to clock and device 285 data parameters, setting 290, 304 data types 287 digital data 306 frequency reference connector 278 generating data 297 input direction 298 input mode 287, 298 interleaving clock timing 282 logic type, port config
Index output power, troubleshooting 314 output.
Index recovery sequence, fail-safe 325 rectangular clipping 138 reference amplitude, setting 53 frequency, setting 51 GPS chip clock 245 MSGPS chip clock 242 oscillator bandwidth, adjusting 167 registers 72, 74 remote operation 157 remote operation annunciator 24 reset & run trigger response 128 response, triggering mode 127 restricted data 76 Return hardkey 18 returning a signal generator 331 RF blanking 314 marker function 124 settings, saving 112 RF On/Off hardkey 17 RF OUT connector 40 RF output annunci
Index models 2 modes 10 options 8 overview 1 signal loss, troubleshooting 314 Signal Studio software 252, 262 Signal to noise ratio setting 53 single step sweep 55 single trigger mode 127 single trigger, setting 210 skew clock timing 284 range 284 SMI connector 38 softkeys 13, 25, 47 software available for PSG 1 options 8 source module 307 source module interface 38 SOURCE SETTLED connector 38 source, external trigger 129 spectral regrowth 134 spectrum analyzer, troubleshooting signal loss 316 square pulse
Index data patterns 216 files 71 filters 193, 195 modulation type custom arb 188 real-time I/Q 201, 232 V vector PSG optional features 5 standard features 5 VIDEO OUT connector 17 volatile memory 103 W warranted logic output clock rates 274 waveform memory 76, 79 waveforms analog modulation 174 ARB file headers 92–102 CCDF curve 137–138 clipping 133–139 custom 185–211 custom real-time I/Q baseband 213–234 DAC over-range errors 140–142 file catalogs 71 interpolation 140–141 markers 111 multicarrier 186, 189,
This information is subject to change without notice. © Keysight Technologies 2004-2015 Edition 1, March 2015 E8251-90353 www.keysight.
